TOPICS COVERED

SECTION I QUESTIONS

•  INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE………………………………………………………..3
• CROP PRODUCTION I (LAND PREPARATION) ……………………………………………5
•  FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE AGRICULTURE……………………………………………5
• WATER SUPPLY, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE…………………………………..………….
• SOIL FERTILITY 1 (ORGANIC MANURE) ………………………………………………..…..8
• AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS  (BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS) ……………9
•  SOIL FERTILITY II (IN ORGANIC FERTILIZERS) ……………………………….………..10
• CROP PRODUCTION II (PLANTING) ………………………………………………..……….12
• CROP PRODUCTION III (NURSERY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES) …………………….14
• CROP PRODUCTION IV (FIELD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES) …………………………15
• CROP PRODUCTION V (VEGETABLES) …………………………………………………..16
• LIVESTOCK HEALTH (INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK HEALTH) ……………………17
• AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II (LAND TENURE AND LAND REFORM) …………….18
• SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION…………………………………………………………18
• WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL………………………………………………………………19
• CROP PESTS AND DISEASES………………………………………………………………….21
• (pp1): CROP PRODUCTION VI  ( FIELD PRACTICES FOR MAIZE, MILLET, SORGHUM,
• BEANS AND RICE: HARVESTING OF COTTON PYRETHRUM, SUGAR CANE COFFEE
• AND TEA CROP PRODUCTION III(NURSERY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES) …………23
• FORAGE CROPS…………………………………………………………………………………24
• AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)………………………..25
• CROP PRODUCTION IV (FIELD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES) ……………………………
• CROP PRODUCTION V (VEGETABLES)……………………………………………………….
• AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS IV………………………………………………………….29
• LIVESTOCK HEALTH (INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK HEALTH) ……………………
•  AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II (AND TENURE AND LAND REFORM) …………….…
• SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION……………………………………………………..…..
• WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL………………………………………………………………..
• CROP PESTS AND DISEASES………………………………………………………………..
• CROP PRODUCTION VI  (FIELD PRACTICES FOR MAIZE, MILLET,
• SORGHUM, BEANS AND RICE:
• HARVESTING OF COTTON, PYRETHRUM, SUGAR CANE COFFEE & TEA………………
•  AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS (V) …………………………………………………….……..32
•  AGRO FORESTRY…………………………………………………………………………….32

      SECTION I ANSWERS………………………………………………………………..……..34

• SECTION II QUESTIONS
• FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT…………………………………………………………….92
• LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION I (COMMON LIVESTOCK BREEDS) ………………………96
•  LIVESTOCK HEALTH II     (LIVESTOCK PARASITES) ……………………………………97
• LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION II (NUTRITION) ………………………………………………..98
•  LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III (SELECTION AND BREEDING) ……………………..    99
• LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IV (LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT PRACTICES)…………..100
• FARM STRUCTURES ………………………………………………………………………103
•  LIVESTOCK HEALTH III    (LIVESTOCK DISEASES) ……………………………………108
• LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY) ………………………………………………110
• LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III (LIVESTOCK REARING PRACTICES) …………………112
• FARM POWER AND MACHINERY…………………………………………………………..113

SECTION II   Answers ………………………………………………………………………..117

 

 

SECTION I : QUESTIONS

 

INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE

This topic entails the following:-

• Definition of agriculture
• Main branches of agriculture
• Farming systems
• Farming methods
• Role of agriculture to Kenya’s economy
• Varied opportunities in agriculture.

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will help and motivate the user to       comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

1. Give two factors which characterize intensive farming
2. State three reasons why organic farming is encouraged in farming
3. State two ways in which agriculture contributes to industrial development
4. State four ways by which wind affects the growth of crops
5. State one physical characteristic used in classifying soil
6. Outline four advantages of organic farming
7. State two conditions under which shifting cultivation is practiced
8. Differentiate between the following terms as used in Agriculture:-

(a) Oleculture and floriculture

(b) Apiculture and aquaculture

 

FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE AGRICULTURE

In this topic, the following factors influence agriculture.

-Human factors e.g. -level of education, -Health HIV/AIDS, -Economic status of the farmer e.t.c

– Biotic factors e.g. pests, parasites, decomposers, pathogens, pollinators, predators e.t.c.

– Climatic factors e.g. rainfall, temperature, wind and relative humidity, light

– Edaplus factors e.g. type of soils, soil profile, soil structure, soil texture, soil chemical properties.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and

motivate the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts:

 

1. State two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops
2. a) outline five activities that may be  undertaken in organic farming
3. List four effects of temperature on crop growth
4. State four ways by which wind affects the growth of crops
5. Name two factors related to light that affect crop production and distribution in Kenya
6.  Describe the environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yields
7. List three environmental factors that affect crop distribution in Kenya
8. State one physical characteristic used in classifying soil
9. Outline four advantages of organic farming
10. The diagrams below show an experiment carried out by a form 1 class. Study them carefully and

E

D

answer questions that follow:

 

(a) What was the aim of the experiment?

(b) What was the observation that form 1 students made at the end of the experiment in

flasks D and E?

(c) Give the reason for the observation made in flask D

           

12. Briefly explain how sub-soil as a horizon in a soil profile can affect soil productivity
13. (a) What are the three aspects of light that are important to a farmer?

(b) Mention three ways through which relative humidity affect crop production

14. The diagram labeled E and F below illustrates some type of soil structure. Study the diagrams

carefully and answer the questions that follow:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the types of soil structure illustrated in diagrams E and F

(b) Identify the parts labeled (i) and (ii) in diagram F

(c) Outline the influence of physical characteristics of soil on its properties

15. State three physical characteristics of soil
16. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. a) State merits of horizon A                                                                                                  
2. b) State distinct features of horizon B
3. c) What does the term transition zone refer to in soil profile
4. i) Name horizon C and state its importance
5. Outline two ways temperature affects crop production
6. List four ways by which biological agents can enhance the process of soil formation
7. List four environmental factors that affect crop production in Kenya
8. Explain the role played by topography in soil formation
9. Mention two importance of parent’s material in soil profile
10. Mention four ways of modifying soil temperature in crop production
11. a) Mention two factors that   affect  selectivity of herbicides
12. b) Name two farming practice that cause water pollution
13. Give four factors that influence soil formation
14. State three properties of soil that is influenced by soil texture
15. Name any three agents of biological weathering

 

 

 

CROP PRODUCTION I (LAND PREPARATION)

• Land preparation entails the following farming practices.
• Land clearing or bush clearing tools, chemicals and equipment used.
• Primary cultivation, tools and equipment as machines used.
• Primary cultivation, tools and equipment as machines used.
• Secondary cultivation, tools and equipment used.
• Tertiary operations e.g. ridging, rolling and leveling.
• Sub-soiling, tools used and reasons for the same.
• Minimum tillage and reasons for the secure.

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate

the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and farming practices:

 

1. Give three factors that determine depth of ploughing during land preparation
2. List four reasons for cultivating land before planting
3. (a) What is minimum tillage?

(b) Give four farming practices that help in achieving minimum tillage.

4. (a) Describe the establishment of grass pasture from the time the land is ploughed using a mould

board plough to the time the pasture is ready for grazing

(b) Explain five practices that a farmer should carry out to ensure uniform germination of seeds         (c) Describe five factors that determine the number of cultivations when preparing a seedbed

5. State four physical conditions of the seedbed that need to be changed to facilitate germination
6. State four importance of sub soiling as a tertiary operation
7. Outline four advantages of rolling in seedbed preparation
8. State four disadvantages of minimum tillage
9. The diagram below illustrate a tertiary operation carried out in the farm

 

 

 

 

1. a) Identify the tertiary operation
2. b) (i) State the importance of the tertiary operation identified in 20(a) above

(ii) Give two other  tertiary operations carried out in the field besides the one identified above

10. Give two reasons why it is advisable to cultivate the field during the dry season
11. How are hard pans caused by cultivation?
12. Give four factors that determine the number of secondary cultivation operations
13. Define the term minimum tillage
14. List four advantages of timely planting
15. State any two factors that determine the number of cultivation on a field before it is ready for

planting

17. Give three benefits of timely planting of annual crops
18. State four factors determining the depth of ploughing land

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

WATER SUPPLY, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE

 

This topic entails the following:

• Hydrological cycle
• Sources of water on the farm
• Water collection and storage
• Pumps and pumping of water
• Types water pipes
• Water treatment
• Uses of eater of the farm.
• Types of irrigation advantages and disadvantages.
• Importance and methods of drainages
• Water pollution causes and prevention.

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate the         user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

1. State two reasons for treating water for us on the farm
2. State three reasons for draining swampy land before growing crops
3. Use the diagram below of irrigation method to answer the questions that follow.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. a) Identify the method of irrigation
2. b) State four advantages of the above irrigation system
3. c) State three factors that determine the type of irrigation on the farm
4. d) State two disadvantages o f the above system of irrigation
5. a) What is irrigation
6. b) Outline three methods of irrigation
7. a) List four use of water on the farm
8. b) Give four methods of harvesting water on the farm
9. c) Outline the stages involved in water treatment process
10. List any four uses of water in the farm
11. State two types of irrigation used in Kenya
12. Outline four disadvantages of cambered beds

Describe the process of water treatment

9. Give four roles of drainage as a method of land reclamation
10. Name two types of water pumps which can be used in the farm
11. Name any four examples of working capital in maize production
12. List four types of water pumps which can be used in the farm
13. State four methods of drainage
14. Distinguish between a dam and a weir                                   
15. How do the government control prices of essential farm produce
16. What is the difference between pumping and piping of water in the farm?
17. List four reasons of draining water logged soils before planting.
18. Give three Agricultural practices which lead to water pollution
19. The diagrams below illustrate some methods of irrigating crops in the field. Study the diagrams

and answer the questions that follow:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the methods used ;   (i) A              (ii) B

(b) State two advantages of method A over method B

(c) What material should be inserted at point T

1. b) Name two farming practice that cause water pollution
2. Give four reasons for practicing irrigation
3. a) State four  importance  of water to plants
4. b) State four reasons for treating water before use c) Describe water treatment system in a chemical treatment plant
5. Name four diseases caused to man by drinking untreated water
6. State the functions of the following chemicals as used in water treatment;

(a) Chlorine.

(b) Aluminum sulphate (AIlum)

21. The diagrams labeled S and T illustrate some methods of draining waterlogged fields; use it to

answer the questions that follow:

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the methods illustrated

            (b) What are the materials in S labeled M and N

           (c) Name two types of crops that can be planted in the field instead of carrying out the practice

illustrated in S and T

(d) What is the importance of carrying out land reclamation?

 

 

SOIL FERTILITY 1 (ORGANIC MANURE)

This topic entails the following:

• Characteristics of a fertile soil
• How soil loses soil fertility
• Soil fertility maintenance
• Reasons of adding organic matter to soil
• Disadvantages of organic manure
• Types of organic manure i.e green manure, farm yard manure and compost measure.

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help the user to             comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

1. State two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops
2. List four characteristic of fertile soil
3. The diagram below illustrates a compost heap. Study it and answer the questions that follow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. a) Name the part labeled Q and state its function
2. b) What is the function of each of the following components in preparation of compost manure
3. i) Top soil
4.       ii) Wood ash

iii) Rotten manure

 

 

4. The illustration below shows a four heap system of making compost manure. Study it and answer

the questions that follow.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) By use of arrows indicate on the diagram above how the following material should be

transferred from one heap to another till the manure is applied in the field

(b) How long does the material take to be ready for application in the field as manure?

(c) Give a reason for turning the material in the heap regularly

(d) Give two reasons why it is necessary to sprinkle water on the heap

5. Name four indicators of well-decomposed manure
6. (a) State two factors that should be considered when siting a compost manure heap

(b) When preparing compost manure, explain the importance of each of the following:-

(i) Addition of ash

(ii) Regular turning of the compost manure

7. What is leaching?
8. State four advantages of adding organic matter to a sandy soil
9. (a) Describe the preparation of the following farm materials:-

(i) Farm yard manure

(ii) Hay

(b) Explain the factors considered in timely planting of annual crops

10. A ration containing 18% protein is  to be  made  from  maize and sunflower cake. Given

that maize contains 7% protein, and sunflower seed cake 34% protein. Use Pearson square

method to calculate the value  of feedstuffs  to be used to prepare 100kgs  of the feed

1. ii) A part from Pearson square method, name two other methods that can be used to formulate

feed ration

 

AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS

(BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS)

This topic entails the following

• Definition of scarcity, preference and classic, opportunity cot as used in agriculture production.
• Uses of farm records
• Types of farm records i.e production records, filed operation records, breeding records, feeding records, health, labour records and master roll.

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate

the user  comprehend and understand the concepts and practices.

 

1. (a) What are the uses of farm records to a farmer?

 

2. Identify the farm record below and the questions that follow:

Date	Disease symptoms	Animals affected	Drug used	Cost of treatment	Remarks

(a)Identity of the record

(b) State two different information that should be entered in the remarks column

(c) Give two importance of keeping the farm record illustrated above

3. State four uses of farm records
4. State four uses of farm records
5. Outline two ways the level of education and technology influence the efficiency of agricultural

production

6. Study the illustration below of farm records:- Use it to answer the questions that follow:

Enterprise

Month                     

Name of cow

DAYS IN MONTH

1

2

3

4

5

6

AM

PM

AM

PM

AM

PM

AM

PM

AM

PM

AM

PM

 

(a) Name the type of the farm record illustrated above

(b)  Give three reasons for keeping health records in a livestock production

(c) Give three pieces of information a dairy farm manager should collect for planning purposes

7. List down four pieces of information recorded in a field operation record.
8. List two events occur during induction stroke in a four stroke engine
9. Give two conditions under which a farmer may prefer the use of donkey trailed cart instead of

a tractor drawn trailer in his farm

 

 

SOIL FERTILITY II (IN ORGANIC FERTILIZERS)

 

This topic entails the following;

• Essentials elements required by cops
• Classification of essential elements
• Role o micro-nutrients
• Deficiency symptoms of macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients.
• Identification and classification of fertilizers.
• Soil sampling and testing methods of fertilizer application.
• Effect of soil acidity/alkalinity air crops
• Fertilizer rate calculations

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate the         user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

1. State four advantages of applying lime in clay soil
2. a) Give the form in which the following elements are absorbed by crops
3.     i) Sulphur
4. ii) Nitrogen

iii) Carbon

1.     iv)  Magnesium
2. b) List three effects of nitrogen to plants
3. Mr. Malombe of Shinyalu village prepared to top dress 10 hectares of nappier grass using

sulphate of ammonia (21%N). Sulphate of ammonia is applied at rate of 150kg per hectare.

Calculate

1. a) The quantity of sulphate ammonia fertilizer the farmer will need for 10 hectares
2. b) The number of 50kg bags of fertilizer he will purchase
3. Give two disadvantages of using farmyard manure
4. State four factors which influence the stage at which the crops are harvested
5. A form four student was given a sample of a fertilizer with the following characteristics:

(i) Grey in colour

(ii) It is granular

(iii) Causes no corrosion

(iv) It is highly hygroscopic

(v) It is neutral

(a) Identify the fertilizer

(b) At what stage of growth of maize should it be applied?

(c) Calculate the amount of K₂O contained in 400kg of a compound fertilizer 25:10:5

7. State two pieces of information that soil sample should have before being taken to the laboratory

for testing

8. A compound fertilizer bag has the labels 20-20-0. What do the figures stand for?
9. Give four functions of sulphur in crops
10. State four advantages of lining as a measure of soil improvement
11. State two methods of increasing soil PH
12. (a) State three factors that determine the amount of inorganic fertilizers needed to be applied

to crops

(b) What are the necessary precautions observed when carrying out soil sampling?

13. List three functions of nitrogen in crops
14. (a) Distinguish between fertilizer grade and fertilizer ratio

(b) List four elements whose deficiency results into chlorosis in plants

15. The diagram below shows a method of soil sampling

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Name the method illustrated in the diagram

(b) State three precautions taken when collecting the soil for testing using the above method

(c) Give four reasons why soil from the farm is tested

16. A farmer was advised to apply compound fertilizer 20-20-10 on an orchard measuring

20m X 10m at the rate of 80kg/ha. Calculate the amount of fertilizer the farmer would require

for the orchard.                                                                                     (Show your working)

17. a) A compound of fertilizer  has a fertilizer grade of 25:10:5.calculate  the a mount

of phosphorus fore sent in 400kg of this fertilizer

1. b) The diagram below illustrate methods of collecting soil sample from a field

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. i) Identify the methods illustrated 1-
2. ii) xx

iii) State three importance of carrying out soil sampling and testing

18. (a) What is an incomplete compound fertilizer?

(b) State four reasons why a maize crop continued showing deficiency of potassium despite

applications recommended amount of potassic fertilizer

19. The diagram below shows a soil sampling method.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the method illustrated above

(b) Name any two spots in a farm that should be avoided during sampling

(c) Describe the steps followed while carrying out the exercise in (a) above

 

CROP PRODUCTION II (PLANTING)

This topic entails the following:

• Correct  planting materials for various crops
• Selection and preparation of planting materials
• Determination of optimum time of planting
• Factors which determine planting depth
• Planting procedure for different crops
• Factors which determine seed rate, spacing and plant population.
• Calculation of plant population
• Economic value of land.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate

the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

1. State two reasons for seed treatment of tree species before planting
2. Give three factors that determine spacing of beans
3. State four reasons for using certified seeds for planting
4. Below are diagrams showing vegetative material used for propagation.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. a) Name the propagation materials A, B, C, D
2. b) What is the term used for inducing B to start germinating?
3. c) State four advantages of vegetative propagation on crop production
4. Differentiate between hybrid and composite
5. a) A farmer planted 100 maize seeds and 90 seeds germinated.

Calculate the germination percentage

1. b) Given that maize is planted at a spacing of 75cm by 25cm, calculate the plant population in a

plot measuring 4m by 3m

7. Give four qualities of a mother plant which should be considered when selecting vegetative

material for propagation

8. Explain five practices that a farmer should carry out to ensure uniform germination of seeds
9. State two factors which determine the depth of planting
10. State two advantages of adding organic matter to sandy soil

 

11. Calculate the number of tea plants in two hectares (2ha) given that the spacing is 150cm x 75cm

and one seedling is planted per hole

12. Outline four reasons why training is important in some crops
13. Give four factors that influence the depth of planting
14. Two precautions taken when harvesting cotton
15. Outline four reasons why training is important in some crops
16. Give four factors that influence the depth of planting
17. Two precautions taken when harvesting cotton
18. State four factors that determine the spacing of annual crops
19. Outline four advantages of rolling in seedbed preparation
20. List two factors that effect rooting of cuttings in crop production
21. Outline three ways of preparing materials before sowing
22. Outline three ways of preparing materials before sowing
23. Distinguish between over sowing and under sowing

 

24. Study the illustration below of a tea vegetative material and answer the questions that follow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. a) What name is given to the vegetative material drawn above for tea propagation
2. b) State two devisable characteristics of the selected plants used to develop the plant shown
3. c) Give two precautions observed during the preparation of the material above before planting
4. The diagram below illustrates the spacing which is used when planting beans. Study the diagram

and answer the questions that follow:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. a) State the spacing illustrated above
2. b) Suppose the student is asked to use the illustrated spacing to plant in a plot 4m by 3m leaving

30cm distance from the edge; calculate;

1. i) The number of rows on the wider side of the plot
2. ii) Calculate the plant population
3. Using planting material whose diagram is shown below, list four factors that would influence the

rooting of the structure

                           

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

27. Describe the selection, preparation and raising of vegetative tea seedlings in the nursery
28. Explain the factors considered in timely planting of annual crops
29. Give four disadvantages of broadcasting as a method of planting.
30. Define the following terminologies as used in Agriculture
31. Give two advantages of producing crops by use of seeds over vegetative propaganda
32. State four ways of preparing planting materials before planting

 

 

 

 

CROP PRODUCTION III

NURSERY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

 

This topic entails the following:

• A nursery bed
• A nursery bed and a seed bed
• Reasons of establishing nursery bed
• Suitable site for nursery bed
• Nursery bed preparation
• Nursery bed management practices
• Transplanting seedling crops from nursery bed
• Budding a seedling
• Grafting a seedling
• Reasons for budding, grafting and layering
• Tissue culture
• Damage caused by animals to a seedling and prevention.

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate the         user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

 

1. Name three methods of grafting that are used in propagation of plants
2. State two practices done during hardening-off of seedlings in a nursery bed.
3. List two methods of budding used in crop propagation
4. List four management practices carried out on a nursery bed
5. Outline two importance of tissue culture in crop propagation
6. Differentiate between a nursery bed and a seedling bed
7. Give four advantages of under sowing in pasture production
8. Give four advantages of under sowing in pasture production
9. The diagram below shows a structure used in crop production:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the structure above

(b) Give a reason for carrying out each of the following practices in the structure shown above

(i) Pricking out

(ii) Hardening off

(c) State three importance of the part labeled A in the above structure

10. (a) Describe the siting and establishment of a crop nursery

(b) Explain management practices in a crop nursery

11. State four importance of thinning seedlings in the nursery bed
12. State the difference between a seedling bed and a seedbed.
13. Below is a diagram of a nursery for raising the seedlings

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) State two advantages of having the part labeled J

(b) State any three management practices that should be carried out on the nursery from the time

seedlings emerge to the stage of transplanting

 

 

CROP PRODUCTION IV (FIELD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES)

This topic entails the following:

• Crop rotation
• Reasons for crop rotations
• Crop rotation programme
• Terms used in crop farming
• Mulching
• Reasons for various field management practices
• Correct stage for harvesting crops
• Harvesting practices of various crops.

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

1. Distinguish between staking and propping as a field management practice on crops
2. Explain five advantages of crop rotation
3. State four factors which influence the stage at which the crops are harvested
4. The diagrams labelled B and C below are illustrations of coffee plants established using two

different formative pruning systems.

Examine the diagrams and answer the questions that follow:-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the system of pruning illustrated in B

(b) Identify the system of pruning in C

(c) Outline the procedure of how pruning in diagram C is carried out

5. Give two functions of earthing up in crop production
6. Describe the factors which determine the stage of harvesting of crops
7. Give two ways in which inorganic much helps to conserve water
8. State four factors that determine the spacing of annual crops
9. Explain the importance of each of the following practices: (i) Hardening off

(ii) Pricking out

(iii) Gapping

10. Outline two factors that determine the stage of harvesting crops
11. (a) List four factors that determine harvesting sage of a crop

(b) Give four practices that can be used to control storage pests

12. List four benefits of pruning in crop production
13. (a) What is winnowing?

(b) Give one importance of the following practices:            (i) Mulching                                                                                                                                                   (ii) Threshing

(c) Which factors are considered when carrying out a crop rotation program?

14. What is frelishing?
15. Briefly explain how each of the factors listed below will determine the stage at which a crop is harvested

(a) Intended use of the crop

(b) Market demand

16. What is roguering in crop production?
17. What is meant by the term “changing the cycle” in coffee growing?
18. The diagram below shows a practice carried out on various crops on the farm. Study them

carefully and answer the questions that follow;

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the farm practice represented by B

(b) State the importance of the above practice in the following crops;

(i) Maize

(ii) Irish potatoes

(c) At what stage of growth should the above practice be carried out in maize?

19. Mention four factors which determine the stage at which crops are harvested
20. State two limitation of using polythene sheets as mulching materials in a field of tomatoes
21. Give two management practices carried in a banana stool
22. State two functions of polythene sheet when used as mulch material
23. Give four crops requiring training

 

CROP PRODUCTION V (VEGETABLES)

This topic entails the following:

• Growing or production of a vegetable crop form nursery establishment to harvesting
• Keep records of crop production.
• Market vegetable crop produce
• Give reasons or importance of growing vegetable crops.
• The vegetable crops include the following: Tomatoes, cabbages, onions, carots, kales.

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

 

 

 

1. The diagram below is of a tomato plant. Study it and answer the questions that follow:-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. a) State three management practices that have not been carried on the plant above                         b) For each management practice state one reason why it should be carried  out
2. c) Name two diseases that attack the crop above in the field
3. Describe the production of tomatoes (lycopersicon esculentum) under the following subheadings
4. a) Varieties
5. b) Nursery establishment
6. c) Field management practices
7. List four symptoms of late blight in tomatoes
8. State any four factors considered when grading tomatoes for fresh market
9. State two ways of controlling purple blotch in onions
10. The following is an illustration of an infected tomato plant. Study it carefully and answer the

questions below:-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the disease which may have caused the condition shown in the illustration

(b) Name any other crop which may be affected by the disease identified in (a) above             (c) Mention two other factors which can lead to the same condition as shown by the illustration

(d) State two measures that can be sued to control the disease named in (a) above

7. Give two ways in which pruning helps to control diseases in tomatoes
8. Outline four ecological requirements for cabbages
9. a) Mention two pests which attack tomatoes
10. b) Give two causes blossom end rot disease in tomatoes
11. List three ecological requirements of tomatoes.

 

 

LIVESTOCK HEALTH

(INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK HEALTH)

 

This topic entails the following:

• Definition of Health and disease.
• Signs of sickness in animals livestock diseases
• Categories of livestock diseases
• Reasons for keeping livestock in good health
• Disease control practices
• Appropriate methods of handling livestock.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

1. Identify four physical appearances to be observed in a sick animal
2. State two reasons why tsetse fly control is considered to be a land reclamation method
3. a) Explain five factors to consider when siting a fish pond
4. b) Explain the measures used to control livestock diseases
5. a) Name four notifiable diseases in livestock
6. b) Discuss four ways in which livestock disease are spread in the farm
7. c) Describe the methods of controlling livestock disease giving an example of different disease

in each case

 

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II

(LAND TENURE AND LAND REFORM)

• Definition of land tenure.
• Description of tenure systems.
• Descriptions of land reforms.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

 

1. State four ways by which Re-afforestation help in land reclamation
2. State three objectives of land reforms that are taking place in Kenya
3. State two causes of land fragmentation in Kenya since independence
4. Outline the process followed in land adjudication
5. State four benefits of a farmer having land title deed
6. State four reasons for practicing land consolidation
7. Give four advantages of communal land tenure system
8. State four advantages of landlordism and tenancy
9. Outline four objects of land tenure reform
10. State three advantages of communal land tenure system
11. List down four important details in a land title deed.

 

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

This topic entails the following:

• Definition of soil erosion
• Explanation of various factors which influence erosion.
• Agents of erosion
• Description various methods of erosion
• Description of various methods of erosion control
• Description of micro-catchments and then uses.

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

1. Name three human activities that may influence soil erosion
2. Below is a diagram showing soil erosion control method

		Soil
	Cultivated land with crops

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. a) Identify the structure used to control soil erosion
2. b) What is the function of the structure made
3. c) Why was soil not put on the upper side of the trench made
4. d) State four effects if water was allowed into the cultivated land
5. Give two roles played by Grassley in soil erosion control
6. List three materials that may be used for constructing a gabion
7. State one factor that would determine the width and depth of a cut off drain
8. Explain five ways by which grass helps to conserve soil
9. Give four farming practices that help in reducing the effects of water shortage in crop production
10. Name two types of terraces
11. Name two forms of gully erosion

9          -V- shaped

-U – shaped

10. Explain the cultural methods of soil erosion control
11. Mention four control measures of river bank erosion
12. The figure below represents a physical soil and water conservation measure used on various slopes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. a) Identify the measure represented above
2. b) Describe the construction of the identified measure above
3. a) What is soil erosion
4. b) Give four types of water erosion
5. c) Explain factors which influence soil erosion
6. d) State any seven cultural ways of controlling weeds
7. Give two ways through which gabions control soil erosion

 

 

WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL

This topic entails the following:

• Definition of a weed
• Identification of weeds
• Classification o weeds
• Competitive ability of weeds
• Description of weed control methods
• Harmful effects of weeds

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

1. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the weed

(b) Why is it difficult to control the weed?

(c) State the economic importance of the weed shown above

 

 

 

 

2. The following is an illustration of a common weed of arable land

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the weed                                                                                                                          (b) Why is it difficult to control the weed?

(c) State one harmful effect of the weed on crop production

(d) Give two measures used to control the weed

3. Below is a diagram of some common weeds. Study then and answer the questions that follow:-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(i) Identify weed A and B                                                                                                                   (ii) State two effects of weed B on crop production

(iii) Give a reason why weed B is difficult to control

(iv) State the effective method of controlling weed B                                             

4. Give four methods of propagation which make weeds have a high competitive ability

over crops

5. The diagrams below show weeds:-

	C
			D

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Identify the weeds C and D

(b) State why it is difficult to control weed C                                                                      

(c) State two economic importance of weed D

6. (a) List any four types of weeds known to be poisonous to livestock

(b) At what stage of life cycle is best recommended to control weeds?

7. State two disadvantages of using herbicides
8. a) Name four herbicides that can be used to control weeds in a field of maize
9. b) At what stage of growth of maize should the weeds be controlled by use of a post

emergence herbicides

9.       (b) Give an account of economic importance of weeds
10. a) mention two factors that   affect  selectivity of herbicides
11. Listing specific examples of weeds describe their harmful effects in agricultural production

 

 

 

 

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

This topic entails the following:

• Definition of a pest and a disease
• Main cause of crop diseases
• Description of harmful effects of crop pests and diseases
• Identification of crop pests and diseases
• Control measures of crops pests and diseases

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

1. State two possible causes of swelling on the roots of legume crops
2. Discuss the various cultural methods of controlling pests in crops
3. What does the term ‘close season’ mean in crop production?
4. Explain five cultural methods of pest control in stored grains
5. Name four symptoms of viral infections in plants
6. Study the illustrations given below and then answer the questions that follow:-

	C

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the pests shown by the illustrations B, C and D

(b) State one effective method of controlling the pest labelled

(c) Name the type of crop commonly attacked by the pest labelled ‘C’

7. State the various practices carried out in the field to help control crop diseases
8. State two ways in which pesticides kill crop pests

 

 

 

 

 

 

9. The diagram below shows kale seedling attacked by a pest

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the pest

(b) What damage does the pest cause to the crop

(c)  State two methods of controlling the pest

11. Define the term ‘economic injury level of a pest and integrated pest control management
12. List four harmful effects of crop pests
13. The diagram below shows a fungal disease in a section of potato crop leaf

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. a) Identify the fungal disease
2. b) (i) State  the causal  organism of  the disease identified above
3. ii) Give two symptoms of the above disease
4. c) Give two control measures of the disease
5. The diagram below shows a banana fruit infected by a certain disease.

 

 

 

 

 

• Identify the disease
• Suggest any one control measure for the disease you have named in (a)

15. The diagram below shows a crop pest;

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the crop pest

(b) State two damages the pest would cause to crops

 

16. Give two symptoms of nematode attack on bananas.
17. Give four cultural practices used in controlling crop pests
18. State three symptoms of coffee berry disease.

 

19        (i) Use the diagrams below to answer the question that follow.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the crop pests labeled M, N and P

(b) State one control measures of crop pests labeled M                                                                  

(c) State the damage caused to crops by crop pest labeled N

20. State and explain the cultural methods of pest control

 

 

CROP PRODUCTION VI

FIELD PRACTICES FOR MAIZE, MILLET, SORGHUM, BEANS AND RICE: HARVESTING OF COTTON PYRETHRUM, SUGAR CANE COFFE AND TEA

 

This topic entails the following:

• Description of management practices of the food crops from planting to harvesting and marketing.
• Economic value of food crops and industrial crops

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

1. List four management practices carried out in maize field at 45cm high
2. Why is it not recommended to use sisal bags in handling cotton
3. Describe the production of rice under the following sub-headings:-

(a) Land preparation

(b) Water control

(c) Fertilizer application

(d) Weed control

(ii) Describe the environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yields

4. Describe the production of maize for dry grain production under the following sub-headings:-

(a) Seedbed preparation                                                                                                                     (b) Planting

(c) Weed control

(d) Pest control

(e) Disease control

(f) Harvesting

5. Two precautions taken when harvesting cotton
6. Describe production of maize under the following sub-headings ;

(a) Varieties

(b) planting

(c) pest and pest control

(d) harvesting and storage

7. Describe the field production of maize under the following sub headings
8. a) Ecological requirement
9. b) Varieties
10. c) Seedbed preparation
11. d) Pests and diseases
12. e) Harvesting
13. a) Discuss harvesting of cotton                                  b) Explain the roles of Agricultural co-operatives in Kenya
14. Describe the production of maize under the following sub-headings:

(a) Ecological requirements

(b) Land preparation                                                                                                                          (c) Planting and field management

(d) Pests and disease control

(e) Harvesting and marketing

10. Give two precautions measures a farmer should put into consideration when harvesting cotton
11. Describe the production of beans under the following sub headings:

(a) Ecological requirements

(b) Seedbed preparation                                                                                                                                 (c) Planting                                                                                                                                                    (d) Pest and pest control

 

 

FORAGE CROPS

This topic entails the following:

• Definition and classification of pasture crops.
• Identification of pasture corps
• Description of ecological requirements of forage crops
• Description of the establishment of pasture and fodder crops
• Description of forage utilization and conservation.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

 

1. State three factors which affects the quality of standing forage given to livestock
2. Explain Napier grass production under the following sub-headings
3. i) Seedbed preparation
4. ii) Planting

iii) Fertilizer application

1. iv) Weed control
2. v) Utilization
3. Why is it necessary to allow freshly cut nappier grass to wilt before ensiling
4. Describe the establishment of grass pasture from the time the land is ploughed using a mould

board plough to the time the pasture is ready for grazing

5. State two causes of failure in pasture establishment
6. State two advantages of grass-legume mixture
7. List four factors that determine the quality of hay
8. i) Discuss the production of Guatemala grass (Trypsacum Laxum) under the following headings
9. a) Ecological required
10. b) Land preparation
11. c) Planting
12. d) (i) Utilization and defoliation
13. ii) Discuss six effects of late defoliation of fodder
14. Give four factors that determine the nutrient content in hay
15. (a) Describe the preparation of the following farm materials:-

(i) Farm yard manure

(ii) Hay

(b) Explain the factors considered in timely planting of annual crops

11. (a) What is topping in pasture management

(b)State two methods used in topping in pasture management

12. Give two advantages of grass-legume pasture over pure grass pasture
13. Why are farmers encouraged to conserve excess forage in the farm?
14. Give two factors affecting the quality of hay

 

 

 

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III

(PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

 

This topic entails the following:

• Parameter of national development
• Factors of production
• Law of diminishing returns
• Farm planning and budgeting
• Agricultural services
• Risks and uncertainities
• How to adjust to risks and uncertainities.

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

1. State four ways of increasing labour efficiency on the farm
2. The table shows egg production from individual birds with varying mounts of layers mash

 

100 layers (Fixed number)	Layers mash Kgs/week	Total egg production per week	Marginal production per week
100	0	140	0
100	10	155	15
100	20	180	25
100	30	240	60
100	40	340	100
100	50	470	130

(a) Sketch a graph representing the total egg production per week against amount of feed given

(b) Identify the type of production function represented by the graph in (a) above

 

3. (a) What are the uses of farm records to a farmer?                             (b) Explain four ways in which a farmer may improve Labour productivity in the farm

(c) Outline the process followed in land adjudication

4. Name any three types of agricultural services available to the farmer
5. Outline four management guideline questions which assist a farm manager in making accurate

farm decisions

6. Give four ways of improving labour productivity
7. List four variable inputs in sorghum production
8. List four agricultural support services available to a crop farmer in Kenya
9. Define the following as used in Agricultural economics:-

(a) Gross domestic product (GDP)

(b) Per capita income

10. Explain the various ways in which farmers may adjust to risks and uncertainties
11. (a) The table below represents the yield of maize in 90kg bags in response to application of

different quantities of planting fertilizer

(i) Fill in the blank spaces

 

Input 50kg bag fertilizer	Out put 90kg bag maize	Average product (AP)	Marginal product (MP)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8	6 10 24 31 36 40 43 43 40	– – – – – – – – –	– – – – – – – – –

 

(ii) Suggest the best level of production in relation to the inputs and output

(b) A farmer is considering undertaking the production of either maize or beans. Study the

following  information about the two crops then answer the questions that follow:

 

(i) Maize

Yield per hectare                                5,500 kg

Price                                                    15 per kg

Cost of cultivation / ha                       Kshs. 3000

Amount of seeds/ha                            25kgs

Cost of DAP fertilizer/bag                 Kshs.1,500

Amount of DAP fertilizer/ha             3bags

Cost of seeds/kg                                 Kshs.100

Labour requirements/ha                     50 man days

Cost of labour                                    Kshs.150 per man day

Amount of CAN fertilizer/bag           3 bags

Cost of CAN fertilizer/bag                 Kshs.1000

 

(ii) Beans

Yield per hectare                                5000kg

Price                                                    50per kg

Cost of cultivation / ha                       KShs.3600

Labour requirements/ha                     75 man days

Cost of labour                                     Kshs. 200 per man day

Cost of DAP fertilizer/bag                 Kshs. 1500

Amount of DAP fertilizer/ha             2bags

Cost of seeds/kg                                 Kshs.800

Amount of seed/ha                             20kg

Amount of CAN fertilizer/bag           1bag

Cost of CAN fertilizer/bag                 Kshs.1,000

Cost of sprays                                                 Kshs.3,000

(i) Calculate the gross margins for each crop                                                                                   (14mks)

(ii) From your calculation, which crop is profitable to grow?

12. Below is a graphical representation of the law of diminishing returns.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

NPK fertilizer input (in 50kg bags)

 

 

(a) Explain what happens in each of the three zones marked I and III in relation to the output

of maize     and the NPK fertilizer input

(b) Which of the three is a rational zone of production

13. Give four variable costs in maize production
14. A farmer has the following yield from a two hectare millet crop enterprise at Oluch irrigation schemes.

Study it and prepare his gross margin. is it  profitable to grow millet? He spent the following in

his operations

Weed                        800/=

Seeds                        20kg/ha

Irrigation                  600/=/ha

Ploughing                500/=/ha

Clearing the land   1200/=

Cost of seeds           300/= /10kg bag

Planting                   400/= /ha

Harvesting              1200/= /ha

Yield                       32bags

DAP fertilizer         2 bags at 10 000/= /50kg bags

CAN fertilizer        2 bags at 700/= /50kg bags

Gunny bags            40/= /bag

Transport to market    2000/=

14. A farmer has the following yield from a two hectare millet crop enterprise at Oluch irrigation schemes. Study it and prepare his gross margin. is it profitable to grow millet? He spent the following in his operations

Weed                        800/=

Seeds                        20kg/ha

Irrigation                  600/=/ha

Ploughing                500/=/ha

Clearing the land   1200/=

Cost of seeds           300/= /10kg bag

Planting                   400/= /ha

Harvesting              1200/= /ha

Yield                       32bags

DAP fertilizer         2 bags at 10 000/= /50kg bags

CAN fertilizer        2 bags at 700/= /50kg bags

Gunny bags            40/= /bag

Transport to market    2000/=                                                             (20mks)

 

15. What is profit maximization in Agricultural Economics
16. a) A farmer is considering undertaking the production of either maize or beans. Study the

following information about the two crops and then answer the questions that follow:

 

Maize
Yield per hectare	5500kg
Price	Kshs.15 per kg
Cost of cultivation/ ha	Kshs. 3000/=
Amount of DAP fertilizer/ bag	Kshs.1500/=
Amount of DAP fertilizer/ ha	3 bags
Cost of seed/ Kg	Kshs.100
Labour requirements / ha	50 man days
Cost of labour	Kshs.150 per man day
Amount of CAN fertilizer	3 bags
Cost of CAN fertilizer/ bag	Kshs.1000

 

Beans
Yield per hectare	Kshs.5000
Price	Kshs.50 per kg
Cost of cultivation/ ha	Kshs.3600
Labour requirements/ ha	75 man- days
Cost of labour	Kshs.200 per man day
Cost of DAP fertilizer/ bag	Kshs.1500
Amount of DAP fertilizer/ ha	2 bags
Cost of seed/ kg	Kshs.80
Amount of seed/ ha	20kg
Amount of CAN fertilizer/	1 bag
Cost of CAN fertilizer/ bag	Kshs.1000
Cost of sprays	Kshs.3000

 

1. i) Calculate the gross margin for each crop
2. ii) From your calculation which crop is profitable to grow
3. b) Discuss five factors considered when planning a farm
4. Using the data provided in the table below, make an interpretation and advice the farmer on which

crop to grow ;

Type of crop	Gross margin (Ksh)
Cotton	18,400
Ground nuts	20,050

18. Outline three advantages of budgeting in farm business
19. A farmer has 1 Ha piece of land on which he grows maize. His farm record on maize

production for nine years is as shown in the table below:

Year	Fertilizer applied (bags)	Total output of maize (bags)
1995	0	4
1996	2	10
1997	4	28
1998	6	42
1999	8	52
2000	10	60
2001	12	66
2002	14	66
2003	16	64

 

(a) i) Using an appropriate scale, with input on the X-axis draw a graph to show the relationship

between inputs and total output

(ii) From the graph you have drawn, how many bags of maize would the farmer produce if

he applied 9bags of fertilizer?

Calculate the farmers marginal products and average products for the years                                  (i) From the data given, what rate of fertilizer application would the farmer choose if he

wanted to grow maize in 2004?

(ii) Give an explanation for your choice in (c) (i) above

(b) Assuming that the average price of fertilizer over the years recorded was shs. 1,200/= per bag

and the price of maize was ksh.1000/= per bag :

Calculate the gross income for the years 2002 and 2003

Calculate the net income for the year 1999. (Assume no other costs were incurred)

20. Name five types of costs incurred in a farming business
21. List any four sources of credit to farmers.
22. List three ways in which labour peaks can be overcome in the farm (1½ mks)
23. State four ways of improving farm labour productivity
24. A farmer had a plot of land measuring 5 hectares in which be intended to plant maize.

He was advised to apply 150 kg of P₂0 per hectare at planting and 200kg N per hectare during

top dressing. The fertilizer available in the market was Calcium Ammonium Nitrate containing

20% N and Di-ammonium phosphate 46% P₂0₅. Calculate.

(a)  (i) The amount of Di—ammonium phosphate required

(ii) The amount of calcium ammonium nitrate required

(b) Baraka farm manager plans to grow Irish potatoes or maize for grains. Study the information

below and answer the questions that follow:

 

Irish potatoes

Cost of fertilizers/ha____________________________ Ksbs 10,000.

Labour requirements/ha ______________________ Kshs 50 man – days

Yield /ha ___________________________________ 10,000kg

Seed potato/ha ________________________________Kshs20, 000

Cost of labour ___________________________ Kshs 200 per man day

Cost of fungicides___________________________ Kshs 5000

Cost of ploughing____________________________ Kshs 4000

Selling price of potatoes per kg __________________ Kshs 30.

 

Maize

Yield per hectare ______________Kshs.7,500kg

Selling price of maize per kg _____________Kshs 20.

Cost of ploughing /ha ________________Kshs.4000

Seed maize/ha _____________________Kshs.3000

Labour requirement /ha _________________________ 200 man days.

Cost of fertilizers /ha ____________________Kshs 10,000

Cost of top dressing fertilizers __________________Kshs 4,800

Cost of labour _____________Kshs 150 per man – day

 

(i) What is gross margin?

(ii) Calculate the gross margin of each of the crops

(iii) From the calculation above which crop should the farm grow?

(d) Describe the environmental factors that may lead to poor yields in crop production

                       

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS IV

 

This topic entails the following:

• Importance of farm accounts
• Financial documents and their uses
• Analysis  of financial statements
• Books of accounts and their uses.

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

1. Name three methods of grafting that are used in propagation of plants

2          a) The following transactions were extracted from Mr. Tembo’s financial books for the year

ending 31^st Dec 2003.study and answer the questions that follow:

            Particulars                                                       cost (ksh)

Milk sale                                                          8 000

Goat sale                                                             500

Purchase of farm tools                                     1 000

Construction of zero grazing unit                  10 000

Depreciation of machinery                                 800

Closing stock                                                 16 000

Veterinary bills                                                     400

Interest payable                                                   750

Wages                                                              4 800

Sales of cabbages                                                750

Sales of tea                                                       4 700

Opening stock                                                 12 000

Sales of heifers                                                  9 400

Purchase of pesticides                                          300

 

(a) i) Prepare a profit and loss account for Mr. Tembo’s farm for the year ending 31^st Dec. 2003

1. ii) Calculate the percentage profit or loss made by the farm
2. b) i) Give five functions of farmer’s cooperative societies
3.     ii) Outline five common risks and uncertainties in farming

 

3. State four reasons for using certified seeds for planting
4. List any two financial statements which may be prepared on a farm
5. The following information was obtained from Lang’at’s farm records for the year ending

December, 2004. Study it and answer the questions that follow:-

Goats                              4,000

Poultry                          15,000

Causal workers             12,000

Opening valuation      150,000

 

His sales and receipts are as follows:

Mohair                        75,000

Rabbits                        3,600

Eggs to hotel               15,000

Closing valuation       200,000

(a) Prepare the profit and loss A/C of Lang’at’s farm

(b) State the benefit of a profit and loss A/C to Mr. Lang’at

 

 

 

 

6. (a) List any four financial documents used in the farm

(b)  Prepare a profit and loss account for Mr. Rob’s farm for the year ending 31^st Dec. 2009, given

the following information:-

Sale of milk                Kshs.10,000

Sold two heifers         kshs.10,000

Cabbage sold              Kshs. 20,000

Debts payable                         Ksh.4,200

Sold tomatoes             Kshs. 3,000

Veterinary bills          Kshs.2,500

Bought livestock feeds Kshs.2,500

Purchase fertilizers    Kshs.5,000

Bought seeds              Kshs. 4,000

Debts receivable         Kshs.20,000

Opening valuation      Kshs.150,000

Closing valuation       Kshs.200,000

(c) Did the farm make a profit or a loss? Calculate the percentage profit or loss made by the Farm

(d) Explain the various ways in which farmers may adjust to risks and uncertainties

7. a) The following transactions were extracted from Mr. Tembo’s financial books for the year

ending 31^st Dec 2003.study and answer the questions that follow:

            Particulars                                                       cost (ksh)

Milk sale                                                          8 000

Goat sale                                                             500

Purchase of farm tools                                     1 000

Construction of zero grazing unit                  10 000

Depreciation of machinery                                 800

Closing stock                                                 16 000

Veterinary bills                                                     400

Interest payable                                                   750

Wages                                                              4 800

Sales of cabbages                                                750

Sales of tea                                                       4 700

Opening stock                                                 12 000

Sales of heifers                                                  9 400

Purchase of pesticides                                          300

 

1. i) Prepare a profit and loss account for Mr. Tembo’s farm for the year ending 31^st Dec 2003
2. ii) Calculate the percentage profit or loss made by the farm
3. b) i) Give five functions of farmer’s cooperative societies
4.      ii) Outline five common risks and uncertainties in farming

 

8. At the end year ended 31/12/2005 Bidii farm recorded the following:

Perennial crops           250,000

Bank loans                  30,000

Cash at hand               5,000

Bank overdrafts          15,000

Land                            350,000

Unpaid wages             3,000

Debts receivable         20,000

Stocks in store                        25,000

Livestock                    200,000

Bank balances             100,000

(a) Prepare a balance sheet as at 31/12/2005

(b) Did Bidii farm qualify for a loan and why?

 

9. State one condition in which each of the following documents is used.
10. i) Invoice
11. ii) Delivery note

iii) Receipt

10. Below is a transaction showing Mrs.Okello’s financial position in her business for the year 2009

-Purchase of pesticides                           3,000  00

-Milk sales                                              8,000  00

-Sales of goats                                        5,000  00

-Construction of store                           10,000  00

-Closing valuation                                 16,000  00

-Depreciation of machinery                     3,000 00

-Interest payable                                      1,750  00

-Purchase of farm tools                               800 00

-Veterinary bills                                        1,400 00

-Sales of tomatoes                                    1,750  00

-Wages                                                   10,000  00

-Sales of heifer                                       10,000  00

-Opening valuation                                 12,000  00

-Sales  of coffee                                        5,000  00

1.  i) Prepare a profit and loss account for Mrs. Okello’s farm
2. ii) Calculate the percentage profit or loss that Mrs. Okello made during the year 2009

iii) Explain six ways in which farmers adjust to risk and uncertainties in farming

11. Name two examples of liabilities in a balance sheet

 

AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS (V)

This topic entails the following:

• Market and marketing
• Types of markets
• Supply and demand
• Marketing functions
• Problems of marketing
• Agricultural organizations

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

 

1. a) Explain the principle that govern the  operations of farmers’  co-operative societies
2. b) Explain the role of agricultural cooperatives in Kenya
3. c) Explain various functions of agricultural marketing
4. a) Give four marketing functions
5. b) Outline four problems associated with marketing of agricultural products
6. State two roles of agricultural society of Kenya
7. (a) What is elasticity of demand for a commodity

(b) Given that at a price of shs.1000 per bag, 20 bags of maize are demanded but when the price

changes to shs.800 per bag, 22 bags are demanded. Calculate the elasticity of demand. Show

your working

(c)Outline six problems of marketing maize as an agricultural product

(d) Determine nine principles governing cooperatives in Kenya

5. Outline four reasons why training is important in some crops
6. (a) Explain marketing activities in Agriculture

(b) Discuss problems experienced in marketing of Agricultural products

7. What is elasticity of supply

 

8. How do the governments control prices of essential farm produce
9. b) Explain the roles of Agricultural co-operatives in Kenya
10. State the law of demand and supply.
11. What do the following initials stand for?

(i) K.N.F.U – Kenya National Farmers Union

(ii) H.C.D.A – Horticultural Crops Development Authority

11. (a) What is a co-operative society

(b) List two functions of co-operatives

(c) State and explain the nine principles of governing co-operatives

12. Give four factors which influenced the demand of tomatoes in the market

 

 

 

 

AGROFORESTRY

 

This topic entails the following:

• Definition of agro forestry
• Importance of agro forestry
• Forms of agro forestry
• Importance of trees
• Selection f trees to plant
• Routine management practices on trees
• Methods of tree harvesting.

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

 

 

1. State two reasons for seed treatment of tree species before planting
2. State four ways by which Re-afforestation help in land reclamation
3. List four advantages of agro-forestry
4. The illustrations below are techniques of harvesting agroforestry trees. Study them carefully and

then answer the questions below:-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the harvesting techniques represented by techniques A and B

(b) Give an example of a tree species suitable for technique B and C as a method of harvesting

5. State four factors considered when choosing trees for Agroforestry
6. (a) Five characteristics of trees used in agroforestry are;

(b) The benefits of agroforestry are:

7. Name four forms of agro- forestry
8. Give four characteristics that good agro-forestry tree should posses

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ANSWERS SECTION 1

 

INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURE

 

1. two factors which characterize intensive farming

• Small farms
• Huge capital
• Skilled labour
• Produce for sale

Mechanization done

2. three reasons why organic farming is encouraged in farming

• Cheap
• Environmental friendly

No chemical residues in produce

3. two ways in which Agriculture contributes to industrial development.

– Provide raw materials for industries.

– Provide market for industrial goods.

– Is a source of capital for starting industries.

4. four ways by which wind affects the growth of crops.

– Causes physical damage to crops.

– Cause rapid spread of diseases/ pests/ weeds.

– Can cause water stress as a result of evaporation.

– Causes stress of crops due to chilling caused cold winds.

– Encourage transpiration hence water and mineral uptake.

• Agriculture – rearing of fish in fish ponds

5. One physical characteristic used in classifying soil is:

• Colour,
• Texture,
• Structure

6. Four advantages of organic farming

• Environmental friendly
• Products do not have organic farming
• Products do not have organic chemical residue
• Improve soil structure
• Replenishes nutrients in the soil as it uses organic manure
• Enhances soil water retention
• Provides food for soil microbes
• Enhances soil water infiltration

7. Two conditions under which shifting cultivation is practiced are:

• Can only be practiced where land is abundant
• Practiced where population is sparse
• Practiced where number of livestock per units low (2 ½mks)

8. Four factors that determine the time of planting a crop

(a) Olericulture – production of vegetables

• Floriculture – production of flowers

(b) Apiculture – bee keeping

• Agriculture – rearing of fish in fish ponds

 

 

 

 

FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE AGRICULTURE

1. two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops

• Provide nutrients
• Increase water holding capacity
• Increase soil temperature

Neutral soil PH

2. a) five activities that may be  undertaken in organic farming

• Mulching
• Apply manure
• Use medicinal plants to control parasites and diseases
• Crop rotation
• Rear livestock on natural organically grown pasture
• Physical/ cultural/ biological/ pests, weeds and disease control

3. four effects of temperature on crop growth

Low temp-slow growth rate

-increase incidence of negative infection e.g. CBD

-improve quality of some crop

High temp-cause wilting

-increase growth rate

-improve quality of some crops

-increase pest and disease incidences (1/2×4=2mks)

4. four ways by which wind affects the growth of crops.

– Causes physical damage to crops.

– Cause rapid spread of diseases/ pests/ weeds.

– Can cause water stress as a result of evaporation.

– Causes stress of crops due to chilling caused cold winds.

– Encourage transpiration hence water and mineral uptake.

5. Two factors related to light that affect crop production and distribution in Kenya:-

• Light intensity
• Light duration

–     Light wavelength

6. The environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yields

• Poor soil fertility /infertile soil
• Damage by hailstorms
• Less rainfall/unreliable/drought
• Poor soil type resulting into leaching or water logging
• Inappropriate soil PH
• Inappropriate temperature (too low or high)
• Excessive wind leading to increase in water loss from the soil
• Extreme relative humidity
• Extreme of light intensity
• Topography / some attitudes e.g. very high may limit crop growth ( 1mk x any 7pts = 7mks)

7. – Rainfall

• Soil
• Topography
• Light
• Wind

8. One physical characteristic used in classifying soil is:

• Colour,
• Texture,
• Structure

 

 

 

9. Four advantages of organic farming

• Environmental friendly
• Products do not have organic farming
• Products do not have organic chemical residue
• Improve soil structure
• Replenishes nutrients in the soil as it uses organic manure
• Enhances soil water retention
• Provides food for soil microbes
• Enhances soil water infiltration ( 4x ½ = 2mks)

10. (a) The aim of the experiment was:- to show presence of living organisms in the soil

(b) observations were:

• Flask D  – Limewater turns milky/turbid       (1mk)
• Flask E – Lime water remains clear  (1mk)

(c)  The reason for the observation in flask D is:-

Carbon dioxide which turns water milky in flask D would have been produced only during the respiration of living organisms present in fresh soil

11. – It may have hard pan which interfere with water infiltration
12. a) – Light duration

• Light intensity
• Light wave length ( ½ x3=1 ½ mks)

1. b)  Evapotranspiration

• Presence of pest

13. a) – E – Single grained structure

– F – Granular structure                                                                                                (1×1=1 mk)

1.  b)        i) Humus with clay                                                                                         (1×1=1 mk)
2. ii) Air space (1×1=1 mk)

c)-  Colour affects soil texture and hence micro- organisms in the soil Ö

– Texture – affects drainage, aeration and capillary

– Structure – affects aeration and root penetration

14. three physical characteristics of soil (1 1/2mks)

• Soil structure
• Soil texture
• Soil colour

15. a) State merits of horizon A

• source of plant nutrients
• support/anchor the crops
• store of water for the crops
• sources of soil micro organism

1. b) State distinct features of horizon B

• deficient of humus(nutrients)
• contain leached nutrients
• contains more compact soil particles
• presence of hard pans in  some soils

1. c) Transitional zone-this is a zone bordering two adjacent layer of soil profile

i)Weathered rock

Importance

• Give rise  to sub soil
• Source of minerals
• Determine mineral content of  soil and type  of soil

16

• Low temperatures encourages crop diseases such as leaf rust
• Low temperatures may increase or lower the quality of farm produce
• High temperatures hastens maturity/ improves the quality/ lower the quality
• Increases the rate of evapo transpiration which may result loss plant moisture/ leading to wilting of crops

• Movement of animals in large numbers
• Decomposition of plant and animal remains by soil micro- organisms
• Physical breaking of rocks by roots of higher plants
• Man’s activities e.g. cultivation, mining and road construction
• Mixing up of soil by animals e.g. earth worms and

18. – Temperature/ Altitude

– Soil type;

– Prevailing winds;

– Rainfall;       (4x ½ =2mks)

19. – It influences the movement of the weathered materials hence affecting the depth of soil development;
20. two importance of parent’s material in soil profile

• Determine  soil characteristics
• Determine  soil  depth

Determine  soil  nutrients

23. four ways of modifying soil temperature in crop production

• Mulching
• Pruning
• Shading of crops
• Irrigation (4x ½ mks)

24. a) two factors that   affect  selectivity of herbicides

• Stage of plants  growth
• Plants morphology and anatomy
• Mode  of action
• Environmental factors (2×1=2mks)

1. b) Name two farming practice that cause water pollution
2. four factors that influence soil formation

• Parents  rock  material
• Climate
• Topography
• Biotic/organic/living organism

26. – Drainage

-Aeration

-Water-holding capacity

-capillary

27. -large animals e.g. Buffaloes

-Man activities e.g. farming

-Root pressure of plants

-Burrowing animals e.g moles, termites

 

 

CROP PRODUCTION I (LAND PREPARATION)

 

1. three factors that determine depth of ploughing during land preparation

• Crop to be planted
• Implement available

Type of soil

2. Four reasons for cultivating land before planting.

– To improve soil aeration.

– To improve germination.

– Destroy weeds.

– Destroy weeds.

– Incorporate organic matter in the soil.

– Increase water infiltration.

3. (a)Is a situation in which least possible cultivation operations are carried out in crop

production.

(b) – Clearing the land / bush clearing.

– Using appropriate chemicals to kill the existing vegetation.

– Weeding using herbicides.

– Planting / drilling seeds directly into the stubble of previous crop.

4. (a) – Harrow the land to a fine filth;

– Harrow during the dry or before the rains;

– Make the seed be weed – free / ensure clean seed bed;

– Firm the seed bed using rollers after sowing;

– Select a desirable variety of seed for the ecological zone,;

– Sow seeds at the onset rains/ early planting;

– Apply phosphatic fertilizers at appropriate rate of 200 – 300 kgs/ ha at planting time;

– Drill or broadcast  the seeds evenly;

– Use a recommended seed rate for the variety / seed rate of 1.5 – 2.0 kh/ha pure seeds;

– Bury seeds at 2 ½ times their diameter;

– Control weeds by uprooting/ apply a suitable herbicide;

– Apply nitrogenous fertilizers about 6 weeks after germination in split application.

– Avoid grazing when the pasture is too young.

– Practice light grazing in the field phase of pasture establishment.            (10 x 1 = 10 mk)

(b) – Select seeds of  the  same size, variety, age and free from pests and diseases.

– Plant seeds at the same time.

– Prepare the whole field to required uniform tilth.

– Plant at the right moisture content of the soil / irrigation uniformly.

– Treat seeds before planting i.e. break dormancy.

– Plant at the correct depth.                                                                                        (5 x 1 = 5 mks)

(c) – Soil moisture content.

– Type of soil.

– Cost of operation.

– Size of seed/ type of planting material/ type of crop.

– Type of machinery available / use of tractors.

– Topography / gradient of the land/ liability of soil erosion.

– Skills of the operator.

– Initial conditions of the land/ the cropping history of the land.

– Time available to carry out the operation before planting.

5. Four physical conditions of the seedbed that need to be changed to facilitate

Germination

• Size of soil clods (clods (made small or medium size
• Appropriate soil depth
• Soil looseness
• Should be weed free

–    Soil moisture content improved

 

6. Four importance of sub soiling as a tertiary operation

• Brings leached nutrients to the surface
• Breaks hard pans
• Promotes aeration of the soil
• Promotes water infiltration

–    Ensures better root penetration

 

7. Four advantages of rolling in seedbed preparation are:

• Press the seeds against the soil moisture
• Controls soil erosion
• Ensure uniform germination
• Controls removal of small seeds by wind
• Breaks large soil cods

8. four disadvantages of minimum tillage

• The less porous surface increased soil erosion especially  in heavily sols
• Difficulty in weed control
• Speed of planting to reduce due to large amount of residues in the soil and big clods

Leads  to accumulating of soil borne  pests and diseases

9. a)      – ridging
10. b) (i) Encourage tuber expansion

• Allow easy harvesting of crop roots

(ii)     Rolling

• Leveling

• Leads to timely planting
• Weeds are appropriately controlled especially the perennial such as couch grass
• Farmers take advantage of availability of labour reducing the cost of labour
• Control of soil borne pests

Gives time for better organic decomposition

11. – By repeated cultivation at the same depth;

– Cultivating the soil when wet using heavy machinery;

12. – Type and size of planting material;

– Topography/slope f land;

– Soil moisture content;

– (Initial) condition of land/amount of vegetation on the land;

-Capital available

– Type of implement used;

13. It is the least number of cultivation operations either during preparation of the seed bed or

during the management of the crops.

14.

• Market demand
• Type of crop to be planted
• Moisture condition of the soil and rainfall pattern
• Prevalence of pests and diseases
• Prevalence of weeds

15. two factors that determine the number of cultivation on a field before it   is ready for planting

• purpose of crop
• moisture content
• concentration  of desired  chemical
• weather
• market demand

16. – Enables crop to benefit maximumly from available moisture

-Crops make use of nitrogen flush available at that time

-Crops fetch high market prices

-Crops escape from pests and diseases

-There is high vigour in crops that resist diseases

-Ensures timely harvesting

17. – type of crop to be planted

-Implements available

-Type of soil

-Climatic conditions

WATER SUPPLY, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE

1. State two reasons for treating water for us on the farm

• Remove chemical impurities
• Remove foreign material
• Remove disease earning organisms

Remove bad smell & taste

2. State three reasons for draining swampy land before growing crops

• Increase soil volume
• Improve aeration
• Increases activities of micro organisms
• Control erosion

Reduce toxic substance in soil

3 .         a )Sprinkle irrigation

1.  b) four advantages of the above irrigation system

• Little water required
• Done on nay topography
• Control weeds between rows
• Water under low pressure
• Prevent fungal diseases

1. c) three factors that determine the type of irrigation on the farm

• Where tree crops are planted
• Little water supply
• Enough capital for the method is available
• Slope land                                                                                                       3x ½ = 1 ½ mks

1. d) two disadvantages o f the above system of irrigation

• Difficult to carry field mechanization
• Require a lot of capital
• Require clean water
• Regular repair of broken pipes and blocked pipes

Applicable where tree plants are grown

4. a) Artificial√ application of water to the soil  surface for purpose of supplying enough

moisture√  for plants growth(mark  whole)

1. b) Surface,

overhead,

subsurface,

drip/trickle

5. a) four use of water on the farm

• Irrigation
• Domestic use
• Diluting  chemicals
• Construction work
• Watering  livestock and washing buildings
• Processing  farm produce(1/2×4=2mks)

1. b) four methods of harvesting water on the farm (2mks)

• roof cantonment
• weirs
• rock cantonment
• dams
• ponds

 

1. c) the stages involved in water treatment process

• filtration of  water intake
• softening
• coagulation and sedimentation
• filtration in  tanks
• chlorination  storage  (1/2×6=3mks)

6. four uses of water in the farm.

– For diluting chemicals used to control pests.

– For watering livestock.

– For watering plants e.g. irrigation.

– For washing utensils, calf pen bully sheds.

– For domestic use e.g. drinking, cooking.

– For rearing fish.

– For recreation

– Processing of farm produce.

– In construction of buildings.

7. two types of irrigation used in Kenya.

– Overhead / sprinkler.

– Surface / Flood / furrow/ basin.

– Drip/ trickle.

8. Four disadvantages cambered beds

• High cost of maintenance
• Provides breeding ground for vectors of malaria
• Prevents proper mechanization of the farm

–     Labour intensive

(c) Stage I:      Filtration of water intake.

– Water from source river is made to pass through a series of sieves.

– Large particles of impurities are trapped by the sieves.

– Water then enters into the large pipe to be directed to the mixing chamber.

Stage II:          Softening of the water.

• Water circulates in the mixing chamber and doses of soda ash to soften the water.

Stage III:         Coagulation and sedimentation

• Water is passed through coagulation tank where fresh air enters to remove bad smell/ chloride of lime used.

 

• Water stays for 36 hours thus solid particles settle and bilharzias causing organisms killed.
• Alum added to coagulated solid particles which settle at the bottom.

Stage IV:         Filtration

• Water is passed through filtration tank with layers of sand and gravel to filter it.
• Water leaving the filtration tank is clean.

Stage V:          Chlorination

• Water is passed through chlorination tank where chlorine is added.
• Micro-organisms in the water are killed by chlorine.

Stage VI:         Storage

– The treated water is stored in large overhead tanks before distribution and use.

9. – Improves soil aeration

• Raises soil temperature
• Increases activities of micro- organisms
• Increases soil volume

–     Prevent accumulation of poisonous substances in the soil

10. – Semi-rotary

• Hydram
• Piston/ reciprocating
• Centrifugal
• Rotary

11. Four examples of working capital in maize production are;

• Seeds
• fertilizer
• Herbicides
• Pesticides
• Fuel fragticides
• Casual labour  (4x ½  = 2mks)

12. four types of water pumps which can be used in the farm

• Centrifugal/rotadynathic pumps
• Piston/reciprocating pump
• Semi-Rotan pump
• Hydram pump

13. four methods of drainage

Open ditches

• Under ground drain pipes
• French drains
• Cambered beds
• Pumping
• Planting of trees/planting of trees such as Eucalyptus

14. A dam is a barrier constructed a cross a  river  or a dry valley to hold water and raise its level

to form a reservoir  or  lake

• A weir is a barrier constructed across a river to raise  the level  of water and still allow water to flow over it

15. – Giving subsidies by reducing the cost of production inputs

Fixes prices of the related products

16. – Piping is the conveyance of water through pipes from one place to the other while pumping is the lifting of water from one point to another by use of mechanical force;

17.

• To facilitate the action of soil living organisms
• To check or reduce leaching
• To moderate or increase soil temperature
• To reduce accumulation of dissolved soil salts
• To reduce erosion rate of top soil
• To improve soil structure
• To increase effectiveness of phosphorous fertilizer and conserve soil nitrogen
• As a way of reclaiming areas such as coastal plains and the river belts which may have high water tables
• In rice fields, water should be controlled by draining the water for a different crop cycle.

18.

• Allowing livestock to graze near water sources often results in organic waste products being washed into the water ways.
• Fertilizer application
• Pesticides
• Over grazing
• Irrigation
• Over cultivation
• Use of farm machinery

19. a) i) A – Drop/ trickle irrigation
20. ii) B – Sprinkler/ overhead irrigation
21. b) Two advantages of method A over method B

• Conserves water
• Does not damage flowers, leaves
• Does not cause splash/ splatter irrigation
• Does not encourage spread of fungal diseases from crop to crop
• Does not encourage the growth of weeds all over the field
• Agro- chemical can be dissolved in the water and directly applied to the crop

1. c) i) Cotton wool
2. ii) Rough sand
3. four reasons for practicing irrigation

• Increase crop production by  applying adequate  moisture
• To reclaim  dry areas
• To meet  moisture requirement  of crops
• To produce and  benefit  from off  season crops
• Growing  of paddy vice

23. – to prevent rotting

-For processing

– For long storage

– Prevent pest and disease attack

24. (a) Kill germs

(b) For sedimentation

21. S- French drainage T- Vambedred peds                M – soil- stones

 

SOIL FERTILITY 1 (ORGANIC MANURE)

1. two roles of humus in the soil that are beneficial to crops

• Provide nutrients
• Increase water holding capacity
• Increase soil temperature

Neutral soil PH

2. four characteristic of fertile soil (2mks)

• Well drained
• Correct PH
• Good water  holding capacity
• Adequate  plant  nutrients
• Free from pest   and diseases
• Correct soil nutrients

3. a) Q-stick√

Function-checking temperature√ and other conditions within the heap

1. b) i) Top soil-introduces organisms to effect composition√
2. ii) Wood ash-increases the level of phosphorus and potassium√

iii) Rotten manure-provides food for micro-organism√

4. The illustration below shows a heap system of making compost manure. Study it and answer

the questions that follow.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. a) use of arrows indicate how the decomposing material should be transferred from one heap

to another till the manure is applied in the field.

b)- 3  – 6 wks

1. c) one reason for turning the material in the heap regularly.

– Proper decomposition.

– Facilitate air circulation.

– Microbial activities.

1. d) two reasons why it is necessary to sprinkle water on the heap.

– To regulate the internal temperatures in the heap.

– Create moist environment for microbial activity.

5. Four indicators of well-decomposed manure

• Absence of bad odour and instead the smell of forest soil
• Light weight
• Brown colour
• Moist but not wet
• – Original nature of material not noticeable (½ x 4pts = 2mks)

6. (a) Two factors that should be considered when siting a compost manure heap are:-

• Accessibility
• Drainage
• Direction of prevailing wind
• Size of the farm/proximity

(b) Five advantages of rotation grazing are: (5mks)

• Livestock with maximum use of pastures
• Reduces build up of parasites and diseases
• Animal waste evenly distributed
• Pasture area given time to regenerate
• Excess pasture conserved
• Possible to apply fertilizer in the parts of the pasture which are not in use (5×1=5mks)

7. It is movement of dissolved nutrients front p soil to lower horizons of soil becoming

Unravel able to crops

• Improves soil structure
• Adds nutrients
• Increases cation exchange capacity
• Increases microbial activity in the soil
• Improves water holding capacity/ reduces leaching
• Buffers soil PH

Moderates soil temperature

9. (a) (i) Preparation of farm yard manure:-

• Collect animal waste/refuse/dung and urine;
• Collect animal bedding/litter and other rotten plant residues;
• Store collected materials under roof/shed to prevent leaching and oxidization of nutrients;
• Turnover the materials regularly;
• Sprinkle water if dry;
• leave the material to rote completely before use; (6×1=6mks)

(ii) Preparation of Hay

• Cut the grass /legume in the field when 50% of it is starting to flower;
• The cut forage is spread in the field for four continuous days (sunny days)
• The cut forage is turned daily for even for four uniform drying;
• Gather the dried material in a central spot;
• Bale the material;
• Properly store the baled hay (6×1=6mks)

 

 

 

(b) Factors to consider in timely planting of annual crops

• Escape from serious weed competition;
• Utilization of early rainfall;
• Exploitation of Nitrogen flush in the soil that has accumulated during dry season;
• Escape from serious pest + disease attack e.g. stalk borer in maize;
• Fetch high market prices when harvested early;
• Reduce competition for labour during labour peak period;
• For harvesting season to coincide with dry period to reduce losses e.g. cotton

Early planting means early farming/calendar for the farmer to enable him /her to finish up other farm activities;          (8×1=8mks)

 

10. i) A ration containing 18% protein is  to be  made  from  maize and sunflower cake. Given

that maize contains 7% protein, and sunflower seed cake 34% protein. Use Pearson square

methods to calculate the value of feedstuffs to be used to prepare 100kgs of the feed (3mks)

1. ii) two other methods that can be used to formulate feed ration (2mks)

• Linear programming
• Trial and error

Graphical method.

 

AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS

(BASIC CONCEPTS AND FARM RECORDS)

1. (a) – Help to determine the value of the farm/ determine assets and liabilities.

– Provide history of the farm.

– Assist in planning and budgeting in various fields.

– Helps to detect losses or theft in the farm.

– Assists when sharing losses or profits (dividends)for communal owned farms/ partnership.

– Help to settle disputes in the farm among heirs.

– Help to support insurance claim e.g. against fire and theft.

– Provide labour information like terminal benefits, NSSF due, Sacco dues for all employees.

– Help to compare the performance of different enterprises within a farm or other farms.

– Help in the assessment of income tax to avoid over or under taxation.

– Records, helps to show whether the farm business is making profit or losses. This information

helps in obtaining credit.                                                                                     (10 x 1 = 10 mks)

 

2. (a)Health record

(b) Next date of treatment /vaccination

• – Occurrence of the disease
• – Response to treatment ( ½ x 2 =1mk)

(c) – Select and cull animals on health ground

• Know the course of action to be taken in the event of a disease and maintenance of good health
• Know the prevalent disease

–    Calculate cost of treatment

 

3          Four uses of farm records are;

• Used to compare the performance of different enterprise
• Shows history of the farm
• Help in planning and budgeting of farm operations
• Assessment of income tax
• Calculation of profits and losses
• Securing loans
• Settling disputes where no will is left

4. four uses of farm records

• Help compare performance  of different enterprises within  the farm  and other farms
• Shows the history of the farm
• Guide a farmer in  planning and budgeting  of farm operations
• Helps to detect losses or theft on the farm
• Helps to avoid over taxation or under taxation
• Helps to determine the value of the farm in terms of assets and liabilities
• Helps in sharing of profits and losses  in partnership
• Helps  in setting disputes among heirs in absents of a will
• Shows whether the farm business is making profit or losses
• Helps in supporting insurance claims of farm assets
• Provide labour information

• Understanding the technical language used in agriculture
• Application of the right amounts of inputs
• Correct/ appropriate measurements in farming

Uses of appropriate technology

 

6. (a) Milk production record (1×1=1mk)

(b) Determine prevalent diseases;

– Establish treatment of diseases;

– Establish disease control method;

– Determine cost of medication/health care;

– Determine the health status of different animals;  (4×1=4mks)

 

(c) Price trends/market situation

– Production techniques

– Labour trends

– Breeds of dairy cattle

– Production constraints/risks and certainties

• Field
• Area of the land
• Season
• Crop planted
• Crop variety
• Land preparation date
• Type of fertilizer at planting
• Type of fertilizer at top dressing
• Seed rate used
• Type of  weed and date of weed control
• Type of pest and date of pest control
• Date of harvesting
• Remarks    (Any 4)

 

8. List two events occur during induction stroke in a four stroke engine. (1mk)

• Piston moves down from TDC
• Exhaust valve is closed
• Inlet valve is open
• Air / fuel mixture get into combustion chamber
• Piston reaches BDC. (4x ½ = 2mks)

 

9. – Where the resources are free

– where there is no alternative

– where the alternatives are very many.

 

SOIL FERTILITY II (IN ORGANIC FERTILIZERS)

 

1. four advantages of applying lime in clay soil

• Lower soil acidity
• Increase calcium content
• Hastens decomposition of organic matter
• Improve soil structure/ improve drainage
• Facilitates availability and absorption of nitrogen and phosphorous
• Improve legume nodulation and nitrogen fixation

Increase multiplication of micro- organisms

2. a) i) Sulphur- SO₄²⁻,SO₂
3. ii) Nitrogen-NO₃⁻,NH₄

iii) Carbon-CO₂

1. iv) Magnesium-mg²⁺
2. b) three effects of nitrogen to plants (1 1/2mks)

• delayed maturity
• excessive succulence
• excessive vegetative growth
• weak stems
• lodging

3. a) The quality of sulphate ammonia fertilizer the farmer will need for 10 hectares (1mk)

100kg SA supplies   21kg N

1ha requires 150kg SA

10ha requires (150×10) kg SA

= 1500kg SA in 10ha

1. b) The number of 50kg bags of fertilizer he will purchase (1mk)

50kg fill 1 bag

• 1 x 1500=30bags (1)

50

4. two disadvantages of using farm yard manure

– It’s bulky hence difficult to apply by one laborer.

– It may spread weeds.

– It may spread diseases.

– It releases nutrients slowly.

5. four factors which influence the stage at which the crops are harvested.

– Purpose of the crop / maturity.

– Moisture content.

– Concentration of certain chemicals.

– Water condition.

– Market demand.

6. a) – Calcium Ammonium Nitrate CAN.

b)- Knee high

– 30 – 45 cm height.

5. c) Calculate the amount of K₂O contained in 400 kg of a compound fertilizer 25 : 10 : 5.

5 kg of K₂O is in 100 kg of 25 : 10: 5

∴ 400 kg of compound fertilizer

400 x 5            = 20 kg of K₂O

100

7. Two pieces of information that soil sample should have before being taken to the laboratory

for testing are:-

–     Name of the farmer

• Address of the farmer
• The type of test to be carried out

–      Date of sampling

8. A compound fertilizer bag has the labels 20-20-10. What do the figures stand for

• 20 – 20% Nitrogen (N)
• 20 – 20% Phosphorous Pentoxide (P₂O₅)

–     0- 0% Potassium Oxide (K₂O)

9. Four functions of sulphur in crops are:-

• Amino acids/protein synthesis
• Formulating enzymes and hormones
• Increase oil content and hormones
• Needed for formation of chlorophyll

Needed in carbohydrate metabolism

10. – Improves soil PH hence microbial activities

• Allows wide production of different crop varieties
• Improves soil aeration
• Improves drainage

Improves soil structure

11. -Liming

•  use of alkaline fertilizer (2 ½ = 1mk)

 

12. a) -Type of crop

• Fertilizer characters
• Type of soil
• Environmental condition ( ½ x3=1 ½  mks)

1. b) – Avoid unique sites e.g. compost, along fence

• Remove all vegetation parts
• Mix the samples thoroughly

Make as many samples as possible

13. three functions of nitrogen in crops                                                                       (1 1//2mks)

• Protein synthesis/formation
• Forms part of chlorophyll molecule
• Encourages vegetative growth
• Regulate availability of phosphorus and potassium in plant
• Increase to  size of grains and protein  content increases

14. Fertilizer ratio is the proportion of various nutrients in a fertilizer grade is the percentage of

nutrients in a fertilizer;

(b)- Nitrogen

– Calcium

– Potassium

– Magnesium

– Sulphur

 

15. (a) Diagonal/transverse method; (1×1=1mk)

(b) – Avoid contamination/use sterilized container;

– Avoid sampling soil from unusual sites e,g ant hills

– Avoid mixing top soil with sub-soil;          (3×1=3mks)

(c) – To determine the nutrient status of te soil;

– To determine the soil PH/type of fertilizer to add to the soil/lime to add to the soil;

– To determine the type of crop to grow;

– May help in diagnosing low crop yield/mineral deficiency;

16. Area – 10×20 =200m² (1mk)

100,000m²   require 80kgs of 20-20-10

200m² will require

200 x  80

10,000

═ 1.6kgs                          (1mk)

17. a) A compound of fertilizer  has a fertilizer grade of 25:10:5.calculate  the a mount

of phosphorus fore sent in 400kg of this fertilizer

N:P:K

25:10:5

If 10kg P₂O₅√1 = 100kg NPK

?             = 400kg NPK√1

= 400 x 10

100

= 40kg P₂O₅√1  (3 steps x 1=3mks)

1. b) i)    – zigzag method
2. ii) xx –traverse/diagonal

iii) State three importance of carrying out soil sampling and testing

• determine  the type  of  crop  to grow
• determine the  type of fertilizer  to be used
• determine  type of  nutrients  in the  soil (3×1=3mks)

18. (a) Lacks one of the major fertilizer NPK elements

(b) – The soils could be very acidic

– Too much rainfall.

19. (a) Random/zigzag soil sampling

(b) – old manure heaps

– Ant hills

-Dead furors

-Fence lines

-Cattle bomas

(c)  – Clear vegetation

– Mark points using pegs

Collect top soil and sap soil n different paper bag.

– Dry the soil and mix thoroughly

– Sent dispatch to laboratory for fasting

 

 

 

 

CROP PRODUCTION II (PLANTING)

1. two reasons for seed treatment of tree species before planting

• Break dormancy

Control pests and diseases

2. three factors that determine spacing of beans

• Type of soil
• Moisture in soil
• Species/ size of bean plant
• Machinery to be used
• Purpose of beans

Stand in the field

3. four reasons for using certified seeds for planting

• High yielding
• Quality produce
• High germination percentage
• Grow faster

 

4. a)      A   Banana sucker

B  Stem tubes

C     Bulb

D Stem cutting

1.  b)        Chitting
2.  c) four advantages of vegetative propagation on crop production

• Grow faster
• True copy of mother plant
• Have no dormancy period
• Easy to obtain             4x ½ = 2 mks

5. Differentiate between hybrid and composite

Hybrid	composite
Seeds produced  by crossing  inbreedlines and controlled pollination√	Seeds  produced  by  growing  different varieties together under uncontrolled pollination√     2//

 

 

 

 

 

6. a) Germinated seed x100√

Total seeds planted

=90 x100                              (2)

100  = 90%√

1. b) Given that maize is planted at a spacing of 75cm by 25cm, calculate the plant population in a plot measuring 4m by 3m

plant ppl = land area√

Spacing

4mx3m

75x25cm

400cmx300cm

75cmx25cm           = 64plants√             (2)

7. four qualities of a mother plant which should be considered when selecting vegetative

material for propagation.

• High quality.
• High yielding.
• Disease resistance / healthy/ disease tree.

Fast growth/ fast maturity.

8. – Select seeds of the  same size, variety, age and free from pests and diseases.

– Plant seeds at the same time.

– Prepare the whole field to required uniform tilth.

– Plant at the right moisture content of the soil / irrigation uniformly.

– Treat seeds before planting i.e. break dormancy.

– Plant at the correct depth.                                                                                        (5 x 1 = 5 mks)

9. two factors which determine the depth of planting

–      Soil type

• Size of seed
• Soil moisture content

–    The type of germination

10. – Reduces leaching

• Improves water holding capacity
• Improves soil structure
• Suffer soil pH
• Moderate soil temperature
• Increases microbial activities
• Increases cation exchange capacity

–    Improve fertility of the soil after decomposition

 

11. Area

Spacing

Tea population (10,000×2

1.5mx 0.75)                1

20,000m²

1.125m²                           1

= 17,777 plants

Needed in carbohydrate metabolism

12. Four reasons why training is important in some crops

• Facilitate field practices of spraying and harvesting
• Improves crop quality by preventing solving
• Enable crop grow in the required direction
• Improve yield
• Control pest and diseases

 

13. Four factors that influence the depth of planting are:

• The size of the seed
• Soil moisture content
• Type of soil /soil texture
• Type of germination

14.

• Avoid mixing with foreign materials
• Harvesting during the dry weather
• During harvesting separate grade A and B

Don’t put in gunny/sisal bags

Needed in carbohydrate metabolism

15. Four reasons why training is important in some crops

• Facilitate field practices of spraying and harvesting
• Improves crop quality by preventing solving
• Enable crop grow in the required direction
• Improve yield
• Control pest and diseases

16. Four factors that influence the depth of planting are:

• The size of the seed
• Soil moisture content
• Type of soil /soil texture
• Type of germination

17

• Avoid mixing with foreign materials
• Harvesting during the dry weather
• During harvesting separate grade A and B

Don’t put in gunny/sisal bags

18. – Moisture content of soil

• Use of which the crop is to be put
• Number of seeds per hole
• Prevalence of certain diseases/ pests
• Machinery to be used in subsequent operations
• Fertility status of the soil

19. Four advantages of rolling in seedbed preparation are:

• Press the seeds against the soil moisture
• Controls soil erosion
• Ensure uniform germination
• Controls removal of small seeds by wind
• Breaks large soil cods

20. two factors that effect rooting of cuttings in crop production

• Temperature
• Relative humidity
• Light  intensity
• Oxygen  supply
• Chemical treatment
• Leaf area

• Breaking seed dormancy
• Seed dressing

Seed inoculation

• Breaking seed dormancy
• Seed dressing

Seed inoculation

23. Under sowing is the establishment of pasture under a cover crop usually maize while over sowing is the establishment of pasture legume in an existing grains pasture
24. a) Stem cutting

b)

• High yielding
• High quality
• Good rooting ability
• Adaptable to the ecological zone

c)

• Make top cut near the auxiliary bud as close as possible and sloping away from it
• Lower cut must be sloping at an angle and be 2.5 – 4cm below the leaf
• Single leaf internodes cuttings must be kept shaded and wet floating in water from the time of cutting to planting

 

25        a) (30 X 15) cm²  / 30cm X 15cm

b)

4M – 0.6 M   + 1

0.3M

3.4    +  1

0.3= 12 raws

1. c) Plant population

3M – 0.6    +1

0.15

= 2.4    + 1

0.15

= 16 plants X 12 raws = 192 plants

26. – Temperature;

– Relative humidity;

– Light intensity;

– Oxygen supply;

– Leaf area;

– Chemical treatment;

27. Selection of mother plants (tea);

– Select healthy bushes/free of pests and diseases;

– Select high quality bushes;

– Select those which are high yielding;

– Select those with good rooting ability;

– select those which adapt to a wide range of ecological conditions;            (4×1=4mks)

Preparation of planting materials

• Prune the selected tea bushes and leave unchecked for six months;
• Select and cut good branches for making cuttings
• Obtain the cuttings form the middle of the branches/discard the brown and the hard bottom part/ the green soft top part
• Make single leaf internodes cutting carefully 2.5-4cm long;
• Make slant cut with the use of scalpel/sharp knife taking away from the node;
• Make top cutting near the auxiliary bud as much as ossible;
• Keep the cuttings wet in the water to avoid dehydration until they are planted;
• Keep the cutting under the nursery;

Raising of tea seedlings in the nursery

• Plant cuttings on rooting medium in polythene sleeves/sleeves measure 25 x 7.5-10cm and sealed
• Rooting medium consists of fertile sub-soil and phosphate fertilizer;
• Plant single leaf internodes per polythene sleeve,
• Place the sleeves in the vegetative propagation units,
• Erect wooden hoops over the sleeves cuttings, then place polythene sheet over it/erect shade over the nursery;
• Water sleeved seedlings every 3weeks/main high humidity;
• Uproot weeds when they appear;
• Hardening off done 4 months after raising (9×1=9mks)

28. Factors to consider in timely planting of annual crops

• Escape from serious weed competition;
• Utilization of early rainfall;
• Exploitation of Nitrogen flush in the soil that has accumulated during dry season;
• Escape from serious pest + disease attack e.g. stalk borer in maize;
• Fetch high market prices when harvested early;
• Reduce competition for labour during labour peak period;
• For harvesting season to coincide with dry period to reduce losses e.g. cotton

Early planting means early farming/calendar for the farmer to enable him /her to finish up other farm activities;          (8×1=8mks)

29.

• It is wasteful because a higher seed rate is used.
• It is not possible to use machines.
• It is not possible to establish plant population.
• Lack of uniformity in seed establishment.

30. (i) Seed inoculation;

• It is the treatment of legume seeds with Nitro-culture/artificial bacteria to increase their Nitrogen fixation in the soil ,if grown in Nitrogen deficie soils.

(ii)Chitting;- Breaking of dormancy in Irish potatoes before planting

(iii) Tipping;- Removal of three leaves and a bud from each shoot above the required height of the

table in tea during plucking table formation / formation of a uniform and flat plucking table in tea.

31. two advantages of producing crops by use of seeds over vegetative propaganda

• Seed treatment is easier
• Seeds can  be  stored for a long time
• Faster and uniform germination
• Mechanization of farm operation is easy/possible

Application of fertilizer/manure is easy and  can also be mechanized

32. four ways of preparing planting materials before planting

• Breaking  seed dormancy
• Seed dressing
• Chitting
• Seed cleaning
• Seed inoculation

Root trimming  as  in banana  or tree seedlings

CROP PRODUCTION III

NURSERY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

1. three methods of grafting that are used in propagation of plants

• Whip are tongue grafting
• Side grafting
• Approach grafting
• Bark grafting

Notch grafting

2. two practices done during hardening-off of seedlings in a nursery bed.

• Gradual removal of shade

Gradual reduce of watering

3. two methods of budding used in crop propagation (1mk)

• T-budding
• Top budding
• Paten budding

 

4. four management practices carried out on a nursery bed (2mks)

• Watering
• Shading
• Pest  an  disease control
• Weed control
• Mulching
• Hardening off
• Pricking out  (1/2×4=2mks)

5. Two importance of tissue culture in crop propagation

• Propagate pathogen free plants
• Appropriate soil depth
• Soil looseness
• Should be weed free

–     Soil moisture content improved

6. – A nursery bed is a portion of land specially prepared to raise seedlings before transplanting while a seedling bed is a specially prepared portion of land for receiving pricked out seedlings from the nursery bed Mark as a whole (1 mk)
7. Four advantages of under sowing in pasture production

• Amino acids/protein synthesis
• Formulation of  enzymes and hormones
• Increase oil content and hormones
• Needed for formation of chlorophyll
• Aid in nitrogen fixation in legumes

Needed in carbohydrate metabolism

8. Four advantages of under sowing in pasture production

• Amino acids/protein synthesis
• Formulation of  enzymes and hormones
• Increase oil content and hormones
• Needed for formation of chlorophyll
• Aid in nitrogen fixation in legumes

Needed in carbohydrate metabolism

9. (a) The structure is a nursery

(b) Reason for carrying out each of the following practices in the structure shown above is:-

• Pricking out – to avoid overcrowding /allow seedling to grow strong and healthy transfer seedlings from one nursery to another
• Hardening off – To prepare seedlings to ecological conditions in the main field/reduce transplanting shock

(c) Three importance of the part labeled A in the above structure  (1/2 x 3= 1 ½ mk)

• To reduce the amount of water through vaporization
• To modify nursery temperature
• To reduce the impact of raindrops/hailstones hence minimizing damage on seedlings
• Reduce splash erosion
• Reduce the scorching effect in the seedlings
• Reduce the scorching effect in the seedlings

10. a) – Sitting crop nursery

• Good soil fertility
• Security against destruction
• Accessibility
• Should be near source of water
• Topography should discourage water logging (1×5=5 mks)

b)- Establishment

• Prepare fine filth
• Add manure or fertilizers to the nursery
• Sterilize soil against soil borne pests/ diseases
• Shade the nursery bed
• Ensure nursery is 1m wide
• Plant seeds in drills and cover with light soil layer (1×5=5 mks)

1. b) Management practices

• Mulch to conserve moisture and suppress weeds
• Water regularly in the morning and afternoon
• Pricking – remove excess seedlings and transfer to another nursery or use polythene sleeves
• Weed control – done by hand uprooting
• Pest and disease control – use clean seeds and apply chemicals as recommended
• Hardening off – Done by removal of shade
• 1 week to transplanting to make seedlings survive after transplanting

11. State four importance of thinning seedlings in the nursery bed

• To control  spread  of pests and diseases
• To create space far  other seedlings
• To avoid  competition for light, nutrients
• Allow rapid growth of seedlings/vigorous(1/2×4=2mks)

12. Seedling bed is where overcrowded seedlings from the nursery bed are transferred while

seedbed is the final land where planting materials are raised until they are ready for harvesting.

13. a) two advantages of having the part labeled J

• To reduce the amount of water loss through evapo- transpiration
• To modify the temperature
• To reduce the impact of the raindrops thereby minimize the damage of seedlings/ reduce splash
• Retaining water

1. b) Management practices carried out on the nursery from the time the seedlings emerge to stage of transplanting

• Proper watering
• Controlling weeds
• Hardening off
• Pricking out

 

CROP PRODUCTION IV

(FIELD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES)

1. Staking is supporting tall varieties of tomatoes using a stick fixed next to the plant and tied with

sisal string while propping is supporting banana plant with sticks Mark as a whole= 1 mk

2. five advantages of crop rotation

• Improves soil fertility: where legumes are included nitrogen is fixed/ added in the soil
• Control pests and diseases: disrupts the life cycle of certain pests and diseases
• Control weeds: control weeds which are specific to certain crops e.g. striga in cereals/ cover crops in a rotation will smother certain weeds
• Better use of the soil nutrients: different crops (due to differing root systems) draw nutrients from varying soils horizons/ different crops require different nutrients
• Control of soil erosion: cover crops included reduce soil erosion
• Improve soil structure: When grass lays are included which during the period organic matter will accumulate to enrich the soil and improve soil structure

3. four factors which influence the stage at which the crops are harvested.

– Purpose of the crop / maturity.

– Moisture content.

– Concentration of certain chemicals.

– Water condition.

– Market demand.

4. a) B.   –  Single stem pruning system.          (1×1=1mk)
5. b) Identify the system of pruning in C.

– Multiple stem pruning system.        (1×1=1mk)

1. c) Outline how pruning in diagram C is carries out.

– Main stem of the seedling is capped/ cut stem at 38 – 60 cm high.

– Two or three suckers are selected and allowed to grow while the rest are removed

5. Two functions of earthling up in crop production

• To influence tuber expansion
• To retain water between the ridges which increases water conservation/infiltration
• Reduces soil erosion

–    To prevent the greening effect in potatoes

6. (a) The factors which determine the stage of harvesting of crops

• Stage maturity of the crops
• Use of the crop
• Tastes and preferences of consumers
• Weather conditions
• Chemical conditions
• Chemical concentration of the chemical
• Moisture content ( 1mk x any 6pts = 6mks)

7. – Reduces runoff thus increasing amount of water into the soil

Reduces evaporation thus increasing the amount of water retained

8. – Moisture content of soil

• Use of which the crop is to be put
• Number of seeds per hole
• Prevalence of certain diseases/ pests
• Machinery to be used in subsequent operations
• Fertility status of the soil

9. i) To acclimatized the seedlings to direct light/ conditions in the seedbed
10. ii) To avoid overcrowding and reduce competition for light.

iii) Produce healthy and strong seedling

1. iv) To obtain correct plant population
2. Two factors that determine the stage of harvesting crops are:-

• Purpose of crop
• concentration of required chemical

11        a)    –   Weather condition

• Use/ purpose
• Stage of growth
• Concentration of the required chemicals (i.e. tea) ( ½ x4=2 mks)

1.  b)    –    Proper drying of produce

• Keeping storage facility/ structure clean
• Use of pesticides on storage structure
• Treating produce with pesticides e.g. cereals

Use of rodent guards

12. Enable controlling over bearing by ensuring required leave ratio

• Open up canopy for air and light penetration
• Reduce chemical waste
• Control pests and diseases
• Allow other field operation

Give crop desired shape

(c) Which factors are considered when carrying out a crop rotation program?

13. a) -Removing of chaffs by use of wind

b)i)-  Prevent erosion

• Add organic matter
• Conserve soil moisture
• Raise soil temperature ( ½ mk)

1. ii) – improve quality of grains by separating them from rest of plant (½ x1= ½ mks)
2. c) – Root systems of crops

• Botanical relation of crops
• Nutrient absorption by plant

Susceptibility to pests, diseases or weeds

14. a)This is support  given  to crops with  weak stem. So as to grow in the desired direction
15. b) -Makes the plant to get enough sunlight to manufacture food i.e. prevent shading

-leads to more productivity

-reduced infections of diseases from the grounds

15. (a) Some crops are harvested earlier e.g. maize for silage at silking stage while maize for grains when the grains are dry;

(b) A crop can be harvested earlier when the market demand is high;

16. It is a farming practice that involves the removal and destruction of crop plants which are heavily

infested with pests and diseases from the field.

17. It is the replacement of old bearing stems by suckers. The cycle is usually changed

after 4 – 6 years.

18. a)- Earthening up
19. b) Importance of the above practice
20. i) Maize – provides support to prevent lodging
21. ii) Irish potatoes – Improves tuber formation
22. c) During second weeding
23. Four factors which determine the stage at which crops are harvested

• Original  conditions of land
• Soil type
• Cost
• Size  of  planting materials
• Soil moisture type of implement

20. Two limitation of using polythene sheets as mulching materials in a field of tomatoes Expensive

• Requires skilled labour
• Does  not  decompose

May overheat soil around  crop roots

22. – suckering

-Pruning of leaves

-Propping

-Mulching

-Earthing up

23. – Smothers weeds

-Regulate soil temperature

-Conserve moisture

25. -passion fruits

-Deep rooted

-Nitrogen fixing

-Good by-products

– Friendly too crops / not affent crop

 

 

CROP PRODUCTION V

(VEGETABLES)

1. a)three management practices that have not been carried on the plant above

• Pruning
• Staking
• Weed control 3x ½ = 1 ½ mks

1.  b) For each management practice state one reason why it should be carried out

• Pruning
• Staking – prevents lying on ground where fruits are soiled and get diseases

Easy movement in field                                                                             1x ½ = ½ mk

• Weeding – reduce competition for nutrients, water and space 1x ½ =1/2 mk

 

1. c) Name two diseases that attack the crop above in the field

• Tomato blight
• Bacterial wilt

Blossom – end rot

2. the production of tomatoes (lycopersicon esculentum) under the following subheadings
3. a) Varieties

• fresh market e.g. money maker, beef eater, marglobe  supermande
• processing varieties-cal –j, marzano, Kenya  beauty  (1/2×4=2mks)

1. b) Nursery establishment

• select  site and  clear
• dig to remove weeds and  narrow  to fine tithe
• mark out  nursery  beds I  wide with convenient length   and level it
• make drills 10cm apart  and  crop seeds  singly in furrows
• cover with  thin layer of  soil, mulching, water (1/2×4=2mks)

1. c) Field management practices

• gabbing-to  reduce dad seeds  and maintain  optimum plant  population
• weed  control-remove  weeds  mechanically to  prevent competition  avoid during flowering
• top  dressing-use fertilizers at 20kg/ha when  plants are 25-30cm tall
• staking-train  plants  to  grow  in desired   shape; to produce clean fruits, control pests  and disease
• pruning-to remove unwanted  braches  to input micro climate  facilitate  spraying
• pest control-use pesticides  and  other  appropriate methods to control pests e.g. aneucal ball worm, leaf hopper
• disease  control-use  fungicides, legislative  methods ,etc to control early blight, damping off, bacterial  wilt  (7×2=14mks)

 

3. two symptoms of late blight in tomatoes.

– Rapid drying of leaves.

– Brownish dry rots of fruits.

– Destruction / drying of the whole plant.

 

 

4. four factors to consider when grading tomatoes for fresh market.

– Size i.e. large, medium, small.

– Degree of ripeness of fruit.

– Damage of tomatoes e.g. bruises on skin.

– Shape of the fruit.

5. Two ways of controlling purple blotch in onions

• Crop rotation

–     Application of fungicides

6. (a) The disease which may have caused the condition shown in the illustration

.Bacterial with (Pseudomonas solana cerum). ( ½ x 2 = 1mk)

(b) Any other crop which may be affected by the disease identified in (a) above

• Irish potatoes( ½ x 2 = 1mk)

(c) Two other factors which can lead to the same condition as shown by the illustration

• Nematode attack
• Lack of water
• Physical damage on the roots/male attack ( ½ x 2 = 1mk)

(d) Two measures that can be sued to control the disease named in (a) above

• Crop rotation
• Regueing /field hygiene

–    Use of certified seeds

7. -Enables efficient coverage of plant with chemicals

• Creates unfavorable micro climate for disease causing organism
• Diseased branches are removed hence reduced incidences of disease spread

Remove branches touching the ground to avoid infection

 

8. – Altitude – 900-2900 meters above sea level

–  Rainfall – well distributed throughout the growing period

– 750mm – 2000 mm per annum

– practice irrigation

– Soils – well drained

– Deep rich

– Slightly acidic PH of 6.5

9. a)

• American boll worm
• Cut worm
• Red spider mite
• Nematodes

1. b) Lack of calcium

• Irregular watering
• Excessive application of Nitrogen in early stages of the plants growth

 

10

• Altitude                       0 – 2100m above sea level.
• Temperature range      18 – 29º C
• Sunlight is important during ripening to give the tomatoes a bright red or yellow colour depending on the variety
• Rainfall – well distributed during the growing season. (760 – 1300mm pa)
• Soils      – warm and well drained soils with a PH of 5.5 – 7.0

 

LIVESTOCK HEALTH

(INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK HEALTH)

1. four physical appearances to be observed in a sick animal

• Behaviour of  animal-over  excitement, aggression, abnormal  sores
• General  appearance-dull  eyes, restlessness
• Movement of  animals  -limping/straining  when walking
• Posture (4x ½ =2mks)

2. two reasons why tsetse fly control is considered to be a land reclamation method

• Allows livestock rearing
• Enables human settlement

3. a) Siting a fish pond
4. i) Soil type- clay soil is the best
5. ii) Topography – requires gentle slope not Lilly and flat

iii) Source of water – near reliable source

1. iv) Marketing centre should be close
2. v) Accessibility from the homestead
3. vi) Security – protected against predators

vii) far from natural source of fish

b)

• General farm hygiene, cleanliness of houses, equipment proper carcass disposal by burning/ burying/
• Disinfection to destroy pathogens e.g. Anthrax and calf diseases
• Isolation of sick animals – separated from healthy ones to avoid spread of diseases e.g. foot mouth
• Drenching/ deworming to control internal parasites e.g. tapeworms and roundworms
• Treatment of the sick animal – to prevent spread of diseases
• Vaccination to create resistance to diseases on regular basis e.g. foot and mouth, anthrax, new castle
• Control vectors – to avoid disease transmission e.g. ECF, nagana/ specific method
• Prophylactic approach/ use of drugs to avoid injection e.g dry cow therapy against mastitis
• Trypanocidal drugs to control trypanosomiasis
• Proper breeding to control breeding diseases e.g. brucellosis
• Proper feeding to prevent nutritional disorders e.g. milk fever, anaemia
• Slaughtering/ killing – to prevent spread of contagious diseases e.g. anthrax
• Quarantine – to avoid spread of diseases
• – prevent introduction of diseases
• Proper housing to avoid predisposing the animal to diseases e.g. ventilation, spacing
• Foot trimming to minimize occurrence foot rot

4. a) four notifiable diseases in livestock   (4mks)

• Lumpy skin disease
• Newcastle
• Anthrax
• African swine fever
• Rinderpest
• Rabbies (4×1 = 4 mks)

1. b) Discuss four ways in which livestock disease are spread in the farm (4mks)

• Ingestion of contaminated feed and water.
• By carrying agents /vectors
• Through wounds
• Through inhalation of pathogens
• By abrasion in the body
• Through contact with the disease causing organisms. (4×1 = 4mks )

1. c) the methods of controlling livestock disease giving an example of different disease in each case

• Use of prophylactic drugs e.g.coccidiostat to control coccidiosis
• Use of antiseptics / disinfectants to maintain farm hygiene to control calf scours
• Quarantine to control foot and mouth disease
• Isolation to control infectious diseases e.g. foul pox
• Mass slaughter to control zoonotic diseases e.g. anthrax
• Vaccination to control black quarter
• Control vectors like tsetse flies to control nagana.
• Use of healthy breeding stock / to prevent breeding diseases
• Proper nutrition to control bloat and milk fever.
• Treat sick animals to prevent spread e.g. mastitis
• Drenching /control of internal parasites like flascioliasis , ascariosis
• Keep resistant breeds e.g. zebu to control ECF
• Foot trimming to reduce occurrence of foot rot
• Proper housing to control pneumonia. (12×1 =12mks)

 

 

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II

(LAND TENURE AND LAND REFORM)

1. Four ways by which Re-afforestation help in land reclamation

• Add organic matter from falling leaves
• Recycles soil erosion
• Control soil erosion
• Improve drainage of swampy areas

Play part in hydrological cycle

 

2. three objectives of land reforms that are taking place in Kenya

• Increase output from land
• To meet changing national and market demands
• To achieve increasing productivity of both land and labour
• Proper utilization of national land resources and arid lands
• Increases commercial farming

Increase land conservation and improvement

 

3. two causes of land fragmentation in Kenya since independence.

– People buying pieces of land elsewhere.

– Compensation when the government takes pat of ones land for public use.

– Inheritance of land.

 

4  – Establishment of land ownership.

– Measurement of land size.

– Description of the land.

– Recording and mapping of the surveyed land.

– Solving objections if any.

– Submission of the maps and records to the district land office registration

5. Four benefits of a farmer having land title deed

• As security to get a loan
• As security of land ownership
• Minimizes land disputes
• Acts as an encouragement to the farmer to carry out long term investment on the land

6. Four reasons for practicing land consolidation are

• To save time and transport
• Make supervision of land easier and more effective
• To facilitate mechanization of farm
• To make it easy for long term investments in the farm
• To have sound farm planning

7. four advantages of communal land tenure system

• Problems  of landlessness does not exist
• Land cannot be easily fragmented
• The system allows free  merchant of  livestock
• The  land is  left rest  for a  while so s  to allow pasture regeneration
• No  land dispute

8. four advantages of landlordism and tenancy

• Enables  landlords  who cannot use land  to get income from tenants
• Idle  land can be  put into good agriculture use increasing agricultural production
• The landless c an  rent  land  to earn a living
• Ensure equitable distribution  of land as a  natural resource
• It reduces land  dispute since  the  land  lord  or  the state control its allocation

• To achieve flexibility in farming patterns to meet changing national and market demands
• Achieve effective utilization of National land and introduction of irrigation schemes
• Encourages measures on the land and general improvement of land
• To achieve increasing productivity of both land and labour
• Encourage commercial instead of subsistence production in order to ensure meaningful self employment in rural areas
• Encourages farmers to invest more through offering security of tenure

10. – Freedom to us eland by all members

– Promotes unity among members

– Promotes use of land according to general requirements of the community

11.

• The number of the title deed
• Size of the land
• The name and identity of the owner
• Date of registration
• Type of land ownership
• Seal of the government
• Issuing officer’s signature

 

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

1. Three human activities that may influence soil erosion

• Ploughing up and down slope
• Over cultivation
•  Planting annual crops on slopes
• Overstocking/ burning vegetation/ clean weeding

Over irrigation

2. a)Cut off drain             1×1=1 mk

b)Collect water from uncultivated land and drain it into a water bay                     1×1=1 mk

c)Will be washed by water back to the trench, filling it then to cultivated land

1.  d) four effects if water was allowed into the cultivated land

• Will wash top fertile soil away
• Will uproot planted crops
• Expose unproductive soil

Soil washed will cover crops on the lower end of the farm

3. two roles played by Grassley in soil erosion control (1mk)

• Improves  soil  structure by  holding loose particles  together
• Provides ground cover  to prevent exposure of soil to  agents of soil erosion
• Reduce movement  of surface run  off

4. three materials that may be used for constructing a gabion.

– Wires.

– Stones.

– Concrete/ sand/ cement/ water/ ballast.

– Wood/ poles/ metal pegs/ rods.

5. one factor that would determine the width and depth of a cut off drain.

– Expected volume of run – off.

– Bed rock / soil type.

6. (a) – Reducing the speed of surface run-off – hence reducing the runoffs water erosive power.

– Trap soil from surface run-off/ filter out soil.

– Reduce the impact of rain drops on the soil thus reducing splash erosion.

– Grass holds soil particles together hence reducing soil erosion.

– Soil structure is improved by organic matter from grass thus rate of water infiltration increases.

• Water stays for 36 hours thus solid particles settle and bilharzias causing organisms killed.
• Alum added to coagulated solid particles which settle at the bottom.

Stage IV:         Filtration

• Water is passed through filtration tank with layers of sand and gravel to filter it.
• Water leaving the filtration tank is clean.

Stage V:          Chlorination

• Water is passed through chlorination tank where chlorine is added.
• Micro-organisms in the water are killed by chlorine.

Stage VI:         Storage

– The treated water is stored in large overhead tanks before distribution and use.

7. Four farming practices that help in reducing the effects of water shortage in crop production are:-          -Mulching

• Early planting
• Planting early maturing crops
• Practice land fallowing

–     Contour cropping/Contour farming

8.  – Fanya juu terraces

• Broad base terraces
• Bench terraces
• Narrow based terraces

–    Fanya chini terraces

10. The cultural methods of soil erosion control are:

• Planting cover crops – The more the soil is covered by a crop or grass, the less erosion will occur
• Early planting- Established an early ground cover by crops thus reducing the risk of soil erosion
• Inter-cropping – Increases the ground cover protecting the soil from erosion
• Crop rotation – improves soil structure where the rotation includes a grass
• Strip cropping/contour/field strip cropping – This is the growing of alternate strips of different crops in the same field with the purpose of interrupting the continuous flow of water or wind
• Weed or disease and pest control – This ensures a good crop stand that covers the soil more
• Harvesting procedures that leave crop residues on the field
• Mulching- The covering of the soil with organic or inorganic materials
• Contour farming follows the contours during ploughing, ridging and planting which reduces surface run off
• Grass strips formed by either leaving narrow strips of land un ploughed or planting grass on strips along the contour
• Afforestation and reafforestation
• Fallowing – leave the land uncultivated for same time        (any 10×2=20mks)

12. – Construction of dams

• Construction of dykes
• Planting trees along river bank to hold soil together

Observing government regulation on leaving a sizeable strip of an uncultivated land along

the river bank

13. a) Bund
14. b) It is constructed along the contours

• A channel is dug with the upper width (y) 1.5cm and bottom width (x) 90cm
• Excavated soil is put on the lower part of the channel leaving the part (W) the ledge
• The steeper the slope the closer the bunds

14. a) It is the process by which top soil is detached, removed and carried away from one place to

another place where it is not useful

1. b) four types of water erosion

• rain drop/splash erosion
• sheet erosion
• rill erosion
• gully erosion

1. c) factors which influence soil erosion

• • Amount and intensity of the rainfall
  • Excess water run off take with it loose soil articles
  • Slope of the land (topography)
  • Sped of water as it flows to determine by the slope of the land .the steeper
  • The slope the higher the rate of erosion
  • Type of soil
  • Some soils drain water faster than the other as sandy soil is easily eroded than sandy soil
  • Soil depth
  • Shallow soil become saturated with water quickly than deep soils
  • Vegetation cover
  • Forests protect soil against erosion than bare soil
  • Overstocking
  • Overstocking increase soil erosion
  • Deforestation
  • Cutting down of trees expose   soil to agents of erosion leading tom soil erosion
  • Planting annual crops in steep slope
  • It leads to frequent cultivation hence exposure soil to erosion
  • Indiscriminate   burning of vegetation before cultivation
  • The land is exposed to erosive forest of rain and wind
  • Clear weeding
  • This leaves the soil less protected against water erosion
  • Pruning up and down the slope
  • Increase soil erosion

1. d) seven cultural ways of controlling weeds

i)matching-matching smother weeds

ii)cover  cropping-cover  crop smother weeds

iii) Crop rotation-some weed only grow well when in association with certain crops

e.g.  Striga grow only where some cereal crops and sugar cane are growing .when

these crops are rotated with dicots, striga does not germinate

1. iv) Timely planting-crops establish early before weeds thus smothering them
2. v) use of clean seed/planting material-prevents the introduction of weeds to the form land
3. vi) Proper spacing-helps to create little space for weed growth

vii) Clean seedbed-this starts off the crops on a clean bed so that they effectively compete

with weeds

viii) flooding-mainly practiced in  rice fields

15. -Slow down surface run – off

-Filter soil particles from surface run off

WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL

 

1. Oxalis (sorrel)

-(oxalis latifolia)

b)- The weed contain builbs i.e Elaborate  & extensive root system that support the plant.

– Because it has rhizomes.

1. c) State the economic importance of the weed shown.

– Reduces yields of crops.

– Increases cost of production.

– It’s a livestock feed.

– Fixation of nitrogen.

2. (a)Couch grass Digetaria Scalarum ( ½mk)

(b) Why is it difficult to control the weed?

• It has got underground rhizomes which grow deep in the soil ( ½ x 1pt =  1mk)

(c) One harmful effect of the weed on crop production

• Competes with crops for nutrients/soil moisture and space resulting to low yields
• Increases the cost of production when controlling it

(d) Two measures used to control the wed

• Use of appropriate herbicides

–    Physical removal of rhizomes

3. i)- A-Double thorn (oxygonium sinuatum)

– B- Coach grass (Digiteria  scalarum)

1.  ii)  – Lower the quality of produce

• Lower yields
• Compete with intended plants for nutrients and water

iii)  Weed B is difficult to control as it has underground rhizomes

1.  iv)   Can be effectively controlled by use of chemicals
2. Four methods of propagation which make weeds to have a high competitive ability over crops

• Availability to produce many viable seeds
• Ability to propagate vegetative –with bulbs, rhizomes
• Ability to regenerate woody stems-quickly
• Efficient means of propagation

Ability to remain viable in the soil for a long period of time

5. Weed C – Nutgrass (Cyprus rotundus)

Weed D – Sow thistle (sonchus oleraceous)

6. a) – Thorn apple

• Sodom apple
• Oxalis
• Tick berry                                                             ( ½ x4=2 mks)

1. b)     – Before flowering to avoid spread through seeds

– Early stage before spreading underground organs

• Requires skilled labour
• Have long residual effect which interferes with future crops

It is not environmental friendly/ pollutes the environment

8. a)

• MCPA
• 2 – 4 – D
• Bentazon
• Bromoxynil
• Linuron
• Loxyyril
• Atrazine
• Metrubuzin

 

1. b) – 10 – 15cm high

– 2 – 4 weeks after emergence

• Complete for nutrients/ light/ space
• ACD as alternate host of insect pests
• Some produce poisonous substances
• Blocks water cords
• Lowers the quality of pasture
• Poisonous to man and livestock
• Parasites of desired crops
• Aquatic weeds affect navigation and water animals
• Increase the cost of production
• Cause irritation to workers
• Some have medicinal value
• Eaten by man and livestock
• Acts as soil cover
• Add organic matter in the soil

–     Some are legumes

10. a) two factors that   affect  selectivity of herbicides

• Stage of plants  growth
• Plants morphology and anatomy
• Mode  of action
• Environmental factors (2×1=2mks)

11. specific examples of weeds describe their harmful effects in agricultural production

• Compete with crops for  nutrients spacing  ,light, moisture lowering yield  e.g. MacDonald’s  eye  etc
• Some  are  parasitic  e.g.  wihhweed
• Low  quality of  produce e.g. Mexican  marigold lowering quality of milk/pigweed  seeds  in finger millet
• Poisonous to both  man and livestock e.g. Dahira  stramonium, Bracken fern
• Allirnate  hosts  for  pests and  diseases  e.g. mallow weed –for  cotton strainer
• Some  are  allelopallic/hinder  germination  e.g.  Mexican marigold
• Block irrigation channel e.g. salvinia/water hyacinth
• Affect  fishing and navigation-salvinia and water hyacinth
• Lower quality of pasture e.g. manyatta grass
• Reduce workers  efficiency/irritate  e.g. double  thorn, shnging nelthe, devil’s  horse whip

 

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

 

1. two possible causes of swelling on the roots of legume crops

• Infection by nematodes

Nodulation/ nitrogen fixing bacteria

2. the various cultural methods of controlling pests in crops

• Timely planting-done early e.g. maize escape stalk borer
• proper  tillage-to expose  soil boring pest i.e. white grubs
• Timely harvesting-enables crops i.e.  maize to escape weevil attacks
• close season-avoids  growing  susceptible crops for   some period to control pink worms in cotton
• trap cropping-plant  crops together with main crop  to  trap/attract pests before they attack e.g. sorghum round the  maize plantation
• trap rotation-rotate crops preferred  by certain  pests  with those  which are  not e.g. groundnuts and  potatoes rotated with maize  and beans to starve  pests
• establishing resistance crop varieties-this enables crops  to resist pest using natural mechanism e.g. goose neck sorghum  against birds ,tiltering  sorghum against  shoot fly
• field/farm hygiene-keep the  field free  from  any plant material harboring  pests by rouging ,removal  of crop residues
• Alteration of environmental conditions by creating microclimates that are not conducive to some pests e.g. open pruning, mulching for  traps
• Destruction of alternative host especially weeds that host pests e.g. Removal of mallow weeds help control cotton strainers. Use of clean planting material e.g. seeds, suckers, crown bananas weevils are  controlled
• Proper  spacing-makes it  difficult for pests to move  from one  plant  to another  through close spacing in  ground  nuts  controls aphids
• Using  organic  manure  which  discourages  eelworms
• Irrigation-overhead  irrigation in  cabbages controls aphids(any 10×2 must  be  discussed)

3. What does the term close season mean in crop production?

– A period during when a particular crop is not supposed to grown in a given areas so as to

control   diseases and pests built up.

4. – Use of clean planting materials.

– Timely planting.

– Proper seed bed preparation.

– Use of resistant crop varieties.

– Proper weed control/ destruction of alternate host.

– Observing field hygiene.

– Mulching.

– Use of  close season.

– Use of trap crops.

– Proper spacing.

– Timely harvesting.

– Use of crop rotation.

6. Four symptoms of viral infections in plants

– Leaf curling

– Mosaics

– Malformation/distortions

– resetting (short internodes)

– Leaf chlorosis

(a)       B – American bollworm ½mk

C – Weaver bird ½mk

D – Mongoose bird     ½mk

(b)- Flooding with water

• – Fumigation of the soil with furadan
• – Physical killing ( ½ x1 = ½mk)

(c)    Fruits      ( ½ x 1 = ½mk)

8. (b) The various practices carried out in the field to help control crop diseases

• Crop rotation
• Rugueing/destroy infected plants
• Plant disease-free plant/use certified seeds
• Closed season
• Early planting /timely planting
• Proper spacing
• Timely weed control
• Use of resistant varieties
• Application of appropriate chemicals
• Use of clean equipment
• Quarantine
• Heat treatment to kill pathogens
• Pruning to create unfavorable micro-climate for diseases

–     Proper nutrition to prevent deficiency

 

9. – Some pesticides cause suffocation of pests by blocking respiratory surfaces

• Some pesticides are stomach poisons that kill pests by damaging the cells/ tissues
• Some pesticides damage the pests nervous system

–    Some pesticides kill pests by destroying digestive system

10. a) Cutworm
11. b) – Cuts the stem causing lodging

– Reduce plant population

1.  c) – Use of appropriate insecticides

Removing and killing it

11. i) This is a situation in which pest population caused damage beyond tolerance
12. ii) This is the use of combination of both chemical and cultural pest control methods
13. four harmful effects of crop pests

• Some e.g. nematodes  damage crop roots  causing wilting and death of the plant
• Some like squeals unearth planted seeds leading to low plant population some destroy crop leaves lowering photosynthetic area-result to reduced yield
• Sucking pest deprive plants  of  food by  sucking plants sap
• Some pests attack fruits  berries  and  flowers lowering  their quality and quantity
• Some pests destroy embryo seeds lowering  their germination potential
• Some transmit crop diseases
• Some e.g. stalk borer eat the growing points causing retarded growth
• They lower mansetabills of crops produce  by lowing quality
• Where the leaf is the major product pest  damage lower the  quality and  quantity  through defoliation

13. a)Potato blight
14. b) (i) Pythophthora infestants
15. ii) dry patches i.e. necrotic lessiory on leaves and fruits

• affected fruits appear rotten and fall off prematurely

1. c) spraying with copper fungicides

• rogueing the affected crop

14. (a) – Anthracnose of Bananas / Banane anthrancnose;(1×1=1mk)

(b) – Spray with (appropriate) fungicide

– Plant resistant varieties

15. a)- Mouse bird
16. b) – Destroys grains in records

– Destroys fruits e.g. tomatoes

16.

• Cause swellings called galls on the roots.
• Leads to blockage of the vascular vessels which transport materials within plants leading to wilting and stunting growth of the crops.

17. four cultural practices used in controlling crop pests

• Timely planting
• Proper tillage
• Close season
• Trap  cropping
• Timely harvesting
• Crop rotation
• Planting resistant  varieties

Field  hygiene

18. three symptoms of coffee berry disease.

• Fungal disease
• Favoured by high rainfall
• Flowers have dark brown blotch /stred on brown petals
• Green servier have small dark sunken parches/lessions
• Barry (dip in the ground/dry up on the  in the black mummified condition and when squeezed they are empty

19. (a) M – hedgehog N- Squirrel      P – Rat

(b) M – Use dogs

N- eat germinating maize/bean seedling

– timely planting

• Early planting
• Timely harvesting
• Early harvesting
• Proper tillage
• Close season- period when that crop is not grown anywhere trap cropping
• Crop rotation
• Planting resistant carieties
• Field hygiene
• Alteration of environmental
• Crop nutrition
• Destroying alternative host
• Use of clean planting material
• Proper spacing
• Lose of organic manure
• Irrigation.

 

CROP PRODUCTION VI

FIELD PRACTICES FOR MAIZE, MILLET, SORGHUM, BEANS AND RICE: HARVESTING OF COTTON PYRETHRUM, SUGAR CANE COFFE AND TEA

1. four management practices carried out in maize field at 45cm high

• Weed control
• Thinning
• Farthing up
• Top dressing
• Pest and disease control
• Rouging (1/2×4=2mks)

2. To prevent contamination of the cotton by the sisal strings
3. (i)             (a) Land preparation

• Land is plaughed /dug
• Ploughs/jembes used for primary cultivation
• The land is leveled
• Bunds are constructed around the plots to control water
• The land is flooded up to a depth of 5cm
• The soil-water mixture should be worked on until a fine mud is produced

 

(b) Water control

• Bunds are constructed around the plots to control the water level
• The land is flooded with water to a depth of 5cm before transplanting
• The level of water is gradually increased to a height of 15cm by the time the rice crop is fully grown
• Water should be allowed to flow slowly through the field
• Old water should be drained and fresh one added where the flow of water is not possible
• Old water should be drained every 2-3weeks
• The field should be drained off 3weeks before harvesting ( 1mk x any 4pts = 4mks)

 

(c) Fertilizer application

Sulphate of Ammonia is applied in the nursery before sowing

• Sulphate of Ammonia s applied at the rate of 25kg for each nursery unit of 18.5m x 18.5m
• Sulphate of Ammonia is applied in two splits before transplanting and 40days after transplanting
• Sulphate of ammonia is applied at the rate of 125kg/ha before transplanting and 125kg/ha about 40days after transplanting
• Double super phosphate is broadcasted in the field before transplanting
• DSP is applied at the rate of 120kg/ha ( 1mk x any3pts = 3mks)

 

(d) Weed control

• Flooding
• Uprooting
• Use of herbicides such as propanil against aquatic weeds ( 1 x any 3pts = 3mks)

(ii) The environmental conditions that may lead to low crop yields

• Poor soil fertility /infertile soil
• Damage by hailstorms
• Less rainfall/unreliable/drought
• Poor soil type resulting into leaching or water logging
• Inappropriate soil PH
• Inappropriate temperature (too low or high)
• Excessive wind leading to increase in water loss from the soil
• Extreme relative humidity
• Extreme of light intensity
• Topography / some attitudes e.g. very high may limit crop growth ( 1mk x any 7pts = 7mks)

Seedbed preparation

• Prepare land in dry period/ early/ before onset of rains
• Clear the land
• Remove stumps/ perennial weeds
• Plough/ primary cultivation
• Harrow/ carry out secondary cultivation           (1×5=5 mks)

Planting – Early planting/ plant at onset of rains

• Select suitable variety/ certified seed
• Depth of planting 2.5 cm-10 cm
• Plant with 1-2 seeds per hole
• Plant with DAP/ SSP/ DSP at rate of 120kg/ ha DAP/100-150kg/ha/DSP
• Plant 1-2 seeds per hole
• Spacing 75-90cmx23-30 cm

 Weeding- Uproot weeds

• Tillage
• Use herbicides

 Pest control

• Use chemicals/ pesticides
• Early planting
• Planting certify seeds
• Rogueing/ field hygiene

Disease control- Uprooting and burning affected crop/rogueing

-Use appropriate chemicals

-Crop rotation

-Field hygiene

Harvesting      –Harvested after 4-6 months depending on variety and ecological time

– Harvested when dry 14-20 % moisture content

– Stalk, are cut and stoked in the field

– Cabs are removed by hand

 

4. Two precautions taken when harvesting cotton

• Avoid mixing with foreign materials
• Harvesting during the dry weather
• During harvesting separate grade A and B

Don’t put in gunny/sisal bags

5. a) – Maize varieties

• Different varieties are developed for different ecological zones
• Example: Hybrids and composites available
• Kitale hybrids e.g. 612, 622 for high and medium altitudes
• Embu hybrids 511, 513 e.t.c. for medium altitudes
• Composites for lower altitudes like katumani composite, coast composite e.t.c. (1×5=5 mks

1. b) Planting

• Plant early at the onset of rains
• Dry planting is encouraged in low rainfall areas
• Depth of planting 3 – 10 cm
• One – two (1-2) seeds per hole
• Spacing vary with variety (i.e. 20-30cm x 75-90cm)
• Plant either manually or use planters    (1×5=5 mks)

1. c) Pest and pest control

• Maize stalk borer – early planting, rogueing, destroy crop remains, apply appropriate pesticides (placed in cone)
• Army warm – use of recommended pesticides
• Aphid – spray with appropriate pesticides
• Maize weevil – proper drying and dusting with pesticides
• Red flour beetle – good storage
• Rats – use rat proof stores, cats, traps or poison

Pests 5x ½ = 2 ½

Control 5x ½ = 2 ½

1. d) – Harvesting and storage

• Storing in cool areas can be practiced
• Carry out direct delusking in other warm areas
• Store in bulk (grains)
• Stored on cobs

Can be stored in bags

6. a) Ecological requirement (3mks)
7. i) Altitude 0-2200m above sea level
8. ii) SOU- fertile alluvial or loam soil well drained

iii) temperature-moderate

1. iv) rainfall-moderate

v)PH-neutral or alkaline

1. b) Varieties (3mks)

• Kenya flat complex
• Double comb variety
• Kitale hybrids
• Embu hybrids
• Coast composites
• Katumani composite

1. c) Seedbed preparation (5mks)

 

• early land preparation  to allow rotting  of vegetation
• clearing of land using appropriate tools
• Ploughing done using  appropriate  implementing e.g. disc or mould board plough
• harrowing  ids done where  the seedbed  is rough  to a medium tilth
• does not require a very fine tilth
• eradicate perennial weeds

 

1. d) Pests and diseases (3mks)

 

PEST	CONTROL
Maize stalk borer	Early planting rogueing Burning infected maize crops Use of pesticides
Army warm	Dusting with appropriate chemicals
aphids	Spraying using suitable  insecticides
birds	Scared  away
Maize weevil	Dusting maize comb or shelled  maize with  appropriate chemical Proper  storage hygiene
rats	Use  of rat  proof  stores, cats, traps Bush  clearing around stores
(1×4=4mks)
DISEASES	CONTROL
White  leaf blight	Planting resistant variety
Maize streak	Early planting Use of resistant  varieties rogueing
rust	Planting resistant variety
smut	Crop rotation
(2×1=2mks)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. e) Harvesting

• Period varies from one variety to anther
• In some cases stalks are cut and stocked in the field to allow combs to dry

Properly followed by removal of the combs which are stoked   in the store

• De-husking directly in the field
• Use of the combined harvesters

7. a) Harvesting of cotton

• Harvesting is the picking of the cotton lint
• Harvesting is done 4 – 5 months after planting
• Cotton picking is done at weekly interval
• Picked lint is placed clean containers/ never use sisal bags whose fibres may mix with the lint
• Never pick wet lint
• Grade lint as it is picked in the field
• Place clean lint AR (safi) in one container and BR(fifi) in another container
• Pick lint which is exposed/ fully opened and the lint dry
• Harvesting is done in dry season
• Avoid picking lint with contamination such as twigs, dry leaves or soil

1. b) The role of Agricultural Co-operatives in Kenya

• Co-operators pool their resources together to buy expensive machinery e.g. tractor for use by the members
• Provide education/ technical information to members
• Provide loans to members in form of inputs and cash
• Negotiate for higher prices for members
• Reduce overhead costs e.g. transportation, storage and use of machinery
• Bargain with supplier to give discount on seed, fertilizers and other farm inputs/ provide inputs at lower prices
• Provide employment for their members
• Benefit members from lower taxes charged
• Provide strong bargaining power for members on policy issues
• Market farmers produce
• Invest and pay out returns to members in form of dividends
• Help to negotiate for loans for members without security
• Some provide banking services to members

8. Field production of maize under the following sub-headings
9. a) Ecological requirements

– Altitude (0 – 2200) m above sea level

– Temperatures 23 – 27c

– Rainfall 750mm-1250mm

– Soils, fertile, well drained PH 7 -8

1. b) Field preparations

– Done during the dry season

– Disc, mold board ploughing to a depth of 20cm

– Disk harrowing to break the soil clods to a medium tilth

–  Ridging done at spacing of 75cm apart

1. c) Planting and field management

– Seeds placed in the ferrous at a spacing of 30cm and covered with soil mixed with DAP

– Gapping, thinning done depending on germination percentage

– Clean weeding done after every 4 weeks interval.

– Top dressing done at interval i.e. 1^st done with CAN when the crop is knee high, 2^nd when the

crop is tussling

1. d) Pests and disease control

– Spraying the crop with fungicides (head smut control)

– Uprooting fully infected crops and burning them

– Spraying the crop with insecticides and dusty the base of the leaves (control stalk borer)

– Field hygiene

1. e) Harvesting and marketing

–  Hand harvested by plucking the cobs/ or machine harvested

– Shelled, dusted for storage pests and packed

– Delivered to millers consumers

– Delivered to national cereals and produce board

9. Give two precautions measures a farmer should put into consideration when harvesting *RCH*

• Lint  should not e mixed  with  foreign  matter
• Use different containers  for  different cotton  grades
• Avoid picking during  wet weather

Avoid using  gunning bags

10. (a) – Rainfall that is well distributed

Well drained fertile soils

Neutral soils

Warm temperatures

(b)       Clear the land/vegetation plought to appropriate tilth

Levelise for uniform planting

(c)       – Make holes 45 x  15cm

– put in 1 teas spoonful of DAP and cover with soils lightly

– Put I seed per hole and cover with soil when soils are moist

(d)pests           – Been aphids

Been brachids

American ball worm

Golden ring month

Hens at flowering stage

Control – spray using appropriate pesticide e.g diazinol

 

 

FORAGE CROPS

1. three factors which affects the quality of standing forage given to livestock

• Forage species

• Stage of harvesting

Mode of feeding

2. i) Seedbed preparation

• Done during dry period/ done early
• Clear vegetation/ remove stumps
• Carry primary cultivation/ harrowing to
• Make furrows/ holes
• Spacing 90cm x 50cm for cutting and 90cm x 50cm for splits

1.  ii) Planting

• At on set of rains/ early planting/ irrigate if necessary
• Select variety for ecological condition of the area
• Use health planting material
• Place the planting material in holes/ furrows
• Cover the planting material with soil to an appropriate depth
• Use cuttings or splits
• Select cutting from mature cane/ stems
• Cutting should have 3-5 nodes

iii) Fertilizer application

• Apply phosphatic fertilizer at planting 200kg/ha
• Apply manure before planting, 7-10 tonnes/ha
• Top dress phosphorous fertilizer after 8 weeks after planting
• Apply manure after harvesting and dig it

1.  iv) Weed control

• Cultivation/ tillage/ mechanical
• Uprooting
• Slashing
• Suitable herbicide application
• Interplanting legumes as cover crops e.g. Desmodium,

1. v) Utilization

• Cut and take to animals when proportion of leaf is higher than the stem/ 3-5 months after planting/ frequency 8 weeks
• Cut down excess foliage to conserve as silage or hay
• Cut and sold
• Cut when mature to get stem cuttings for planting
• Cut stems at 2.5 – 5cm above the ground surface
• Use a sharp panga for harvesting
• Chop forage into small pieces before feeding
• Na[pier grass is cut, dried and used as mulching material

3. to reduce moisture content √ which can lead to  rotting  instead of formation  during   ensiling
4. (a) – Harrow the land to a fine filth;

– Harrow during the dry or before the rains;

– Make the seed be weed – free / ensure clean seed bed;

– Firm the seed bed using rollers after sowing;

– Select a desirable variety of seed for the ecological zone,;

– Sow seeds at the onset rains/ early planting;

– Apply phosphatic fertilizers at appropriate rate of 200 – 300 kgs/ ha at planting time;

– Drill or broadcast  the seeds evenly;

– Use a recommended seed rate for the variety / seed rate of 1.5 – 2.0 kh/ha pure seeds;

– Bury seeds at 2 ½ times their diameter;

– Control weeds by uprooting/ apply a suitable herbicide;

– Apply nitrogenous fertilizers about 6 weeks after germination in split application.

– Avoid grazing when the pasture is too young.

– Practice light grazing in the field phase of pasture establishment.            (10 x 1 = 10 mk)

5. Two causes of failure in pasture establishment

• Poor seed germination due to wrong placement of seeds
• Poor inoculation of legume seeds
• Lack f nutrients in the soil
• Unfavourable chemical conditions in the soil
• Poor drainage

–     Pest and disease attacks

14. – High nutritive value

• relieve bloat
• Higher yields of forage per unit area
• Improve soil fertility due to nitrogen fixation

Economy in use of nitrogen fertilizers

6. four factors that determine the quality of hay

• Forage species  used
• Stage  of  harvesting i.e. leaf-stem ratio
• Length of drying period
• Weather condition during process
• Conditions of storage  structure

7. a) Altitude           – High altitude

– 2000 m above sea level

Soils                – well drained

– deep fertile

Rainfall           High rainfall above 900mm per annum

Well distributed throughout the growing period

b)

• Prepare land early enough/ during dry season/ before onset of rains
• Carry out primary cultivation appropriately
• Harrow to a medium tilth
• Remove all perennial weeds

 

1. – Establishment from stem cutting or splits or seeds makes furrows at a spacing 1m apart. Plant the grass 0.5m apart within the rows. Holes may also be used

Planting is done on the onset of long rains

Phosphate fertilizers are used as planting fertilizers

DAP fertilizer is applied at the rate of 100 – 150kg/ ha

Organic manure is applied at the rate 10 tones/ ha

 

d)

Utilization – chopped and fed to livestock as green fodder

Detoliation – can be harvested when it is over 8 – 12 weeks

 

ii)

• Forage has high DM content hence high DM yield
• High cellulose content hence it is woody and fibrous
• High lignin cuten lannin and silia content which are all indigestible
• It has low crude protein content
• It has low leaf stem – ratio
• It has low dry matter digestibility

8. – Weather conditions during dry process;

-Length of the drying period

– Stage of growth at harvesting time/leaf-stem ratio of the plant species;

– Species of the hay crop;

– Storage facilities/method of storage;

– Period of storage

– Disease and pest attack on the crop;

– Fertility of the soil;

9. (a) (i) Preparation of farm yard manure:-

• Collect animal waste/refuse/dung and urine;
• Collect animal bedding/litter and other rotten plant residues;
• Store collected materials under roof/shed to prevent leaching and oxidization of nutrients;
• Turnover the materials regularly;
• Sprinkle water if dry;
• leave the material to rote completely before use; (6×1=6mks)

(ii) Preparation of Hay

• Cut the grass /legume in the field when 50% of it is starting to flower;
• The cut forage is spread in the field for four continuous days (sunny days)
• The cut forage is turned daily for even for four uniform drying;
• Gather the dried material in a central spot;
• Bale the material;
• Properly store the baled hay (6×1=6mks)

(b) Factors to consider in timely planting of annual crops

• Escape from serious weed competition;
• Utilization of early rainfall;
• Exploitation of Nitrogen flush in the soil that has accumulated during dry season;
• Escape from serious pest + disease attack e.g. stalk borer in maize;
• Fetch high market prices when harvested early;
• Reduce competition for labour during labour peak period;
• For harvesting season to coincide with dry period to reduce losses e.g. cotton

Early planting means early farming/calendar for the farmer to enable him /her to finish up other farm activities;          (8×1=8mks)

10. (a)It is the constant removal of the steruny fibrous material left behind after continuous grazing

(b) -Done by slashing the whole pasture to the base, leaving only the maintenance forage.

– Burning is also done.

11. two advantages of grass-legume pasture over pure grass pasture

• More  nutritious to livestock
• Improves soil fertility through nitrogen fixation
• More total  yield per unit  area
• Security against total  pasture lose (2×1=2mks)

-to feed animals during the dry seasons

– forage species used

-Stage of harvesting / leaf to stem ratio

-Length of drying period

-Weather conditions

-Storage conditions

 

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III

(PRODUCTION ECONOMICS)

1. four ways of increasing labour efficiency on the farm

• Training them
• Giving incentives
• Supervision
• Good operator – worker relationship
• Farm mechanization
• Assigning tasks according to skills & specialization
• Proper remuneration : Attractive salaries

 

2. a) graph representing the total egg production per week.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. b) – Increasing returns production function.
2. (a) – Help to determine the value of the farm/ determine assets and liabilities.

– Provide history of the farm.

– Assist in planning and budgeting in various fields.

– Helps to detect losses or theft in the farm.

– Assists when sharing losses or profits (dividends)for communal owned farms/ partnership.

– Help to settle disputes in the farm among heirs.

– Help to support insurance claim e.g. against fire and theft.

– Provide labour information like terminal benefits, NSSF due, Sacco dues for all employees.

– Help to compare the performance of different enterprises within a farm or other farms.

– Help in the assessment of income tax to avoid over or under taxation.

– Records, helps to show whether the farm business is making profit or losses. This information

helps in obtaining credit.                                                                                     (10 x 1 = 10 mks)

(b) – Training worker e.g. in F.T.C’s, during field days, Agricultural shows, through

demonstrations and workshops.

• Measuring farm operations to supplement the labour force.
• Providing incentives to workers such as attractive wages, free protective wear, housing, medical facilities, proper feeding, rewarding good workers. Et.c
• Supervising and counseling workers.
• Creating good operator – worker relationships.
• Assigning specific tasks to the labor force.

(c) – Establishment of land ownership.

– Measurement of land size.

– Description of the land.

– Recording and mapping of the surveyed land.

– Solving objections if any.

– Submission of the maps and records to the district land office registration

4. Three types of agricultural services available to the farmer

• Credit
• Extension and training
• Agricultural research
• Banking
• Artificial insemination

–     Veterinary

5. Four management guideline questions which assist a farm manager in making accurate

farm decisions

• What product to produce?
• How much to produce?
• What to produce?

–    For whom to produce?

6. – Training

• Farm mechanization
• Labor supervision
• Giving incentives and improving terms and conditions of service

Assign specific tasks

7.  – Fertilizers                – Seeds

• Pesticides -Casual labor

8. – Banking

• Extension and training
• Credit facility
• Agricultural research
• Marketing
• Farm input supplies

Tractor hire service

9. (a) Is the sum total of goods and services produced by a country within a period of one year (b) -Per capital income: Is the gross national income divided by the number of people living

in a country

10. -Diversification- Setting up several and different enterprises on the farm. If one fails the

farmer cannot  incur total loss.

• Contracting- farmers can enter into contract with consumers. It guarantees a constant fixed market for goods/services
• Insurance- Taking an insurance cover to compensate them incase of loss
• Input rationing- Farmers can control the quantities of inputs used in various enterprises to reduce losses
• Flexibility in production methods- Ability to change from one enterprise to another in response to demand changes
• Adopting modern methods of production e.g. disease control, irrigation, mechanization e.t.c.

11. Application of fertilizer

Input 50kg bag fertilizer	Out put 90kg bag maize	Average product (AP)	Marginal product (MP)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8	6 10 24 31 36 40 43 43 40	– 10 12 10.33 9 8 7.18 6.14 5	0 4 14 7 5 4 3 0 -3

(ii) The best level of production in relation to the inputs and out put is level 3

(b) (i) Gross margins for the crops

(i) Maize

Value of maize/incomve	5,500 x 15 = 82,500/=   (1mk)
Cost of labour	50x 150 = 7,500/=   (1mk)
Cost of cultivation /ha	1 x 3,000 =    3,000/=   (1mk)
Cost of seed	25 x 100  =    2,500/=    (1mk)
Cost of DAP fertilizer	3 x 1,500 =    4,500/=   (1mk)
Cost of C.AN fertilizer	3 x 1000 =     3,000/=    (1mk)
Total variable costs	20,500/=    (1mk)
GM for maize	82,500 – 20,500 = 62,000 (1mk)

(ii) Beans

Value of beans/income	5,000 x 500 = 250,000/=   (1mk)
Cost of labour	75 x 200 = 15,000/=   (1mk)
Cost of cultivation /ha	1 x 3,600 =    3,600/=   (1mk)
Cost of seed	20 x 80  =    1,600/=    (1mk)
Cost of DAP fertilizer	2 x 1,500 =    3,000/=   (1mk)
Cost of C.AN fertilizer	1 x 1000 =     1,000/=    (1mk)
Total variable costs	27,200/=    (1mk)
GM for beans	250,000 – 27,200 = 222,800 (1mk)

 

(b) (ii) The crop which is profitable from the calculation is that :   (1mk)

• It is more profitable to grow beans than maize

12. a) ZONE I

– For each additional unit of input applied the output of maize increased at an increasing

rate because the fertilizer resources are underutilized Ö1                          (1×2=2 mks)

ZONE II

– For each additional unit of input applied the output of maize increased at a decreasing

rate because the resources are used to the maximumÖ1                             (1×2=2 mks)

ZONE III

– For each additional unit of input applied the output of maize decreases because

the fertilizer/ resources are excessively appliedÖ1                                                (1×2=2 mks)

1. b) ZONE II
2. Give four variable costs in maize production

• Cost of fertilizer
• Cost of seeds
• Cost of pesticide
• Cost of weeding
• Cost of  harvesting
• Cost of casual  labour
• Cost of  fuel

 

ITEM	QUANTITY	NO. OF UNITS	COST  PER UNIT	TOTAL      VARIABLES COST
Weeding Seeds Irrigation Ploughing Clearing land Planting Harvesting DAP fertilizer DAN fertilizer Gunning bags transport	– 20kg – – – – – 2bags 2bags 32 –	– 2 2ha 2ha – 2ha 2ha 2 2 32 –	– 300 600 500 – 400 1 200 10 000 700 40 –	800                   00 600                   00 1200                 00 1000                 00 1200                 00 800                   00 2400                 00 20 000              00 1400                 00 1280                 00 2000                 00
Total variable cost				32 680              00
income		32bags	1200	38 400              00

 

Gross margin=total revenue-total variable cost

= 38400-32680  = 5720.00

• Profit maximization is the profit in a production process where the highest net returns (Net revenue) on invested capital is realized/ when the difference between total revenue (TR) and total cost (TC) is the highest point in a production process/ where profit is highest
• Is where marginal revenue (MR) is equal to or almost equal to marginal costs

 

16. a) i)  Gross margins for the crops

 

Value of maize/ income	55000 X 15 = 82500	1 mark
Cost of labour	50 X 150 = 7500	1 mark
Cost of cultivation/ ha	1 X 3000 = 3000	1 mark
Cost of seed	25 X 100 = 2500	1 mark
Cost of DAP fertilizer	3 X 1500 = 4500	1 mark
Cost of CAN fertilizer	3 X 1000 = 3000	1 mark
Total variable costs	20500	1 mark
GM for maize	82500- 20500 = 62000	1 mark

 

 

 

 

1. ii) Beans

Value of beans/ income	5000 X 500 = 250000	1 mark
Cost of labour	75 X 200 = 15000	1 mark
Cost of cultivation/ ha	1 X 3600 = 3600	1 mark
Cost of seed	20 X 80 = 1600	1 mark
Cost of DAP fertilizer	2 X 1500 = 3000	1 mark
Cost of CAN fertilizer	1 X 1000 = 1000	1 mark
Cost of sprays	3000	1 mark
Total variable costs	27200	1 mark
GM for beans	250000 – 27200 = 222800	1 mark

iii) It is more profitable to grow beans than maize 1 mark

b)

• Size of the farm
• Climatic conditions
• Fairness objectives and preferences
• Existing market conditions
• Available resources
• Expected returns

17. – The farmer should grow groundnuts;

– The crop has a higher gross margin than cotton;

18. – The farmer may be able to estimate the required production resource e.g labour capital e.t.c

– Assists farmer when e.g. labour capital etc

– Assists farmer in making management decisions;

– Helps to reduce uncertainties in the production process;

– Shows progress or lock of progress in farm business;

19. (a) (i) See the graph paper

(ii) 56 bags;    (1×1=1mk)

(b) Table – (    16x ½ =8mks)

Year	Fertilizer applied (bags)	Maize output (bgs)	Marginal  product	Average product
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 202 2003	0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16	4 10 28 42 52 60 66 66 64	– 6 18 14 10 8 6 0 -2	– 5 7 7 6.5 6 5.5 4.7 4

(c) (i) 4 bags (1×1=1mk)

(ii) MP is maximum;           AP is maximum;           (2×1=2mks)

(d) Gross income = Total output x price per unit

in 2002  66 x 1000 = 66000/=            (1×1=1mk

in 2003: 64 x 1000 = 64000/=            (1×1=1mk)

(ii) Net income = Total income – Total cost

in 1999: Total income was 52 x 1000 = 52000/=

total cost was 8 x 1200 = 9,600/=

Hence 5200/= – 9600; (1mk)

= Shs. 42,400/=           (1mk)

 

 

21.

• Flood costs (F.C)
• Variable costs (V.C)
• Total costs (T.C)
• Average costs (A.C)
• Marginal costs (M.C)

 

22.

• Co-operative societies
• Crop boards
• Commercial banks
• Agricultural finance corporation (A.F.C)
• Settlement fund trustees
• Hire purchase companies
• Insurance companies. (Any 4 )

23. three ways in which labour peaks can be overcome in the farm

• Overtime  working  for casual labourers
• Greater use of casual workers
• Mechanization
• Use of  contractors  who may  be  engaged to do some work  at a fee
• Cropping system devised such that  ripening  of crops could be  at  different times

Work study to devise new techniques of  doing  work more  quickly and   efficient

24        . – training

-giving incentives/motivation

-farm mechanization

-labour

25. (a) 1000kg of NAP con 46kg P₂O₅S

150 x 100 – 150

50

300kg of DAP per hectar

1ha = 300kg of DAP

5ha x 300

1                      = 1500g of DAP

1 bag = 50kg

1500 x 1 = 1500kg

50        = 30bags pf DAP

N/B Approximation = 3obags

 

CAN

100kg contain 20kg of price N

200x 100 = 200kg

30                    = 1000kg

I ha = 1000kg

5ha = 1000 x 5 = 5000kg

1bag = 50kg

5000 x 1 = 5000kg

50

= 100bags of CAN

 

 

(b) (i) – cross margin is variable cost – total revenue

Gross margin of irish potatoes

Cost of fert = shs 10000 x 5 = 50000

Cost labour requirement = 50 x 200 x 5 = 50,000

Cost of seed potatoes 20,000 x 5 = 100000

Cost of fungicides 5000 x 5 = 25000

Cost of ploughing 400 x 5 = 50,000

Total variable cost shs.145,000

Total revenue = shs.50,000 x 50 = shs.1,500,00

Gross margin shs. 1,500,000 – shs.145,000 =shs.1,255,100

 

(i)                    Maize

Cost of fert. shs 10000 x 5 = shs.50000

Cost of fert. shs. 4800 x 5 = shs.24000

Cost of maize seed shs.3000 x 5 = shs.15000

Cost f labour shs.200 x 150x 5 = shs.150000

Cost of ploughing shs.4000 x 5 = shs.20000

Total cost                          = shs.259000

Revenue 750000 X 5 X 20= Shs.750000

Gross margin   = 750000

– 259000

Shs.481000

(ii)He should grow potatoes

– pests

Diseases

Unreliable rainfall

Change in temperature

Strong wind

Light aspect

Infertile soils

 

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS IV

1. three methods of grafting that are used in propagation of plants

• Whip are tongue grafting
• Side grafting
• Approach grafting
• Bark grafting

Notch grafting

2. a) i) Prepare a profit and loss account for Mr. Tembo’s farm for the year ending

31^st December 2003                                                                                                        (9mks)

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT FOR MR. TEMBO√

FARM FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31^ST DEC 2003

		Sales and receipts
sh         cts
Opening stock√ Purchase of farm tools√ Zero grazing unit construction√ Machinery depreciation√ Interest payable √ Pesticide  purchase√ Veterinary  bills √ wages √   TOTAL net profits √	12000   00 1000    00 10000   00 800    00 750    00 300    00 400    00 4800    00   30050   00 9300  00	Milk sale√ Sale  of goats√ Cabbage sale√ Sale of heifers√ Sale of tea√ Closing valuation√	8000         00 500       00 750       00 9400         00 4700         00 16000    00       39350         00
	39 350   00		39 350√    00

 

1. ii) Calculate the percentage profit or loss made by the farm (1mk)

%profit=profit x 100

Total income

=9300 x 100

39350           = 23.6%

1. b) five functions of farmer’s cooperative societies

• function of farmers cooperative societies
• marketing farmers produce

• negotiating fair  prices for  produce and input
• keeping records  of the  cooperative activities and  in forming the members accordingly
• paying dividends to members
• giving loans in kind  to members
• educating members on matters relevant  to cooperative(5×1=5mks)

1. ii) Outline five common risks and uncertainties in farming

• risks and uncertainties
• pest and diseases outbreak
• price fluctuation
• sickness and  injury
• natural  catastrophes e.g. floods, earth quakes ,storm ,strong  wind
• new technologies  of  production
• ownership  uncertainty
• physical yield  on  what is expected

3. four reasons for using certified seeds for planting

• High yielding
• Quality produce
• High germination percentage
• Grow faster

4. two financial statements which may be prepared on a farm.

– Balance sheet.

– Cash analysis.

– Profit and Loss Account.

5. (a) Profit and loss A/C for Langat’s farm for the year ending 31^st December, 2004

 

Purchases & Expenses	Shs.	Cts	Sales & receipts	Shs.	Cts
Opening  valuation Goats Poultry Casual worker Subtotal Net profit	150000 4000 15000 12000 181000 112600	00 00 00 00 00 00	Mohair Rabbits Eggs to hotel Closing valuation	75000 3600 15000 200000	00 00 00 00
Total	293,600			293,600

Awarding:-

–  Title (½mk)

– (Purchases & expenses and sales & receipts) ½mk

– Entries each ½ x 10 (5mks)

 

(b) State the benefit of a profit and loss A/C to Mr. Lang’at

• Helps the farmer to detect whether he has loss or profit
• Helps in tax assessment to avoid over taxation

–   Acts as evidence when a farmer requires a loan

6. a) – Invoice

• Receipt
• Delivery note
• Purchase order
• Statement of account        (4×1=4 mks)

 

 

1. b) ROBS,

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

AS AT 31^ST DEC, 2009

Purchases and expenses√ ½ mk

Sales and receipt√ ½ mk

Opening stock                150,000 Vetenary bills                       2500 Livestock feeds                     2500 Fertilizer                              5000 Seeds                                   4000 Debts payable                       4200 TOTAL    √ ½ mk                168000   Profit   √ 1 mk                       94,800   263000

Sale of milk                                             10,000 Sale of cabbages                                       20,000 Sale of two heifers                                     10,000 Sale of tomatoes                                            3000 Debts available                                            20,000 Closing valuation                                        200,000 √ ½ mk                     263,000 √ 1 mk                            263,000 ( ½ mk each entry 6 mks) Total 10 mks

.

1. c) It made profit

Profit ksh. 94,800√ 1 mk

% profit= profit   x 100

Opening Valuation

 94,800×100

150,000

= 63.2%√ 1 mk

 

1. d) -Diversification- Setting up several and different enterprises on the farm. If one fails the

farmer cannot  incur total loss.

• Contracting- farmers can enter into contract with consumers. It guarantees a constant fixed market for goods/services
• Insurance- Taking an insurance cover to compensate them incase of loss
• Input rationing- Farmers can control the quantities of inputs used in various enterprises to reduce losses
• Flexibility in production methods- Ability to change from one enterprise to another in response to demand changes
• Adopting modern methods of production e.g. disease control, irrigation, mechanization e.t.c.

 

 

 

 

 

7. a) i) profit and loss account for Mr. Tembo’s farm for the year ending 31^st Dec. 2003

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT FOR MR. TEMBO√

FARM FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31^ST DEC 2003

 

Purchases and expenses		Sales and receipts
sh         cts
Opening stock√ Purchase of farm tools√ Zero grazing unit construction√ Machinery depreciation√ Interest payable √ Pesticide  purchase√ Veterinary  bills √ wages √   TOTAL      net profits √	12000   00 1001    00 10000   00 801    00 751    00 301    00 401    00 4801    00   30050   00 9300  00	Milk sale√ Sale  of goats√ Cabbage sale√ Sale of heifers√ Sale of tea√ Closing valuation√	8001         00 501       00 751       00 9401         00 4701         00 16000    00       39350         00
	39 350   00		39 350√    00

1. ii) Calculate the percentage profit or loss made by the farm (1mk)

%profit=profit x 100

Total income

=9300 x 100

39350

= 23.6%

 

1. b) five functions of farmer’s cooperative societies

• • • Function of farmers cooperative societies
    • marketing farmers produce
    • negotiating fair  prices for  produce and input
    • keeping records  of the  cooperative activities and  in forming the members accordingly
    • paying dividends to members
    • giving loans in kind  to members
    • educating members on matters relevant  to cooperative(5×1=5mks)

1. ii) five common risks and uncertainties in farming
   • Risks and uncertainties
   • pest and diseases outbreak
   • price fluctuation
   • sickness and injury
   • natural catastrophes e.g. Floods, earth quakes ,storm ,strong  wind
   • new technologies of  production
   • ownership uncertainty
   • physical yield on  what is expected

 

 

 

 

 

 

8. a) Prepare a balance sheet s at 31.12.2005

BIDII FARM BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31.12.2005

LIABILITIES                           SHS                 CTS Current liabilities Overdraft                      15000                 00 Unpaid wage                3000                  00 Long term liabilities Bank l                           30000                 00 Net worth                 897000                   00    945000                    00

ASSETS                           SHS                 CTS Current assets Debt receivable                 20000                 0 Stocks                               25000                 00 Bank balance                 100000                 00 Fixed assets Perennial crops               250000                00 Land                              350000                 00 Livestock                        200000                00  945000                  00

 

1. b) Yes it qualified for a loan because it was solvent i.e. has more assets than liabilities
2. one condition in which each of the following documents is used.
3. i) Invoice –when  goods //services are sold /bought  on credit
4.  ii) Delivery note-when goods are  physically  delivered  to the buyer

iii) Receipt-when goods/services are bought or rendered on cash

10. i) Prepare a profit and loss account for Mrs. Okello’s farm

profit  and loss A/C  for Mrs.Okello’s farm  for the  year ending 31/12/2009

Purchase  and  expenses	Sales and receipts
Opening valuation                      12000    00 Pesticides                                     3000     00 Construction  of  store                 10000    00 Depreciation  of  machines            3000   00 Interest payable                                1750   00 Purchase  of  tools                              800    00 Veterinary  bills   1                           400 Wages  10,000   Net profit         3800	Milk sales         8000 Sales  of  goats  5000 Sales of tomatoes 1750 Sales  of  heifer     10 000 Sales of coffee 5000 Closing valuation  16000
45750	45750

 

Award  of  marks        Title -1mk

Purchases and expenses  side -1mk

Sales and receipt sales-1mk

Net profit – 1mk

Both totals-1mk  (5×1=5mks)

Each of the correct  entries in purchase and expenses  and sales and receipt sides (14x ½ =7mks)

1. ii) Calculate the percentage profit or loss that Mrs. Okello made during the year 2009

3800 x100√1

45750

= 8.3%√1

iii) six ways in which farmers adjust to risk and uncertainties in farming

• diversification-production of services  products at the same time to  avoid risks  due  to  weather, fluctuation in price  and disease
• contracting-make  contracts  with dealers  to  supply or  buy  certain commodities at fixed prices  thus  transfer the risk  of  drop in demand and  supply
• insurance-purchase security by  payment of  small  sum of  money for compensation in case of  failure
• input rationing-use  of inputs  sparingly to avoid wastage
• flexibility in production-combination and  substitution of  inputs  and  techniques of  products for  each  other use the cheapest
• use of  government price stabilization policies
• adapting modern methods of farming-use  of  researched  varieties, breeds better  adapted to local conditions

selecting more certain   enterprises-engage in enterprises  with  more surerity  of success i.e. artificial insemination as opposed to natural insernimation (any 6×1=6mks)

11. – Bank overdraft

-Bank loans

-Debts payable

-Tax payable

-rent

 

AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS (V)

1. a) the principle that govern the  operations of farmers’  co-operative societies

• Open membership
• Equal rights
• Share limit
• Neutrality
• Non- profit motive
• Loyalty
• Withdrawal of membership

1. b) the role of agricultural cooperatives in Kenya

• Provide education/ technical information to members
• Negotiate for higher prices for members products
• Market farmers produce
• Help to negotiate for loans for members without security
• Provide inputs to members at lower prices
• Invest and pay out returns to members in form of dividends
• Provide transportation, storage and use  of machinery to farmers

1. c) various functions of agricultural marketing

• Advertising: They advertise farm products in order to increase demand
• Financing: Provide capital to carry out agricultural activities
• Transportation: Provide transport to farm produce to the areas of consumption
• Storage: store farm produce after harvest in order to minimize losses
• Selling: Sell on behalf of the farmer
• Packing: pack the farm produce to reduce storage space and make transportation easy
• Processing: process the farm produce in order to provide a variety, increase value and prolongs shelf life
• Grading: putting into grades to provide uniform standards
• Assembling: gathering the farm produce for bulking and transportation
• Insurance: Bearing risks by protecting farm damage

1.  d) Explain five problems farmers face in marketing agricultural products

• Perishability: detoxation of quality
• Seasonability: affect price and storage problems
• Bulkiness: occupy large space hence problems of handling and storage
• Storage: lack of storage facilities on farms
• Poor transport system: Lead to spoilage of farm produce
• Change in market demand: time between planning and actual production create lack of market
• Lack of market information: concerning prices, how much to produce, where to sell goods; farmers end up disposing of the surplus at throw away prices
• Fluctuation in market price due to seasonality in nature of agricultural products
• Poor marketing systems for some produce: Result in lack of market

2. a) four marketing functions (4mks)

• Buying and assembling
• Transportation and  distributing
• Storage
• Packing
• Processing
• Grading
• Marketing research
• Selling
• Financing
• Bearing risk                                                                                                    (4×1=4mks)

1. b) Outline four problems associated with marketing of agricultural products. (4mks)

• perishability
• seasoning
• bulkiness
• poor  storage facilities
• poor transport system
• lack of  market  information
• limited  elasticity  of demand

3. Two roles of agricultural society of Kenya

–     Promotes the agricultural industry

• Organizes national ploughing competitions
• Publish the Kenya farmer magazine
• Improve useful indigenous animals
• Publish a ‘stud’ book
• Hold competitive shows
• Hold trade fairs on livestock
• Demonstration on how to use agricultural machinery

–    Encourage breeding and importation of pure breed stock

4. (a) Elasticity of demand for a commodity is the degree of responsiveness of demand to price

OR – The sensitivity of demand to change in price  (1mk) (mark as a whole)

Pmk

(b) Calculation of  the elasticity of demand:-                                                                                   (4mks)

Elasticity of demand = % D Quantity

% D price

% DQuantity = Change in quantity x 100

Pmk

Quantity

=  (1000 – 800 ) x 100 = 25%

800

% DPrice= Change in price x 100

Pmk

price

= (20- 22) x 100 = 9%

Pmk

22

Ed = 25 = 2.8

9

(c) Six problems of marketing maize as an agricultural product

• Bulkiness
• Poor storage
• Seasonality of crops hence demand
• Perishability of farm produce
• Poor transport system
• Delayed payments
• Competition from cheap imports ( 1mk x any6pts = 6mks)

 

 

(d)  Nine principles governing cooperatives in Kenya

• Open membership- voluntarily joining on payment of membership fees
• Equal rights – One man one vote run democratically
• Share limit – A member buys shares up to a specific maximum limit.
• Interest on shares – Any money distributed according to shares
• Withdrawal form ownership – voluntarily
• Loyalty – Members to be faithful and loyal
• Education – continuously educating its members
• Co-operative principle- cooperative members joint cooperative movement

–    Non-profit motive – cooperatives are non-profit making organizations

5. Four reasons why training is important in some crops

• Facilitate field practices of spraying and harvesting
• Improves crop quality by preventing solving
• Enable crop grow in the required direction
• Improve yield
• Control pest and diseases

6 .        a) – Buying and assembling – acquisitions from small scale farmers and accumulate

• Transporting and distribution – from area of production to areas of consumption and retailers
• Storage – kept to accumulate in amount before selling off or to wait for time of scarcity
• Packing- to protect agent damage, theft
• Processing – involve preparation of produce for consumption e.g. pasteurizing milk
• Grading and sorting – placing in groups according to size, colour e.t.c.
• Each group attracts different prices
• Packaging – presentation of produce in a way to attract consumers e.g. labeling, good packing materials
• Collecting marketing information – through media, on prices and demands of goods on markets
• Selling – Final presentation of produce to consumer’s e.g. advertising, display e.t.c.
• Financing – availing capital for marketing activities
• Bearing risks – at each stage of marketing, apart is to bear the cost of uncertainties

1. b)   – Marketing problems of agri products

• Perishability – short life cycle
• Seasonality – supply depends on the season/ vary with season
• Bulkiness – demand for more space Vs value
• Storage – need costly storage e,g. cold rooms, refrigeration
• Poor transport system especially in rural areas
• Changes in market demand – take long to produce hence cannot meet changes in market
• Limited elasticity of demand – restrict supply
• Lack of market information

7. Is the degree of responsiveness of supply to change in price
8. – Giving subsidies by reducing the cost of production inputs

Fixes prices of the related products

1. b) The role of Agricultural Co-operatives in Kenya

• Co-operators pool their resources together to buy expensive machinery e.g. tractor for use by the members
• Provide education/ technical information to members
• Provide loans to members in form of inputs and cash
• Negotiate for higher prices for members
• Reduce overhead costs e.g. transportation, storage and use of machinery
• Bargain with supplier to give discount on seed, fertilizers and other farm inputs/ provide inputs at lower prices
• Provide employment for their members
• Benefit members from lower taxes charged
• Provide strong bargaining power for members on policy issues
• Market farmers produce
• Invest and pay out returns to members in form of dividends
• Help to negotiate for loans for members without security
• Some provide banking services to members

9. Law of demand – when the price of a good or service is low, many consumers are able and willing to

buy it and vice versa

• Law of supply – when the price of commodity is high, many sellers are able to provide the commodity in market for sale. (mark as a whole )

10. (i) K.N.F.U – Kenya National Farmers Union

(ii) H.C.D.A – Horticultural Crops Development Authority

11. a)- It is an organization of people who have joined together voluntarily with a common purpose

for  a mutual economic benefit

1. b) Two functions of co-operatives

– Marketing farmers produce

– Negotiating for fair prices for farmers produce and also for Inputs

– Keeping records of the co-operative activities and informing the members accordingly

– Paying dividends to the members

– Giving loans in hand to the members

– Educating the members on matters relevant to their co-operative through field days,

seminars, workshops and demonstrations

1. c) – Open and voluntary membership: Rights of anybody who fulfills the conditions set out by the

laws of co-operative society

• Democratic control: All members have equal rights to say on the affairs of the co-operative
• Each member is only allowed one vote regardless of shares possessed
• Share limit: All members should have equal chances of buying shares
• Distribution of dividends: Any profits should be distributed to members as dividends depending on their share contributions
• Withdrawal of membership: Should be voluntary
• Selling of produce: Only members can sell their produce through the co-operatives
• Loyalty: members are bound to be loyal to their co-operative society
• Non- profit motive: Co-operatives are not supposed to be profit motivated. They should sell their products to members at seasonable prices
• Co-operative organization: The co-operative should join the co-operative movement from primary level to national or international level
• Co-operative should sell on cash – goods sold on credit are sometimes not paid for
• Continuous expansion: Co-operatives should aim at continuous expansion in terms of membership and physical facilities
• Neutrality: Co-operatives should be neutral in terms of religion, politics or language

12. four factors which influenced the demand of tomatoes in the market

• Quality of  tomatoes
• Price of  tomatoes
• Presence of other  substitutes
• Price of the  substitute

 

 

 

AGROFORESTRY

1. two reasons for seed treatment of tree species before planting

• Break dormancy

Control pests and diseases

2. four ways by which Re-afforestation help in land reclamation

• Add organic matter from falling leaves
• Recycles soil erosion
• Control soil erosion
• Improve drainage of swampy areas

Play part in hydrological cycle

3. four advantages of agro forestry

• Source  of wood fuel (energy)
• Source of  income
• Conserve  environment/reduce  soil  erosion/improve water catmint
• Source of food /fruits
• Medicine/value
• Aesthetic value
• Feed  for  livestock
• Labour saving

5. (a) A – Pollarding technique (½mk)

B – Coppicing (½mk)

(b) An example of a tree species suitable for technique B and C as a method of harvesting     B

(i) Calliandra              calothyrus

(ii) Markahmia           lutea

(iii) Psidum                guajava

(iv) Croton                  macrostachyus                        ( ½ x 1 = ½mk)

C (i) – Grevillea          robusta

– Calliandra     calothyrsus

– Croton           cacrostachyus ( ½ x 1= ½mk)

6. -Deep rooted

• Nitrogen fixing/ leguminous
• Fast growing

Good in by product production

7. (a) Five characteristics of trees used in agroforestry are;

• Fast growth rate
• Nitrogen fixing/leguminous
• Good in by product use timber, fruits etc
• Deep rooted
• Nutritious and palatable
• easily coppiced
• Non-competitive ability with main crop (5×1=5mks)

(b) The benefits of agroforestry are:

• Provides food
• Source of energy/fuel
• Fodder for livestock
• Aesthetic value
• Provides shelter
• Income generation
• Soil and water conservation
• Balancing of atmospheric gases (8×1=8mks)

8. four forms of agro- forestry

• Alley cropping
• Woodlots
• Multi-storey
• Source of wood fuel
• Source of income
• Labour saving
• Aesthetic value
• Reduces the carbon dioxide reducing the depletion of Ozone layer

Used as a method of soil and water conservation

9. – Border//edge grow

• Source of wood fuel
• Source of income
• Labour saving
• Aesthetic value
• Reduces the carbon dioxide reducing the depletion of Ozone layer
• Used as a method of soil and water conservation

10. – fast growth

-Deep rooted

-Nitrogen fixing

-Good by-products

– Friendly to crops/not affent crop

 

 

PAPER ONE AND TWO

SECTION II QUESTIONS

 

FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

 

There are five categories of farm tools and equipment namely:

• Garden tools and equipment e.g. pangas, jembe, pick axe, spade e.t.c.
• Workshop tools and equipment e.g. saws, hammers, planes, chisels e.t.c
• Livestock production tools and equipment e.g. milking stool, strip cup, milk churn etc.
• Masonry tools and equipment e.g. wood float, spirit level, plumb bob e.t.c
• Plumbing tools e.g. pipe wrench spanner, stock and die e.t.c

 

It is very important to identify the farm tools and equipment, give the correct users and      maintenance practices.

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate the         user to comprehend and understand the require concepts and practices:

 

1. List four maintenance practice carried out on a cross-cut saw
2. Identify the following tools and state their functions

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Identify A, B, C, D

3. Study the illustration below and answer the questions that follow.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. i) Identify the equipment represented by the illustration
2. ii) What is the use of the equipment?

iii) Name the parts labeled A and B

1. iv) What is the function of the part labeled A and B
2. What is the use of a garden fork?
3. Name the tool that a builder would use to check the vertical straightness of a wall during

construction

6. Name the farm tool that can be used when removing nails from timber
7. Give two examples of equipment that a livestock farmer can use in administering oral

anti helminthes

8. Below are farm tools, study them and answer

O………………………………………

……………………………….

the questions that follow:-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the tools L, M, N, O

(b) Give one functional advantage of tool M over tool N   

9. Name a tool used to perform the following functions on the farm;

(i) Drilling of small holes on metal

(ii) Bore holes on wood

10. State the common faults in the operation of Knapsack spray
11. (a) Name the three tools in castration of livestock
12. Name the most appropriate set of animal handling tools that a farmer uses for the following operations:-

(i) Restraining a large bull when taking it around the show ring

(ii) Cutting tail in sheep

13. a) Below are illustrations of  farm tools

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. i) State the use of the tools
2. ii) Name the type of hammer that may be used for driving tool K during work

 

1. b) Given below is an illustration of one of the routine management practices in livestock

Production.

Study the diagram and answer the following questions

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. i) Name the practice indicated in the diagram above
2. ii) Describe the procedure you would follow when carrying out the practice named

in (i) above in piglets

 

14. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow;

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. i) Identify the tools
2. ii) Give the use of each of the tools named above

iii) State two maintenance practices that should be carried out on tool D

15. List two equipments used in handling cattle during an Agricultural exhibition
16. Mention the use of the following tools.
17. i) Dibber
18. ii) Spokeshaves

iii) Tinsnips

1. iv) Burdizzo

 

17. List four precautions that should be taken when using workshop tools and equipment.
18. i) Below is an illustration of a farm equipment. Study it and answer questions that follow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. a) Identify the farm equipment illustrated above                                                                                          b) What is the use of the equipment                                                                                                              c) Name the parts labelled W, X and
2. d) What is the functions of Y on the equipment
3. Use the diagram below to answer questions which follow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. i) Identify the above diagram
2. ii) Name the parts labelled A and B

 

 

 

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION I

COMMON LIVESTOCK BREEDS

This topic entails the following:

• Reasons of keeping livestock
• Parts of a cow
• Characteristics of indigenous and exotic cattle breeds
• Dairy cattle breeds
• Beef cattle breeds
• Dual purpose cattle breeds
• Pig breeds
• Sheep breeds
• Goat breeds
• Rabbit breeds
• Camel breeds

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly help and motivate the         user to comprehend and understand the re1quired concepts and practices:

1. State two reasons for treating water for us on the farm
2. State four advantages of applying lime in clay soil
3. State four ways by which Re-afforestation help in land reclamation
4. Give two distinguishing features between the following breeds of rabbits; Kenya white

and California white

5. Give four reasons why most farmers keep livestock in Kenya
6. Give three ideal conformation features of beef cattle
7. (i) Name a dual purpose cattle breed reared in Kenya
8. ii) State three uses of a rotavator
9. Name a pig breed with the following features:

White body colour, erect ears, dished snout, big in body size

9. What does the term ‘epistasis’ mean in livestock improvement?
10. (a) Explain the role of livestock industry in Kenya’s economy

(b) Outline the general characteristics of indigenous cattle

11. Below is a diagram of a cattle. Study it an answer the questions that follow:-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(i) What type of animal is represented above?

(ii) If you stand at a point marked X, state five characteristics that tells you that the animal belong

to type name in (i) above?

(iii) State three areas on the body of a cow where ticks are commonly found

12. Name four breeds of dairy goats
13. List two distinguishing characteristics of Californian breed of rabbit
14. Name the common milk breed of goats reared in Kenya
15. Name four dairy cattle breeds reared in Kenya.
16. Differentiate between ‘breed’ of animal and ‘type’ of animal.

17        Name the camel breed that is adapted to cooler regions and has a woolly body covering

18. State any two channels through which beef is marketed in Kenya.

 

 

(LIVESTOCK HEALTH II

(LIVESTOCK PARASITES )

 

This topic entails the following:

• Host-parasite relationships
• Effects of parasites on livestock
• Life cycle of parasites
• Methods of parasite control in livestock
• Identify different parasites

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

1. Name two chemical methods used in deworming cattle
2. a) state six  effects  of parasites
3. b) Describe the life cycle of Taenia solium species of tapeworm
4. c) State four control measures of the tapeworm
5. Give two functions of calcium in dairy cows
6. Give two control measures of fleas in a flock of sheep
7. Give two measures a poultry farmer can use to control fleas in flock
8. State two reasons why drenching alone is not an effective method of controlling internal parasites
9. Give two forms in which a tape worm is found in livestock
10. Below are diagrams showing different types of internal parasites. Study them carefully and

answer the questions that follow:-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. a) Identify the parasites K & M
2. b) Identify the parts labelled
3. c) Name the organs where each parasites is found
4. d) Give the intermediate host of parasite M
5. Give any two effects of external parasites that are harmful to livestock
6. Outline the procedure followed when hand-spraying cattle to ensure effective use of acaricides

to control ticks

11        a) A boar gained 90Kg live weight after eating 360Kg pig finisher meal over a period of

time. Calculate the feed conversion ratio

1. b) Describe digestion in the four stomachs of the ruminant animal
2. c) Give the significance of lubrication system
3. State four ways of controlling tsetseflies
4. Name two types of roughages
5. Name the common milk breed of goats reared in Kenya
6. Why are the element calcium and phosphorus important in the diet of young livestock?

16        Give two parasites of cattle which are also disease vectors

17        Give three control measures of fleas in a flock of layers

 

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION II (NUTRITION)

This topic entails the following:

• Identification and classification of livestock feeds.
• Digestion and digestive systems of cattle, pigs and poultry
• Definition of terms used to express field values
• Preparation of balanced ration for various livestock
• Functions and deficiency symptoms of various nutritional elements.

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices;

 

1. Give two ways by which production ration may be utilized by dairy goats
2. Given that the livestock reared require a ration of 18% DCP and the farmer has maize bran of

10% DCP and sunflower meal of 30% DCP. Use Pearson’s square method to calculate how

much of the feedstuffs a 150kg rations

3. State the importance of the following in livestock nutrition: i) Water                                                                                                                                                        ii) Vitamin A
4. Name the compartment of the ruminant stomach where microbial digestion takes place.
5. i) A ration containing 18% protein is  to be  made  from  maize and sunflower cake. Given

that maize contains 7% protein, and sunflower seed cake 34% protein. Use Pearson square

method to calculate the value  of feedstuffs  to be used to prepare 100kgs  of the feed

1. ii) A part from Pearson square method, name two other methods that can be used to formulate

feed ration

6. (a) Define the term ration as used in livestock nutrition

(b) A farmer wanted to prepare a 200kg of pig’s ration containing 16% D.C.P. Using the persons

square method, calculate the amount of maize containing 10% D.C.P and cotton seed

containing              28% D.C.P the farmer would need to prepare the ration (show your work)

7. Give two livestock feed additives
8. State three factors that would determine the amount of concentrate fed to dairy cattle
9. State three factors that would determine the amount of concentrate fed to dairy cattle

 

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III

(SELECTION AND BREEDING)

 

This topic entails the following:

• Description of reproduction
• Description of reproduction systems
• Selection f breeding stock
• Description of breeding system.
• Identification of livestock on heat
• Description of methods used in serving livestock.

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

 

1. State four ways of minimizing disowning of lambs by ewes
2. State the gestation period of the following farm animals
3.  i) Pigs
4. ii) Rabbits
5. i) What is selection in live stock production
6. ii) State three methods used in selection of livestock
7. Give four signs of heat observed on female rabbit
8. Name four meat breeds of rabbits
9. State four reasons for cutting a breeding boar
10. List the methods of selection in livestock
11. Define the following terms as used in livestock breeding
12. i) Heterosis
13. ii) Epistasis
14. State three signs of heat in Does (Female Rabbits)
15. Give the gestation period of the following:
16. i) Cow
17. ii) Sow
18. State three disadvantages of natural methods of mating in cattle breeding
19. a) Explain the advantage of battery cage system of rearing layers
20. b) Outline ten factors considered when selecting dairy cattle for breeding
21. What is upgrading as used in livestock production?
22. Define the word breech of birth as used in livestock production
23. What does the term “drift lambing’ mean in livestock production?

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IV

(LIVESTOCK MANAGMENT PRACTICES)

 

This topic entails the following:

• Description of livestock rearing practices
• Carrying out livestock rearing practices
• Livestock routine management practices i.e. feeding, de-beaking e.t.c.

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

1. Give four reasons of carrying out crutching sheep management
2. Name two ways a farmer can perform closed methods of castration on his male livestock
3. Below is a diagram of a farm animal. Study the diagram carefully and then answer the questions

that follow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. a) On the drawing, mark the letters indicated in brackets the part of the animal where:
2. i) Branding should take place (B)
3.       ii) Vaccination should be carried out (V)

iii) Body temperature of the animal should be taken (BT)

1.       iv) Mastitis infection may occur (M)
2. b) Name three areas of the animal body where ticks are likely to be found
3. c) Name the parts of the animal numbered 1-4

 

4. a) What is castration as used in livestock production?
5.  b) State four reasons why castration is done in livestock
6. (a) Describe the management of a gilt from weaning to furrowing

(b) Discuss the preparation a poultry farmer should make before the arrival of day old chicks

6. Outline two reasons for raddling in sheep management
7. State any four reasons for castrating male piglets
8. What are the methods of stocking bees? Give two.
9. State two ways that show how good feeding help to control livestock diseases
10. Name any two recommended methods of docking lambs
11. State three disadvantages of inbreeding
12. State four routine management practices that should be carried out on a lactating ewe
13. (a) Describe the procedure which should be followed to castrate a three weeks old piglet using

surgical  method

(b) (i) State five factors that should be considered when sitting a bee hive in a farm

(ii) Describe the management practices that would ensure maximum harvest of fish from a

fish pond

10. Give three types of bees found in a bee colony
11. List three methods of castrating farm
12. Outline the routine management practices of piglets from the 1^st day to the 8^th week
13. List three types of calf pens
14. State two factors that could lead to failure to conceive in sows after service
15. List three advantages of hoof trimming in sheep production
16. State four factors considered when citing an apiary in the farm
17. Name three methods of stocking a beehive with honey bees
18. List three common methods of extracting honey from the combs
19. a)The illustration below shows a method  of  identifying pigs, study  the diagram  and answer the questions  that follow:-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. i) On the diagram A provided below, draw the mark to indicate a pig number 147,

using the procedure of ear-notching in diagram

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

	A

 

 

 

 

1. ii) What is the recommended stage of growth in pigs at which the ear-notching should be

carried out?

iii) State any three reasons why weight is an important routine management practice in pig

production

1. b) Below are illustrations showing the various parts of the Kenya top bar hive. Use the illustration

to answer the question that follow

D

 

C

 

 

 

 

 

B

 

 

 

1. i) label the parts B ,C and D                                                                                                                       
2. ii) How can a farmer attract bees to colonize a new hive?

iii) Outline the procedure of opening the hive to harvest honey

20. a) Below are illustrations of  farm tools

	E
							G
					F
			H

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. ii) State the use of the tools

iii) Name the type of hammer that may be used for driving tool F during work                                         b) Given below is an illustration of one of the routine management practices in livestock

production.

Study the diagram and answer the following questions

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. i) Name the practice indicated in the diagram above
2. ii) Describe the procedure you would follow when carrying out the practice named

in (i) above in piglets

21. a) State and explain four advantages of  age  grouping farm animals as a management  practice
22. b) Explain four major causes of lamb mortality from birth to weaning
23. c) Describe brucellosis under the following sub headings

i)Cause

1. ii) Transmission

iii) Symptoms

1. iv) Control measures
2. a) Explain the advantage of battery cage system of rearing layers
3. Give two reasons why it is important to castrate animals when they are still young
4. (a) Give two reasons why dehorning is carried out in farm animals

(b) State four methods of dehorning livestock

25. (a) What is steaming up in livestock production?

(b) Give two reasons why the practice is important in pig rearing

26. State four management practices that should be carried on a fish pond in order to obtain

maximum fish production.

27. List four factors considered when formulating livestock ration. (2mk)

 

28. Study the diagram of a cow below and answer the subsequent questions

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. i) Identify the livestock equipment marked E above
2. ii) State two uses of the equipment in 17(i) above

iii) Name the two types of identification marks applied on the animal above

1. iv) Show with an arrow and mark with letter P where pye-grease acaricide should be applied

on the anima1

1. v) Give one disadvantage for each of the identification marks made on the animal

 

Identification  marks	Disadvantage
A
B

 

29. a) Describe the management practices of a gilt from weaning to the time of farrowing
30.  b) State five factors to consider in selecting a gilt for breeding stock.

 

28. State four conditions that necessitate the handling of farm animals .
29. Give any two reasons why docking is an important practice in sheep management.
30. Why is crutching a very important management practice in sheep breeding.

 

31. Study the diagram of a sheep shown below carefully and answer the questions that follow:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(i) What operation is usually carried out on the part labelled A?

(ii) Give two reasons for carrying out the operation in (i) above

(iii) At what age should the above operation be carried out?

(v) Name routine management practice carried out on the part labelked B

 

 

FARM STRUCTURES

 

This topic entails the following:

• Description of parts of a building
• Identification of materials for construction
• Description of various farm structures and their uses
• Construction and maintenance of farm structures.

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

1. Mention four disadvantages of using steel materials for construction of farm structures
2. Give two reasons for placing a polythene sheet on a foundation of farm buildings
3. What is “calf crop” in beef production?
4. a) Outline the procedure  in construction of a  barbed wire  fence
5. b) List any four wood preservatives
6. c) Give four factors that will determine the choice of farm building materials
7. i) Give four factors considered when citing a fish pond
8. ii) Give four features of a good laying nest

6          State two uses of a footbath in cattle dip

7          a) What is a green house

1. b) Name four materials used in green house construction
2. c) Give four maintenance practices carried out on a green house
3. d) Explain the importance of maintaining farm structures

8          Give two disadvantages of a barbed wire fence when used in paddocking

9          The diagram below illustrates a cross-section of a fish pond. Study it carefully and answer the

questions that follow:-

 

 

			Y		Z
	X

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the parts marked A, B, C and C

(b) On the diagram the points marked X, Y and Z are possible sites where fish feeding

can be done.  Which is the most appropriate point for feeding?

(c) Give two reasons why the floor of the pond should be covered with lime 14days before

filling it   with water                                                                                                                                 (d) Why should part marked B be screened?

(e) State three maintenance practices carried out on the structure

 

10. Study the farm structure below illustrating a pass:-

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the type of pass illustrated above

(b) Distinguish between a pass and a gate

(c) Name one type of live fence

11        State four requirements of a good maize store

12        State three factors that determine the depth and size of foundation in a farm building

13        (a) Explain the uses of  various hand tools in the construction of a poultry house

(b) Describe the procedure of erecting wooden rail fence

(c) Explain various factors considered when choosing the construction materials for farm building

14        State four features of a good calf pen

15        State four uses of a fence

 

16        Below is a diagram of a cross section of a farm structure. Study it carefully and answer the

following questions.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(i) Identify the labeled parts A, B, and C

(ii) What is the importance of the part labeled B to the structure

(b) (i) When making concrete blocks the ratio 1:3:5 may be used. What do these figures

represent?

(ii) In a concrete mixture 1:3:5, twenty four cubic metres of sand were recommended to be

used in putting up of a foundation of a building. Find the volume of the other two

17        (a) Explain the maintenance practices of a fish pond

(b) Give four ways of controlling fish predators in a fish pond

18        Mention four reasons of treating timber before roofing farm buildings

19        List four uses of crushing in the farm

20        a) Define  the term fence                                                                                                       

1. b) List various types of fences
2. c) Describe advantages of fences

21        Study the illustration of a farm structure below and answer the questions that follow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. i) Name the parts labeled
2. ii) State the function of the parts labeled

iii) Name two chemicals preservatives used to treat the wooden parts of the structure against

insects and fungal damage

 

21. Below is a diagram of a fish pond, study it and answer the questions that follow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.     i) Label the parts marked K and L
2. ii) Give a reason why part M is usually deeper than the rest of the pond

iii) State three maintenance practices carried out in the pond

22. a) Explain five factors to consider when siting a fish pond
23. b) Explain the measures used to control livestock diseases
24. State four factors which influence the selection of materials for constructing a diary shed
25. a) State five  maintenance practices of a  mould board plough
26. b) Explain five structural and functional differences between  the petrol and diesel engines                  c) List five uses of farm fences
27. State four uses of farm buildings
28. List four structural requirements for proper housing of farm animal to maintain good health
29. The diagram below is part of a farm structure. Study it and then answer the questions that follow:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Name part of structure represented above

(b) Identify parts labeled P, Q, R, and S

(c) Give the functions of the part labeled P and S

28. The diagram below shows an activity of processing a farm product. Study it and answer the

questions that follow:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Name the product being processed

(b) Identify the method used in processing the product names in the diagram

(c)  Outline the procedure used when harvesting the product named in the diagram

(d) List two factors that affect quality of the product processed in the diagram

 

31        (a) Describe five parts of a plunge dip

(b) Outline six uses of live fences on the farm

(c) Outline four factors that influence power output of drought animals

32. a) Explain the factors a farmer needs to consider before siting a farm structure on his farm
33.  b) Outline the desirable features of a good grain store
34. c) Describe the uses of farm fences in promotion of agriculture
35. Name any two pests that attack timber used for construction in the farms
36. State three factors that may lead to dip wash being exhausted or weakened while in the

dip tank

 

 

LIVESTOCK HEALTH III

(LIVESTOCK DISEASES)

 

This topic entails the following:

 

• Description of causes and vectors of the main livestock diseases.
• Signs of each stated livestock disease
• Stating predisposing factors where applicable
• Control measures of livestock disease

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

 

1. Name two diseases that affect female animals only
2. Give four pre disposing factors of foot rot disease in sheep
3. i) Name the causative organism of contagious abortion in cattle
4. ii) Give four symptoms of contagious abortion in cattle

iii) State three methods of controlling contagious abortion in cattle

4. What is a vaccine?
5. (a) Discuss black quarter under the following sub-headings:-

(i) Animal affected

(ii) Casual organism

(iii)Symptoms of disease

(iv) Control measures

(b) (i) Explain four measures used to control liver flukes

(ii) Name an intermediate host of liver fluke

(c) Explain the following terms as used in livestock production

(i) Embryo transfer

(ii) Artificial insemination

(iii) Line breeding

(iv) Cross breeding

(v) Up-grading

6. Give four predisposing factors of foot rot disease in sheep
7. (a) Discuss coccidiosis disease under the following headings:-

(i) Causal organism

(ii) Livestock species attacked

(iii) Symptoms of attack

(iv) Control measures

(b) (i) What are the characteristics of an effective acaricide?

(ii) Explain three methods of acaricide application

8. Name four ways of controlling coccidiosi in the farm
9. State four predisposing factors of scour in calves
10. Name four notifiable diseases of livestock
11. Name two diseases of poultry that are controlled by vaccination
12. State three signs of anthrax injection disease observed in the carcass of a cattle
13. Differentiate between active immunity and acquired passive immunity
14. Name four systems of a tractor engine
15. State two adjustments that should be carried out on a tractor – mounted mould board plough

in preparation for ploughing

 

16. List three causes of ruminal lympany (Bloat) in ruminant animals
17. (a) Give four symptoms of milk fever

(b) State two methods of controlling milk fever

 

18. (a) Describe East Coast Fever (E.C.F) under the following sub-topics:

(i) Animal attacked

(ii) Causal organisms

(iii) Symptoms of attack

(iv) Control and treatment

(b) Explain ten measures used to control livestock diseases

 

29. Name two livestock diseases that are spread through natural mating.
30. a) Give the method used in introducing a vaccine to poultry against fowl typhoid             b) State other methods introducing vaccines to livestock

 

 

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V

(POULTRY)

This topic entails the following:

 

• Identification of parts of an egg.
• Selection of eggs for incubation
• Identification of suitable sources for chicks.
• Descriptions of broodiness
• Description of condition for incubation
• Description of rearing systems
• Categories of poultry feds according to age-of birds
• Stating causes of stress and vices in poultry and control measures.
• Marketing of eggs and poultry meat.
• Selection, sorting and grading of eggs.

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help the             user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices.

 

1. A deep little poultry house measures 9mx3m. Suppose the amount of space allowed for one

bird is 0.27m².Calculate the number of birds that can be kept comfortably in the house. Show

your working

2. Give two functions of isthmus in female bird
3. Give four features of a good laying nest
4. State four qualities of marketable eggs
5. Study the diagram showing the behaviour of chicks in a brooder and answer the questions that

follow:-

				Heat source
										B
					Chicks
	A								Heat source
			C						Brooder guard

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) State the behaviour of chicks in A, B and C                                           

(b) Explain why the brooder guard is rounded as shown in the diagram

6. Mention six characteristics of an egg selected for incubation
7. Describe the management of layers in deep litter system
8. State four reasons for egg breaking and drinking by layers in a deep litter rearing system
9. Below are diagram showing condition of eggs seven days after incubation study them and answer

the questions

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. a) Identify the conditions of eggs
2. b) Identify the egg which suitable for incubation and give a reasons for your answer
3. c) Name the practice which used to determine the state of eggs above
4. The diagram U below illustrates an activity carried by a poultry farmer keeping layers. Study the

diagram carefully and answer the questions that follow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. a) Identify the activity carried out using the set up illustrated in diagram U
2. b) List down four preparations that should be carried out structure U before arrival of

day old chicks

1. c) List down one behaviouristic activity which would indicate that the chicks are under stress

 

11. Give two reasons for using litter in a poultry house
12. Give two reasons why it is important to castrate animals when they are still young
13. (a) Give two reasons why dehorning is carried out in farm animals

(b) State four methods of dehorning livestock

14. State four abnormalities of eggs that can be detected during egg candling.
15. Describe the management of day old chicks in a deep litter system from preparation of brooder up

to eight (8)weeks old

16. a) Describe the management practices of a gilt from weaning to the time of furrowing
17.  b) State five factors to consider in selecting a gilt for breeding stock.
18. Study the diagram of an egg be1ow and answer the questions that fol1ow:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. i) Name the parts labeled N, O and P
2. ii) State the functions of the parts M and L

iii) Why should the egg be turned during incubation

18. State three reactions of chicks in a brooder which has higher temperature than normal.
19. Give three types of bedding material a poultry farmer may use in deep litter rearing of layers
20. Give two properties of good eggs for incubation

 

 

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III

(LIVESTOCK REARING PRACTICES)

 

This topic entails the following:

• Raising young stock
• Milk and milk components
• Milk secretion and milk let-down
• Correct milking techniques
• Marketing of milk and beef.

 

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and help

the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

1. What is “calf crop” in beef production?
2. a) Describe the procedure of hand milking in a dairy cow
3. b) Explain the practices observed in clean milk production
4. Give two reasons for washing a cow’s udder with warm water before milking
5. Give two roles of uterus in egg formation process
6. The diagram below is a structure of part of a cow’s udder

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

	O

 

 

 

 

(i) Name the parts labeled M, N, and O on the diagram above

(ii) State the functional difference between the following hormones which influence milk

let-down;

(a) (i) Oxytoxin

(ii) Adrenalin

(b) Mention three qualities of clean milk

6. Give four characteristics of clean milk
7. State three maintenance practices carried out on a milking machine
8. State four reasons for feeding Colostrums to calves immediately after calving
9. Give three ways of stimulating milk let down in a dairy cow
10. a) Describe the operational differences of a disc plough and mould board plough
11. b) Explain six marketing problems affecting dairy farming in Kenya
12. c) State four reasons for culling a boar
13. List three advantage of artificial method of calf rearing
14. State three methods that may be used to improve milk production in a breed

of indigenous goats

13. (a) Outline ten physical characteristics between a good layer and a poor layer in a deep

litter house

(b) Describe five factors that influence milk production in a dairy herd

14. a) State two reasons for washing the udder of a cow with warm water before milking.
15. b) Name the hormone that causes each of the following in dairy cows:.
16. i) milk letdown.
17.  ii) lactogenesis
18. State four methods of increasing the depth of penetration of a disc harrow.
19. List four farm machines implements that obtain power from P.T.O shaft of a tractor
20. List two  tractor  drawn implements used for  breaking  hardpan  in  a crop field

 

18. State any three machines which are used for harvesting crops

 

19. a) describe the daily maintance and  servicing of  a tractor before use
20. b) State one function of each of the following parts of a tractor engine.
21.     i) Fly wheel
22.     ii) Ignition coil

iii) Thermostat

1.     iv) Injector
2.    v) Piston

 

 

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

 

This topic entails the following:

• Sources of farm power
• Systems of a tractor
• Tractor implements, uses and maintenance
• Animal drawn implements uses and maintenance
• Tractor servicing and maintenance practices

The following relevant questions and their answers in this topic will greatly motivate and

help the user to comprehend and understand the required concepts and practices:

 

1. Give four farm operations powered by engines

 

2. a) Describe the maintenance practices required on a tractor before it is put to daily use
3. b) Outline the factors that influence the power output by a draught animal

 

3. State two uses of gear box in a tractor
4. State two uses for which wind power is harnessed
5. Name three implements that are connected to the power take-off shaft
6. Below is a farm implement, study it keenly and answer the questions that follow:-

	N

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Name the farm implement drawn above

(b) Identify the parts labelled L and M above

(c) Give the function of the part labeled M

(d) State the field condition under which the implement can work better than the others  (½mk)

 

 

7. (a) Explain the factors that a farmer should consider in ensuring fast and efficient cultivation

by oxen

(b) Outline the importance of lubrication system in a tractor

(c) State the daily maintenance and servicing of a tractor

 

8. State the functions of the following parts of power transmission in a tractor:

(i) Hydraulic system

(ii) Draw bar

(iii) Propeller shaft

(ii) State three sources of tractor hire service

 

9. (i) What is a tractor hires services (1mk)

(ii) State three sources of tractor hire service           (1½mks)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10. The diagram below represents an assembled differential of a tractor. Use it to answer the

D

A

B

Wheel

questions   that follow:-

 

 

 

	C

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Name the parts labeled A, B, C and D

(b) State two functions of differential system of a tractor

(c) Give two reasons why wheel skidding of a tractor is not allowed

 

11. State four sources of power in the farm

 

12. Give the four strokes of a four stroke cycle tractor engine

 

13. State four factors which ensure efficient working by oxen in the farm

 

14. Mention two sources from which farmers can hire tractors
15. (a) Below is a diagram of a farm implement

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(i) State the use of the implement shown above

(ii) Name the parts labeled A, B, C, and D                                                                           

                (iii) State two methods of increasing the depth of penetration of the implement

 

16. State four ways through which a farmer would ensure maximum power output from

ploughing animals

 

17. State three advantages of a disc plough over mould board plough

 

18. a) Explain the differences  between petrol and chisel engine
19. b) Describe components of transmission system of a tractor

 

19. Name four systems of a tractor engine

 

20. Give one function of the clutch

 

21. State two adjustments that should be carried out on a tractor – mounted mould board plough

in preparation for ploughing

22. The diagram below illustrates a farm implement. Study it and answer the questions that follow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. a) Identify the implement
2. b) Name the parts labeled X, Y and Z
3. c) State three maintenance practices that are carried out on a disc plough

 

23. a) Describe the operational differences of a disc plough and mould board plough
24. b) Explain six marketing problems affecting dairy farming in Kenya
25. c) State four reasons for culling a boar

 

24. Name the role of the following parts of a mould board plough
25. a) Share .
26. b) Mould board
27. c) Land side….

 

25. a) State five  maintenance practices of a  mould board plough
26. b) Explain five structural and functional differences between  the petrol and diesel engines                  c) List five uses of farm fences

 

26. Give two uses of ox-drawn fine harrow

 

27. List four care and maintenance of a tractor battery

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

28. Study the diagram of a farm implement shown below and answer the questions that follow:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(a) Identify the farm implement illustrated above

(b) Label parts A, B and C

(c)  Outline the functions of  the parts labeled E and F

(d) Give two care and maintenance of the above implement

 

29. Outline six uses of live fences on the farm

 

30. List two possible causes of over heating in a tractor engine

 

31. List two events occur during induction stroke in a four stroke engine

 

32. i) the diagram below shows a tractor drawn implement.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. a) Name the implement
2. b) Give two uses of the implement above
3. c) State three maintenance practices carried out on the above implement.       ii) Below is an illustration of a farm equipment. Study it and answer questions that follow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. a) Identify the farm equipment illustrated above                                                                                          b) What is the use of the equipment                                                                                                              c) Name the parts labelled W, X  and Y                                                                                                        d) What is the functions of Y on the equipment

 

33. a) Explain the factors that influence  the power  output of farm animals
34. b) State the importance of farm fences

 

34. Study the illustration of a biogas digester plant and answer the questions that follow.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. a) Name the major component of biogas that is trapped in part L above
2. b) Give the name of the material deposited in part labeled M and its use
3. c) What is the component of K in the biogas production
4. d) Give three disadvantages of biogas as a source of farm power

 

35. Other than hydro-electricity mention two sources of electrical energy which can be available

for use in the farm

 

36. a) Describe the maintenance practices required on a tractor before it is put to daily use
37.  b) Discuss the factors that influence the power output by a draught animal

 

PAPER ONE AND TWO

SECTION II ANSWERS

FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

• Store the saw properly after use
• Oil the blade for long storage to avoid rust
• Sharpen the teeth properly

Tighten the handle screw if loose

 

2. A-Tin snip – cutting thin metal sheets

B-Spokes have – smoothing curved and circular surfaces

C- Ceardeners trowel – uprooting seedlings during transplanting

D-Brace drill – boring/ drilling holes in wood

 

3. i) Stir up pump/ bucket pump
4. ii) Spraying livestock with acaricide

iii) A – Nozzle                  B – lance handle

1. iv) A – Atomises the acaricide into spray      B – Direct the nozzle to the parts to be sprayed

 

4. Garden fork is a tool used in weeding in the nursery beds/and in carrot fields

 

5. The tool for checking the vertical straightness of a wall is Plumb bob and plumbline

 

6. A tool for removing nails from timber is a claw harmer (1mk)

 

7. Two examples of equipment that a livestock farmer can use in administering oral

anti-helminthes                                                                                                                      (1mk)

• Narrow necked bottle
• Drenching gun

–    Dosing gun

 

8.

O………………………………………

(a)       L…- Pickaxe                           M- Adjustable spanner

N..- Ring spanner                   O..- Pipe wrench

(b) Give one functional advantage of tool M over tool N     ( ½

 

9. Tools used to perform functions on the farm

– Hand drill

– Bit brace

 

10. – Blockage of nozzles and filters leading to uneven or no release of spray.

– Control pump may slacken or loosen, making it difficult to regulate the rate of spraying.

– Inadequate operating pressure due to leakages in the compressor pump, hoses or control valves.

 

11. (a) – Elastrator and rubber ring.

– The burdizzo.

– Sharp knife / scalpel.

(iii) Extracting blood samples for laboratory analysis

 

12. most appropriate set of animal hand tools that a farmer uses for the following operations:-

(i) Restraining large full when taking it around the show ring-bull  ring and  lead  stick    (1mk)

(ii) Cutting tail in sheep-rubber  ring  and  elastrator           (1mk)

(iii) Extracting blood samples for laboratory analysis-hypodermic needle and syringe

 

13. Provision of extra and quality feeds to sheep, two or three weeks before mating

 

14. ai) On the diagram a provided below, draw the mark to indicate a pig number 147,

using the procedure of ear-notching in diagram above

1. ii) the recommended stage of growth in pigs at which the ear-notching should be carried out?

• before  wearing/3-7 weeks of age/21-56 days/1 month-22months)

iii) three reasons why weight is an important routine management practice in pig production

• to determine  growth rate  i.e. weight gain
• facilitate  administration of drugs  e.g. drenching
• for feeding i.e.  to  know  the  amount  of feed to give
• to determine the service/breeding time  (1×3=3mks)

 

1. b) i)B-entrance

C-top bar/bar

D-top  cover/lid(1×3=3mks)

 

1. ii) by applying bees wax/honey/molasses on the sides or top  of the  hive/jaggery/sheep

sorrel/saliva /sugar syrup (Accept concentrated sugar solution-reject-sugar solution)  (1×1=1mk)

iii) Outline the procedure of opening the hive to harvest honey

smoke  the  hive  through  the entrance using  a  smoker then light the hid  to  remove  the  top  bar(the  order must be  considered)  (1×2=2mks)

 

15. a) i) E-key hole saw/compass saw

F-wood chisel

G-cold/metal chisel

H-plumb bob  (1/2×4=2mks)

1. ii) E-to cut  or make key holes              F-cutting timber

G-cutting  metal                     H-checking  whether a  tall wall is vertical

iii)  wooden hammer/mallet(1mk)

 

b)i) open castration/surgical castration  (1mk)

1. ii) procedure you would follow when carrying out the practice named in( i) above in piglets

• restrain  the  piglets
• sterilize the  blade
• disinfect the secretal sac
• slit  the secretal sac  to  expose  the testicle
• locate  and  hold  the  sperm duct
• cut  the  sperm  dust  by scrapping  with the slide
• sew up  the wound
• sterilize/disinfect  the wound
• release the animal(piglet

 

16. i) A – Sickle

B- Pruning saw

C- Hoof cutter

D- Metal float

1. ii) A sickle is used in harvesting grass, rice, wheat by cutting

B    Pruning saw is used for pruning tree crops, cutting hard stems in coffee

C      Hoof cutter – Trimming hoofs in animals e.g. cattle, goats, sheep

D     Float (wood or metal) smoothing concrete during plastering

iii) Maintenance on B

• Sharpen and reset the teeth
• Replace broken handle
• Oil the blade for long storage

• Halter
• Rope
• Nose ring and leading stick

 

18. Mention the use of the following tools.

• -making holes for  transplanting
• Spoke shaves.-planning curved surface
• Tin snip.-cutting metal/iron  sheets
• Burdizzo-castration (4x ½ =2mks)

 

19. four precautions that should be taken when using workshop tools and equipment.

• Use tools for correct purpose.
• Maintain them in good working conditions.
• Keep them safely after use.
• Handle tools correctly during use.

Use of safety devices / protective clothes

 

20. a) Bucket pump /stir – up pump (1×1 = 1mk)
21. b) Spraying acaricide on livestock (1×1 =1mk)
22.  c) W – Nozzle

•             X – Trigger
•             Y –  Pail /bucket

d)For holding acaricide solution during spraying. (1×1 = 1)

 

21.  i) Identify the above diagram   (1mk)

• Artificial vagina.

1.  ii) Name the parts labelled A and B (2mks)

• A – warm water
• B – collecting cap

 

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION I

COMMON LIVESTOCK BREEDS

1. two reasons for treating water for us on the farm

• Remove chemical impurities
• Remove foreign material
• Remove disease earning organisms

Remove bad smell & taste

 

2. four advantages of applying lime in clay soil

• Lower soil acidity
• Increase calcium content
• Hastens decomposition of organic matter
• Improve soil structure/ improve drainage
• Facilitates availability and absorption of nitrogen and phosphorous
• Improve legume nodulation and nitrogen fixation

Increase multiplication of micro- organisms

 

3. four ways by which Re-afforestation help in land reclamation

• Add organic matter from falling leaves
• Recycles soil erosion
• Control soil erosion
• Improve drainage of swampy areas

Play part in hydrological cycle

 

4. Distinguishing feature between Kenya white and California Kenya white is white all over the body, has pink eyes California white is white with black nose and eras; has black/ brown eyes

 

5. Reasons why farmers keep livestock in Kenya

• Source of food
• Source of income
• Cultural uses e.g. paying dowry, recreation
• Provide source of power e.g. oxen

–    Provides raw material to the industries

 

6. Ideal conformation features of beef cattle

• Blocky/ square/ rectangular
• Deep well flashed bodies
• Short strong legs to support their heavy bodies

–    Compact body

 

7. (i) Dual purpose cattle in Kenya.

– Sahiwal;

– Red Poll;

– Simmental;

(ii) Uses of Rotavator.

– Mixes trash and the soil;

– Cuts the furrow slices and harrows them; 92 in one pass).

– Break up large soil clods into smaller ones / performs 2⁰ tillage;

– Cut the furrows slices / primary tillage;

 

8. Large white is the pig with such characteristics

 

9. Epistasis is s combination of genes which on their own could have been inferior on undesirable(1mk)

 

10. (a) The role of livestock industry in Kenya’s economy

• Provision of food; various livestock products such as milk, eggs, meat and honey are used as food
• Source of labour: some livestock can be used to provide power for carrying out various activities e.g. oxen, donkeys and camels
• Provides employment; Several people are employed in the livestock industry ether directly of indirectly e.g. those employed by KMC
• Social cultural uses: depending on the culture of the society e.g. dowry, status, symbol e.t.c
• Source of income when livestock and livestock products are sold either locally or internationally: income is earned whish is used for national development which is used for national development
• Industrial development, various products are processed n industries which are taxable to raise income or national development

(stating any 5pts = 1mk x 5; Explanation each 1mk x 5pts =5mks          (10mks)

(b) The general characteristics of indigenous cattle

• they have large thoracic humps for storing fat
• they are tolerant to high temperatures
• They are able to resist tropical diseases e.g East Coast fever
• They have relatively long calving interval (beyond one year)
• They have a slow growth rate and mature rate
• They have smooth and short coat of hair
• They have along and narrow head
• they have a relatively short lactation period
• they can walk for long distances without serious loss in condition
• They are relatively small in size even when mature (1mk each for any 10pts = 10mks)

 

11. (i) Dairy cattle

(ii) five characteristics that tells you that the animal belong to type name in (i) above?

• Straight  top line
• Large udder/well develop udder
• Prominent milk vein
• Large swell develop head  quarter
• Triangular  shape
• Large  stomach capacity (any 5×1=5mks)

(iii) three areas on the body of a cow where ticks are commonly found      (1½mk)

• Base of ear/inside the  ears
• Neck
• Flanks
• Tail switch/tail
• Belly
• Brisket/dew  lap (any 3x ½ =1 ½ mks)

 

12. 4 dairy goats

– Saanen

– Jamnapari

– Anglo- Nubian

– Toggenburg

– British Alphine

 

13. two distinguishing characteristics of Californian breed of rabbit

• White body
• Black ears /nose/paws/tail  (2x ½ =1mk)

 

14. two common milk breed of goats reared in Kenya

• British Saaren
• The  Toggenburg
• Anglo-Nubian
• Jamnapari
• The  British alpine ( ½ x2=1mks

 

15. four dairy cattle breeds reared goats in Kenya.

• Ayrshire
• Friesian
• Guernsey
• Jersey   (4x ½ =2mks)

 

16. Differentiate between breed of animal and type of animal. (2mk)

• Breed-group of animals with similar characteristics and common origin.
• Type –the purpose for which the animal is kept. (2x1mk = 2mks)    (mark as whole)

– smothers weeds

– Regulate soil temperature

– Conserve moisture

 

 

(LIVESTOCK HEALTH II

(LIVESTOCK PARASITES )

 

1. – Use of caustic potash stick (potassium hydroxide)

– Use of dehorning collodion

 

2. a)

• Cause anaemia
• Deprive the hoof animal of food
• Cause injury and damage to animal tissue and organs
• Transmit diseases
• Cause irritation
• Cause obstruction to internal organs

1. b)

• Human beings drop tapeworm segments/ progloltudes together with their faeces
• Eggs are released from the segment. Once outside the human body
• Eggs are picked by pigs when feeding
• Eggs hatch into embryos in the intestine of pigs
• The embryo penetrate the intestinal wall and enter into the blood stream
• Embryo localize in the liver
• Embryos are disturbed throughout the muscle where they become cyst/ bladder worms
• Bladder worms get into human beings through eating under cooked pork/ bacon
• Once inside the human intestines the cyst wall dissolves and the bladder worm attach themselves to the wall of intestines
• Bladder warm develop into adult tape worm
• Adult tape worm releases segments/ progloltides containing fertilized eggs with human faeces

1. c)

• Use prophylactic drugs/ deworms to kill the internal parasites
• Keep animal houses clean and disinfected
• Practice rotational grazing
• Use of clean feeding and watery equipment
• Use of latrines/ proper disposal of human faeces

Proper cooking of meat

3. Functions of calcium in dairy cows.

– Milk and egg formation / production;

– Bones / skeleton / teeth formation;

– Blood clotting;

 

4. Control measures of fleas.

– Keep clean animals sleeping places;

– Dust animal surroundings with appropriate insecticides;

– Cover with petroleum jelly to suffocate stick fast fleas;

 

5. Control measures of fleas             *NYR*

• Dusting with appropriate insecticide in the pen
• Ensuring cleanliness in poultry house
• Dusting of the birds with correct insecticide
• Applying petroleum jelly on infected parts (1mk each for any 2 pts = 2mks)

 

6. two reasons why drenching alone is not an effective method of controlling internal parasites

• Cannot  kill  all  stages  of  parasites
• Cannot kill  the  eggs (2x ½ =1mk)

 

7. -Embryo

-Cyst/bladder worm (2x ½ =1mk)

 

8. a) K-tapeworm M-liver fluke
9. b) a-hooks     b-suckers

c-mouth          d-digestive glands

1. c) i) Small intestine
2.         ii) the liver
3. d) Water snail (1×1=1mk)

 

9. – External parasites effects

– Transmit diseases

– Causes anemia/ sucks blood

– Causes irritation/ discomfort

– Causes wounds on the skin that may predispose animal to secondary infection

– Loss of hair

 

10. – Read the manufacturers instructions carefully

• Mix the acaricide appropriately
• Pour the chemical solution into the knapsack sprayer through the sieve/ stir up pump container
• Restore in the animal
• Spray along the back to loin
• Spray the sides
• Spray under the belly including the udder/ scrotum
• Spray the rear/ hind quarters
• Spray fore limbs
• Spray the face, the eras last
• Allow the animal to drain the chemical
• Release the animal

 

11. a) Feed conversion is ^90Kg/_360Kg = ¼  = 1 : 4                                                                          *MMS*
12. Digestion in ruminant animal – 4 stomachs
13. i) Rumen (A pauch)

– Stores food temporarily

– Fermentation of food

– contains bacteria, fungi, protozoa which breaks down cellulose

– Synthesis of amino acids from ammonia gas

– Synthesis of vitamin B complex

1. ii) Reticulum (Honey comb)

• Sieves and separates fine from coarse food particles
• Retrains foreign and undigestible materials

iii) Omasum (Many plies or book)

• Stores food temporarily
• Grinds and sieve food particles
• Absorption of water

1. iv) Abomasum (True stomach)

• Enzymetic digestion takes place

c)

• Prevents rusting of surfaces
• Reduces the rate of wear and tear of moving parts
• Minimizes power loss due to friction
• Acts as a cleaning agent
• Reduces the heat created by the rubbing surfaces and acts as a seal between them

 

12. Bush clearing to destroy breeding places

– Spraying breeding places with insecticides

– use fly traps with impregnated nets

– use stressing agents e.g. radio isotopes on male file sand then releasing them

 

13. – Succulent

– Dry

 

14. two common milk breed of goats reared in Kenya

• British Saaren
• The  Toggenburg
• Anglo-Nubian
• Jamnapari
• The  British alpine ( ½ x2=1mks

 

15. the element calcium and phosphorus important in the diet of young livestock?

• For bone  formation  and development
• For proper  teeth  development
• For  increased  conversion  of feed
• Increase livestock appetite  (  ½  x1=1mk)

 

16        two parasites of cattle which are also disease vectors

• Ticks
• Tsetse flies

Mosquitoes

 

17. -training

-Giving incentives/motivation

-Farm mechanization

-Labour supervison

 

 

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION II (NUTRITION)

1. Production ration may be utilized by dairy goats in:

• Milk formation
• Growth

–     Foetal/embryo development

2. Use Pearson’s square method to calculate how much of the feedstuffs a 150kg rations (5mks)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Maize bran = 12 x 150 = 90kg maize bran

20

Sunflower   8 x 150 = 60kg sunflower

20

 

3.         i) Water (1mrk)

• Transport  medium
• For  metabolic processes
• Regulates  body  temperature
• Maintains  shell  shape
• Component of livestock product
• Lubricant of body joints (2x ½  = 1mk)

1.  ii) Vitamin A (1mrk)

• Bone formation
• Prevents diseases / Increases disease resistance
• Improves vision

Improves vigour/ for proper growth

 

4. Rumen.

 

5. i) A ration containing 18% protein is  to be  made  from  maize and sunflower cake. Given

that maize contains 7% protein, and sunflower seed cake 34% protein. Use Pearson square

methods to calculate the value of feedstuffs to be used to prepare 100kgs of the feed (3mks)

1. ii) two other methods that can be used to formulate

feed ration

• Linear programming
• Trial and error

Graphical method.

 

6. (a) The daily amount of food given to an animal/ the amount of food given to an animal

per day

 

 

(b) Quantity of maize = 12 x 200Kg

18   = 133.33kg

Quantity of cotton seed = 6 x 200

18    = 66.67kg

 

7. Hormones

Antibiotics

Medicants

• Qualities of roughages
• Availability of the concentrates
• Level of production
• Physiological states of the animals
• Quality of concentrates
• Economic factors

• Qualities of roughages
• Availability of the concentrates
• Level of production
• Physiological states of the animals
• Quality of concentrates
• Economic factors

 

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III

(SELECTION AND BREEDING)

• Steaming up of ewes to have milk to be suckled
• Use of lambing pens
• Ewes as made to recognize lambs after lambs
• Blind folding ewes to activate maternal instinct
• Attend/ treat inflamed udders/ painful

• Pig 112 – 15 days

Rabbits 28 – 32 days

3          (i) Selection.

– It is the process of allowing certain animals to be the parents of the future generations while

culling  others;

(ii) Methods used in selection.

• Mass selection;
• Progeny testing;
• Contemporary comparison;

 

4. – Restless.

– Frequent urination.

– Swollen vulva.

– The doe throws itself on its side.

– She (does rubs herself against the wall or any other solid object.

– The doe tries to contact other rabbits in the next hutch by peeping through the cage walls.

 

5. four meat breeds of rabbits

• Flemish giant
• California white
• New Zealand white
• Ear lop
• chinchilla

 

6. four reasons for cutting a breeding boar

• Bareness/loss of Libido
• Loss of sight, limb, cannot mate
• Old age
• Perpetual sickness/contract
• Reproductive diseases
• Aggressiveness/wildness

 

7. – Mass

• Progerry testing
• Comparison

 

8. (i) Heterosis- Increased vigour/ performance resulting from mating two superior unrelated Breeds

(ii) Epitasis- Is a combination of genes that individually could have been both undesirable

or inferior

• Heat signs in rabbits (doe)
• The doe throws itself on its sides
• She rubs herself against walls or solid objects
• Tries to contact other rabbits in the next hutch (peeping)
• Restlessness
• Swollen vulva
• Frequent urination

10. Gestation periods of :- Cow 270 – 285 days

Sow – 113 117 days

11. Disadvantages of natural mating

• A lot of semen is wasted
• High chances of inbreeding
• Large males can injure small females
• Expensive to transport bull over long distance
• May need extra pasture, extra cost

 

12. a) the advantage of battery cage system of rearing layers

• Higher  egg production due  to  less  energy wastage  by  birds
• Accurate egg production records re kept
• Cannibalism and egg  eating are  controlled
• Eggs are clean
• Allows for  mechanization
• Birds  do not  contaminate food  and water
• Makes handling  easy as birds  are restricted  within small areas
• Discourages broodiness
• Increases the sticking rate
• Sick  birds can easily  be isolated
• The  wire floor prevails re-infection on the parasites, worms  and coccidiosi
• There  is no bully during feedings
• There is low labour requirement (1×10=10mks)

1. b) Outline ten factors considered when selecting dairy cattle for breeding

• age-young animals  have  longer  productive live and are more productive and

Economical to keep than old animals

• level of  performance-animals  with highest production level  be kept
• health-consider  animals which are less susceptive to  disease
• body  confirmation  go  for ones well people dairy characteristics
• temperature/behaviour select only decline animals which  are easy to  handle mothering ability
• adaptable under suitability  to  the environment
• prolycacy  ability to give  built to  many  off springs at a time
• physical defects
• quality of products  (1×10=10mks)

 

 

 

 

 

 

13. A type  of mating  where  the female of  low grade  is  mated  to a pure  bred sire of

superior  quality (1mk)

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IV

(LIVESTOCK MANAGMENT PRACTICES)

 

1. Reasons of carrying out crutching in sheep.

– Facilitates easy mating;

– Minimizes blowfly infestation;

– Provides hygienic conditions at lambing time;

– Allows easy access to the teats by the lambs;

– Provides hygienic suckling conditions;

 

2. Ways of performing closed castration.

– Use of elastrator and rubber ring;

– Use of the burdizzo;

 

3. (a)

• B – Should take place – Hooks, cheek, rump
• V – Is done – Thigh muscles and the shoulders
• BT – is taken – Anus
• M – May occur – Udder and teats

1. b) — Ears (ear lobes)

– Tail switch..

– Under the tail head.

– Both fore and head flanks.

– Between the hooves.

1. c) 1 – Muzzle

2 – Poll

3 – Shoulder

4 – Heart girth

 

4. (a) – The removal of the testicles in male livestock or stoppage of production of spermatozoa or

semen.

– It is the rendering of male reproductive organs non- functional.

(b) – To control breeding and inbreeding.

– To make animals, especially the bulls docile.

– To improve quality of meat by removing unpleasant smell especially in goats.

– To encourage faster growth rates of the castrated male animals.

– To control breeding diseases such as brucellosis, vaginitis trichonomiasis and others that area

transmitted through mating.

 

5. (a) The management of a gilt from weaning to furrowing

• Feed gilt on at least 3kg of sow and weaner meal daily/balanced diet
• Provide clean drinking water
• Control any external parasites by spraying with pestcides or washing
• Treat the gilt next to the bear at the age 12months ready to be served/serve gilt at the right age.
• Keep the pen clean by maintaining clean
• Flush the gilt 3-4weeks before service by feeding high quality diet
• Take the gilt to the boar’s pen for service and let it stay there for at least 12hours
• Observe the return to heat, f any after three weeks, and repeat the services if necessary
• Steaming up should start 1 ½ months before furrowing by giving 3-4kg of feed
• 7-10days furrowing, the gilt should be washed
• The gilt should be moved to disinfected pen/clean en
• provide guard rails or furrowing crate in a furrowing pen
• Provide a source of heat
• Sow and weaner meal should be reduced three days before furrowing and fed with bran
• Observe the signs furrowing and supervise the process of furrowing
• Deworm the gilt 7-10days before furrowing
• Weigh the gilt regularly
• Keep proper records

 

(b) The preparation a poultry farmer should make before the arrival of day old chicks

• Ensure the brooder is ready 2-3days before arrival of chicks
• Brooder should be cleaned and disinfected to reduce risk of disease infection
• Spreading litter on the floor to provide warmth
• Provide a functional heat source e.g. electric bulb, lantern e.t.c
• Provide adequate feeding equipment
• Ensure adequate floor space considering the number of chicks
• Ensure the chick mash is ready before chicks arrive
• Provide wire guard
• Make holes on the walls of brooder for ventilation

• To identify mated ewes
• To indicate active rams hence help in culling

Identify the sire of each lamb

• Promote docility
• Improve meat quality
• Control breeding diseases
• Control interbreeding/ control hereditary defects

Improve growth rate

• Use of swarm net
• Use of catcher box

Placing the hire in a strategic position  for bees to occupy

• Control deficiency diseases
• Impact resistance to diseases

Good physical appearance/ good coat cover

 

6. two recommended methods of docking lambs

• Use elastrator and  rubber ring
• Sharp knife/scalpel (2x ½ =1mk)

 

7. three disadvantages of inbreeding

• Loss  of  hybrid vigour
• May lead to decline fertility  leading to species extinction
• May  bring about reduction in performance
• Leads to high rate of prenatal mortality (any 3x ½ =1 ½ mks)

 

8. four routine management practices that should be carried out on a lactating ewe

• Inadequate  feeding  /balance diet
• Spraying/dipping  to control external  parasite
• Drenching/deworming  to   control internal  parasite
• Provision of clean  water  ad-lib
• Tugging
• Avoid extensive movement
• Provide mineral licks (any 4x ½ =2mks)

9. the procedure which should be followed to castrate a three weeks old piglet using

surgical Method

• Assemble  equipment and sterilize
• Restrain the  animal to be castrated
• Thoroughly  wash  hands before opening  up  animals  skin
• Artery of  forces  is used to close up the open blood vessel to stop excess  bleeding
• Cut the  skin of scrotum
• Remove  the  two  tests  completely, leaving  on empty scrotal sac
• Disinfect the wound
• Animals  heals faster  since  its  castrated  when young (7×1@=7mks)

(b) (i) State five factors that should be considered when sitting a bee hive in a farm

• Away  from  homestead, pastures and road
• Sheltered/quiet place
• Near  source  of water
• Nearest to flowers producing ants
• Safe from predators (5×1=5mks)

 

(ii) Describe the management practices that would ensure maximum harvest of fish from a fish

pond

• Control stocking rate
• Control  water pollution
• Supply  enough  food to fish
• Aerate  the  water/constant  in flow  and  out flow of  water
• Maintain appropriate depth of water
• Control predators
• Harvest fish art  correct  maturity stage
• Fertilize  the pond/adequate  water  plants

 

 

10. three types of bees found in a bee colony

• The queen
• The drown
• The workers

11. List three methods of castrating farm

• Closed method-use buidizzer
• Open method-use surgical method
• Caponization-use  hormones

 

12. the routine management practices of piglets from the 1^st day to the 8^th week

• Placenta  disposal
• Umbilical cord  cutting  with sharp and sterilized scalpel
• Disinfecting  the umbilical  cord with iodine solution
• Extracting needles teeth/teeth clipping/di-tusking
• Keeping  piglets in  warm creep area
• Weighing   the  piglets 24hrs  after birth
• Feeding the piglets on colostrums
• Iron supplementation through the intra-muscular injection/paste
• Vaccination against diseases
• Feed  the piglets with creep  feeds
• Water provision  at adlibitum
• Nose ringing
• Putting if identification  marks e.g. ear notching
• Deworming /drenching with antihelminthes
• Tail  cutting of the  piglet
• Castration of the male piglet
• Ensure that  they are breathing
• Assist  the weak piglets  to suckle
• Changing  the beddings regularly
• Removing dead piglets from the pen
• Providing furrowing crate  to avoid crushing  of  piglets

• Raised pers with slatted floor
• Permanent calf pen with concrete floor
• Movable calf pen
• Temporary calf pen

14. Poor nutrition – infertility

Poor timing of service

15. three advantages of hoof trimming in sheep production

• Facilitate easy movement
• Control foot rot disease
• Prevents the ram  from injuring the ewe during mating ( ½ x3=1 ½ mks)

16. State four factors considered when citing an apiary in the farm

• Availability  of water
• Availability  of flowers
• A sheltered  place
• An area free from noise/disturbance
• Away  from lime stead and grazing grounds
• Well drained area (2×2=4mks)

 

17. three methods of stocking a beehive with honey bee

• Use  swarm nets
• Use of a catcher box
• Use of  an  empty  hive  ( ½ x3=1  ½ mks)

 

18. three common methods of extracting honey from the combs

• Use of  heat
• Crushing  and straining

Centrifugal extractor

19. a) i)
20. ii) before wearing/3-7 weeks of age/21-56 days/1 month-22months)

iii) -to determine  growth rate  i.e. weight gain

• -facilitate  administration of drugs  e.g. drenching
• -for feeding i.e.  to  know  the  amount  of feed to give
• -to determine the service/breeding time  (1×3=3mks)

 

1. b) i) B-entrance

C-top bar/bar

D-top  cover/lid(1×3=3mks)

1. ii) by applying bees wax/honey/molasses on the sides or top  of the  hive/  jaggery/sheep

sorrel/salvial/sugar syrup

(Accept concentrated sugar solution-reject-sugar solution)  (1×1=1mk)

iii) Outline the procedure of opening the hive to harvest honey

smoke  the  hive  through  the entrance using  a  smoker then light the hid  to  remove  the  top  bar(the  order must be  considered)  (1×2=2mks)

 

20. a) i) E-key hole saw/compass saw

F-wood chisel

G-cold/metal chisel

H-plumb bob  (1/2×4=2mks)

1. ii) E-to cut  or make key holes

F-cutting timber

G-cutting  metal

H-checking  whether a  tall wall is vertical  (1/2×4=2mks)

iii)  wooden hammer/mallet(1mk)

b))i) open castration/surgical castration  (1mk)

1. ii) procedure you would follow when carrying out the practice named in( i) above in piglets

• restrain  the  piglets
• sterilize the  blade
• disinfect the secretal sac
• slit  the secretal sac  to  expose  the testicle
• locate  and  hold  the  sperm duct
• cut  the  sperm  dust  by scrapping  with the slide
• sew up  the wound
• sterilize/disinfect  the wound
• release the animal(piglet)  (1/2×6=3mks)

1. four advantages of  age  grouping farm animals as a management  practice
   • Avoids bullying among the animals

• Facilitate feeding /adequate and economic use  of feed
• Facilitate  the administration of  drugs e.g. drenching
• Easy keeping  of management records
• Facilitate  breeding/cutting  of livestock  (2×4=8mks)

1. b) four major cause of lamb mortality from birth to weaning

• chilling
• scours
• internal parasitic infertation
• loss of  mother/lack of foster  parents
• inadequate mothers  milk/malnutrition
• crushing  by t he  mother (1×4=4mks)

 

1. c) i)cause-bacteria/brucella abortus brucells
2. ii) Transmission-sexually transmitted/it is a breeding diseases

iiI) Symptoms

• abortion/premature  birth
• yellowish  slimy  and odourless discharge through  the vulva
• retained afterbirth/placenta
• the cow  may become  barren  (1×4=4mks)

1. iv) Control measures

• vaccination
• use of healthy semen/bull/Al
• cull/destroy  affected cattle
• proper  disposal of foetus  and carcass (1×2=2mks)

 

23. Reasons for castrating animals when young

• Less pain
• Quick healing

–    Little loss of blood

 

 

24. a) Reasons for dehorning farm animals

• Reduce space occupied by animal
• Making handling easier
• To reduce destruction of farm structures
• To make them
• To reduce risk, injury to farmer and other animals 2x ½ = 1 mark

1. b) Methods of dehorning livestock

• Use of caustic potash stick (Potassium hydroxide)
• Use of dehorning iron
• Use of dehorning saw or wire
• Use of rubber ring and elastrator

–     Use of dehorning collation

25. a)Is the giving of high quality seeds to a gestating animal towards end gestation period
26. b) Reasons for steaming up

• Increase milk yield after farming
• Help build up body reserves for lactation
• Ensure rapid growth and development foetus

–     Ensure healthy and string young at birth

 

26. four management practices that should be carried on a fish pond in order to obtain maximum

Fish production.(2mrk)

• Control predators.
• Control Water pollution.
• Maintain appropriate water level.
• Maintain correct stocking rate.
• Supply adequate food. (4x ½  =2mks

 

27. four factors considered when formulating livestock ration. (2mk)

• Body weight / size
• Available feeds
• Cost of feeds
• Nutrient composition of feeds available.
• Ingredients required in the ratio.
• Animals level of production.
• Age / stage of growth.

Type of production.

 

28. four conditions that necessitate the handling of farm animals. (2mk)

• During treatment
• When spraying or hand dressing
• When milking
• When performing some management practices e.g. dehorning

When inspecting animals for any signs of a disease

 

28. – Large animals e.g. buffaloes

– man activities e.g. farming

– root pressure of plants

– burrowing animals e.g. moles, termites

 

29. (a) – Random/zigzag soil sampling-Arrow roots

(b) -Old manure heaps

– Ant hills

– Dead furrows

– Rice

– Fence lines

– Cattle bomas

 

 

FARM STRUCTURES

• Steel is expensive
• Require high skilled labour
• Heavy and difficult to transport
• Rusts easily

Low workability

• To prevent termites from rising up to the wall
• To reduce moisture rising up the wall

3. A group of calves kept according to age

 

4. a) Procedure in construction of a barbed wire fence

• Slash/ clear vegetation around fence line 2 m wide
• Measure and mark spots for holes using pegs
• Dig holes 60cm – 90cm deep depending areas where the poles are to be placed
• Assemble poles and other requirement materials
• Drop pole and struts at respective points
• Prepare concrete mixture
• Erect poles in pole holes
• Align the poles and put concrete using spade or soil
• Compact the concrete in holes
• Allow to settle for a few days while curing
• Put barbed wire around using appropriate tools
• Tighten the wire using wire strainer
• Mail barbed wire using fencing staple at required distance
• Put droppers along the fence as required             12×1=12 mks

1. b) Wood preservatives

• Creosote
• Old engine oil
• Paint/ far/ tanesc
• Copper sulphate
• Sodium dichromate
• Arsenic pentoxide
• Pentachloroplenol
• Triputyl tin oxide             4×1=4 mks

1. c) Choice of farm building materials

• Cost of materials
• Availability/ strength of the material
• Workability

Type of enterprise

 

5. (i) Factors considered when sitting a fish pond.

– Reliable source of water/ water source;

– Soil type / poorly drained clay soil the best;

– Topography / gently sloping;

– Security/ be secure from thieves / predators;

– Water quality / free of pollutants;

– Machine milking;

(ii) Features of a laying nest.

• Dimly lit; dark;
• Spacious / large enough to accommodate bird comfortably;
• Dry clean beddings;
• Have lockable doors;
• Kept in secluded parts of the house;
• Have slanting roofs to prevent birds from perching on;

5. Uses of footbath in cattle dip.

– To wash the foot off mud;

– Contains chemicals for controlling foot rot; CUSO₄ (blue vitriol/ formalin solution;)

6. (a) – A green house is a farm structure made up of glass or translucent material as wall and

roof to  enhance and achieve optimum condition for valuable horticultural crop production.

(b) Material used in green house construction.

– Galvanizing iron.

– Aluminium or wooden frame.

– Glass or clear polythene sheet.

– Fibre glass or reinforced panels.

(c) Maintenance practices on green house.

– Dirty polythene sheet should be clear.

– Blocked systems should be repaired and cleared.

– Torn polythene material should be replaced.

– Should be fenced for security.

(d)  Importance of maintaining farm structures.

– Last longer/ enhance durability.

– Reduce replacement cost.

– Protect livestock from predator.

– Prevent straying animals.

– To prevent diseases brought by cold winds.

– Make them effective in their use.

 

7. Disadvantages of barbed wire fence in paddocking:-

• Can remove wool from sheep
• Barbs can injure the animals

–    Smaller animals can pass through if the wire strands are widely spread

 

8. (a)       A .Inlet

B – Spillway/ overflow.

C –  Drain pipe/outlet             (1 ½ mk each = 1 ½  mks)

(b) The most appropriate part for feeding is part X  (1mk)

(c) Two reasons why the floor of the pond should be covered with lime

• Facilitate the work of fertilizer in the pond
• Maintain PH of pond water            ( ½  mk each 2pts = 1mk)

(d) Why should part marked B be screened?

• Prevent escape of fish
• Prevent entry f foreign /unwanted organisms ( ½ x 1pt = ½mk)

(e) three maintenance practices carried out on the structure

• Removing weeds
• Unblocking inlet and outlets
• Maintaining same water level
• repairing leakages on walls, floor e.t.c

–    Draining of water during harvesting

 

9. (a)Stille ( ½ mk x 1pt =  ½ mk)

(b) A pass allows only human passage while gate allows for both human and livestock in and

out of the farm      ( ½mk mark as a whole)

(c) One type of live fence

• Electric

–    Hedges

 

10. four requirements of a good maize store

• Leak proof
• Rat proof
• Properly ventilated
• Easy to clean
• Raised off the ground properly drained
• easy to load and unload/spacious (any 4x ½ =2mks)

 

11. three factors that determine the depth and size of foundation in a farm building

• Function  of  building
• Soil type
• Soil  depth
• Drainage of area (any 3x ½ =1 ½ mks)

 

12. (a) the uses of various hand tools in the construction of a poultry house

• Jembe- levelling the  ground
• Spade-scooping soil
• Tape-measuring distance
• Wheel barrow-carrying small load
• Spirit level-checking whether surface  is vertical or  horizontal
• Rip-saw/tenor saw-cutting  timber
• Hand drill/bit brace-boring in  wood
• Claw hammer-driving  in/hitting and removing nails
• G-clamp-holding  objects /wood  when  joining
• Tin-snip-cutting  iron  sheet
• Chisel
• Mallet (any 10×1=10mks)

(b) the procedure of erecting wooden rail fence(7mks)

• Locate  the area  to  be fenced off
• Determine the amount of  material  needed
• Treat  the  post
• Clear the area
• Measure  the  distance  3-4m  apart and  place  pegs
• Dig  holes  up to 60cm deep
• Put fencing  post  in hole and  reinforce with  concrete
• Place 3-4 horizontal rails
• Space at  about 125mm,175mm, 225mm  and 275mm from  ground
• Fixed  them  onto  post using nail (10x1pt=10mks)

(c) factors considered when choosing the construction materials for farm building

• Purpose  of building determine  strength and durability of material
• Availability of capital; depends  on  ability to purchase
• Aesthetic aspect:-determine by economic status of farmers
• Availability of material: easily obtained
• Durability: good quality .not be  repaired  often
• Resistant to extreme weather  condition
• Safely  of  farm animals and farmer:- not have side  effects/workability
• Suitability of the  material.(any5pointsx2mks=10mks)

 

 

13. – Have adequate space

– single housing ( 1caf per pen)

– Properly lit

– Have proper drainage

-Well ventilated

– Drought free

 

14. – Demarcates boundaries of farms

– Prevents intruders, wild animals, thieves in the farms

– Facilitate mixed farming

– Enhance paddocking of farm for effective rotational grazing

– Control unnecessary movement in the farm

– Control inbreeding

– Isolate sick animal

 

15. (a) (i) A – Wall plate/team beam/lintel

B – Damp proof coarse

C- Hard core

(ii) – Prevents termite invasion

– Prevents water capillarity /dampness

(b) (i) 1 bag of cement

3 parts/wheel barrows of sand

5 parts /wheel barrows of ballasts or gravel

(ii) Sand

3 parts of sand = 24m³

1 bag = 1×24 = 8m³

3

ballast

parts = 24m³

5 parts = 5×24 = 40m³ (½mk)

3

16. (a) Maintenance of the fish pond

– Protection of the pond – regularly check pond walls, plant grass on the walls to help control soil erosion

– Pond bottom repair- check water seepage problems regularly, It can be done introducing an even layer of clay to seal off the bottom of pond properly

– Removal of weeds; -regularly remove all weeds that grow on the walls and around the ponds

– Maintenance of appropriate water level: Maintain the same level of water in the pond by use of inlet and outlets

– Inspection of pond: – Regularly check for cracks in the walls and seal immediately

– Cleaning the pond- once n a while to drain out the pond water, remove all stones, silt or roots that may have settled at the pond bottom, lime the water before refilling it with water

– removal of organic materials – any vegetative matter or food remains should be removed as soon as they are noticed to ensure they do not start decomposing

– Repair fence around the pond- In case of worn out posts, repair/replace immediately

(b) Ways of controlling of fish predators in a fish pond

– Put a strong wire fence around the pond

– Provide a wire screen above the pond to guard against prevatory birds

– A sire screen is put in the inlet, outlet and in the spillway

– Scare away in the binds as necessary

– occasionally drain the ponds to kill all unwanted predatora in the pond bottom

 

17. four reasons of treating timber before roofing farm buildings

• Prevent attack from insects
• Prevent attack from fungi (rotting)
• Resist weather condition:-extreme temperature
• Resist water penetration
• To harden woo-make it durable and more strong
• To avoid warping

 

18. four uses of crushing in the farm

• Spraying livestock  against external parasites
• Identifying animals by use  of  such   methods as branding ,ear-tagging and ear notching
• Vaccination
• Administering prophylactic drugs to the animals
• Treating sick animals
• Dehorning
• Pregnancy test
• Artificial insemination
• Taking  body temperature
• Hoof trimming
• Milking

 

19. a) A fence is a structure that encloses a designated area and forms a physical barrier for

animals and human

1. b) List various types of fences

• live  fence
• electric  fence
• barbed wire fence
• chicken wire  fence
• wooden fence
• pole and rail fence
• plain  wire  fence
• trench fence
• wall  fence

1. c) Describe advantages of fences

• keep off intruders/thieves
• prevent  damage of crops  by  animals
• control grazing in paddocks
• control breeding by separating male and female
• acts as wind break
• control pests and disease by controlling  wild animals
• add aesthetic value
• provide livestock feed or human fruits  or firewood
• add value  to the farm
• provide security to the  house stead and farm animas
• they form perimeter fence along the boundary to demarcate farm land from the  neighbours
• used to isolate sick animals from the rest of the herd  to prevent spread of diseases
• separate crop field from pasture facilitating mixed farming

 

20. i) E – rafter         F- Struct

G- Eaves                     H- Wall plate

1. ii) E (Rafter) – To provide support for the roofing materials

F (Strut) – To support the rafter/ holding the weight of the roof

G (Eaves) – Prevent rain from falling on the wall

H- (wall plate)- To support the roof

iii) Chemicals for treating timber

• Tar
• Sodium dichromate
• Copper sulphate
• Arsenic pentoxide
• Old engine oil
• Pentachlorophenox
• Tributyl tin oxide
• Creosote
• Paint

 

21. i) K- Spill way (reject over flow pipe)

L- Drainage channel

1. ii) M is deeper to provide breeding place for the fish

iii) Maintenance of the pond

• Cleaning the pond by removing all foreign materials
• Repairing the dyke (bunds)
• Maintain good level of water
• Control predators
• Weed control around the pond
• Plant grass on dykes to prevent erosion
• Remove the silt if accumulated
• Regular pond fertilization
• Apply lime before refilling

 

22. a) Siting a fish pond
23. i) Soil type- clay soil is the best
24. ii) Topography – requires gentle slope not Lilly and flat

iii) Source of water – near reliable source

1. iv) Marketing centre should be close
2. v) Accessibility from the homestead
3. vi) Security – protected against predators

vii) far from natural source of fish

b)

• General farm hygiene, cleanliness of houses, equipment proper carcass disposal by burning/ burying/
• Disinfection to destroy pathogens e.g. Anthrax and calf diseases
• Isolation of sick animals – separated from healthy ones to avoid spread of diseases e.g. foot mouth
• Drenching/ deworming to control internal parasites e.g. tapeworms and roundworms
• Treatment of the sick animal – to prevent spread of diseases
• Vaccination to create resistance to diseases on regular basis e.g. foot and mouth, anthrax, new castle
• Control vectors – to avoid disease transmission e.g. ECF, nagana/ specific method
• Prophylactic approach/ use of drugs to avoid injection e.g dry cow therapy against mastitis
• Trypanocidal drugs to control trypanosomiasis
• Proper breeding to control breeding diseases e.g. brucellosis
• Proper feeding to prevent nutritional disorders e.g. milk fever, anaemia
• Slaughtering/ killing – to prevent spread of contagious diseases e.g. anthrax
• Quarantine – to avoid spread of diseases
• – prevent introduction of diseases
• Proper housing to avoid predisposing the animal to diseases e.g. ventilation, spacing
• Foot trimming to minimize occurrence foot rot

 

 

 

23. four factors which influence the selection of materials for constructing a diary shed

• Kind of dairy shed i.e.  permanent  or  temporary
• Availability of  materials
• Cost of  materials
• Environment conditions of climate and soil type
• Durability of materials a
• Availability of killed labour for  construction
• Capital available  (1/2×4=2mks)

 

24. a)

2

1. i) On the diagram a provided below, draw the mark to indicate a pig number 147,

using the procedure of ear-notching in diagram above

ii)the recommended stage of growth in pigs at which the ear-notching should be carried out?

• before  wearing/3-7 weeks of age/21-56 days/1 month-22months)

iii) State any three reasons why weight is an important routine management practice in pig production

• to determine  growth rate  i.e. weight gain
• facilitate  administration of drugs  e.g. drenching
• for feeding i.e.  to  know  the  amount  of feed to give
• to determine the service/breeding time  (1×3=3mks)

 

1. b) i) B-entrance

C-top bar/bar

D-top  cover/lid(1×3=3mks)

 

1. ii) by applying bees wax/honey/molasses on the  sides or top  of the  hive/ jaggery/sheep

sorrel/salvial/sugar syrup

(Accept concentrated sugar solution-reject-sugar solution)  (1×1=1mk)

iii) Outline the procedure of opening the hive to harvest honey

smoke  the  hive  through  the entrance using  a  smoker then light the hid  to  remove  the  top  bar(the  order must be  considered)  (1×2=2mks)

 

25. a) State five  maintenance practice of a  mould board plough

• Lubricate  the moving pests
• Sharpen blunt  share
• Tighten bolts and   nuts
• Clean  the  plough after  use
• Coat  the unpainted  parts with old engine oil before any storage
• Replace worn out parts (1×5=5mks)

1.  b) Explain five structural   and functional differences between the petrol and diesel engines

Petrol engine	Diesel engine
i)has a carburetor ii)fuel and air mixed in the carburetor iii)fuel ignited by an electric spark   iv)produces little smoke v)is  light  in weight	i)Has  an  injector pump ii)Fuel and air  mixed  within  the cylinder iii)fuel ignited by  compression of air and  fuel mixture  in the cylinder iv)produces  a lot of  smoke v)relatively  heavy

 

1.  c) List five uses of farm fences

• keep of wild  life ,predation and  intruders
• demarcates boundaries
• separate crop field from pasture land
• divide pasture land into  paddock
• control  movement of  animals and people within  the farm and  prevent formation of unnecessary pests
• control disease  and parasites helps in isolate  sick animals
• helps in  controlling breeding
• provide security
• act as  wind break  (1×5=5mks)

 

26. Uses of farm buildings

• Protect the farm animals from predators
• Provide shelter to the farmer and livestock
• Used to store farm produce and valuable inputs
• Controls livestock diseases and parasites

–     Enhances efficiencies in farm planning, budgeting and production

 

27. Structural requirements for proper housing

• Well ventilation
• Free from cold/ draught
• Adequate space
• Proper drainage
• Leak proof roof
• Well lighting
• Easy to clean/ concrete floor

 

28. a) – roof
29. b) P- purklin                    Q- Rafter

R- Cross tie                 S- Gutter

1. c) P- Support roofing material/ iron sheet

Q – Collect water and safely directs it away from building

 

29. a) Honey
30. b) Crushing and straining
31. c) Procedure of harvesting the named product

• Wear protective clothes
• Approach hive quietly from behind
• Blow smoke around hive then through entrance
• Lower hive
• Remove lid/ cover
• Lift top bars and brush off with bees
• Cut honey combs with honey leaving 3cm of wax
• Put combs in container
• Place back bars
• Put lid
• Return hive in position

1. d) Factors that affect quality of product harvested

• Type of plant from which nectar is obtained
• Maturity stage
• Method of harvesting
• Method of processing

28. i)Docking
29. ii) Reasons for carrying out the operation

• Avoid incidences of blowfly
• Make mating easy
• Even distribution of fat in body
• Avoid dirtifying wool

iii) Age of operation

• within two weeks from lambing

1. iv) Methods used for operation

• use of rubber ring and elastrator
• cutting with sterilized docking knife
• use of burdizzo
• use of hot iron bar

1. v) Routine management practice carried out on part B

– hoof trimming

 

29. a) Five parts of plunge dip
    1. Holding yard- Hold animal before dipping
    2. Foot bath- Wash animal feet off dung, mud

-Prevent foot rot/ contain copper sulphur,

• Jump- Narrow entrance allow single animal easily to jump in dip wash

1. Draining race- Animal held while dip wash drain back in dip tank
2. Drying yard- Animals need to dry before allowed to pasture, avoid contamination
3. Silt trap-raps mad, dung before dip wash flow back to dip tank, prevent siltation of dip tank

• Shelter-Prevent evaporation

-Prevent dilution of dip wash with rains

1. b) Six uses of live fences

• Thorn species prevent wild animals and other invaders into the farm
• Tall varieties act as wind breakers
• Add aesthetic value to the homestead
• Roots holds soil firmly controlling soil erosion
• Species such as lantana canara can be used to feed livestock
• Provide shade to livestock and man
• Trimmed branches can be used as organic manure, wood fuel
• Some species have medicinal value       1×6=6 marks

 

1. c) Four factors that influence power output of drought animal
2. i) Training- Proper training of oxen will plough better and faster than untrained animal
3. ii) Feeding- Well fed animals work better than poorly fed animals

iii) Rest-Animals given enough rest work better than those that are not

1. iv) Honestly-Animals housed are protected from harsh condition e.g. cold thus work better
2. v) Disease control- Animals treated when sick, vaccinated, sprayed/ dipped against

external parasites/ dewormed against internal parasites are more efficient

1. vi) Age of animals- Young and very old animals give low output than averagely aged

 

 

 

LIVESTOCK HEALTH III

(LIVESTOCK DISEASES)

1. -Mastitis

– Milk fever

2. Pre-disposing factors of foot rot.

– Overgrown / untrimmed hooves;

– Tick infestation between hooves;

– Muddy / filthy living / grazing areas;

– Presence of sharp objects e.g. stones;

3. (i) Causative agents of Brucellosis.

–Brucella abort – Cattle

– Brucella suis  – Pigs

– Brucella malitensis – sheep and goats;                                                                   (½ x 1 = ½ mk)

(ii) Symptoms of contagious abortions.

• Retained after birth;
• Sterility in cows;
• Spontaneous abortion;
• Yellowish – brown, slimy discharge, odourless discharge from the vulva after abortion;

 

(iii) Methods of controlling contagious abortion.

• Use of artificial insemination (A.I).
• Vaccination against the disease in young animals;
• Avoid contact with the aborted fetus;
• Blood tests of all breeding animals before mating;

Cull, slaughter infected animals;

 

4. A vaccine is an active disease pathogen reduced in strength /virulence or killed and is

introduced into an animals body to induce immunity

 

5. (a) Discuss black quarter under control predators under the following sub-headings:-

(i) animal affected-cattle, sheep, goats

(ii) casual organism-clostridium chauvei

(iii) Symptoms of disease      (5mks)

• Rise in body temperature
• Lameness  and  swelling of  upper part  of  limbs,  making animals  lie on side
• Swollen  shoulders  on either side of  body, chest or  back,  formation of gas under skin
• Difficulties in breathing
• Muscle appear black and spongy
• Grunting and grinding of teeth
• Failure to  chew cud
• On  exposure  to air, muscle of  body rapidly  darken

(iv) control measures (3mks)

• Annual vaccination  using  black  quarter  vaccine
• Burning  of   carcass
• Carcass  should not be  skinned or  opened
• Cleaning  and treating  of  all wounds  with antiseptics (any 3×1=3mks)

(b) (i) Explain four measures used to control liver flukes    (4mks)

• Controlling liver flukes
• Draining  swampy  areas
• Avoid grazing animals in swamps  area
• Burning heavily infested pastures
• Apply  chemicals (copper  sulphate) to kill snails
• Remove and  kill snails
• Fencing  off swampy area (any 4×1=4mks)

(ii) Name an intermediate host of liver fluke

Water  snail (limnea sp.)

(c) Explain the following terms as used in livestock production

(i) Embryo transfer

• Method  of breeding  which involve  removal of ova  from a  superior animal, fertilize externally   in a test tube  then transfer to a foster mother which carry pregnancy to term

(ii) Artificial insemination

• Introduction of semen  in to the females reproductive system by  use of a tube

(iii) Line breeding

• Is mating  of distantly related animals but  within the same breed

(iv) Cross breeding

• Mating  of animals  belonging  to  different breeds e.g. fresian bull and  jersey cow

(v) Up-grading

• Is   the  mating  of high grade  bull/sire  to a low  grade cow/dam (05×1=5mks)

 

 

6. – Overgrown hooves

– Presence of sharp objects/stores

– Muddy living/grazing areas

– Living infestation between hooves

7. (a) (i) Coccidia

(ii) Poultry, calves, young rabbits, kids, lambs

(iii) -Diarrhea

– Dysentery in the dung

– Euraciation

– Ruffled feathers

– Birds become dull with dropping wings

– sudden death in birds, rabbits and kids

(iv) Drugs such as coccidiostats mixed with food or water

– Isolation of infected animals

– Avoid filthy, unhygienic animal surroundings

– Avoid common dunking points for livestock from different farms

– Avoid overcrowding in poultry houses

(b) (i) – Able to kill ticks

– Harmless to both human beings and livestock

– stable – remains effective even after contamination by dung, mud or hair

(ii) – Spraying animals

• dipping – involves immersing the animal into the acaricide or wetting the animal by the acaricide

– Hand dressing – involves smearing pyegrene on areas not likely to be reached by the acaricide

e.g. in the ears

8. four ways of controlling coccidiosis in the farm

• Avoid overcrowding in poultry
• Provision of coccidiostat in feeds and water
• Use of portable calf pen
• Practicing proper hygiene

9. four predisposing factors of scour in calves

• Unhygienic  condition in the house of the young ones
• Feeding  the calves on cold milk
• Lack of colostrums and
• Feeding at irregular intervals

10. four notifiable diseases of livestock

• Rinderpest
• Foot and mouth
• Anthrax
• Rift valley fever
• New  castle  disease: mud cow disease

11. New castle, fowl pox, fowl typhoid, gumboro, marek – injections, pursaa disease

• Signs of anthrax in carcasses
• Blood does not clot
• No rigormatics after death
• Stomach swells/ bloat
• Darkened blood oozes out through the natural opening

13. Differentiate

• Active immunity – animal producing antibodies
• Acquired/ passive immunity – external source of immunity

• Fuel system
• Electrical system
• Cooling
• Lubrication
• Transmission
• Ignition
• Hydraulic

 

15. 2 adjustment on mould board plough

• Adjust the plough depth
• Front furrow depth
• Lowering/ raising ploughing pitch
• Front furrow width

 

16. a) Disc plough reject disc alone
17. b) X – Disc scrapper

Y-  Rear wheel/ furrow wheel

Z – Disc

1. c) – Replace broken discs

• Clean plough after use reject wash plough
• Lubricate hubs and furrow wheel bearing/ moving parts reject movable parts
• Lighten loose nuts and bolts
• Store in a cool dry place
• Apply old engine oil to prevent rusting during long storage/ paint implement

17. Causes of ruminal tympany (Bloat)

• Obstruction of esophagus due to bulky food e.g. potatoes
• Abnormal pressure exerted on esophagus by swelling in wall of chest

Indigestion due to eating poisonous herbs, soft young green foliage

 

18. a) Symptoms of milk fever

• Muscular twitching
• Staggering
• Animal lies down on its side most of the time
• Animals lies on sternum with rock twisted on one side
• General paralysis
• Breathing becomes slow and weak 4x ½ =2 marks

1. b) Control measures of milk fever

• Feed animal o diet rich in calcium
• Give intramuscular injection of calcium 2-3 days before cavity
• Partial milking

–     Cull susceptible animal

 

19. East coast fever (ECF)
20. i) cattle 1×1=1 mark
21. ii) Theirelia parva Reject if not underlined, spellings are wrong

iii)

• Fever/ high temperature
• Salivation
• Lachrimentim/ tears from eyes
• Difficult in breathing
• Haemorrhages in vulva/ mouth
• Coughing
• Sight impairment                              6×1=6 marks

iv)

• Regular spraying/ dipping/ hand dressing with acaricide
• Fencing/ rotational grazing
• Treatment using appropriate drugs       2×1=2 marks

1. b) Ten measures used to control livestock diseases
2. i) Proper breeding and selection

– Animals fed on balanced ration adequate in quantity and quality are strong and able to resist    diseases

1. ii) Proper breeding and selection

– Animals selected that are free from diseases or resistant to diseases will prevent transmission of diseases

 

iii) Proper housing and hygiene’s

– Animals houses should be built to meet construction requirement e.g. ventilation, space, drainage, leak proof, lighting and will prevent and protect animals from contracting diseases

1. iv) Isolation of sick animals

– Is separation and confinement of animals from health ones while undergoing treatment, this prevents spread of the diseases

1. v) Imposition of quarantine

– Is restriction of movement of animals and their products from and into affected areas, thus prevents spreads of diseases

1. vi) Prophylactic measure and treatment

– Involves use of drugs before disease attack to prevent occurrence e.g. use of coccidiostat to control coccichosis, drenching to prevent anti helminites

– Also involve vaccination, spraying with appropriate acaricize and treatment to restore good health

vii) Slaughtering affected animla

– Highly infection and contagious diseases e.g. rinderpest, new cattle foot and mouth animals should be slaughtered and carcasses will dispose to prevent spread

viii) Use of antiseptics and disinfectants

– Applied on skin to kill germs or clean livestock to maintain hygiene

• Vaginitis.
• Brucellosis.
• Trichomaniasis.

• Vaginitis.
• Brucellosis.
• Trichomaniasis.
• Leptospirosis. (2x ½  = 1mk)

 

21. (a) injection             (b)oral

 

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V

(POULTRY)

1. One bird occupies 0.27m²                    

Area available 9m x 3m= 27m²

1 bird        0.27m²

?          27m²

= 27m²    = 100 birds        1×2=2mis

0.27m²

 

2. Functions of isthmus.

– Shell membranes formed/ determines shape of egg;

– Water mineral salts and vitamins added;

 

3. Features of a laying nest.

• Dimly lit; dark;
• Spacious / large enough to accommodate bird comfortably;
• Dry clean beddings;
• Have lockable doors;
• Kept in secluded parts of the house;
• Have slanting roofs to prevent birds from perching on;

Have an appropriate height from floor;

 

4. Qualities of marketable eggs.

• Smooth texture;
• Right shape, colour, size and weight;
• Right shell hardness;

Clean and fresh;

 

5. (a)           A – Too high temperature

B- draught C chilliness from left side

C – Inadequate heat supply /low temperatures          ( ½ x 3 = 1 ½ mk)

(b) Explain why the brooder guard is rounded as shown in the diagram

To avoid overcrowding in the corners which can lead the suffocation and death

 

6. – Fertilized

– Medium size (55-60gm)

– oval shaped

– free form abnormalities e.g. double yolk/ blood spots

– Be freshly collected (not more than 1 week)

– Have smooth shells

– Be free from cracks in the shells

– Be clean

 

7. Adequate space

– Litter to be kept dry and free form dust

– Turn the liter frequently

– Perches and rosters should be adequate and well spaced

– Adequate waterers

– Well distributed waterers

–  Provide clean and adequate water

– equipment to be kept clean

– Replenish soft litter in the nest

– ensure the nest is dark

– Collect eggs regularly

– Feed the birds well

– Supply gut to assist in digestion

– Keep the birds busy by hanging greens

– Curl the birds and pool layers

– De-beak birds to prevent cannibalism

– Vaccinate birds regularly

– Check birds for disease symptoms

– control parasites

– Avoid stress factors

– Discourage broodiness

– Maintain and repair the houses

– Provide enough fed troughs

– Keep proper records

– Dispose off dead birds

 

 

8. four reasons for egg breaking and drinking by layers in a deep litter rearing System Bright light in the laying boxes/over corroding/few laying boxes

• Poor feeding without mineral rich feeds
• Undebeaked birds
• Irregular egg collection

 

9. a)      a-infertile (clear)

b-fertile egg

c-damage yolk

1. b) Identify the egg which suitable for incubation and give a reasons for your answer Egg b-it is fertile and will develop into a chick
2. c) Name the practice which used to determine the state of eggs above

Candling

 

10. a) Brooding of chicks (1×1=1mk)
11. b) four preparations that should be carried out structure U before arrival of day old chicks

cleaning the house and brooder with disinfectant

• dusting with chemical to kill etoparasites
• placing  the polythene  paper on  fresh  and clean saw  dust
• fixing  and setting of sources of heat  and  light
• Fixing the feed and water troughs and putting fresh feed and water.

1. c) List down one behaviouristic activity which would indicate that the chicks are under stress Moving away or close to the heat source

• Fighting
• Cannibalism

 

11. – Litter gives comfort and warmth to the birds

– Helps in drying dropping

– keeps birds bust

12. Reasons for castrating animals when young

• Less pain
• Quick healing

–    Little loss of blood

 

13. a) Reasons for dehorning farm animals

• Reduce space occupied by animal
• Making handling easier
• To reduce destruction of farm structures
• To make them
• To reduce risk, injury to farmer and other animals                         2x ½ = 1 mark

1. b) Methods of dehorning livestock

• Use of caustic potash stick (Potassium hydroxide)
• Use of dehorning iron
• Use of dehorning saw or wire
• Use of rubber ring and elastrator

–     Use of dehorning collation

14. four abnormalities of eggs that can be detected during egg candling. (2mk)

• Absence of yolk.
• Double / triple yolk.
• Air space in wrong position.
• Excessively large air space.
• Cracks on egg shell.
• Blood / meat spots.
• Deformed / broken yolk.

15. The management of day old chicks in a deep litter system from preparation

of brooder up to eight (8)weeks old (20mks)

• ensure  brooder is  working  well 2-3days  before  arrival  of  chicks
• provide  brooded  with  litter  for  warmth and  moisture  absorption
• provide  heat  source
• put  wire gauze around  the  heat source
• make holes on the  brooder to provide fresh  air
• provide dim light to prevent  cannibalism
• cover  litter with  polythene  sheet  or  newspaper  and place feeds on them to discourage  chicks  from  eating litter
• check the temperature at  above 15cm above  the  floor to  ensure  that  the temperature  is  appropriate
• from 4^th -6^th week withdraw the  heat source gradually
• feed  chicks  on chicks mash
• provide  plenty of  clean water
• vaccinate against  Newcastle disease  after 2-3  weeks
• keep proper records
• dust  birds  with  insecticide  to control external parasites
• at 6 weeks  introduce growers  mash
• isolate sick birds  from  healthy ewes
• remove  and treat sick birds
• clean  and  disinfect the  house
• provide  greens
• remove dead  chicks from the  house
• provide  foot bath with disinfectants

 

16. (a)- Piglets are weaned at the age of 8 weeks and feet on sow and weaner meal.

– Deworming should be done to control internal parasites.

– Vaccinate to control diseases e.g African swine Fever.

– Spray to control external parasites

– Identification is done by ear notching

– Take it to pork when it shows signs of being heat

-Trim over grown hooves.

– Gestation period is 4 months

– Prepare furrowing pen by disinfecting the walls

– Sow brought to furrowing pen 3 days to.

 

(b) -Age

-Mothering ability be good

-Physical fitness

-Health of gut

-Body confirmation

-Temperament of behaviour

-Adaptability

-prolificacy

 

17. (i) M- Chalaza                       L- Space

N- Yolk                              O- Inner shell membrane       P- Shell

(ii) M- Hold the yolk in position at centre of the egg.

L- Air trappd in this space used by developing embryo

(iii) – To avoid germinal disc sticking on the egg shell

 

18. – Move away from the source of heat to the periphery

 

19. -saw dust

Wood shavings

Crushed maize cobs

Coffee husks

Rice husks

20.

• Be fertilized
• Should be medium in size i.e 50-65 gm in weight
• Have smooth shells
• Be oval in shape
• Be free of any cracks in shells
• Be clean to ensure that pores are clean
• Not have any fresh i.e collected withine one week
• Should be fresh i.e collected within one week

 

 

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III

(LIVESTOCK REARING PRACTICES)

1. A group of calves kept according to age

 

2. (a) – Assemble all milking equipments such as buckets, milking can and towels.

– Put animals in milking shed and restrain appropriately.

– Wash udder and teat using warm water mixed with an appropriate sanitizing agent.

– Dry the udder using a towel.

– Use trip cup to test the first few drops of milk for mastitis.

– Carry out milking by squeezing out the milk / teats.

– Strip the udder dry.

– Dip the teats in ant-mastitis solution after milking.

– Apply milking jelly 9milk salve) on the teats.

– Release the cow.

– Weigh and record the milk.

– Strain the milk into the milking can to cover immediately.

-Cool the milk  rapidly to a temperature of 4⁰c.

(b)       – Keep cow healthy/ free from diseases.

– Wash cow flanks, udder  and region around the udder using clean water then dry using clean

towels.

• Milking shed should be clean, wash after every milking and disinfect.
• Clean and sterilize milking utensils.
• Keep milk in a dust free environment.
• Deliver milk to collecting centres.
• Don’t feed cows on feeds which may taint milk a few hours to milking e.g. Mexican marigold, silage, garlic e.t.c.
• Do not expose milk to direct sun.
• Milk should be carried in aluminium container.

Copper and iron containers may cause oxidation of milk fats.

 

3. Reasons for washing a cow’s udder with warm water

• To remove dirt
• To stimulate milk let down ( ½ mk each = 1mk)

 

4. two roles of uterus in egg formation process

• Additional of calcium which harden egg shell
• Additional of egg pigmentation (2x ½ =1mk)

 

5. (a) M – Alveolus N – Gland cistem        O – Teat          ( ½ x 3= 1½mks)

(ii) Oxytocin – Controls the muscle fibres surrounding alveoli to allow milk secretion

adrenalin – A hormone that relaxes the udder muscles to all milk let down            (1×2=2mks)

(b) Free from disease causing organisms

• Has no hair/dirt dust
• Its of high keeping / lasting quality
• Chemical composition is within the expected standards ( ½  x3=1 ½mks)

 

6. four characteristics of clean milk

• Has normal taste
• Free  from physical materials
• Free from pathogens
• Free from foul smell
• It is of  high  keeping quality
• Is chemical composition  is within  the expected standards

 

7. three maintenance practices carried out on a milking machine

• Flushing the tubes under high pressure to deblock it
• Greasing/orling the rotating parts in the pump
• Storing it to dry upside down after through washing

 

8. four reasons for feeding Colostrums to calves immediately after calving

• Easily digested
• Has high nutritive value
• Contains antibodies which protect the calf from diseases
• Has laxative effect

 

• Presence of milk man/ milky parlour
• Washing/ massaging udder
• Feeding
• Sounds associated with milking
• Maintain regular milking time

10. a) Differences operational

Disc plough	Mould board plough
Can be used in fields with obstacles	Cannot be used in fields with obstacles
Ploughs/ cuts at varying depths	Ploughs/ cuts at constant depths or confirm depth
Requires less skills to operate	Requires more skills to operate
Works well in sticky soils	Does not work well in sticky soils
Rotates and not easily broken since rolls over obstacles	Easily broken by obstacles
Requires more harrowing	Requires fewer harrowing
Poor furrow slice inversion	Proper furrow slice inversion
Does not require constant replacement of parts	More power to pull

b)

• Poor communication network/ poor infrastructures
• Lack of cooling/ handling facilities/ processing facilities
• Competition with non- dairy products/ cheap imported dairy products
• Prevalence of Zoonotic diseases
• Inefficient/ poor management of marketing society/ dairy boards
• Late/ non- payment by marketing agents/ exploitation by marketing agents/ middle men
• Lack of capital to finance marketing activities
• Price fluctuation due to changes in supply
• Lack of market information

1. c) Reasons for culling livestock

• Old age
• Poor health
• Low libido/ infertile
• Physical deformities
• Hereditary defects
• To avoid inbreeding

 

11. three advantage of artificial method of calf rearing

• Accurate records  of milk  yield may be  kept
• It is easy to regulate the amount of  milk  taken by  the calf
• Cows  produce milk eve in  the absence  of  the  calf
• It is easy to maintain high standard of cleanliness/sanitations
• The farmer  is likely  to sell more milk  hence  maximizing profit (1/2×3=1 1/2mks)

 

12. three methods that may be used to improve milk production in a breed of indigenous goats

• Proper selection/culling
• Proper breeding/upgrading/ cross  breeding
• Maintaining good  health
• Proper feedings
• Proper milking  methods
• Proper housing   ( ½ x3=1  ½ mks)

 

13. a) Physical characteristics between good layer and poor layer

Part/feature	Good	Poor
Comb/wattle	Large warm,wavy	Small, shrunken, dry, scaly pace, cold
Eyes	Bright, orange, alert race	Dark, pace, yellow
Beak	Oval, moist, reddish, active	Yellowish
Vent	Soft, pliable, wide	Round, dry, less active
abdomen	Soft, pliable,wide	Hard, full
Space between keel and petric bone	Wide fits 3-4 fingers	Small fits 1-2 fingers
Temperate	Alert- active	Dull, less active
Moulting	Start late	Start early
Plumage	Dry,rugged, rough	Preened, glossy, smooth
Shanks	Pace	Yellowish
broodiness	rare	common

 

1. b) i) – Young animals produce with high butter fat content than older animals
2. ii) Pregnant, emaculated animals have lower butter fat content than normal animals

iii) early and late stage of lactation has lower butter fat content while middle phase has higher butter fat content

1. iv) last drawn milk from udder has more butter fat
2. v) – Different breeds of animals produce milk with different % composition e.g. Jersey produces milk with high butter fat content than fresian
3. vi) Season of the year

• Fat % increases during cold season of year but decreases during dry season

vii) Animals fed roughages produce milk with high fats, protein and lactase than those fed on

grains

viii) mastitis reduces lactose composition in milk

1. ix) Certain drugs are known to lower milk composition if animal is under treatment

 

14. a) – Remove dirt.

– Stimulate milk letdown  (2x ½  =1mk)

1. b)           i) Milk letdown – oxytocin
2.  ii) Lacto genesis – Prolactin (2x ½  = 1mk

 

15. four methods of increasing the depth of penetration of a disc harrow

• Exert more hydraulic force.
• Use fewer discs.
• Increase space between discs.
• Add weights.

Increase cutting angle of discs

• Boom sprayer
• Spray race
• Rotavator
• Maize Sheller

Mowers

• Chisel plough

Sub soiler

• Combine harvester
• Forage harvester
• Potato lifter

Mowers

 

 

19. a)

• Oil bath air cleaner – check for oil level and add more if low
• Check for cleanliness in oil bath and wash bowl – replace oil if dirty
• Battery – check for electrolyte level and top up if low
• Fuel – check and fill if low
• Radiation- check for water level and top up with clean water if low
• Check for trash in tins and remove if any
• Fan belt- checks for tension and tighten if loose
• Engine oils – check oil level using a dip stick and add more if level is low
• Tyres- check for tyre pressure and add if low
• Bolts, nuts and pins- check for tightness and tighten if loose
• Grease all the moving parts
• Check for any physical abnormalities and rectify accordingly
• Check sediment bowl and drain if dirty
• Use of right type of oil                                                                                               15×1=15 mks

1. b) i) Flywheel – maintain the rotational motion of the crankshaft
2. ii) Ignition coil – steps up the voltage from the battery

iii) thermostat – controls engine temperature

1. iv) Injector – Atomises the fuel into very fine spray/ injects fuel into cylinder
2. v) Piston – compresses air/ fuel mixture in the cylinder/ expels exhaust gases/ transmits power

 

 

FARM POWER AND MACHINERY

1. Farm operations powered by Engines.

– Ploughing and harrowing / land preparations;

– Transporting farm produce;

– Spraying of herbicides/ pesticides.

– Mowing the grass;

– Lighting of homes;

– Pumping water for irrigation.

– Harvesting farm produce;

– Machine milking.

 

2. (a) Maintenance practices required on a tractor before setting out to work.

– Check the engine oil daily using dip stick.

– Check fuel and add if necessary.

– Nuts and bolts are tightened whenever they loosen.

– Water level in the radiator be checked and added if necessary.

– Battery electrolyte be checked daily and if below level, top up be done using distilled water.

– Greasing be done on the bearings.

– Tyre pressure be checked and if low, should be added.

– Fan belt tension be checked.

– Break shaft bearing  should be greased.

– Ensure break fluid and clutch fluid levels are maintained.

– Sediments from the sediment bowls should be removed.

– Check battery terminals and grease.

– Oil cleaner be cleaned.

(b) Factors that influence power output by a draught animal.

– Age – Mature animals produce more power output than young ones.

– Breed & Type – Indigenous animals are more hardy than exotic.

– Training Level – better trained animals have better work output.

– Body Weight – A draught animal  can pull 10 – 20% of its body not for 6 – 8 hours.

(The bigger the animal, the more output).

– Harnessing of the animal – well harnesses animal is more efficient at work than poorly

harnessed  work.

• Condition of working equipment on well maintained equipment have higher work output with the draught animal than poorly maintained ones.
• Environmental/ Ambient temperature – Cool temperatures lead to higher work output with a draught animal than high temperature.
• Health Status – A healthy draught animal has higher workout put than a sick animal.

 

3. Uses of a gearbox:-

• Stops the tractor without switching off engine
• Provides different forward speeds
• Enables reversing ( ½ x 2pts = 1mk)

 

4. Two uses for which wind power is harnessed

• To pump water
• To generate electricity
• For processing /winnowing of grains e.g. millet, rice e.t.c

5. Name three implements that are connected to the power take-off shaft

• Sprayers
• Rotarators
• Reciprocating (1mk each = 3mks)

 

6. (a) Implement identity – Disc plough

(b)           L – Furrow wheel                  M – Beam

(c) – Adds weight

• Forms attachment of all the other parts ( ½ x 1pt = ½ mk)

(d) Where there are hidden obstacles e.g. stumps , rocks e.t.c

–    Heavy soils

 

7. (a) Factors that a farmer should consider in ensuring fast and efficient cultivation by oxen

• A well trained personnel
• Using well trained animals
• use of efficient implement
• Avoiding overworking the animals (allow them to rest
• Good working environment should be created for the animals
• Animals should be handled well
• Feeding the animals properly
• Using of males animals to do the work
• Using healthy animals only to do the work (1mk x 8pts = 8mks)

 

(b) The importance of lubrication system in a tractor

• Prevents rusting i.e when oiling is done
• It pacts as a cleaning agent as it washes off the dirt, dust
• Reduces the heat/cooling
• Increases efficiency of the machine and reduces the rate of wear and tear on moving parts

 

(c) The daily maintenance and servicing of a tractor

• Checking of maintenance and servicing of a tractor
• Checking of engine oil by use of dip stick and add if low
• The level of electrolyte in battery should be checked daily and add if low
• Inspect the H2O level in radiator and add if low
• Loose nuts and bolts should be tightened
• Tyre pressure should be checked and added if low
• Level of fuel should be checked and added if low
• Removal of large sediments from the sediment bowl
• Greasing should be done by use of grease on nipples of bearings
• Fan belt tension should be checked to ensure that it deflects between 1.9–2.5cm when pushed
• Break shaft should be greased
• Maintain break fluid level (1mk each for any 9pts= 9mks)

 

 

8. (i) Hydraulic system-raise and  lower  mounted  implements like  plough

(ii) Draw bar-attachment  of trail  implement

(iii) Propeller shaft-connect gearbox to  differential which has  axle  to  drive wheel

making tractors  to move backwards or forward.(@ 1mkx3=3mks

 

9. (i)Hiring of tractors and  implements  by  farmers  who do not  have  them(correct definition=

(ii) three sources of tractor hire service        (1½mks)

• Government tractors  hire service
• Private  contractors
• Individual  farmers
• Cooperative  societies (any 3x ½ =1 ½ mks)

 

10. (a) A-ring pinion gear

B-bevel side gear

C-wheel exle

D-drive pinion gear

(b) State two functions of differential system of a tractor    (2mks)

• Change  direction  of  drive to right angle for power to be transmitted  to rear  wheel
• Enable  rear  wheel to  travel faster/slower than other when negotiation corner (1×2=2mks)

(c) Give two reasons why wheel skidding of a tractor is not allowed          (1mk)

• To make tyres  last  longer
• To make  it easy to control the  tractor

11. Wind , water, human, animal, biogas, wood fuel, charcoal, kerosene, fossil fuel, petroleum,

ethane (natural gas), hydroelectric power, nuclear , Geothermal, storage battery

12. Induction, compression, power exhaust
13. – Keeping them healthy

– Proper feeding

– Proper handling e.g not over working /not beating them

– Proper training

– Not overloading them

14. Individual owners

– Government tractor hire service

– Co-operative societies

– Companies

15. (i) Primary cultivation

A- To link bracket

B _ scrapper

C- Standard/disc hanger

D – Rear finow wheel / thrust wheel  2mks

(ii) Adding weight on beam

• exerting more hydraulic force
• – Sharpen the disc blade
• – Increased space between the disc
• – Loosen the area of disc contact with the soil
• Increase the cutting angle

16. four ways through which a farmer would ensure maximum power output from

Ploughing animals

• Feeding and watering animals well before working
• Training animals on  draft techniques
• Allowing  animals  to rest well after a day work/avoid overworking the animals
• Keeping the  animals in good  health while working

17. three advantages of a disc plough over mould board plough

• Tears and wear is less
• Needs less power to pull
• It can ride over obstacle

18. a) the differences  between petrol and diesel engine

Diesel	Petrol
i)use diesel as fuel ii)has injector pump iii)has no spark  plug iv)fuel is ignites by  compression v)air and fuel first meet in cylinder  before ignition vi)specific fuel consumption is low vii)higher air compression ratio viii)air/fuel ratio is not constant ix)has sediment bowls x)operation cost is lower xi)it is  heavy in weight and suited  to heavy machines xii)produces a lot  of smoke	Use petrol as  fuel Has carburetor Has  spark plug for ignition Fuel ignites by spark  plug Air and fuel meet in carburetor before  ignition   Specific fuel consumption is high Lower air compression ratio Air/fuel ratio is  constant No sediments bowls Operation cost  is  high Operation cost is  high light in weight and suited to light machines Produce  minimal smoke

1. b) Describe components of transmission system of a tractor
2. i) Clutch- It disconnects the engine from the rest of the transmission system. It is mounted on the

flywheel and made up of pressure plates and clutch plate in the middle. The clutch

allows the driver to temporarily interrupt the power flow from the engine to the fear

box and shift from one gear to the other

1. ii) Gear- These are toothed wheels. They provide towards speed or reverse. The set of gears are

housed in the gear box.

iii) Differential- it is located between the wheel axial. it enables one wheel to move faster than the

other while negotiating a corner

1. iv) Driving axial- The final drive is brought about by driving axial which gets the power from the

differential.

When the axial rotates they rotate the wheels making the tractor to move either engorged gear

1. Wheels- Comprises of the tyres, tubes rims nuts and bolts. They must be inflated to the

movement  of the tractor

• Fuel system
• Electrical system
• Cooling
• Lubrication
• Transmission
• Ignition
• Hydraulic

 

20. Functions of clutch

• Connects or disconnects the drive shaft to or from the engine
• Facilitates smooth and gradual take off
• Provides power from the engine to the P.T.O (Power Take Off)

21. 2 adjustment on mould board plough

• Adjust the plough depth
• Front furrow depth
• Lowering/ raising ploughing pitch
• Front furrow width

22. a) Disc plough reject disc alone
23. b) X – Disc scrapper                               Y-  Rear wheel/ furrow wheel

Z – Disc

 

1. c) – Replace broken discs

• Clean plough after use reject wash plough
• Lubricate hubs and furrow wheel bearing/ moving parts reject movable parts
• Lighten loose nuts and bolts
• Store in a cool dry place
• Apply old engine oil to prevent rusting during long storage/ paint implement

23. a) Differences operational

Disc plough	Mould board plough
Can be used in fields with obstacles	Cannot be used in fields with obstacles
Ploughs/ cuts at varying depths	Ploughs/ cuts at constant depths or confirm depth
Requires less skills to operate	Requires more skills to operate
Works well in sticky soils	Does not work well in sticky soils
Rotates and not easily broken since rolls over obstacles	Easily broken by obstacles
Requires more harrowing	Requires fewer harrowing
Poor furrow slice inversion	Proper furrow slice inversion
Does not require constant replacement of parts	More power to pull

b)

• Poor communication network/ poor infrastructures
• Lack of cooling/ handling facilities/ processing facilities
• Competition with non- dairy products/ cheap imported dairy products
• Prevalence of Zoonotic diseases
• Inefficient/ poor management of marketing society/ dairy boards
• Late/ non- payment by marketing agents/ exploitation by marketing agents/ middle men
• Lack of capital to finance marketing activities
• Price fluctuation due to changes in supply
• Lack of market information

1. c) Reasons for culling livestock

• Old age
• Poor health
• Low libido/ infertile
• Physical deformities
• Hereditary defects
• To avoid inbreeding

24. a) Share-makes a horizontal cutting  on  the furrow slice
25.  b) Mould board-completes the turning of the furrow  slice
26.  c) Land side-stabilizes the plough by absorbing the side pressure ( ½ x3=1 ½ mks)
27. a) five  maintenance practice of a  mould board plough

• Lubricate  the moving pests
• Sharpen blunt  share
• Tighten bolts and   nuts
• Clean  the  plough after  use
• Coat  the unpainted  parts with old engine oil before any storage
• Replace worn out parts (1×5=5mks)

1.  b) five  structural   and functional differences between  the petrol and diesel engines

Petrol engine	Diesel engine
i)has a carburetor ii)fuel and air mixed in the carburetor iii)fuel ignited by an electric spark   iv)produces little smoke v)is  light  in weight	i)Has  an  injector pump ii)Fuel and air  mixed  within  the cylinder iii)fuel ignited by  compression of air and  fuel mixture  in the cylinder iv)produces  a lot of  smoke v)relatively  heavy

1.  c) List five uses of farm fences

• keep of wild  life ,predation and  intruders
• demarcates boundaries
• separate crop field from pasture land
• divide pasture land into  paddock
• control  movement of  animals and people within  the farm and  prevent formation of unnecessary pests
• control disease  and parasites helps in isolate  sick animals
• helps in  controlling breeding
• provide security
• act as  wind break  (1×5=5mks)

26. Uses of ox-dram tine harrows

• Leveling of seed bed
• Breaking large soils clod
• Mixing up soil with organic matter
• Destroy weeds
• Cover seeds

Collecting trash

27. Care and maintenance of tractor battery

• Maintain correct level of electrolyse by topping up with distilled water
• Scrap corroded terminals and smear with grease
• Fix battery tightly in box to avoid spillage and damage
• Charge regularly and periodically
• Under storage empty battery and keep it upside down
• Generator belt should always be functioned to charge

28. a) moulboard
29. b) A – Shaire                   B- Mouldboard                       C- Disc coulter
30. c) E- Stabilize the plough

– absorb side thrust by pressing against furrow wall

F- Scrapes of mind from disk coulter

1. d) Care and maintenance

• Lubrication of moving parts
• Loose nuts and bolts should be tightened
• Clean after use/ remove trash and wet soil
• For long shortage paint with old engine to prevent
• Replace/ repair worn out parts

29. Six uses of live fences

• Thorn species prevent wild animals and other invaders into the farm
• Tall varieties act as wind breakers
• Add aesthetic value to the homestead
• Roots holds soil firmly controlling soil erosion
• Species such as lantana canara can be used to feed livestock
• Provide shade to livestock and man
• Trimmed branches can be used as organic manure, wood fuel
• Some species have medicinal value

30. two possible causes of over heating in a tractor engine

• Slack fan belt
• Low  oil  level

Low water level in radiator

• Deformed / broken yolk.

31. two events occur during induction stroke in a four stroke engine. (1mk)

• Piston moves down from TDC
• Exhaust valve is closed
• Inlet valve is open
• Air / fuel mixture get into combustion chamber
• Piston reaches BDC. (4x ½ = 2mks)

32. i) a)   Spike tooth harrow (1×1 =1 m k)
33. b) two uses of the implement above.(2mks)

• Level seed bed
• Break soil clods
• Stir soil
• Destroy weeds
• Incorporate fertilizer in the soil
• Removing trash from the field. (2×1 = 2)

1. c) three maintenance practices carried out on the above implement.(3mk)

• Replace worn out parts
• Clean after work
• Tighten loose bolts and nuts
• Oil unpainted parts for storage. (3×1 = 3mks)

1. ii) a) Bucket pump /stir – up pump (1×1 = 1mk)
2.         b) Spraying acaricide on livestock (1×1 =1mk)
3.        c) W – Nozzle                  X – Trigger                 Y –  Pail /bucket
4. d) For holding acaricide solution during spraying. (1×1 = 1)
5. a) the factors that influence  the power  output of farm animals (8mks)

• Training
• Level  of  nutrition
• Harnessing  animals properly
• Body  weight
• Age-mature ones produce  more  power than young
• Handling  of  animals

1. b) State the importance of farm fences (12mks)

• demarcates farm land from that  of  neighbours
• keeps  wild  animals  and other intruders from entering  the  farm
• separates crop field  from pastures facilitating mixed  cropping
• used  to divide  pastures into paddocks facilitating controlled  grazing
• controls  movement  of  animals  and people preventing  formation of  unnecessary paths  in the  farm
• helps  control spread of  diseases  and  parasites in the  farm by keeping  wild animals  away
• helps  isolate sick animals from the rest of the herd preventing  the  spread of diseases
• enables farmer to control breeding rearing  different  animals in different  paddocks
• provide security  to the homestead
• they have  aesthetic value
• live  fences  act as  animal feeds
• live  fences  act  as wind breakers (1×12=12mks)

34. (a) Methane

(b) slurry

(c) Fresh mixture of waste material

(d) Initial capital investment is high hence very expensive

Requires management skills that may not be available & it available expensive

Requires large number of farm animals to produce animal waste.

35        . – Solar panels

– Petrol and diesel generators

– wind mills

– steam production form boilers using organic or inorganic

36. (a) Check engine oil, fuel, water level, electronic in the battery

-Tighten nuts and bolts

-Apply grease

-Remove large sediments from sediment bowl

-Check the tyre pressure and inflated or deflated appropriately

-Fan belt tension should be checked to ensure it defients between 1.9cm to 2.5cm when punched

-Grease the brake shaft and maintain brake fluid level

(b) -Health of animal

-Level of feeding

-Animal slpeciesa

-Care and handling