CHOZI LA HERI

QUESTIONS AND MARKING SCHEMES

• Eleza ufaafu wa anwani Chozi la Heri (ala20)

 

• Kwa kurejelea kila sura onyesha jinsi mwandishi alivyoisuka kazi yake kufanikisha mtiririko na muumano wa
• Athari ya vita katika nchi ya Wafidhina ni kioo cha bara la Jadili (ala 20)

 

• Jadili dhana ya chozi katika riwaya ya Chozi la Heri (ala20)

 

• Mwanamke katika jamii hii ametwezwa na kutwazwa jadili ( ala20)

 

• Akikosa la mama hata la mbwa huamwa kwa kurejelea methali hii eleza umuhimu wa mashirika ya misaada (ala20)
• Jamii ya Chozi la Heri ni taswira ya jinsi ukabila unavyoathiri bara la Afrika (ala20)

 

• Malezi ya watoto katika riwaya ya Chozi la Heri ndicho kitovu cha ufanisi na matatizo yote yanayowapiku watoto (ala20)
• Utumizi wa afyuni katika jamii umeleta mathara mengi . Thibitisha (ala 20)
• Jadili athari na dhiki zinazotokana na uongozi mbaya (ala 20) 11)Mla, naye huliwa zamu yake ikifika . kwa kurejelea riwaya ya Chozi la Heri thibitisha

ukweli wa kauli hiyo                                                                                            (ala 20)

12)Riwaya ya Chozi la Heri imejaa aina mbalimbali za migogoro jadili.                                                                                                                                      (ala 20) 13)Uozo wa maadili na kuvunjwa kwa haki ni jambo ambalo lilikuwa la kawaida katika

nchi ya Wahafidhina. Thibitisha                                                                                                                                 (ala20)

 

14)Riwaya ya Chozi la Heri ni ya Utamaushi jadili kauli hii                                                                                                                                       (ala20)

 

 

 

 

MASWALI YA MUKTADHA

 

TIA DONDOO KATIKA MUKTADHA WAKE

 

• “Hii ni baraka kutoka kwa Mwenyezi Mungu amenifidia yule mwanangu aliyekufa”
• “ Usiku umekuwa mpevu, twende tusije tukamtia mama kiwewe’’

 

• “ Huenda nikapata mbinu ya kujinasua baadaye’’

 

• “ Di, Mimi nitawakimu kwa viganja hivi vyangu. Hamtapungukiwa na lolote’’

 

• “Basi Doc, nakubaliana na rai yako”

 

• “ Huyu hapa ameletwa na wasamaria wema leo asubuhi’’

 

• “ Je ni yule aliyeletwa jana usiku wa kuamkia jana’’

 

• “ Hatuwezi kumkabidhi mzee wetu huyu kifaranga kitekite hivi, tutakuwa tunampagaza uzazi”
• “ Yako ya arubaini imefika”

 

• “ Wenye hadhi na mali wanahitaji wafanyikazi wa kuwaendelezea biashara zao’’

 

• “ Usiwe na mawazo finyu na hasi kuhusu kumpanga mtoto’’

 

• “ Karibuni naona mmetuletea kilaika’’

 

• “ Tulipata ombi lenu kuhusiana na suala la kumpanga mojawapo wa watoto wetu’’ 14)“ Ndugu zako wako hai na bila shaka mtakutana”
• Yote haya yamewezekana kutokana na mwongozo mlionipa Zaidi , utulivu nilioupata nilipoambulia familia hii ulinipa msukumo kila mara nilipokabiliwa na ndaro
• “ Njoo nikujuze kwa yule binamu vuuk ambaye hukwambia habari yake kila mara”

 

• “ Atanguliaje kisimani hunywa maji maenge”

 

• “ Mlaani shetani” 19)“ Huyu ana imani”
• “ Umu hawa ni marafiki wangu wa chanda na Ni watu wakarimu na wenye imani’’
• “ Nashukuru kwa kunielekeza kwa wazazi wetu hawa”

 

• Wote wawili walitazamana, kila mmoja akiapa moyoni kuwa amewahi kumwona kiumbe huyu mahali.
• Kweli mimi nilikuwa sikio la mbuzi ambalo nyanya alizoea kusema husikia chunguni

 

• “ Leo waonaje tukiwajaribu mababe wetu? Ni vizuri kuanza mapema kabla ya jua la utosini”
• “ Mama zenu walienda wapi?” 26)“ peace be with you’’
• “ Kweli milima ndiyo haikutani”

 

• “ Nahisi kama nasimulia kisa kirefu chenye mwisho mwema”

 

• “ Si kwamba sijawatafuta hamna kituo cha polisi ambacho sijabisha hodi”

 

• “ Haiwezekani! Hili haliwezekani! Itakuwa kama kile kisa cha yule kiongozi wa kiimla wa kike”

        MASWALI YA SIFA ZA WAHUSIKA NA UMUHIMU WAO

 

Jadili sifa za wahusika wafuato na umuhimu wao;

 

• Ridhaa

 

• Mwangeka

 

• Mwangemi

 

• Umulkheri

 

• Lunga

 

• Bwana Kaizari

 

• Mwekevu

 

• Mzee Mwimo msubili

 

• Tila

 

• Kairu

 

• Zohali

 

• Mwanaheri

 

• Chandachema

 

• Neema

 

• Sauna

 

• Pete

 

• Mwaliko

 

• Mwalimu Dhahabu

 

• Dickson

 

• Bwana Maya

 

• Naomi

 

• Mzee Kedi

 

• Hazina

 

MASWALI YA MBINU ZA LUGHA NA TAMATHALI ZA USEMI

 

Jadili mbinu zifuatazo zilivyotumika katika riwaya ya Chozi la Heri

 

• Jazanda

 

• Taharuki

 

• Kisengerenyuma

 

• Barua

 

• Ndoto

 

• Kinaya

 

• Taswira

 

• Swali la balagha

 

• Sadfa

 

• majazi

 

MAJIBU YA MASWALI

 

• UFAAFU WA ANWANI Anwani ya Riwaya hii ni Chozi la

Anwani hii imeundwa kwa maneno mawili yaani CHOZI NA HERI.

 

Kwa mujibu wa matumizi ya neno Chozi katika riwaya hii, limetumika kuashiria tone la maji au uowevu unatoka machoni aghalabu mtu anapolia au kufurahi.

Neon HERI limetumika kuonyesha maana ya amani,Utulivu, mafanikio na usalama .

 

Kwa hivyo, chozi la heri ni kirai ambacho kimetumika kuonyesha chozi la mhusika ambaye amepata utulivu, amani na usalama nafsini mwake. Ni wazi kusema kuwa , mwandishi amefanikisha kwa hali ya utendeti kuonyesha ufaafu wa anwani rejelewa kwa kurejelea mifano hii:

• Kaizari anamsimulia mwamu wake Ridhaa yaliyotokea, kwamba siku ya nne baada ya mapinduzi walisikia hodi na mkewe akaeleke a kufungua Alisalimiwa kwa kofi na kuulizwa kiko wapi kile kidume chako kijoga? Nasikia ni mmoja wa wale waliotuuza kwa kupigia Mwekevu kura. Ati as for me and my family we will support our mother. Ninyi ndio vikaragosi wanaotumiwa na wasaliti. Kabla hajajaribu lolote alikuwa amekula mikato miwili ya sime, akasirai kwa uchungu. Baadaye genge hili liliwabaka Lime na Mwanaheri . alijaribu kuwapa wanawe huduma ya kwanza na

 

kisha baadaye wanakumbwa na matatizo ya vyakula na maji katika kambi ya wakimbizi walikokimbilia waathiriwa. Mto wa mamba haukuwa safi ila baadaye waliyanywa maji ambayo walidiriki kupata huku wakisema ni heri nusu shari.

• Bwana kaizari anasimulia namna vita vilivyowaathiri na walipokimbilia kambi za wakimbizi, anasema kuwa waliokuwa wamabahatika kubeba nafaka haba walizitoa zikatumiwa kwa Sasa matumbo yalianza kudai haki
• Ridhaa katika kumbukizi zake katika msitu wa heri, hakukuwa na wakazi wengi, kwa hivyo, alikosa ushirika wa ndugu zake. Aidha anapojiunga na shule siku za awali alitengwa na wenzake kwani hawakutaka ashiriki michezo yao. Kijana mmoja mchokozi alimwita ‘mfuata mvua’ aliyekuja kuwashinda katika mitihani yote na kwamba ni yet anayewaibia kalamu zao. Ridhaa hakungoja mwenzake amalize dukuduku lake alichukua mkoba wake na akafululiza nyumbani na kujitupa mchangani na kulia kwa kite na shake. Mamake alimliwaza na kumhakikishia kumwona mwalimu siku iliyofuata. Tangu siku hii, huu ukawa ndio mwanzo wa maisha ya heri kwa Ridhaa kwani baada ya mwalimu kuzungumza na wanafunzi umuhimu wa kuishi pamoja kwa mshikamano,Ridhaa alipata utulivu, amani na usalama shuleni na kungaa kwa elimu hadi kufikia Kilele cha cha elimu na kuhitimu kama daktari huku utendakazi wake ukimletea
• Kaizari anamshukuru Mungu uk16 kwa kuwa hai licha ya kwamba aliwatazama mabinti zake wakifanyiwa ukaini na vijana wenzao. Pia anapomtazama mkewe anashindwa kama inahalisi kumwita mkewe kwa sababu ya vile uso wake ulikuwa umevamiwa na Amevimbiana kama dongo la unga ngano. Anasema kuwa ametiwa hamira lakini yeye hana hamira ila ni matokeo ya ubahaimu wa binadamu. Licha ya hayo yote anashukuru kuwa wako hai.
• Ridhaa anajihisi kama yule Ayubu kwenye kitabu kitakatifu ambaye ibilisi aliifakamia familia na mali yake takribani kutwa moja. Hata hivyo, anajihisi nafuu na kiumbe kipya kwani wapwa wake Lime na Mwanaheri walikuwa wamepata matibabu kutoka kwa vijana wenzao ambao walitumwa na mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali. Mkewe Kaizari yaani Subira alikuwa katibiwa Uk36
• Ridhaa na mwangeka wakiangaliana kila mmoja akitweta kwa mpigo wa kasi wa Walitaka kukimbiliana ila hakuna aliyetaka kuanza. Ridhaa hakuamini kuwa Mwangeka angerudi akiwa hai. Fahari ya uzazi na ulezi inayeyusha woga na shaka

 

huku Mwangeka akajirusha kifuani mwa babake huku wakiambiana kimoyo moyo ni hai sijafa uk46

• Uk 51 Mwangeka anashaangazwa na hali ya babake ya kutozika mabaki ya familia Baba mtu anamkazia tu macho , bila shaka ameelewa anachowazia mwanawe.Mwangeka ana huzunishwa sana na kitendo hicho cha unyama cha kuacha familia yake , mamake na wanuna wake kama majivu. Matone ya machozi yalitunga machoni, Mwangeka. Akayaacha yamdondoke na kumcharaza, yatakavyo. Uvuguvugu uliotokana na mwanguko wa machozi haya uliulainisha moyo wake, ukampa amani kidogo. Moyo wake ukajaa utulivu sasa kwa kujua kuwa wino wa Mungu haufutiki methali hii Mwangeka anaiona wazi ambayo mpinzani wake aliishi kuirudia mara aliposhindwa na Mwangeka.uk 52
• Katika Msitu wa Mamba kulikuwa na maelfu ya watu waliogura makwao. Kati ya familia kwao bila matumaini ya kurudi. Kwa Kangata na mkewe Ndarine, hapa palikuwa afadhali kwani hawakuwa na pa kwenda kwa kuwa hata kule walikokuwa wakiishi awali hakukuwa kwao maskwota hivyo wakaamua kukumbuka asali na maziwa ya Kanaan hii mpya . Uk 57
• Msimamo wa Lunga wa watu kutopewa mahindi yaliyokuwa hatari hata kwa kipanya unasababisha kupigwa Anakuwa mkulima stadi, marafiki zake wanampa jina la msimbo mkulima namba wani. Uk 70
• Umu anapojitosa jiji analiona kama bahari isiyo na kikomo . Akiwa jiji baridi ya vuli inamtafuna huku pia akiwa na mkeketo wa njaa kwenye uchango huku akiwa na matumaini ya kukutana na kijana Hazina ailiyemsaidia akiwa anakataswa na mamaake. Wanapokutana Hazina alibahatika na sasa ni mfanyikazi katika hoteli moja pale mjini. Umu anapomweleza juu ya matatizo yake Hazina anamwonea huruma huku machozi yake yakimdodoka kwa mchanganyiko wa furaha na majonzi.uk87
• Kukutana kisadfa kwa Dick na Umu katika uwanja wa ndege kulileta utulivu, walikumbatiana kwa furaha. Machozi yaliwadondoka hawa mandugu wawili na wakawa wanalia kimyakimya.Walijua fika kuwa jaala ilikuwa imewakutanisha na kwamba hawatawahi kutengana Maisha sasa yalianza kuwa ya heri kwao.uk 128
• Baada ya miaka kumi ya kuuza mihadarati Dick alifaulu hatimaye kujinasua kutoka

 

kwa mwajiri wake. Alianza biashara yake mwenyewe ya kuuza vifaa vya umeme. Sasa akaanza kujitegemea kwa kuwa amejiajiri. Alikuwa ameufungua ukurasa mpya katika maisha yake. Maisha yake sasa ni ya heri.

• Zohali alikuwa mtoto wa nyumba kubwa wazazi wake walikuwa wa hadhi ya juu. Babake alikuwa mkurugenzi katika shir ika la utohaji huduma za simu huku mamake akiwa mwalimu mkuu wa shule ya kitaifa. Anakumbwa na changamoto za ujana na kushindwa kudhibiti matamanio yake huku akipata ujauzito. Wazazi wake wanamdhulumu na kuishia kutoroka nyumbani. Anaokolewa na Mtawa Pacha anapata utulivu uk100
• Chandachema anapata utulivu baada ya kuokolewa na shirika la kidini la hakikisho la haki na Alikuwa mtoto wa mwalimu wa Fumba na Rehema ambaye alizaliwa nje ya ndoa kati ya mauhusiano ya mapenzi ya mwalimu na mwanafunzi wake. Anakosa malezi mema na madhila ya unyanyasaji wa kijinsia uliosababishwa na bwana Tenge.uk 107
• Uk 127 Mwangeka wanapomuaga binti yao Umu alimwambia kuwa siku ile tuliyokuja kukuchukua kwa mwalimu Dhahabu ilikuwa siku ya heri
• Dick alimweleza Umu kuwa siku waliokutana katika uwanja wa ndege na wakasafiri pamoja, hiyo ndiyo ilikuwa siku ya heri zaidi kwake. Nasaha alizopewa na Umu zilimfunza thamani ya maisha. Kisadfa, huu ndio wakati Dick alikuwa ameamua kubadilisha maisha ya kuuza dawa za kulevya na kuamua kuuza vitu vya
• Baada ya Mwaliko kujitambulisha kwa Umu na Dick na kushukuru pia wao wanashukuru kupata walezi wazuri, umu na Dick hawakungojea Walikimbia wote wakamkumbatia ndugu yao,wakaanza kulia huku wakiliwazana. Sophie na Ridhaa pia walijiunga nao, wote wakalizana na baadaye wakashikana mikono. Ikawa ni hali ya utulivu. Uk 189
• Mwaliko alimwambia babake kuwa kuja katika hoteli ya Majaliwa kuliwaletea heri kwa kuwa familia yao sasa imepanuka. Sasa amekutana na watu aliokuwa tu anasikia Anasema kuwa imekuwa heri tena kuwa, uncle Mwangeka ndiye mzazi na mlezi wa ndugu zake. Uk 190
• Dick alitoa shukrani tele kwa Umu kwa kuwa ni yeye alimpa matumaini kuwa siku moja watampata ndugu yao Mwaliko hata anapomtazama Umu, macho

 

yake yakiwa yamefunikwa na vidimbwi vya machozi, anajua kuwa familia yao imerudiana japo katika mazingira tofauti.

• Mwangeka anapomtazama Apondi anamfurahia kwani yeye ndiye anayempa utulivu wa Hapo kabla babake aliishi kumwambia aweze kumtafuta mpenzi na kumuoa ila aliishia kusema kuwa alishindwa kumsahau Lily na Becky. Hata hivyo, Ridhaa alijua kuwa wakati ndio mwamuzi, ipo siku atakapotokeza hurulaini wake Mwangeka. Ataifungua kufuli kubwa iliyoufunga moyo wake na hiyo itakuwa siku ya kumwaga chozi la heri

2)        MTIRIRKO WA VITUSHI

 

SURA YA KWANZA

 

Sura hii inaanza kwa kumrejelea mhusika, Ridhaa ambaye alikuwa amesimama kwa maumi-vu kwa yaliyompata. Amelitazama wingu la moshi ambalo lililojikokota kwa kedi na mbwembwe, aidha linamkumbusha ukiwa aliozaliwa nao na ambao anahofia kuwa angeishi na kuzikwa nao. Alipogeuka alitazamana ana kwa ana na tanuri la moto ambalo liliteketeza jumba lake la kifahari. Katika mkasa huu wafuatao waliangamia Terry mkewe Ridhaa, bintiye Tila, LilyMkewe Mwangeka na mjukuu wake Becky.

Ridhaa anatatizika sana na milio ya kereng’ende na bundi usiku wa kuamkia siku hii ya kinyama. Milio hii ilimtia kiwewe aidha alijaribu kumjuza mkewe ila alipuuza kwa kumwambia kuwa yeye ndiye ameishi kumwambia kuwa asishikamane na mambo ya ushirikina anamkumbusha Ridhaa kuwa aliwahi kumwambia kuwa ni vizuri kuiacha mielekeo ya kijadi ambayo huyafifilisha maendeleo. Anazidi kumuuliza hata iwapo jambo likawa atafanya nini? Ndipo Terry anamjuvya kuwa la muhimu ni kumlaani shetani kwani Iiandikwalo ndilo

Mazungumzo haya baina ya Terry na mmewe Ridhaa yalikuwa ya mwisho kabisa kutokea Terry akiwa hai. Ridhaa anatamani kuwa alikuwa na muda zaidi wa kumuuliza mkewe maswali ambayo sasa yameivamia akili yake. Machozi yalifurika machoni mwake kwa yale yaliyompata. Katika kumbukizi zake anakumbuka maneno ya marehemu mamake kuwa machozi ya mwanamme hayapaswi kuonekana mbele ya majabali ya maisha. Ila Ridhaa aliacha machozi yamcharaze yatakavyo hakujali la mama wala la baba; alijisikia kama mpigana masumbwi aliyebwagwa na kufululiziwa makonde bila mwombezi.

 

Anakumbuka mambo yalivyokuwa usiku huo, ambao uliyatia giza maisha yake. Anakumbuka mayowe ya mkewe akimsihi Mzee Kedi asiwauwe kwani wao ni majirani wake. Baada ya mayowe haya ndipo alisikia mlipuko mkubwa kisha akashikwa na uziwi wa muda uliofuatwa na sauti nyingine ya Mkewe “Yamekwisha”. Kumbukumbu hii ilimpa kuzimia na alipozinduka alijipata kalala kando ya gofu la jumba lake lililokuwa linafuka moshi.

Ridhaa anakumbuka jumba lake ambalo sasa ni majivu familia yake na mali yote hii kuteketea kwa siku moja . Anaporudi kulikokuwa sebule ndipo alikumbuka kuwa Mwangeka

-kifungua mimba wake alizaliwa kwenye chumba hiki miaka thelathinl iliyopita. Alishangaa ni vipi Mwangeka aliweza kunusirika mkasa huu na ndipo akawaza kuwa wadhifa aliopewa kwenda Mashariki ya Kati kudumisha amani ulitokea kuwa wongofu wake. Katika kumbukumbu zake anaukumbuka mjadala mkali baina yake na bintiye Tila kuhusu mafanikio ya baada ya uhuru. Tila anaonekana mwenye tajriba ya uanasheria kwani masuala aliyozua yalikuwa motomoto .Tila kupitia maswali ya Tila ni wazi kuwa baada ya kuondoka kwa mkoloni mweupe mkoloni mweusi aliweza kuchukua hatamu. Tila anaonyesha vilevile kuwa licha ya kuondoka kwa mzungu waafrika wanaendelea tu kuwa wategemezi si kwa lishe tu, bali pia kwa ajira. Na kazi zenyewe ni vibarua vya kijungu jiko. Tila alishangaa ni kwa nini wao hawajaanza kujisagia kahawa au chai yao. Haihalisi mbegu ziwe zetu, tulikuze zao lenyewe kisha kumpelekea mwingine kwenye viwanda vyake alisage kisha kuja kutuuzia hiyo kahawa au chai kwa bei ya kukatisha tamaa alisisitiza Tila.

Ridhaa anamkumbuka baba yake Msubili na mtazamo wake kuwa jamii yao iligeuka kuwa hazina ya wafanyakazi ambamo Wazungu wangeamua kuchukua vibarua kupalilia mazao yao. Aidha tunarifiwa kuwa hakuwa mkaazi asilia wa Msitu wa Heri.Alikuwa wa mfuata mvua kama walivyoitwa walowezi na wenyeji kindakindaki. Babake alikuwa na wake kumi na wawili. Wake hawa walijaliwa na wana wa kiume ishirini na ndipo ardhi ya mzee Mwimo Msubili ikawa haitoshi kuwalea madume hawa. Jambo hili limfanya mzee mwimo kuwahamishia wake wawili wa mwisho Msitu via Heri . Siku hizo ilikuwa rahisi mtu kuwa na shamba mahali kokote katika eneo lililomilikiwa na kabila lake kwani umiliki wa mashamba ulitegemea bidii ya mtu.

Mamake Ridhaa alikuwa mke wa mwisho wa Mzee Mwimo. Ridhaa alikuwa mwenye umri wa miaka kumi walipohamia Mlima wa Heri na alikuwa bado hajaanza shule. Walipowasili humu hamkuwa na wakaazi wengi na ilimchukua muda kuzoeana na watoto wa majirani ambao waliwaona Ridhaa na nduguze kama waliokuja kuuvuruga utulivu wao.

 

Ridhaa alikuwa kati ya waathiriwa wa hali hii kwani alitengwa na wenzake siku ya kwanza shuleni katika michezo mbalimbali. Alichokozwa na mwanafunzi mmoja aliyemwita ‘mfuata mvua’ na kumwambia hakutaka kucheza naye kwani alikuja kuwashinda katika mitihani yote. Ridhaa hakungoja mwezake amalize dukuduku lake alichukua mkoba wake na kufufuliza moja kwa moja hadi nyumbani na kujitupa mchangani huku akisema hangerudi hiyo shule tena. Mamake Ridhaa alizungumza na mwalimu naye mwalimu akazungumza na wanafunzi na kuwasisitizia umuhimu wa kuishi pamoja kwa mshikamano. Huu ukawa ndio mwanzo wa maisha ya heri kwa Ridhaa.

Baadaye Ridhaa alimuoa Terry. Alijaliwa na wana ambao waliangamia isipokuwa Mwangeka kifungua mimba. Ridhaa anashangaa ni kwa nini Mzee Kedi alimgeuka kwani ndiye aliyemsaidia kupata shamba hilo lake. Familia zote mbili zilikuwa na mlahaka mwema. Ridhaa ameyafanya mengi mazuri kikijini hadi kikaacha kuitwa Kalahari. Ikawaje aliowatendea hisani wamelipa kwa madhila? lweje watu waliokula na kunywa pamoja ndio waliomlipulia aila na kuyasambaratisha maisha yake? Haya maswali yasiyo na majibu yalimsumbua akilini mwake. Alipowaza alianza kuelewa sababu ya vikaratasi kuenezwa kila mahali vikiwatahadharisha kuwa mna gharika baada ya kutawazwa kwa Musumbi- kiongozi mpya. Anaelewa sababu ya jirani kuacha kumtembelea kwake kwa ghafla. Anaelewa sababu ya mke wa jirani kulalamika kuhusu kuuzwa kwa mashamba ya wenyeji kwa wageni. Alielewa kuwa alikuwa mgeni wala si mwenyeji hata baada ya kuishi pale miongo mitano.

Katika usingizi alikumbuka habari iliyosomwa katika runinga miaka miinne iliyopita. Habari ilyosababisha kubomolewa kwa majumba yake matatu yakibomolewa. Majumba haya sasa yamegeuka udongo. Pigo hili la pili aliliona kali zaidi. Alibaki akijiuliza maswali akishangaa ni upi utakuwa mstakabali wake, wa mwanawe Mwangeka na Subira, dada yake Ridhaa aliyeishi maili kumi kutoka pale.

Maswali ya ziada:

 

1. ‘’ kwamba liandikwalo ndilo liwalo? Since when has man ever changed his destiny?’’ i)Eleza muktadha wa dondoo
   1. onyesha ukweli wa kauli hiyo

 

• eleza wasifu wa nafsineni

 

1. Umekuwa kama jani linalopukutika msimu wa machipuko!

 

1. Tia dondoo katika muktadha wake

 

1. Eleza madhara ya ukosefu wa amani

 

1. Hata hivyo wengi wa mabwenyenye hao walipuuza notisi hii

 

1. Tia dondoo katika muktadha wake

 

1. Onyesha mbinu iliyotumika na uipigie mifano zaidi kutoka kwa riwaya

 

 

 

SURA YA PILI

 

Sura hii inaanza watu wakiwa katika kambi za ukimbizi katika mazingira haya mageni ila si mageni kwani ni mumo humo kwao kwani si ughaibuni wala nchi jirani. Watu wa kila tabaka walikuwa yaani waliokuwa nacho na wachochole wote wako pamoja katika kambi hii. Kuna kiasi fulani cha usawa. Aidha inaaminika kuwa wanadamu huwa na tofauti ya mandhari wanamofia. Kuna wanaofia zahanati za kijijini na wapo wanaolala maumivu yao yakiwa yamefishwa ganzi katika hospitali za kifahari huku wakiliwazwa na mashine. Kuna wengine ambao hufia kwenye vitanda vya mwakisu vitongojini baada ya kupiga maji haramu.

Katika kambi hii watu wanang’ang’ania chakula haswa uji. Hata aliyekuwa waziri wa Fedha miaka mitano iliyopita yumo katika kambi hii aking’ang’ania chakula na wenzake. Mvua kubwa inanyesha na matone mazito kuwaangukia wanawe wakembe wa Ndugu Kaizari- Lime na Mwanaheri. Hana hata tambara duni la kuwafunikia. Kaizari anabaki kumshukuru Mungu tu kuwa wako hai. Ubavuni amelala mke wake Subira ambaye haihalisi kumwita mkewe kwani uso wake ulikuwa umevamiwa na majeraha.

Ukosefu wa chakula unasababisha Ridhaa, Daktari, Mkurugenzi mzima wa Wakfu wa Matibabu nchini kula mizizi. Tunarifiwa Kaizari anaanza kusimulia yaliyojiri siku ile baada ya kutawazwa kwa kiongozi mpya kana kwamba Ridhaa alikuwa mgeni wa haya. Anasema kuwa baada ya kutawazwa kwa kiongozi mwanamke mambo yaliharibika. Watu wakashika silaha kupigania uhuru wao, uhuru ambao walidai hawakupewaWakaupigania. Mwanaharakati Tetei alitoa kauli kuwa, wanaume watatumikishwa kwa walivyofanywa enzi hizo katika visakale vya majirani wao walipokuwa wakiongozwa na mwanamke wa kiimla . walikerwa na haki za jinsia ya kike kama vile; Affirmative action na a third should be Women. Bi. Shali alionekana kuwakosoa wapinzani wa Mwekevu kwa kile aliona kuwa

 

Mwekevu alistahili ule ushindi kwani alijitosa katika siasa na kuomba kura kama wanaume

, akastahimili vitisho na matusi aidha anashangaa jinsi watu ni wasahaulifu wa mradi wa kuchimba visima ambao umewafaidi sana.

 

 

Kaizari aliendelea kumsimulia Ridhaa chanzo cha vita kuwa vilianza kati ya kundi la wafuasi wa Mwekevu na lililokuwa likiunga mkono mpinzani wake mwanamume Vita vikachacha kwani wapinzani walikidai kuwa haingewezeka mwanamke kushinda mpinzani wake mwanamume na badala yake waliiba kura na wafuasi wake kuwanunua wanawake ambao ndio wapiga kura wengi.Aidha wafuasi wa Mwekevu waliona huu ndio muda mwafaka wa Mwekevu kupewa nafasi ili alete mabadiliko. Athari ya vita hivi ilikuwa ni pamoja na ;

• watu kuuawa, kuacha makwao na kukimbilia maisha yao

 

• kupotesa mali kwani waliokimbia makwao kila walichokiacha kiliteketezwa

 

• kupora maduka ya Kihindi, kiarabu na hata Waafrika wenzao

 

• Misafara ya wakimbizi ikawa kwenye barabara na vichochoro vya Wahafidhina

 

• Mizoga ya watu na wanyama

 

• magofu ya majumba yaliyoteketezwa kwa moto

 

• uharibifu wa mali na

 

• Nyimbo za uchochezi mpinzani wa Mwekevu anambiwa tawala wahafidhina , mwanzi wetu tawala.
• Kuchomwa kwa magari kana kwamba ni mabiwi ya taka

 

• Vilio kwa waliokuwa wakiteketezwa

 

• Kubakwa kwa mabinti wa Kaizari yaani Lemi na Mwanaheri

 

• Askari wa fanya fujo uone kuwafyatulia risasi vijana walioamua kufa

 

• Magonjwa ya homa ya matumbo

 

• Njaa na ukosefu wa maji safi

 

• Kukimbilia chakula kwa watu wazima jinsi wafanyavyo watoto

 

Aidha Kaizari anaeleza jinsi ambavyo alivamiwa kwake kubishiwa hodi, mke wake Kaizari, Subira akaenda kufungua, huku akisalimiwa kwa kofi. kubwa kisha akaulizwa alikokuwa kidume chake kijoga. Alipigwa mikato miwili ya Sime hata kabla hajajibu lolote, akazirai kwa uchungu. Baadaye genge lile likawabaka mabinti wake Kaizari. Mahasimu hao wakaondoka baada ya kuutekeleza unyama huo bila kumgusa Kaizari, auguze majeraha ya moyo. Alijizatiti na kuwapa wanawe na mke wake huduma ya kwanza ni katika pilka pilka zile, sauti ya Jirani yao Tulia iliita ikiwasihi kutoka iwapo walitaka kuishi. Tulia alimsaidia Kaizari kufunganya na kumsindikiza hadi njia panda. Alimkumbatia na kumwambia kuwa mwenyezi mungu ndiye hupanga na nguvu na mamlaka pia hutoka kwake. Akamjuvya kuwa uongozi mpya umezua uhasama kati ya koo ambazo zimeishi kwa amani kwa karibu karne moja. Akamshauri aihamishe aila yake kwa muda kwa sababu ya usalama. Akamhakikishia kuwa huo sio mwisho wa kuonana. Huu utakuwa mwanzo wa uzao wa jamii mpya isiyojua mipaka ya kitabaka, jinsia na kikabila. Jirani alipompungia mkono,

Familia ya Kaizari iliweza kuabiria matwana iliyokuwa ikiendeshwa kwa kasi kana kwa inakimbizwa. Waliyashuhudia mengi katika safari hii ya shaka kama vile mabasi kuchomwa

. Baadaye, gari lilikwisha petroli ikawa sasa ni mtu na malaika wake. Walijitoma msituni, usiku wa kwanza wakila mate kutokana na ule ugeni wa kutojua hata kuliko na matunda mwitu. Aidha anasema kuwa walibahatika kwani ni katika msitu huo mto wa mamba ulipita ila Kulikuwa na changamoto ya maji safi ya kunywa kwani maji hayo hayakuwa safi ya kunywea.

Wakimbizi hao waliweza kujenga vibanda ambavyo viliezekwa kwa nyasi na kukandikwa kwa udongo. Wengi walipata homa ya matumbo na wengine kuyapoteza maisha yao. Wakimbizi walizidi kuongezeka nayo hali ya maisha ikazidi kuwa ngumu. Idadi kubwa ya wakimbizi ilifanya kuwe na vyoo vya kupeperushwa- yaani sandarusi ambazo hutumiwa kama misalani. Siku za mwanzomwanzo Kaizari hakuweza kutumia misala hii, lakini alisalimu amri na kusema potelea mbali, lisilo budi hutendwa. Lakini kutokana na tishio Ia maenezi ya kipindupindu aliwasihi kuchimba misala kwa jina long drop. Tatizo la njaa pia lilishamiri kwani waliokuwa wamebahatika kubeba nafaka chache walizitoa zikatumiwa na wote, zikaisha.

Siku ya kumi na tano Selume mke wa mpinzani wa msumbi mwekevu alipitia kwenye kibanda cha Ndugu Kaizari. Selume alikuja kuwaeleza kuwa alikuwa amesikia fununu kuwa

 

upo mradi wa kuwakwamua Wakimbizi kutokana na hali hii. Shirika la Makazi Bora, lilikuwa limejitolea kuja kuwajengea wakimbizi nyumba bora. Misikiti na makanisa yalikuwa yamekusanya vyakula ili kuwalisha wahasiliwa. Watu walijawa na matumaini. Siku ya ishirini lori kubwa liliingia na watu wakakimbilia chakula kama watoto wafanyavyo. Watu waligawiwa chakula na akina mama – wa Mother’s union, woman’s Guild na waliokuwa wamepakiwa nyuma ya lori hilo. Msukumano ulianza hadi mlinda usalama mmoja alipojitokeza na kuwasihi kuweka usalama. Watu wengine kama Mzee Kaumu walishangaa walipokuwa hawa wangwana wakati madhila haya yalipowapata. Kwa kuwa tabia ni ngozi, Bwana Waziri Mstaafu aliyekuwa na uzoefu wa kuwaelekeza watu huko wizarani, alisaidia kukigawa chakula. Pia Kaizari na Selume waliitwa kusaidia. Hata hivyo, bwana Kute alifanya ujanja ili kupata mafungu zaidi. Mwandishi anaonyesha hali ya ufisadi ya juu kwa kusema kuwa hata chakula cha msaada , kilicholetwa kwenye madhabahu ya kidini , kinaweza kufisidiwa.

Maswali ya ziada:

 

1. “ Sasa ana haki gani ya kutuomba kudumisha utulivu baada ya kuivuruga yeye na wenzake?’’
   1. Tia dondoo katika muktadha wake

 

1. Eleza madhara ya vita katika jamii

 

1. ‘’ Ni sandarusi ambazo hutumiwa kama misala bwana’’

 

1. Tia dondoo katika muktadha wake

 

1. Eleza sifa na umuhimu wa msemaji

 

• Eleza ukweli wa kauli hiyo

 

1. ‘’ Sasa ni wakati wa kila mtu na malaika wake’’

 

1. Eleza kilichofanya nafsineni kusema maneno hayo

 

1. Jamii ya wahafidhina matatizo ya baada ya uchaguzi ni kioo cha bara Afrika

 

SURA YA TATU

 

Sura hii inaanza kwa kuonyesha Ridhaa akiwa ameketi katika chumba cha mapokezi katika Uwanja wa Kimataifa wa Ndege wa Rubia. Ana hamu kuu ya kumwona Mwangeka akiwa mzima. Macho yake ameyatunga kwenye dari ya chumba hiki. Anagota sakafu kwa viatu vyake kana kwamba anataka kupata habari fulani kutoka kwayo. Ridhaa anakumbuka kuwa siku ya kuhawilishwa kutoka Msitu wa Mamba baada ya kukaa kule kwa miezi sita na kubahatika kurudi nyumbani kufuatia mradi wa operesheni rudi Kanaani, hakuwa na matumaini ya maisha bora kwani hakuwa na mwenzi wala mtoto wa kuendea.

Wengine kama Selume(mke wa mpinzani wa Mwekevu ) walikuwa wakilia kwa kuwa hawakujua waende wapi kwani mme wake amekwisha kuoa msichana wa kikwao na Babake alimkatalia katakata. Ridhaa alimfariji na kumwomba asilie kwani mwana wake yu hai tena ana kisomo na amehitimu kama mkunga, anaweza kujitegemea. Selume hakuwa ametoka katika jamii moja na mpinzani wa Mwekevu. Ndipo Ridhaa akamwahidi warudipo nyumbani, angemtambulisha Selume kwa mkuu wa Idara ya Afya ya Jamii katika Hospitali Kuu ya Tumaini na labda angepata kazi katika idara ile.

Hata , Ridhaa anapowaza haya, Selume amekwisha kuajiriwa kama muuguzi katika hospitali ndogo iliyojengwa karibu na kambi ya WWHN. Ridhaa anakumbuka mambo mengi kama vile kadhia iliyompoka familia yake ndiyo ilimkutanisha na watu kama Selume ambao angewaita ndugu na kumfanya kusahau msiba wa kuipoteza akraba yake. Kutangamana na wakimbizi kukamfunza thamani ya binadamu. Sasa amejifunza mengi kama Vile uzima ni upande mwengine wa mauti. Kwenye Msitu wa Mamba, Ridhaa alipata huduma za ushauri na uelekezaji kutoka kwa wataalamu mbalimbali na akaweza kuudhibiti ugonjwa wa shinikizo la damu ambao ulitokana na mshtuko wa kupoteza jamaa yake na mali yake dafrao moja.

Ridhaa alipotoka kwenye msitu wa mamba alikuwa mtulivu wa akili huku akijihisi kiumbe kipya kwani wapwa zake- Lime na Mwanaheri walikuwa wamepata matibabu na dada yake Subira ametibiwa akapona. Mwamu wake Kaizari- amepona donda lilitokana na kuwaona binti zake wakibakwa. Ridhaa anamwona Kaizari ni afadhali kwani heri nusu Shari kuliko Shari kamili kama iliyompata kwa kupokwa familia yake yote.

Aidha anapomngojea mwanawe Mwangeka pale uwanja wa ndege , anapitiwa na kumbukumbu za jinsi alivyohisi aliporudi tena kwenye ganjo lake siku ile. Anakumbuka

 

kuwa alipozinduka alijipata pale pale katikati mwa kiunzi cha sebule lililokuwa kasri lake. Eneo hili ndipo wanawe Tila na Mwangeka walipokuwa wadogo walipenda kumkimbilia kila mara alipotoka kwenye shughuli zake za kikazi. Hapo ndipo kijukuu chake kilipozoea kutembea tata na kumwita “bubu” naye alipenda kukirekebisha na kukiambia “sema babuu”. Na kitoto kwa utukutu wa kitoto kingesema ‘’bubuuuu’’Hayo yote hayapo sasa, hata zile pambaja za mkewe Terry na utani wake hamna. Akiwa yu pale katika kumbukumbu zake, polepole kwenye jukwaa la akili yake kunaanza kuigizwa mchezo wa maisha yake kabla ya dhiki iliyomfika. Anamwona Tila akitoka shuleni na kuuweka mkoba wake juu ya meza. Katika mazungumzo yao mambo yafuatayo yanabainika;

• Tila alidhamiria kuwa siku moja atakuwa jaji katika mahakama kuu na kusafisha uozo
• Kuna washukiwa wengi rumande ambao wanahitaji haki ya kesi zao

 

• Kubadilika kwa mifumo ya uzalishaji mali kuanzia wakati wa ujimia, ukabila, ubwenyenye, ujamaa hadi sasa
• Kura ya maoni kuonyesha kuwa asilimia kubwa ilikuwa inamuunga mkono Mwekevu
• Tila anaonyesha amezinduka anasema kuwa wao hawahitaji kiongozi mwanamke ila kiongozi ambaye ataielekeza jahazi visiwa vya
• Tila anaonyesha kuna uongozi mbaya umaskini, ufisadi, ukosefu wa gharama za matibabu ya kimsingi na ukosefu wa lishe
• Kazi nyingi    za    serikali    kupeanwa      zabuni     kwa     kapuni     za           kigeni    ambao wanajilimbikizia mali ya

Ridhaa aliona kuwa utabiri wa mwalimu wa Tila ulikuja kutimia kwani viongozi wa awamu ya awali walibwagwa chini na vijana chipukizi. Kinaya ni kuwa wengi walishindwa kabisa kukubali kushindwa hasa yule aliyekuwa akigombea kilele cha uongozi. Kulingana naye nafasi hii iliumbiwa mwanamume na kumpa mwanamke ni maonevu yasiyovumilika. Kiongozi huyu alipita kila mahali akitoa kauli ambazo ziliwajaza hamasa wafuasi wake nao wakaanza fujo zilizoangamiza juhudi za miaka hamsini za raia za kuijenga jamii yao.

Hatimaye ndege kwa jina PANAMA 79 iliyotarajiwa kufika saa tatu unusu sasa ndio inalikanyaga sakafu. Abiria waliposhuka, Ridhaa na Mwangeka walitazamana kimya. Ridhaa

 

alihisi kana kwamba anauona mzuka wa Mwangeka, hakuamini kuwa angerudi nyumbani akiwa hai. Hatimaye baada ya shaka kumwondokea, alimkumbatia mwanawe. Mwangeka akajitupa kifuani mwa babake kwa furaha. Ridhaa alimkaribisha Mwangeka nyumbani na kumtaarifu kuwa hakujua kuwa watawahi kukutana akiwa hai.

Ridhaa alimweleza mwanawe yaliyoisibu familia yao. Mwangeka alipomtazama babake akaona kuwa amekonga zaidi na sasa ameshabihi mno babu Mwimo. Baada ya kumbukumbu zake kumkumbusha ya awali Mwangeka alimshukuru babake na kumweleza kuwa alipoipata habari ya machafuko ya baada ya kutawazwa kwa kiongozi, alijawa na kihoro kisicho kifani. Aidha tunarifiwa kuwa , Mwangeka alikuwa akifuatilia matukio kwa makini kwani hata kura zilipohesabiwa upya kisha mpinzani wa Mwekevu kukubali kushindwa na kutoa wito kwa raia kusahau yaliyopita, alijua kuwa nchi imepiga hatua moja katika safari ndefu ya kupata afueni kutokana na tufani za baada ya kutawazwa. Mwangeka aliendelea kuwapa heko vijana wenzake kwa kugundua kuwa wanatumiwa vibaya na viongozi wenye tamaa.

Mwangeka akawa sasa anakubaliana na usemi wa Tila kuwa “usi cheze na vijana, wao ni kama nanga. Huweza kuizamisha marikebu ” Japo Ridhaa aliyaitikia maneno ya Mwangeka kwa mgoto, alijua kuwa palikuwa na kazi ngumu ya kujenga upya ukuta ambao ufaa wake ulikuwa umepuuzwa. Akawa anakubaliana na sera ya bintiye marehemu, Tila kuwa Vijana wanafaa kuelimishwa zaidi kuhusu amani kwani ndio wengi na ndio mhimili wa jamii yoyote ile. Hatimaye, Ridhaa alishusha pumzi na kumkabidhi mkono mwanawe na kumtaka waende ili akajipumzishe kutokan na adha za anga Mengine watazungumza baadaye.

Maswali ya ziada:

 

1. Ni kweli, lakini kumbuka kampuni hizi zimebuni nafasi za

 

1. Tia dondoo katika muktadha wake

 

1. Taja tamathali za usemi zilizotumika

 

• Jadili umuhimu wa nafsinenewa

 

1. Jadili mbinu ya kinaya, kisengere nyuma na semi zilivyotumika katika sura

 

1. FOR MORE RELATED LEARNING MATERIALS, 0714497530

 

1. ‘’ Usilie mwenzangu’’

 

1. Tia dondoo katika muktadha wake

 

1. Eleza kinachomliza nafsinenewa SURA YA NNE

Mwandishi anatuonyesha Mwangeka akiwa ameketi mkabala mwa kidimbwi cha kuogelea, nje ya jumba lake la kifahari ambalo yeye aliliona kama makavazi ya kumtonesha donda lililosababishwa na kifo cha mke wake Lily Nyamvula. Siku ile baada ya kutoka kwenye uwanja wa ndege walifululiza moja kwa moja hadi kwenye gofu la baba yake Ridhaa. Majivu yaliyokuwa mabaki ya kilichokuwa kwenye kasri lile yalibaki pale pale. Majivu hayo miili ya mama yake yaani Terry, wanuna wake Tila na Mukeli, mkewe lily na mtoto wake Becky.

Mwangeka hakuelewa ni kwa nini babake hakuyaondoa mabaki hayo na ni kwa nini hakushirikiana na majirani kuchimba kaburi la jumla (mass grave) kuyazika majivu hayo. Baba mtu alimkazia tu macho. Machozi mazito ya machozi yalitunga machoni mwa Mwangeka, akayaacha yamcharaze yatakavyo. Wakati huu hata nyanya yake angekuwapo kumwonya dhidi ya kulia kama msichana angempuuza. Alihitaji kulia ili kuliondoa komango ambalo lilikuwa limefunga mishipa ya moyo wake. Uvuguvugu uliotokana na mwanguko wa machozi haya uliulainisha moyo wake, ukampa amani akali. Kilio cha heri.

Mwangeka akakumbuka methali isemayo wino wa Mungu haufutiki. Methali hii ambayo mpinzani wake aliishi kumtolea kila mara Mwangeka alipomshinda. Sasa ndio Mwangeka anauona wazi ukweli wa methali hiyo. Hata hivyo alizidi kujiuliza iwapo binadamu aliandikiwa kumpoka binadamu mwenzake uhai.

Siku ile baada ya wao kutoka kwenye uwanja wa ndege, Ridhaa alimwelezea Mwangeka mambo yalivyojiri. Alimweleza kuwa maisha yalibadilika Pindi tu Mwangeka alipoondoka. Waliandamwa na msiba baada ya mwingine. Mwanzo, Ridhaa akapoteza majumba yake mawili. Miezi mitatu baadaye ami yake Mwangeka aliyeitwa Makaa alichomeka asibakie chochote alipokuwa aakiwaokoa watu ambao walikuwa wakipora mafuta kutoka kwenye lori lililokuwa limebingiria. Makaa alizikwa pamoja na mabaki ya wahasiriwa wote katika kaburi moja kwani serikali iliwatayarishia mazishi ya umma.

Baada ya Ridhaa kushusha pumzi, aliendelea kumweleza Mwangeka kuwa mambo hayo yote aliyakabili kwa msaada wa wanuna wa Mwangeka, mamake Mwangeka na mkaza mwanawe. Akaanza kuyajenga upya maisha yake hadi Siku ile ambayo aliitazama familia nzima ikimponyoka. Daktari Ridhaa anakumbuka jinsi ambavyo amewaokoa wagonjwa

 

wengi kutokana na magonjwa sugu lakini siku hiyo alishindwa kuuzima moto uliokuwa ukiiteketeza nyumba yao. Lakini, hakushindwa kwani hakuwepo tendo lenyewe likitendeka. Alikuwa ameenda kumfanyia majeruhi mmoja upasuaji. Ridhaa alipokuwa akirejea nyumbani akasikia sauti ya kite ya mamake Mwangeka, kisha mlipuko mkali. Yote yakaisha. Hadi hapo, ameyaishi maisha ya kinyama kupigania chakula na wahitaji wenzake. Ameonja shubiri ya kuwa mtegemezi kihali na mali.

Lakini katika hayo yote amejifunza thamani ya maisha, udugu na amani. Alimhurumia Mwangeka ambaye mkasa huo ulimfanya mjane hata kabla ya ubwabwa wa Shingo kumtoka. Baada ya kurejea kwake Mwangeka hakuishi na babake kwa muda mrefu. Mwanzo, hakuweza kustahimili uchungu uliosababishwa na kuamka kila asubuhi kutazama mahali ilipoangamia aila yake. Alimrai babake kila siku akibomoe kiunzi kile cha nyumba lakini babake alikataa katakata. Lilikuwa kaburi la ukumbusho wa familia yake. Sababu ya pili ni kuwa lazima Mwangeka angeyaanza maisha yake upya. Atafute ushauri kutoka kwa wataalamu, auguzie moyo wake mbali na babake.

Mwangeka aliporejelea shughuli zake za kawaida kazini alitafuta kiwanja cha kujengea nyumba. Babake akamtahadharisha kufanya uchunguzi kabla ya kuanza ujenzi wenyewe. Baada ya Mwangeka kuhakikisha uhalali wa stakabadhi alipata kipande cha ardhi karibu na ufuo wa bahari. Kazi ya ujenzi ilianza na baada takriban mwaka mmoja na unusu akahamia kwake. Hata anapokitazama kidimbwi hiki, mawazo yake yako mbali alikoanza maisha. Anazikumbuka changamoto za ukuaji wake. Anawakumbuka wanuna wake: Kombe, Mukeli na Annatila(Tila). Anapomkumbuka Tila anatabasamu kisha tone moto la chozi linamdondoka. Kumbukumbu ya Annatila inavuta taswira ya mnuna wake mkembe Dede aliyefariki dunia akiwa na umri wa miaka sita wakati ule Mwangeka akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na miwili tanzia ile ilipowafika.

Katika jamii ya Mwangeka, kifo kilifuatwa na viviga vya aina mbalimbali yakiwemo maombolezi. Basi baada ya kifo cha mtoto huyo majirani walikuja kuifariji familia ya Bwana Ridhaa. Wiki mbili baada ya mazishi ya ndugu yake, Jumamosi moja Mwangeka alimpata Tila na wenzake nyuma ya nyumba wakimngojea. Tila alimvuta na kumnong’oneza kitu sikioni kisha akavuta boksi lililokuwa limetiwa mwanasesere wao kwa jina Dedan Kimathi lakabu waliokuwa wamempa marehemu ndugu yao. Walianza kulia na kuomboleza kifo cha Dedan Kimathi. Wakaimba mbolezi. Katika hali ile ya kuomboleza, watoto hawa hawakujua kuwa baba yao alikwisha kuja dakika thelathini zilizokwisha. Akawa anawatazama watotohawa wakiigiza mazishi ya ndugu yao Dede.

 

Alibanwa na hasira na kuutwa mshipi wake kutoka kiunoni, akamshika Mwangeka na kumwadhibu vikali. Akamkemea Mwangeka kwa kuwa bendera inayofuata upepo badala ya kuwa kielelezo bora kwa mnuna wake Tila. Mwangeka anapokumbuka kisa hiki anajutia ni kwa nini hakukiomboleza kifo cha Tila. Baada ya kipigo hiki, Mwangeka aliwajibika zaidi akayavalia masomo yake njuga hadi chuo kikuu ambako alisomea uhandisi. Hapo ndipo alipokutana na mke wake Lily Nyamvula. Nyamvula alikuwa akisomea uanasheria. Mwangeka alihitimu masomo yake na kujiunga na kikosi cha wanamaji, jambo hili liliwashangaza wengi kwani ungewauliza marafiki wa chuoni wa Mwangeka wangekuambia Mwangeka ksajiunga na vikosi vya usalama na kuipoka taaluma ya uhandishi. Hata hivyo, Mwangeka alitamani kutoa huduma yake ya uhandishi katika vitengo vya usalama.

Mwangeka anakumbuka kuwa mkewe Lily Nyamvula alipingana na hatua ya Mwangeka. Kwake kazi ya askari ilikinzana na imani yake hasa kwa vile Nyamvula alikuwa born again. Alishikilia kuwa haihalisi muumini wa kweli kumpoka binadamu mwenzake uhai. Hata hivyo alipoona kuwa msimamo wa Mwangeka hautetereki, aliridhia shingo upande. Mwangeka anajuta kama angesikiza ushauri wa mkewe angeweza kuiokoa aila yake na kumwona mwanawe ambaye aliwahi kumwona tu kwa picha ambazo tausi wake alimtumia.

Maswali ya ziada:

 

1. ‘’ msiba huandamwa na mwingine”

 

1. Tia dondoo katika muktadha wake

 

1. Eleza mikasa yote aliyoelezewa msemewa

 

1. “ mwenye macho haambiwi tazama’’

 

1. Eleza yaliyokuwa yakitazamwa

 

1. Eleza maudhui ya kazi, ukabila na elimu

 

• Eleza sifa na umuhimu wa wahusika wa sura hii

 

1. ‘’Umewaacha na ndugu kwa ukiwa”

 

1. Tia dondoo katika muktadha wake

 

1. Eleza tamathali ya usemi iliyotumika katika dondoo

 

• Eleza umuhimu wa mbinu ya nyimbo ilivyotumika katika sura hii

 

 

SURA YA TANO

 

Msitu wa Mamba uligeuka kuwa nyumbani kwa maelfu ya watu waliogura makwao bila tumaini la kurudi. Walijipa moyo na kusema kuwa hata walikokuwa wakiishi hakukuwa kwao, walikuwa maskwota. Wakaamua kula asali na kuyanywa maziwa ya Kanaani hii mpya isiyokuwa na mwenyewe. Matokeo ya maamuzi haya yalikuwa kukatwa kwa miti kwa ajili ya kupata mashamba ya kupandia vyakula na kwa ajili ya ujenzi. Kabla ya miaka miwili kuisha, pahali hapa palikuwa pamepata sura mpya- majumba yenye mapaa ya vigae, misitu ya mahindi na maharage, maduka ya jumla, viduka vya rejareja kila mmoja akijibidiisha kufidia kile alikuwa amepoteza. Familia ya Bwana Kangata ilikuwa miongoni mwa zile zilizoselelea(zilizoishi) kwenye msitu huu. Kwa Kangata na mkewe Ndarine hapa palikuwa afadhali. Awali wakiwa wamelowea katika shamba Ia mwajiri wao aliyekuwa akiishi jijini. Waliishi pale kwa muda mrefu hata watu wakadhani kuwa ilikuwa milki yao.

Wengine wakidhani Kangata na familia yake walikuwa akraba ya mwajiri wao. Hata wana wa Kangata walipokwenda shuleni walijisajilisha kwa jina Ia tajiri wa baba yao. Walikuwa wakiitwa Lunga Kiriri, Lucia Kiriri na Akelo Kiriri. Kiriri likiwa jina Ia Mwajiri wa Kangata. Kangata na mwajiri wake walikuwa wamesekuliwa kutoka mtaa wa Matunda katika zile patashika za baada ya kutawazwa. Kiriri aliiaga dunia muda mfupi kutokana na kihoro cha kufilisika na ukiwa aliokuwa ameachiwa na mkewe Annette na wanawe. Walipata Green Card na kuhamia ughaibuni. Hivyo basi, juhucii za Kiriri kumshawishi mkewe asimnyime ushirika wa Wanawe ziliaangukia moyo wa Firauni. Mkewe Kiriri alikuwa ashaamua kuwa hapa hapamweki tena. Kazi aliyokuwa akiifanya katika afisi za umma kama mhazili mwandamizi kwa miaka mingi ilikuwa inamfanya kusinyaa, akawa hana hamu akahisi kinyaa. Wanawe walipoenda kusomea Ng’ambo – wafanyavyo wana wa viongozi kwa kuwa wanaiona elimu ya humu kama isiyowahakikishia mustakabali mwema raia wake, yeye alistaafu mapema na kuchukua kibunda cha mkupuo mmoja almaarufu Golden Handshake akachukua Green Card na kuwafuata na kumwacha mume wake akiwa mpweke. Baada ya wana wa Kiriri kumaliza masomo yao walibakia huko huko Uzunguni kufanya kazi.

Walipuuza rai ya baba mtu ya kurudi nyumbani ili kuziendesha baadhi ya biashara zake. Kila mmoja akajishughulisha na mambo yake. Kifungua mimba wa Kiriri kwa jina Songoa alisema kuwa nchi yao haina chochote kumfaa kwa hata walio na shahada tatu bado wanalipwa mshahara mdogo sana, akaona heri awekeze huko mbali aliko na imani nako.

 

Kabla ya kifo chake, Kiriri alikuwa akiibua mijadala nafsi akilini mwake kuhusu Waafrika ambao ni kama waachao mbachao kwa mswala upitao. Akawa anajiuliza maswali mengi kama vile ni nini huwavutia raia kuhamia ughaibuni? Je ni hiyo mishahara minono wanayolipwa? Je, ni hizo kazi za kujidhalilisha za kwenda kuwauguza maajuza waliotelekezwa na aila zao? Au ni zile ndoa kati ya vijana wakembe wa Kiafrika na vikongwe vilivyochungulia kaburi? Kiriri aliendelea kushangaa ikiwa mkewe amegeuka wale wake pindi wafikapo ng’ambo hufunga ndoa na waume wengine kwa kuwa ndio njia pekee ya kuufukuza upweke na kupata riziki au kwa kutaka kujikwamua kwenye tope la uhawinde?

Kutokana na uzoefu wake katika kilimo, Kangata alipofika katika Msitu wa Mamba aliweza kuendeleza kilimo chenye natija. Kwa sasa, miaka mitano imepita na Kangata na Ndarine wameipa dunia kisogo. Lucia Kiriri-Kangata ameolewa katika ukoo wa Waombwe ambao awali walikuwa maadui sugu wa ukoo wa Anyamvua. Ndoa hii ilipata pingamizi sana kutoka kwa ukoo mzima lakini kutokana na Msimamo imara wa Kangata ndoa hii ilisimama.

Watu wa ukoo wa kina Kangata walishangaa ni kwa nini mwana wao akaozwa kwa watu ambao huvaa nguo ndani nje na pia huzaa majoka ya mdimu ambayo ni machoyo kupindukia. Kangata aliyatupilia maneno ya watu wa ukoo wao kwani Kiriri aliyadhamini masomo ya mabinti zake hata ingawa walikuwa wa ukoo tofauti na wake. Watu wa ukoo wa Kangata walikuwa wakipinga elimu ya msichana na kutoa rai kama kumuelimisha msichana ni kufisidi raslimali. Kangata anashangaa wakat mwanawe amelimika na kuishi maisha ya heri ndio wakati jamaa zake wameona tofauti za kiukoo. Hatimaye ukoo wa Kangata ulikubali muungano huu wa ndoa na ukawa umeyeyusha tofauti na chuki iliyokuwa baina yao. Nasaba hizi mbili zikawa sasa zinapikia chungukimoja.

Naye Akelo Kiriri-Kaango habari yake haijulikani. Baada ya kumaliza masomo yake ya kidato cha nne, alipata kuolewa na dereva wa malori yanayosafirisha bidhaa hadi Zambia. Jina la dereva huyo ni Kaango. Alipomwoa Akelo Kiriri, alimjengea nyurnba katika gatuzi la Mbuyuni na tetesi zinasema kuwa walipata watoto wawili. Mmoja kwa jina Ngaire na mwingine Mumbi. Hakuna ajuaye walikopelekwa na misukosuko ya miaka mitano iliyopita.

Lunga Kiriri — Kangata ndiye anaishi katika milki ya babake katika Msitu wa Mamba. Yeye amesomea kilimo. Awali alikuwa ameajiriwa kama afisa wa kilimo nyanjani. Alikuwa akiwaelimisha raia kuhusu mbinu bora za kilimo kama vile watu wasilime karibu na mito, watu wachimbe mitaro kuzuia mmonyoko wa udongo na watu wapande miti inayostahimili ukame. Alikuwa amirijeshi wa uhifadhi wa mazingira. Alipokuwa shuleni ndiye aliyekuwa

 

mwasisi wa chama cha watunza mazingira wasio na mipaka.

 

Kila ijumaa wakati wa gwaride ungemsikia akihutubia wanafunzi wenzake kwa mhemko.Kimondo (mwanafunzi mwenzake Lunga) alikuwa haishi kushangazwa na I-unga kwani mtu akimsikiliza Lunga hangedhani kuwa amekulia mazingira sawa na wale wanyonge ambao uwepo wao huamuliwa na matajiri. Ilishangaza kuwa Lunga hakuwazia kwamba alikolowelea baba mtu palikuwa msitu tu, tajiri wake akapabadilisha. Babake Lunga haswa ndiye aliyeliendeleza shamba lile. Aliendelea kumuuliza iwapo hajui kwamba umaskini unaweza kuupujua utu wa mtu akatenda hata asivyokusudia kutenda. Iunga hangeweza kujua kwani hajawahi kulala njaa akakosa usingizi kutokana na mkato wa njaa ilhali baba mtu anavuna kahawa katika shamba kubwa Ia Mzungu.

Mzungu huyu mwenye shamba akiwa anapata mamilioni ya pesa lakini anawapunja wafanyakazi wake kwa kuwalipa kishahara duni kiasi cha wao kushindwa kuwanunulia wana wao sare mpya. Kimondo anaendelea kumwambia mwenzake Lunga kuwa hajawahi kuamka asubuhi huku anakeng’etwa na tumbo na homa ya matumbo inamwandama. Mwalimu anapokupa barua ili ukatibiwe kwenye kituo cha afya kilichoko ndani ya kijiji ambacho mwenye kahawa amewajengea wafanyakazi, Daktari mwafrika anakataa kukupa huduma kwa kuwa wazazi wako hawajawekewa bima kutokana na kijishahara duni

wanacholipwa. Sasa Lunga ni mkulima stadi. Ametononokea si haba katika msitu huu. Hakumbuki kuwa msitu huu unafaa kuhifadhiwa kwa matumizi ya baadaye. Kabla ya shida kumleta hapa mstakabali wa maisha ya Lunga ulitishia kuporomoka. Alikuwa ameipoteza kazi yake ya Ukurugenzi katika kampuni ya Maghala ya Fanaka alikopinga kitendo cha raia kuuziwa mahindi ambayo yalikuwa yameagizwa kutoka ughaibuni.

Mahindi ambayo licha ya kuwa na rangi ya njano, yalihofiwa kuwa yameharibika. Yalikotolewa yalisemekana kuwa hatari kwa usalama hata wa panya. Lunga alipopinga uuzaji wa mahindi haya kwa raia vijisababu vilitolewa na vigogo wenye shehena za mahindi haya. Walidai kuyakataa mahindi haya ni kama kuidhinisha kifo cha mamilioni ya raia ambao hawamudu kujinunulia hata kibababa cha unga. Hata hivyo, rai za wakubwa ziliambulia patupu kwani Lunga alikataa katakata.

Lunga akawa amehiari kupoteza kazi yake ili kuyaokoa maisha ya wanyonge wasio na hatia. Baada ya mwezi mmoja Iunga akiwa ofisini mwake alitumia barua ya kumstaafisha kwani shirika hili lilikubwa na changamoto ya kifedha na hivyo halmashauri ikachukua hatua ya kupunguza idadi ya wafanyakazi. Lunga alipoisoma barua hii mara mbili

 

alishangazwa na ukosefu wa fadhila wa waajiri wake. Kweli asante ya punda ni mateke. Lunga alipokuja katika Msitu wa Mamba alikuwa na azma ya kumhamisha babake na kuwachia wanyama Edeni pao lakini aliyoazimia siyo aliyotenda.

Lunga alipokutana na ekari thelathini na tano za mahindi aliingiwa na tamaa na uchu akausaliti uadilifu wake. Tamaa ya kulima maekari na maekari zaidi ikamkumbatia akakata miti zaidi. Alipoulizwa ilipofia jadhba ya kupigania uhifadhi wa misitu alisema mungu mwenyewe alitupa ulimwengu tuutawale, sio ututawale. Siku zilivyosonga, mashamba ya Lunga na wenzakeyakendelea kutoa mazao mengi nayo jamii ya Msitu wa Mamba ikazidi kupanuka nazo tofauti za kitabaka zikazidi kujionyesha. Kundi Ia kwanza la wakimbizi Ridhaa, Kaizari na Kangata hamkuwa na tofauti kubwa. Mpito wa wakati ukazaa matajiri kama Lunga ambaye alikuwa akiwakumbusha wenzake kuwa alitokana na jadi ya kifahari ya Kiriri. Kulikuwa pia na maskini ambao kupata kwao kulitegemea utashi wa matajiri. Polepole uhasama ulianza kutishiakuisambaratisha jamii ya Msitu wa Mamba.

Vlongozi nao kwa kuhofia mambo kuharibika, walianza kampeni za kuwaelimisha raia kuhusu umuhimu wa kuishi kwa amani licha ya tofauti zao za kiusuli. Hata hivyo juhudi hazikufua dafu kwani awamu ya kwanza ya vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ilianza. Walinda usalama walipokuja kudumisha amani, walitumia bunduki zao na kuwaacha wengi wakiwa wafu nao watoto wakabaki wanawakiwa. Kisa hiki kiliwafungua macho viongozi wakatambua kuwa wakazi hawa walikuwa wakiishi hapa kiharamu. Vyombo vya habari vikatoa wito kwa chama tawala kuwatafutia mahali kwingi, vidonda vya zamani vikanza kutoja damu. Juhudi zao za kuandama ya uamuzi wa kuhamiShwa kwao hazikufua dafu. Wachache walifanikiwa kurudi kwao katika awamu ya pili ya Operesheni Rudi Kanaani.

Wengine kama Lunga ambaye hakujua kitovu chake hasa walitimuliwa pamoja na familia zao. Baada ya miezi mitatu Lunga aligundua kuwa amerudishwa kwenye Mlima wa Simba ambako inaaminiwa mababu zake walikuwa wamehamia kutoka Kaoleni, siku za biashara ya watumwa. Msitu wa Mamba ulibaki tasa. Mto uliokuwa hapo karibu, ambao ulikuwa umeanza kukauka sasa ulianza kutiririsha maji. Jambo la kushangaza ni kwamba, hata baada ya tangazo kutolewa kuwa msitu huu ni marufuku kwa binadamu, usiku wa manane kulisikika milio ya malori na matrekta yakibeba shehena za mbao, makaa na mahindi. Moshi pia hufuka mle mara kwa mara.

Maswali ya ziada

 

1. Eleza sifa za wahusika hawa: (alama 10)

 

1. Lunga b. Kimondo c. Kangata

 

1. Kuukata mkono niliostahili kuubusu yalinifika ya kunifika “

 

1. Eleza muktadha wa dondoo hili (alama 4)

 

1. Eleza namna msemaji alivyoukata mkono aliostahili kuubusu (a!ama 6)
2. Fafanua mambo mawili yaliyomfika msemaji (alama 2)

 

 

 

 

 

SURA YA SITA

 

Sura hii inapoanza tunampata Mwalimu Dhahabu akimtaka Umulkheri kuyarudisha mawazo yake darasani.Mwalimu huyu kwa kawaida ni mcheshi. Umu(ufupi wa Umulkheri) aliyarudisha macho yake darasani yakatazamana na ya Mwalimu Dhahabu bila yeye Umu kumwona mwalimu mwenyewe. Tangu Umu kujiunga na Shule hii katika kidato cha pili anajihisi kama samaki aliyetiwa kwenye dema. Haya mazingira ni mageni kwake na hakuja hapa kwa hiari. Baridi ya mahali hapa inamsinya kwani si kama kwao ambako kulikuwa na hari. Ukweli ni kuwa Umu alikuwa na kwao ila sahii hana.

Amebaki kuishi kwa hisani ya mkuu wa aliyeshauriwa na Wizara ya Elimu kumsajili umu na wengine watano. Umu ni mwana wa pili wa Bwana Lunga Kiriri —Kangata. Uongozi ulipoamua kuwahamisha mlima wa simba. Kule kuhamia Mlima wa Simba hakukumkalia vyema Lunga. Aliona kuwa ameyapoteza mengi maishani. Watoto wake walikuwa wakisomea katika Shule za kifahari na sasa fidia aliyopewa na serikali haitoshi hata kuwapeleka wanawe katika Shule za watu wa kima wastani.Lunga alipohamia Mlima wa Simba mke wake Naomi naye hakuwekwa na mazingira haya mapya.

Asubuhi moja alimtumia Lunga ujumbe na kumtaarifu kuwa ameondoka ili akatambe na ulimwengu na huenda akaambulia Cha kumsaidia Lunga kuikimu familia.Akawaacha Lunga na wanawe.Pigo hili la tatu lilimuuma Iunga sana kwani alijisabilia kwa hali na mali

 

kumpendeza mkewe. Naomi alilipa penzi lake na kumwachia Lunga adha za malezi jambo ambalo Lunga hakustahimili. Mwaka mmoja wa kwanza ulimwia Lunga mgumu mno kwani ilimlazimu Lunga kuwa mama na baba wa watoto wake. Katika hali hii Iunga aliingiwa nawahaka na kihoro na hatimaye ugonjwa wa shinikizo Ia damu ukampata.

Kabla ya mwisho wa mwaka huo Lunga alifariki na kuwaacha watoto wake mikononi mwa kijakazi wao. Asubuhi moja Umu aliamka na kujipata yu pweke nyumbani mwao. Ndugu zake wawili, Dick naMwaliko walikuwa wametoweka. Umu alijaribu kumwita kijakazi Sauna kumjuza lakini alisalimiwa na cheko la mwangwi wa sauti yake katika sebule. umu alimaka, hajui awafuate wapi ndugu zake wakembe.Dick alikuwa darasa la saba naye mwaliko alikuwa katika darasa Ia kwanza. Picha ya watoto waliotekwa nyara ilimjiaUmu akilini mwake ikakifanya kichwa chake kumwanga kwa maumivu. Mwishowe alipiga ripoti katika kituo cha polisi alikoulizwa maswali mengi kuhusiana na kukosekana kwa ndugu zake.

Baada ya kuripoti habari hiyo Umu alijizoazoa na kujiendea zake nyumbani. Maisha ya Umu sasa yalichukua mkondo mpya. Siku ile baada ya kuwapigia polisi ripoti,ilibainika wanuna wake walikuwa wametekwa nyara na Sauna kwani hayo ndiyo yalikuwa mazoea yaSauna. Sauna alikuwa akijifanya mwema kwa waajiri wake ili aaminiwe ili naye apate fursa ya kuwaiba watoto na kuwapeleka kwa bibi mmoja ambaye aliwatumia katika biashara zake na katika ulanguzi wa dawa za kulevya.

Machozi ya uchungu yalimtiririka Umu na hakuamini kuwa nduguze wadogo walikuwa mali ya mtu atakayewatumia kama kitega uchumi. Baada ya kutia na kutoa, aliona kuwa hapo hapamweki tena akaamua kuondoka. Asubuhi moja Umu alifika kwenye kituo cha garimoshi. Sasa yu katikati mwa jiji la Karaha. Woga mkubwa ukamkumbatia kwa kutojua alikokuwa kwani mji huu ni mpya kwake. Hajawahi kutembea hapa peke yake. Hata hivyo, Umu yu tayari kuanza maisha upya katika jiji hili. Hajui vipi lakini penye nia ipo njia. Baada ya kuwaza na kuwazua, Umu alijikokota na kuchukua njia iliyoelekea kushoto. Alipofika Church Road mara moja aliikumbuka njia hii.

Aliwahi kupitia pale zama za utukufu wa babake. Anakumbuka akiwapata ombaomba wengi karibu na kanisa Ia Mtakatifu Fatma. Anakumbuka namna alivyomsihi mamake kumpa noti ya shilingi mia moja ili amkabidhi mmoja wa ombaomba wale. Mama mtu alikatalia ombi Ia Umu lakini hatimaye baada ya Umu kusisitiza mno, mamake alimkabidhi shilingi ishirini naye umu akaongeza mapeni aliyokuwa akipewa na babake na kumkabidhi ombaomba mmoja shilingi mia mbili. Ombaomba huyo alimshukuru na kumwita sistee na

 

kuahidi kuwa siku moja atamsaidia Umu. Leo hii Umu anashangaa iwapo bahati itamvutia usaidizi hata kutoka kwa yule maskini wa Mungu. Akipewa msaada wowote hata kama ni jamvi la kuuweka ubavu wake usiku kwenye mitaa atashukuru.

Alielekea kwenye mkahawa mkubwa mkabala mwa kanisa. Aliwaona vijana wengi wa mitaani. Umu akayaangaza macho yake kuona kama atampata rafiki yake. Hakumpata wala hakuona yule aliyekaribiana naye. Alikataa tamaa. Aliamua kuendelea na safari yake, huenda atampata kanisani. Kisadfa, kabla hajatembea hatua chache kutoka pale aliskia sauti ikiita “kipusa”. Alipogeuka alimwona yule kijana kazaliwa upya! Nadhifu! Meno meupe. Alijitambulisha kwake Umu kama Hazina. Serikali ilimwokoa kutokana na kinamasi cha uvutaji gundi na matumizi ya mihadarati. Akapelekwa shuleni akasoma. Walijengewa makao ambapo yeye na wenzake wanaendelea kusaidiwa na kupewa mbinu za kukabiliana na maisha.

Hazina alibahatika kujifunza upishi na huduma za hotelini na sasa hivi anafanya kazi kama mhudumu katika hoteli hiyo. Hazina alimwomba Umu waende akanywe chai. Umu alimtazama Hazina huku kaduwaa. Akamfuata hotelini alikokula shibe yake. Alimsimulia Hazina mkasa huku mito ya machozi ikiwatiririka wote wawili. Hazina alimwonea imani umu kwa kuharibikiwa na maisha katika kipindi ambapo anahitaji hifadhi ya wazazi. Umu machozi yake yalikuwa mchanganyiko wa furaha na majonzi. Furaha kwa kuona kuwa rafiki yake amefaulu kujitoa katika hali ya utegemezi. Huzuni kwa sababu anahisi kuwa ndugu zake wawili huenda ndio walichukua nafasi ya Hazina katika mitaa ya miji. Hazina alimwahidi kuwa atamsaidia. Akampeleka moja kwa moja hadi kwenye makao yao na kumjulisha kwa Julida mama aliyesimamia makao haya. Julida alimkaribisha na kumtaka asijali. Hapo pangekuwa nyumbani mwao kwa muda kisha Julida wangewasiliana na Idara ya Watoto kuhusu suala la ndugu zake Umu.

Ndugu zake wangetafutwa na wangepatikana. Mwezi mmoja baadaye, Umu alijiunga na Shule ya Tangamano akajiunga na kidato cha pili ambako alijipata kuwa mgeni. Mwalimu Dhahabu akatambua kwa wepesi unyonge aliokuwa nao Umu. Mwalimu huyu akataka pia kujua usuli wa Umu kutoka kwa mwalimu wa darasa la Umu. Mwalimu huyu wa darasa alipoyahadithia masaibu ya Umu kwa Mwalimu Dhahabu, Bi Dhahabu akawa haishi kumhimiza Umu kuwa jasiri kukabiliana na hali yake hii mpya.

 

 

 

 

 

 

SURA YA SABA

 

Hata hivyo ilimwia vigumu Umu kusahau yaliyopita. Hata hivyo, Umu aliendelea kuhimizwa na wenzake ayazoee maisha haya mapya. Siku moja Kairu alimweleza Umu kuwa ana bahati sana kwani yeye hakupitia waliyoyapitia wao. Wao walitendwa ya kutendwa. Wao walipofurushwa kwao siku hiyo hakujua waendako. Mama akiwa mbele nao kina Kairu nyuma. Mama yao alikuwa amembeba kitindamimba ambaye alijifia mgongoni mwa mamake. Baada ya kuuzika mwili wa ndugu yao, kina Kairu waliendelea na safari wasiojua mwishowake. Hatimaye nguvu ziliwaisha mama yao akawaashiria kuketi kando ya njia, wakawa wanangojea kifo. Mara waliwajia watu waliokuwa wamevaa mavazi yaliyoandikwa IDR,wakasombwa na kutiwa kambini walikokuwa wamejaa sana watoto kwa watu wazima.

Hali hapo ilikuwa ngumu. Miiko ilivunjwa. Walivumilia wakawa wanaishi kwa tumaini wakidhani hali itatengenea. Wakatumaini kwamba wangerudi kwao. Lakini kinyume na matarajio, uongozi mpya hukuleta ahueni yoyote katika maisha yao. Kilichobadilika ni kuwa walipewa ardhi zaidi ya kujenga mabanda zaidi ili kupunguza msongamano katika mabanda ya awali. Sasa wako pale pale. Kairu alikwenda pale akiwa darasa la sita na sasa ako kidato cha pili. Wangali wanasubiri kurudi nyumbani ila yeye haoni kama mna nyumbani pema zaidi ya hapo kambini ambako wanaishi bila kujali mtu alikotoka. Kairu alimsihi Umu kuvumilia na kuzingatia masomo kwani ndiyo yatakayomtoa katika lindi hilo la huzuni. Kairu aliendelea kumweleza Umu kuwa ana bahati kupata mfadhili. Yeye Kairu, mzazi wake wa pekee ni mama ambaye ni muuza samaki na baada ya ule mzozo wa ni nani kamiliki Ziwa kuu, biashara yao imedidimia sana.

Samaki wamekuwa adimu sokoni na bei yake imepanda. Mamake Kairu hana mtaji wa kuanzisha biashara nyingine kwa kuwa yeye ni maskini. Maisha yamemwia magumu kwani hata karo yake Kairu imembidi amlilie mwalimu mkuu amruhusu alipe kidogokidogo hadi mwisho wa mwaka. Katika mazungumzo ya Kairu inabainika kuwa babake yu hai na ana familia nyingine na kuwa Kairu alizaliwa nje ya ndoa. Umu anapoyaweka masaibu ya Kairu kwenye mizani anaona kuwa anaona msiba wake kuwa mwepesi sasa. Mwanaheri naye alianza kusimualia na kusema kuwa baada ya kurudishwa nyumbani kutoka Msitu waMamba baba yakeMwanaheri- Mzee Kaizari, aliweza kuyajenga maisha yao upya.

Akajenga myumba kufu yao pale kwenye ganjo lao Yeye na dadake Lime walirudi shuleni

 

mlemle kijijini mwao tu. Ikawa rahisi kuyazoea maisha kwani wanafunzi wenzao waliwapenda sana. Lime alikuwa hodari katika michezo ya kuigiza- ile ya kitoto. Alikuwa mcheshi mno na kutokuwapo kwake shuleni kuliwafanya watoto kumpeza. Majirani wao nao wakamsaidia baba yao kukabiliana na hali hii mpya ya maisha hata hivyo baba mtu alikuwa na hofu kuwa huenda wangeshambuliwa tena, nao majirani walimhakikishia kuwa hawangeruhusu jambo lolote kuusambaratisha tena udugu baina yao.

Kwa hivyohali ya utulivu ilitawala tena.Uhusiano kati ya marehemu mamake Mwanaheri na mavyaa yake ulikuwa umeingia ufa. Mama mkwe daima alikuwa kwa kumwona aliyekuja kumbwakura mwanawe. Hali hii ikawa imezidishwa na tofauti zakikabila kati ya mamake Mwanaheri na babake.Mamake ametoka kwenye jamii ya Bamwezi. Daima anachukuliwa kama mgeni, si katika boma lao tu, bali katika kijiji kizima. Uhasama ulizidi baada ya vurugu za miaka mitano iliyopita. Nyanya yao akimwona mamake Mwanaheri kama chanzo cha kuharibiwa mali yao, kwamba ndiye aliyewafanya majirani kuwachomea boma Iao.

Mamake Mwanaheri alidhoofika kiafya kwa majonzi ya kutengwa na wale aliowadhania kuwa wa aila yake. Siku moja waliamka na kupata kibarua juu ya meza dogo iliyokuwa chumbani mwa Mwanaheri.Mwanaheri alipofungua barua hii alipata kuwa mama mtu alihiari kuondoka kwa kubaguliwa,kufitiniwa na kulaumiwa kwa asiyotenda.Mwanaheri aliendelea kuwahadithia wenzake nakusema kuwa baada ya miezi miwili babake alienda kumtafuta mamake kwao asimpate. Baada ya kujuzwa kuwa mama mtu alikuwa ameenda mjini kuzumbua riziki, babake Mwanaheri alifululiza mjini kwenda kumtafuta mke wake akiwa mwenye majuto. Alimtafuta na kumtafuta mwezi baada ya mwezi na alipompata alikuwa amejifia chumbani mwake baada ya kutumia kinywaji kikali. Baba mtu alifanya juhudi na mabaki ya mamake Mwanaheri kuzikwa. Mwanaheri alipomaliza kuhadithia kadhiayake, matone mazitomazito ya machozi yalikuwa yakimdondoka.

Umu na Kairu walimwacha autue mzigo wake. Sasa Umu alianza kuhisi mzigo wake ulikuwa mwepesi sana.Mwanaheri aliendelea kuhadithia kuwa mara nyingi mwalimu anapofundisha mawazo yake hutangatanga. Yeye hujiuliza ni kwa nini mamake akakitekeleza kitendo hicho cha ubinafsi. Kwa kuwa maji yamekwishamwagika, sasa ameamua kuufuata ushauri wa MwalimuDhahabu wakuandama elimu kama ya kumwezesha kuleta mabadiliko katika jamii. Mwanaheri anasema kuwa iwapo mamake angefuata mikakati bora zaidi ya kuhusiana na wakwe zake badala ya kukata tamaa,huenda maisha yake Mwanaheri na ndugu zake yangekuwa bora zaidi.

 

Zohali naye alikuwa akiusikiliza utambaji wa marafiki zake nacho kilio kikawa kinamwandama. Baada ya kuwaza ikiwa atawatolea wenzake dukuduku lake hatimaye aaliamua kuwasimulia. Yeye alikuwa motto wa nyumba kubwa. Babake alikuwa mkurugenzi katika Shirika la Utoaji wa Huduma za Simu na mamake alikuwa mwalimu mkuu wa Shule maarufu ya kitaifa. Wazazi wake walikuwa walezi wema.Zohali na nduguze hawakupungukiwa na chochote.Maisha yake Zohali yalianza kwenda tenge alipojiunga na kidatocha pili.Mtafaruku wa kihisia katika umri huo ulimfanya kufanya mambo kwa papara na kutahamaki akawa ameambulia ujauzito.

Mwalimu mkuu alimtaarifu dadake Zohali kuwa alikuwa mjamzito na alifaa kurejeshwa nyumbani na akisha kujifungua wazaziwake waweze kumtafutia Shule nyingine.Tima(dadake Zohali) alimaka. Kutoka siku hiyo maisha ya Zohali yalichukua mkondo mpya. Amewahi kulala katika barabara za jiji pamoja na watoto wengine wa mitaani, amewahi kutumia gundi ili kujipurukusha,amewahi kupigana na majitu yaliyokuwa yakitaka kuuhujumu utu wake kwa kumnyanyasa kijinsia.Wakati wenzake waliona siku zake za kujifungua zimekaribia za kujifungua walimpeleka kituo chaWakfu wa Mama Fatma. Alikuwa ameyapitia mengi.Zohali anamshukuru Mtawa Pacha aliyemwokoa kutokana na kinamasi cha unguliko la moyo. Baada ya Zohali kumweleza kadhia yake, Mtawa Pacha alitikisa kichwa na kumwahidi kwamba baada yakujifungua angemrejesha shuleni. Sasa hivi na ulezi ulimpotezea miaka yake miwili.

Huwa anatamani sana kumwambia Mtawa Pacha ukweli wa mambo kuwa ana wazazi lakini moyo wake hukataa katakata. Atamwambiaje kuwa ana wazazi ilhali waliisha kumkana alipohitaji pendo lao?Anaendelea kusema kuwa madhila aliyoyapitia nyumbani kwao hayaelezeki. Baba yao alisema kuwahakuwa na pesa za kulipa kijakazi tena. Kazi zote za nyumbani zikawa za Zohali. La kusikitisha zaidi ni, mama mtu ambaye anajua uchungu wa kulea mimba hakutoa sauti yakumtetea. Baada ya Zohali kuyakamilisha masimulizi yake aliyaondoa machoyake kwenye ukuta yalikokuwa yameganda.Chandachema alifuata kusimulia kadhia yake. Kisa chake kikiwa na mshabaha na kile cha Zohali.Alilelewa na bibi yake aliyefariki Chandachema akiwa darasa la kwanza. Habari ilisema kuwa baba yake Fumba alikuwa amehamia Uingereza na familia yake na ni mhadhiri katika Chuo kikuu. Baada ya nyanyake kuiaga dunia, mambo yake Chandachema yalijaa giza.

SURA YA NANE

 

Ni alasiri moja ya joto kali. Mwangeka na Mkewe Apondi wameketi kwenye behewa la

 

nyumba yao.Wameyaelekeza macho yao kwenye kidimbwi ambamo wanao watatu Sophie,Ridhaa na Umulkheri- wanaogelea.Ukichunguza kwa makini utapata kwamba wawili hawa hawaoni chochote japo wanatazama. Kila mmoja,Apondi na Mwanageka, amepotea kwenye ulimwengu wake. Mwangeka anapomtazama Apondi anatabasamu. Kisa cha kukutana kwao kilikuwa kama ifuatavyo:Mwangeka , babake Mwangeka alikuwa akiishi nyumbani kwa Mwangeka kwa muda. Walikuwa wajane wawiliwaliokomaa. Hitaji la Mwangeka kuwa na mshirika wa kumwondolea ukiwa lilimwandama.

Baba mtu alimtaka Mwangeka kuwazia suala hili, Alijua kuwa wakati ndio mwamuzi,ipo siku atakapotokeza hurulaini wake Mwangeka.Ataifungua kufuli kubwa iliyoufunga moyo wake na hiyo itakuwa siku ya kumwaga chozi la heri. Baba mtu akaendelea kungojea kwa matarajio makuu, kila jioni akimchunguza mwanawe kuona kumetokea badiIiko lolote. Siku moja alikutana na RachaelApondi ambaye alifanya kazi katika Wizara ya Vijana na Masuala ya Kijinsia. Apondi alikuwa na shahada katika masuala ya kijamii. Apondi alikuwa mmoja wa wawasilishaji na ilipowadia zamu yake kuwasilisha aliwasisilisha kwa ustadi wa hali ya juu. Akautekanyara moyo wa Mwangeka. Apondi alipotoka jukwaani alisindikizwa na makofi ya hadhira yake.

Mwangeka akamsindikiza na macho zaidi ya makofi. Moyo wake uliokuwa umejaa barafu ukayeyuka na kutwaa uvuguvugu. Binti huyu alimkumbushaMwangeka marehemu mke wake Lily. Mwangeka naApondi walipata kujuana vizuri zaidi wakati wa chamcha. Huu ukawa mwanzo wa usuhuba na uchumba wa mwaka mwaka mmoja ambao kilele chake kilikuwa kufunga ndoa. Apondi alikuwa mjane wa marehemu Mandu. Mzee Mandu alijifia ughaibuni katika shughuli za kudumisha amani. Kifochake Mandu kikamwachia Apondi na Sophie mwanawe wa miaka miwili kilio kisichomithilika.

Apondi akawa mwoga, akachelea kuhusiana na mwanamume mwingine asije akamwachia ufa wamoyo. Miaka sita baada ya kufiwa ndipo alipokutana naMwangeka na penzi likazalika, wakapanga kuoana.Alipojifungua mtoto wa kiume alimwita Ridhaa. Ridhaa ni bavyaa yake aliyemkubali katika familia yake licha ya kwamba koo zao ni tofauti. Akawa nafuraha tele kwa kuwaSophie amepata mwenzake naye Baba Ridhaa amepata fidia japo kidogo kwa familia yake iliyoteketea.Mwangeka na Apondi walikuwa wameamua kuwa watoto wao wawili walitosha kukamilisha familia yao.

Lakini, ukarimu wao ulifanya kuzaliwa kwa Umulkheri katika familia yao.Baada ya Umu kujiunga na Shule ya Tangamano, waliishi alishirikiana na mwalimu mkuu wa Tangamano

 

mfadhili. Apondi alikuwa rafiki wa utotoni wa Mwalimu Dhahabu. Alipompigia simu na kumweleza kadhia ya Umu Apondi alikubali kumchukua Umu kama mtoto wake wa kupanga.Baada ya kuwasiliana na Mwangeka, Mwangeka hakuwa naPingamizi yoyote kuhusu kuwa mlezi wa Umulkheri.

Mwangeka alimwambia mkewe kuwa umu ni baraka kwa Mwenyezi Mungu na kuwa Mungu amemfidia mwanaye aliyekufa umu akapata wazazi wapya.Wakawa wanamlipia karo umu mwanzoni alikuwa na shaka lakini baadaye alikuja kuwapenda kwa dhati.Upendo alioupata kwa wazazi hawa wapya uliponya donge chungu lililokuwa moyoni mwake.Akawa sasa yu tayari kumsamehe mamake hapa duniani na ahera. Akawazia pia kumsamehe Sauna. Hata hivyo alibaki kujiuliza maswali mfululizokuhusiana na walikotokomea ndugu zake.

SURA YA TISA

 

Siku hii Dick alihisi kuwa uwanja wa ndege ulikuwana baridi na mzizimo kuliko siku nyingine zote. Dick mlolongo mkubwa wa watu ambao walingoja kuingia akawa anakumbuka siku alipoanza kusafiri kwa ndege. Siku hiyo alijawa na kiwewe kwani biashara haramu ya kubeba dawa za kulevya aliyokuwa amejiingiza kwayo ilikuwa imewaingiza wengi kwenye mikono ya polisi, wakatiwa mbaroni.

Siku hizo alikuwa mwanagenzi katika uga huu kwani alikuwa na umri wa miaka kumi tu. Zipo siku alipotetemeka karibu ajisaliti lakini hatimaye alizoea kujipa moyo. Sasa miaka kumi ya adha imepita. Haukuhitaji mnyonge. Dick alitoswa katika kinamasi cha kuuza dawa za kulevya na Sauna- kijakazi wao.Dick amesafirisha maelfu kwa maelfu ya vifurushivya dawa hizi. Mwanzoni akawa si mraibu wa dawa hizi lakini ilibidi ajizoeshe kwa usalama wake mwenyewe, kwani mara nyingi alilazimika kuzimeza dawa zenyewe ili kwenda kuzitapika kwenye masoko ya ughaibuni.

Jambo hili lilichangiwa na uwepo wa mashine zenye uwezo mkubwa wa kung’amua shehena za dawa zilizofichwa kwenye chupi. Siku ile baada ya kijakazi Sauna kumwiba Dick baba mmoja tajiri ambaye alijitia kumpeleka shuleni.Kumbe alikuwa amempeleka katika biashara yakuuza dawa za kulevya. Buda ( lakabu ya tajiri wakeDick) alipoona Dick akitaka kukataa kushiriki biashara hii, alimtishia Dick kuwa angetupwa nje, asingiziwewizi na bila shaka Dick alijua malipo ya wezi ni kutiwa tairi na kuchomwa moto. Wazo la kupata adhabu ya aina hii lilimtetemesha Dick. Akambuka rafiki yake Lemi alivyofishwa kwa njia hii. Kisa cha Lemi kilimfanya kuunasihi moyo wake kuingilia biashara hii haramu ili mwenye nguvu

 

asije akamtumbukiza akajisemea kuwa huenda siku moja akapata mbinu ya kujinasua.

 

Sababu nyingine iliyomfanya Dick kuingilia biashara hii ni kuwa alihitaji chakula na mahitaji mengine. Akasema potelea mbali kwa lisilobudi hutendwa. Alipojitosa katika biashara hii haramu aliingilia kwa hamasa za ujana. Miaka mitano ya kwanza ikawaimejaa hekaheka kwani alisafiri kwingi na kuona mengi. Akaweza kuchuma pato Si haba, pato aliloliona ni halali yake baada ya ulimwengu kumpoka maisha yake. Hata hivyo asubuhi moja aliamka baada ya kuamua kuwa hakuumbiwa uhalifu,dhamiri yake ikamsumbua na moyo wake kumsuta.

Mawazo mengi yakawa yamempitikia akilini na ya kamsukuma kuufikia uamuzi wa mkataa,akajinasua kutoka kucha za mwajiri wake huyu. Akaacha biashara ile haramu na kuanzisha biasharaya kuuza vifaa vya simu. Leo hii amejiajiri. Ashaamua kuufungua ukurasa mpya katika maisha yake. Amekwisha kuhitimu masomo katika Chuo cha ufundi ambako alijifunza teknolojia ya mawasiliano ya Simu. Sasa amepanua mawanda yake ya kibiashara. Anauza vifaa vya simu. Husafiri ng’ambo mara kwa mara kununua bidhaa ili kuyauzia mashirika yanayotoa huduma za mawasiliano. Asubuhi hii Dick na kijana mwenzake (mwajiriwa wake) walikuwa katika safari ya kawaida.

Alinuiwa kuabiri ndege ya saa moja asubuhi kuelekea ughaibuni ambako alizoea kununua mali yake. Huku akingoja afisi kufunguliwa,akayakunjua maisha yake ya siku za Mlima wa Simba.Akamwazia mama yake kwa masikitiko makuu. Akashanga jinsi ulimwengu unavyoweza kummeza mwanadamu akawacha kuwaazia hata wana wake.

Akamkumbuka babake katika dakika ya mwisho ya hasidi” ndio waliomsababishia uwele alionao. Dick akiishi, atawaona. Akili yake ikamtuma kumkumbuka Umulkheri- dadake. Anakumbuka alivyomwambia kuwa asijali kwani yeye angewakimu kwa viganjavyake na hawangepungukiwa na chochote. Akawa na maswali chungu nzima kuhusiana na aliko Umu.Wakati Dick alikuwa akiwaza kuhusu familia yake,hakujua kuwa Umulkheri alikuwa nyuma yake kapiga foleni.

Anasafiri ng’ambo kwa shahada yake ya uhandisi katika masuala ya kilimo. Umu, baada yakuchukuliwa na Mwangeka na Apondi alifanya bidii masomoni nakufuzu vyema katika mitihani yake.Kisadfa, safari ya Umu imekuwa siku hii ambapo Dick anasafiri. Dick aliposikia Mwangeka akimwita Umuna kumtaarifu kuwa ndege i karibu kuondoka,hakuamini. Mazungumzo baina ya Umu na wazazi wake yalimwamsha Dick kutoka lepe lake la muda.Aligeuka na kutazamana ana kwa ana na Umu. Mwanzoni Umu

 

akidhani macho yanamdanganya. Mikono yake ikamwachilia dadake Sophie, moyowake ukamwenda mbio. Ghafla Dick, alimwita dadake Umu nakumkimbilia. Wakakumbatiana.

Wasafiri wote na aila yote ikawatazama kwa mshangao. Machozi yakawadondoka wote wawili na kulia kimyakimya huku wakiambiana kimoyomoyo yote yaliyowakumba. Hatimaye sauti iliita ikitangaza kuwaabiria wa ndege Tumaini waanze kuingia. Walijua kuwa jaala ilikuwa imewakutanisha na hawatawahi kutengana tena.

SURA YA KUMI

 

Sura hii inaanza kwa Wimbo wake Shamsi. Leo Shamsi anaskika kama amebadilisha wimbo wake kama ana wasema Ridhaa japo kwa sauti ya chini. Wimbo huu wa leo unasikika kama wa kiumbe mwenye maumivu zaidi na mapigo yake hasa ni ya mbolezi. Huu wa leo ni tofauti na majigambo yake ya kila siku. Ridhaa alianza kuyaghani majigambo yake Shamsi kwa sauti ya chini kama anayeyatia maneno ya majigambo kwenye mizani.Ridhaa anamtazama Shamsi akipita kama afanyavyo kila siku.Mtaa anakoishi Shamsi si mbali na hapa, Shamsi na Ridhaa ni majirani. Huu ni mwezi wa tatu tangu Ridhaa kuhamia mtaa wa Ahueni. Ahueni ni mtaa wa raia wenye kima cha juu kiuchumi. Mtaa huu una sura ya mijengo ya kifahari ya ghorofa.

Daraja kubwa limeutenga mtaa huu na mtaa waKazikeni inakoishi familia ya Shamsi na nyingine za aina yake. Huku maisha ni ya kubahatisha. Huu nimtaa wa mabanda yaliyojengwa kwa udongo na mabati. Mwangeka aliamua kuhamia mtaa wa Ahueni baada

ya mjukuu wake wa mwisho kuzaliwa. Aliona ulikuwa wakati wake kuanza kuyajenga maisha yake upya. Maisha yaMwangeka sasa yalitengenea. Baada ya kuzungumza na mwanawe, Ridhaa alimwomba Mwangeka amruhusu aondoke ili akaanze kuyazoea maisha ya ujane. Aliondoka akiwa na azimio Ia kukamiIisha kukijenga kituo cha afya chaMwanzo Mpya alichokijenga kwenye ganjo lake. Kituo hicho kingewafaa raia wengi ambao hawangemudu gharama ya matibabu katika hospitali za kibinafsi.

Selume alifanya kazi katika kituo cha afya chaMwanzo Mpya. Hali katika kituo hiki ni bora kuliko ilivyokuwa katika hospitali ya umma. Huko alikuwa amechoka kutokana na kuwatazama wagonjwa wakifa kwa kukosa huduma za kimsingi huku shehena za dawa zilizotengewa hospitali hii zikiiShia kwenye maduka ya dawa ya wasimamizi wa hospitali. Alikuwa amechoshwa na mambo mengi. Katika kituo hiki kipya Selume aliajiriwa kama Muuguzi Mkuu naye Kaizari kama Afisa wa Matibabu. Sasa huu ni mwaka wa tatu tangu kuanza kazi hapa chini ya usimamizi wa Ridhaa ambaye ndiye mkurugenzi.Anawahudumia

 

wagonjwa walio na matatizo aina aina.

 

Kuna mgonjwa mmoja aliuguza majeraha katika mgogoro wa ardhi katika eneo la Tamuchungu. Mwingine aliyejifia ni kijana anayesomea shahada ya uzamili, alikuwa mwathiriwa wa pombe haramu. Mgonjwa mwingine wa kike kwa Jina Tuama alikuwa amejipata katika hali mbaya kwa kukubali kupashwa tohara. Alibahatika kwa kuwa hakuiaga dunia kama wenzake.Tuama anaitetea mila hii ya upashaji tohara kwa wanawake eti haijapitwa na wakati kwani bila tohara mwanamke hubakia kuwa mtoto. Anaendelea kusema kuwa kupashwa tohara hakumaanishi kuacha Shule kwani dadake Hazina alipashwa tohara lakini sasa amehitimu shahada kutoka Chuo kikuu.

Mgonjwa mwingine kwa jina Pete aliendelea kupata ahueni.Yeye aliokolewa akitaka kujiangamiza pamoja nakitotO chake. Pete alizaliwa katika kijiji cha Tokasa.Yeye ndiye mtoto wa nne katika familia yenye watoto sita. Alipoutambua ulimwengu tu, alijipata kwa nyanyake mzaa mama.Sababu yake kujipata katika hali hii ni ule mtafarukuuliokuwa umetokea baina ya mamake na babakePete kisa na maana, Pete hakuwa na mshabaha hata chembe na babake. Mama yake Pete kwa kuchelea kuiharibu ndoa yake akampagaza nyanya mzigo wa malezi.

Pete hajadiriki kuonja tamu ya kupendwa na wazazi wake. Alipoanza kupata hedhi maisha yalichukua mkondo mwingine. Alipoingia darasa Ia saba alipashwa tohara naowajombake wakapokea posa na baadaye mahari

kutoka kwa buda mmoja kwa jina Fungo aliyemuoa kama bibi wa nne. Alipojifungua, akaamua kwa mzee Fungo hakumweki tena. Akaondoka bila kuangalia nyuma. Akaingia jijini kuzumbua riziki. Akapata ajira ya kijishahara duni ambacho hakikutosha kugharamia mahitaji yake yote. Maisha yakazidi kuwa magumu hadi akamzaa mwana wa pili.

Kitoto alichonacho zahanatini ni cha tatu na alikipata akiwa katika shughuli za uuzaji pombe. Mamboyalipombainikia kuwa ana watoto watatu kabla yakufikisha umri wa miaka ishirini na moja, aliona niheri ajiangamize. Alimwambia jirani yake amchungie watoto kisha akaacha kikaratasi chenye anwani ya bibi yake kwenye kimeza katika chumba chake na kuondoka. Alijiambia kuwa dawa ya panya haingeshindwa kumuua yeye pamoja na kilichomo tumboni na ndipo akamimina kopo la dawa hiyokinywani. Sasa anapata ahueni katika kituo hiki cha afya.

SURA YA KUMI NA MOJA

 

Sauna anaamka huku akijipindua kusikiliza mlio wa kingora unaosikika kwa mbali. Sauna anajihisi mzito kama nanga na kutamani kurudi kulala. Lakini inabidi aamke ili amtayarishie Bi. Kangara kiamshakinywa. Sauna anajihisi kutokuwa na utulivu na mara polisi wanafika kumkamata sauna na Bi Kangara ambaye ni mwajiri wake. Hawa wawili wamejihusisha katika biashara ya ulanguzi wa watoto.

Sauna baada ya kumtorosha Dick na Mwaliko na kuuza Dick kwa mzee Buda anaawaza jinsi ambavyo maisha yake yamekuwa. Hakupenda kazi hii sana kutokana na kitendo cha babake wa kambo anayemhujumu kila wakati apatapo nafasi na mamake kumwonya dhidi ya kumwambia yeyote asimbujie ndoa sauna aligeuka kuwa na moyo wa ujabari. Babake Sauna (Kero) alikuwa mlevi jambo lililosababisha kupigwa kalamu. umaskini aliosababishia mamake sauna ndicho kilichokuwa kiini chake cha kuolewa na Bwana Maya. Baada ya Sauna kutoroka kwao alifanya kazi mbalimbali kabla ya kukutana na Bi Kangara. Mabibi hawa walifikishwa mahakamani na kushtakiwa kwa ukiukaji wa haki za watoto. Mwaliko anapelekwa kwa kituo cha watoto mayatima kilichoitwa Benefactor.

Neema na mwangemi wanajadiliana juu ya kupanga motto.hii ni baada ya kujaribu kwa muda wa miaka mitano bila kupata motto. Motto wao bahati alikufa katika juma la kwanza kutokana na ugonjwa wa sickle cell.

Neema anamwelezea mmewe mwangemi jinsi mungu alimpa nafasi ya kumpanga motto kasha akaitema kama masuo. Anamwambia asubui moja miaka kumi iliyopita, akiwa anapitia katika ujia uliolekea ofisini mwake alipata kitoto kimetupwa katika karatasi ya sandarusi. Alikipeleka kitoto kile kituo cha polisi na kasha baadaye kikapelekwa katika kituo cha watoto cha Benefactor.

Neema baada ya kukubali rai ya Mwangemi ya kumpanga motto walienda katika kituo cha Benefactor na kumpanga Mwaliko. Mwaliko aliwaheshimu wazazi wake na majirani hata akamaliza masomo yake ya kidato cha nne na akajiunga na chuo kikuu kusomea shahada ya Isimu na Lugha.

 

 

 

SURA YA KUMI NA MBILI

 

Baada ya masomo ya uzamili ya Mwaliko anaajiriwa katika kampuni ya magazeti ya Tabora kamamhariri katika kitengo cha biashara. Mwaliko anakumbuka yaliyotokea kwao baada ya a kuachwa na mama yao. Mama Neema aliishi kumpa tumaini kuwa atawahi waona .

Mwaliko na babake wanaamua kwenda kujivinjari katika mji. Ilikuwa siku ya kuzaliwa ya mwangemi. Katika hoteli mwaliko anazungumzia nduguze huku akionyesha labda waliweza kujifia au labda mama yao aliwajia. Kwa upande mwingine Umu na familia yao walikuwa pia katika hoteli ya Majaliwa kusherehekea kuzaliwa kwa Umu . Umu anakumbuka siku ambayo wazazi hawa wake wa kupanga walipomkujia na ujumbe wa mwalimu Dhahabu kuwa ni watu wa imani.

Umulkheri anawashukuru wazazi wake kwa kumsomesha, kwa utu wao, kwa kumsaindikia nduguye Dick kujiendeleza katika masomo na kuwaombea thawabu kutoka kwa Mungu. Aidha Apondi anamshukuru Umu kwa ulezi wa nduguze wadogo Don Ridhaa na hasa Sophie ambaye amekuwa katika hali ya kutafuta ujitambuaji. Dick anamkumbusha nduguye Umu alipomwambia kuwa angewalea na Mwaliko kwa viganja vyake. Aidha Dick anawashukuru sana wazazi hawa kwa mashauri yao kwani alipokutana nao kwanza alikuwa na kiduka kimoja cha kuuzia vifaa vya simu , lakini sasa ni mmoja kati ya watu mashuhuri katika kuendeleza teknohama.

 

 

Mwangemi anamwita mwanawe Mwaliko ambaye Dik na Umu wote wawili walitazamana , kila mmoja akiapa moyoni kuwa amewahi kumwona kiumbe kama huyu mahali , lakini hakuna anayedhubutu kunena. Mwangeka anakumbuka maisha yake na Mwangemi ya utotoni na jinsi walivyopendana. Katika utoto wao walibuni michezo ya kishujaa ambayo kila moja alipenda kujitambulisha na majagina.

Mwaliko moyo wa udugu unamwambia kuwa hawa ndio ndugu zake . Mara mwaliko anainua macho taratibu na kumwita Umu na Dick huku akiwarifu kuwa ni yeye nduguyo. Umu na Dick wanamkumbatia na kulizana. Wanafurahi kukutana huku wakipanga kumtamfuta mamayao. Mwaliko anarudi nyumbani akiwa na hamu kuu ya kumsimulia Neema majaliwa ya siku hiyo.

 

3 Athari ya vita katika nchi ya Wafidhina

 

• watu kuuawa, kuacha makwao na kukimbilia maisha yao huku wakipoteza mali kwani waliokimbia makwao kila walichokiacha kiliteketezwa
• kupora maduka ya Kihindi, kiarabu na hata Waafrika wenzao

 

• Misafara ya    wakimbizi     ikawa     kwenye     barabara     na                    vichochoro           vya Wahafidhina
• Mizoga ya watu na wanyama

 

• magofu ya majumba yaliyoteketezwa kwa moto

 

• uharibifu wa mali na

 

• Nyimbo za uchochezi mpinzani wa Mwekevu anambiwa tawala wahafidhina , mwanzi wetu tawala.
• Kuchomwa kwa magari kana kwamba ni mabiwi ya taka

 

• Vilio kwa waliokuwa wakiteketezwa

 

• Kubakwa kwa mabinti wa Kaizari yaani Lemi na Mwanaheri

 

• Askari wa fanya fujo uone kuwafyatulia risasi vijana walioamua kufa

 

• Magonjwa ya homa ya matumbo

 

• Njaa na ukosefu wa maji safi

 

• Kukimbilia chakula kwa watu wazima jinsi wafanyavyo watoto

 

 

 

4       Dhana ya chozi katika riwaya ya Chozi la Heri

 

• Umu alilia sana alipowakumbuka nduguye Dick na

 

• Umu anahuzunika kwa kukosa kwao nyumbani

 

• Watoto wa Lunga Dick, umu na mwaliko walilia machozi ya heri walipopatana katika hoteli ya majaliwa
• Ridhaa analia machozi ya furaha baada ya mwanawe mwangeka kufunga ndoa

 

na Apondi Reachel

 

• Vilio vya kite vilitanda baada ya makundi mawili kukutana, yaani lililomuunga mkono mwekevu na la mpinzani wake
• Ridhaa analia baada ya familia yake na jumba lake la kifahari kuteketezwa

 

• Neema analia machozi ya furaha mwaliko anapokubali kuwa motto wao wa kupanga
• Neema analia kwa uchungu wakati alipokumbuka kisa cha Riziki Immaculate kitoto alichookota na akaogopa kukichukua na
• Mwangeka analia kilio cha uchungu babake alipomweleza sababu ya kutozika mabaki ya familia yake
• Umulkheri na Dick wanapokutana kisadfa katika uwanja wa ndege wanatoa machozi ya
• Selume analia inapomlazimu kuondoka na kuacha motto na nyumba yake kwa sababu ya ukabila
• Subira alipokatwa kwa sime alilia kwa kite kabla ya kufa kwake

 

• Subira anakilovya      kifua      chake      machozi       sababu       ya                mamamkwe anayemshutumu na kuacha mwanawe na mumewe
• Mwangemi walipomtania babu Msubili pamoja na Mwangeka walichapwa wakatoa machozi ya uchungu
• Kaizari alitoa machozi ya uchungu alipoona vijana wakipigwa risasi kwa kukataa kuondoka barabarani
• Ridhaa analia kwa kubaguliwa shuleni

 

• Abiria waliochomewa katika gari la kuabiri na vijana waasi walilia kwa uchungu

 

• Mwanaheri anadondokwa na machozi anapowasimlia wenzake kifo cha mamake katika shule ya tangamano
• Ridhaa alilia machozi ya uchungu alipomwelezea Mwangeka mkasa wa kupoteza mali yake

 

• Viongozi wanatoa machozi kikinaya kuonyesha njisi ambavyo wanawahurumia maskini
• Ridhaa akiwa katika magofu anakumbuka kilio cha Mwangeka akiwa mtoto

 

• Kumbukizi za maongezi kati ya Terry na Ridhaa zinamfanya atokwe na machozi
• Mwangeka na Annatila wanalia walipokuwa wakiigiza kifo cha mdogo wao Kim

 

• Wenyeji walilia katika mazishi ya Kim wakilizunguka jeneza

 

• Umulkheri analia alipoenda kuhusu kupotea kwa nduguze katika kituo cha polisi
• Umu alipokutana na Hazina alilia machozi ya mseto wa furaha na huzuni

 

• Kairu na mamake wanalia kwa matatizo waliyopata na kujifia kwa kitoto chao walichozika porini

 

 

5       Nafasi hasi na chanya ya mwanamke

 

Mwanamke ni Msomi– Umu alikuwa na shahada ya uhandisi, Tila alimudu masuala ya sheria.

Mwanamke ni mtamaduni – Tuama anatetea tohara ya wanawake bila kuangazia matatizo inayosababisha

FOR MORE RELATED LEARNING MATERIALS, 0714497530

 

Mwanamke ni mwenye bidii– Apondi mkewe Mwangeka alikuwa anafanya kazi katika wizara ya vijana

Mwanamke ni mwenye tamaa – Bi Kangara anafanya kazi ya ulanguzi wa watoto ili kujilimbikizia mali

Mwanamke ni mwenye huruma– neema anakihurumia kitoto kilichokuwa kimetupwa na kukipeleka katika kitui cha polisi na kasha baadaye katika kituo cha watoto cha Bebefactor.

Mwanamke ni   katili   – neema anapokiokoa kitoto kilichotupwa kuna wanamwambia

 

asijitwike mzigo wa mwenzio. Aidha Neema akiwa chuo kikuu aliweza kuavya. Pete alijaribu kuavya mara tatu.

Mwanamke ni mwenye majuto– Naomi anaporudi katika msitu wa samba na kuona kaburi la mmewe anajutia alichokifanya.

Mwanamke ni mwenye amezinduka – Zohali anapigana na majitu yaiiyokuwo yakitaka kumnyanyasa kijinsia

Mwanamke ni mcheshi– Terry amboye kawaida yake ni mcheshi hakunyamaza bali alimwambia Ridhaa kuwa kwake lazima kila jambo liwe na kiini.

Mwanamke ni mwongo – Sauna anawahidi Dick na Mwaliko kuwatunza ila anawauza kwa Bi Kangara

Mwanamke ni mlezi mwema – Apondi anamlea Umu vyema

 

Mwanamke ni mwenye mashauri – Kairu anamshauri Umu kuwa asijihurumie sana kwani yeye ndiye aliyekuwa amepitia maovu mengi kumliko

6       Umuhimu wa mashirika ya misaada

 

• Mashirika ya kidini yanaungana pamoja kuwasaidia waathiriwa kwa kuwapa chakula katika kambi mbalimbali
• Kituo cha Benefactor kimeokoa maisha ya watoto wengi;

 

• Mwaliko

 

• Mtoto aliyeokolewa na Neema na watoto wengine

 

• Shirika la jeshi la wajane la Wakristu linasaidia maisha ya mayatima kama vile Chandachema, Umu na Mwanaheri uk95
• Shuleni tangamano       iliwasaidia     wanafunzi      kama      vile     mwalimu                  Dhahabu anamwambia Umu arudi darasani anapoona amekumbwa na mawazo
• Mamake kairu ni maskini kwamba kulipa karo ni jambo linalomtatiza ila anaongea na mwalimu mkuu kumruhusu mtoto wake asome akilipa kidogo kidogo
• Mwalimu Dhahabu anajishughulisha kuwatafutia mayatima wazazi wa kuwapanga

 

• Shirika la Hakikisho la Haki na Utulivu linajishughulisha katika kusaidia watoto

 

kupata elimu kama ville chandachema

 

• Kituo cha wakfu cha mama Paulina kinamsaidia Zohali aliyepelekwa alipokaribia kujifungua

 

 

7         Matatizo ya ukabila

• Ridhaa anabaguliwa na wanafunzi wenzake kwa kutokuwa wa jamii yake jambo linalomfanya Ridhaa kulia sana na kutaka kuacha shule uk 10
• Subira analia kilio cha ubaguzi unatokana na mamamkwe
• Mamamkwe anamlaumu kuwa yenye ndiye sababu ya kuharibiwa mali yao
• Ukabila huu unasababisha kutengana kwa Subira na mmewe Kaizari
• Subira anaacha watoto wake kwa uchungu yaani lime na Mwanaheri
• Ukabila unasababisha kuwa na malezi mabaya kwani waazazi hawana utulivu wa kuwaelekeza watoto wao.
• Ukabila unasababisha kifo cha familia ya Ridhaa
• Kuharibu mali ya Ridhaa jumba lake la kifahari linachomwa
• Subira mkewe kaizari ambaye ni mbamwezi suala la kutengwa na familia yake kina msababishia kifo cha mapema uk 97
• Selume anatengwa na bintiye Sara kwa sababu ya ukabila
• Lucia kangata ndoa yake inapingwa kwa kuwa anaolewa katika jamii ambayo si yao
• Lime na Mwanaheri nduguye wanabakwa mbele ya babake

 

 

 

 

8       Malezi ya watoto

 

 

• Kuna ndoa kati ya Ridhaa na Terry inayowalelea watoto wao vizuri licha ya kuwa Terry anatengana na mmewe kwa mkasa Uk 11
• Mwangeka alimuoa Lily Nyamvula aliyekutana naye katika Chuo kikuu .         walikuwa na          mtoto mmoja kwa jina          Malezi yao hayadumu kwani Lily na Becky

 

waliangamia kwenye janga la moto.

 

• Mwangeka hapo baadaye alimwoa Apondi. Walibarikiwa na mwana wa kiume kwa jina Ridhaa. Aidha, Apondi anakuja na mtoto wake Sophie aliyekuwa wa Mandu mmewe wa awali kabla ya kufia ughaibuni alikokuwa ameenda kudumisha amani
• Mwangeka na Apondi wanawalea watoto wao vizuri kwa kuwapa elimu na Dick na Umu wanashukuru kwa malezi yao.
• Apondi anamshukuru Umu kwa malezi mazuri ya wadogo wake aghalabu anapokuwa mbali
• Mwangemi alimwoa mwanamke kwa jina Neema hawakupata mwanao ila walipanga Mwaliko ambaye wamemlea vyema kwa kumpa elimu na kusoma hadi kitengo cha uzamili katika isimu na
• Kangata alimuoa Ndarine na kubarikiwa na; Lunga Kiriri, Lucia Kiriri na Akelo waliwalea vyema kwani waliweza kuwapa elimu iliyowasaidia.
• Kaizari alikuwa na mke kwa jina Subira. Walibarika na mabinti wawili, Lime na Familia inapatwa na tatizo la kulea wanao kwa sababu ya ubaguzi wa mamamkwe kwa Subira jambo linalosababisha kifo chake.
• Lunga alimuoa Naomi walibarikiwa na watoto watatu, Umu, Dick na Mwaliko. Ndoa hii ina changamoto katika malezi kwani Naomi anamtoroka mmewe jambo linalosababisha kifo cha Lunga na watoto kama vile Dick kuingizwa katika ulanguzi wa dawa za kulevya
• Familia ya Pete ilikuwa ya watoto sita baada ya kugunduliwa kuwa hakuwa na mshabaha na babake aliweza kurudishwa kwa bibi jambo linalosababisha ndoa ya mapema
• Pete aliozwa na wajombake kwa Fungo alipoingia darasa Ia saba na baada ya kupashwa tohara Pete anaozwa kwa Fungo akiwa bibi wanne. Anapogundua kuwa anapata watoto watatu akiwa chini ya miaka ishirini na moja alitamani Mtoto wake wa kwanza hakupata malezi yake kwani alimuacha kwa Fungo na kasha hawa wawili anawapata katika vibarua vya pombe.
• Kuna wazazi wengi ambao wanatupa watoto wao na pia kuavya. Tunambiwa kuwa Neema aliweza kukiokoa kitoto ambacho kilikuwa Aidha alipokuwa chuo

 

kikuu alikuwa ameweza kuavya

 

• Wazazi wa Zohali wanamkandamiza jambo ambalo linamfanya kutoroka nyumbani na kuwa mwana wa mtaani. Aidha kwake anasema kuwa hana wazazi anapohojiwa kwani walimkataa alipowahitaji zaidi
• Babake Kairu hamsaidii mkewe katika malezi jambo ambalo halimpi amani Kairu katika masomo
• Wazazi wake Chandachema yaani ndoa kati ya Rehema na mwalimu wake (Fumba) ambaye sasa ni mhadhiri hawashughuliki na malezi ya mwanao Rehema jambo ambalo linamfanya maisha yake kuwa ya
• Bwana Maya(mzazi mlezi) anamwingilia Sauna kimapenzi na kusababisha kupata ujauzito jambo linalomtia Sauna ujabali na unyama wa kujiingiza katika ulanguzi wa watoto

9)     Athari za matumizi ya mihadarati

 

• Zohali anajiunga na kundi la vijana na kuvuta gundi inayomfanya kusahau matatizo anayopitia bila kujua mathara yake
• Pete anahamia kwa kazi ya kuuza pombe inayosababisha kupata watoto ambao anashindwa kuwalea na kutaka kujiua
• Dick anaingizwa      na    Sauna     katika     ulanguzi     wa     dawa     za            kulevya zinazohatarisha maisha ya muuzaji anaweza kamatwa na polisi na kufungwa
• Dick anashurutishwa kumeza dawa za kulevya na kasha akifika ughaibuni asitapike kutokana na uangalizi mkali katika viwanja vya ndege
• Dawa za kulevya zinasababisha vifo kijana msomi anakufa katika hospitali ya mwanzo mpya kutokana na utumiaji wa dawa za kulevya
• Shamsi anawapigia kelele majirani wake katika mji wa Ahueni kutokana na ulevi wake
• Aidha ulevi unamfanya aishi katika mtaa wa makabwela wa Kazikeni

 

• Kapanga ananusurika kifo kwa matumizi ya kangara inayosababisha vifo vya watu sabini uk143

 

10)   Uongozi mbaya

 

• Hueneza uhasama uk 21

 

• Viongozi kulia machozi ya mamba kuonyesha jinsi wanavyowajali maskini

 

• Kunyakua mashamba ya walalahoi uk 22

 

• Viongozi kupokea milingura kwa mabwenyenye waliokuwa wamejenga sehemu zilizotengewa barabara uko Tononokeni uk 13
• Kutoona ripoti za uchunguzi wa mashamba ya walalahoi

 

• Tume za uchunguzi ambazo hasiwajibiki

 

• Wizara ya ardhi kupeana hati miliki ghushi baada ya kuuza shamba mara ya pili

 

• Viongozi katika hospitali za umma wanachukua dawa na kupeleka katika hospitali zao za kibinafsi
• Watoto wa matajiri wanapewa mikopo ya elimu iliyokuwa imetengewa watoto wa maskini
• Viongozi katika forodha wanapokea rushwa Kurusu ulanguzi wa dawa za kulevya uk123
• Viongozi wanashindwa kuwapa vijana kazi baada ya Shamsi analalamika kwa kutopata ajira licha ya kupata shahada akiwa wa kwanza katika kijiji chao
• Viongozi wananyakua mali ya walalahoi huko msitu wa mamba bila kuwafidia kwa lolote jambo linalosababisha mauko ya Lunga
• Vijana saba wanakufa kwa mtutu wa bunduki kwa kutetea haki yao uk 24

 

• Wazungu walipoingia wananyakua mashamba yaliyotoa mazao mengi na kuchukua waafrika kuwa wafanyikazi wao

• Walitendao/ watendeao wenzao mabaya na mwishowe mabaya yale yakawafika Elezea visa vya wahusika hawa ili kughamua jibu la swali hili;
  • Sauna anayewalangua watoto

 

• Bi Kangara aliyekuwa amempa ile kazi

 

• Neema kwa kuavya mimba akiwa chuo kikuu

 

• Pete kujiingiza kwa uuzaji wa pombe

 

• Zohali anapojiingiza katika raha za ujana anapata pigo la ujauzito 12)Aina za migogoro

• Mgogoro wa familia ya akina pete ambaye anaonekana hana mshabaha na babake na kupelekwa kwa bibi
• Mgogoro wa kisiasa kuna mgogoro kati ya wafuasi wa Mwekevu na wa mpinzani wake mwanamume
• Mgogoro wa kikoloni mkoloni anapuuza sera za Mwafrika.Uk 10,”Hatua ya mkoloni ya kupuuza sera za mwafrika za umiliki wa ardhi na kumchukua kama mfanyikazi wake
• Migogogo ya ukabila Subira anafukuzwa na mamamkwe kwa sababu ya kutoka jamii Ridhaa aliitwa ‘mfuata mvua’,na kutengwa na wenzake. Walimwona kama mwizi.uk 10
• Mgogoro wa nafsi pete ana mgogoro na nafsi yake jambo linalomfanya kutumia dawa ya panya
• Mgogoro wa utawala vijana wanamuua kutotoka kwa njia jambo linalosababisha kupigwa risasi na kujifia
• Mgogoro wa kiimani Lily imani yake ya kikristo inakinzana na wazo la Mwangeka kuwa uk 62
• FOR MORE RELATED LEARNING MATERIALS, 0714497530

 

• Mgogoro wa kiuchumi Dick anakataa kazi ya ulanguzi wa dawa za kulevya ila anashindwa atapata vipi chakula asipoikubali kazi hii
• Mgogoro wa kisaikolojia darasani Umu anaonekana kuwazia mambo mengi mwalimu anapomwambia rudi darasani. Aidha mwanaheri anasema anashindwa kumsikiliza mwalimu juu ya mawazo yanayompitia

 

• Mgogoro wa ufisadi watu wanapewa hatimiliki ghushi aidha maskini ambao mashamba yao yalinyakuliwa na kuundwa kwa tume za uchunguzi hawapati ripoti ya uchunguzi
• Mgogoro wa kitamaduni Tuama licha ya mathara ya tohara yanayomkabili hospitalini anatetea utamaduni wa kupasha tohara wasichana
• Mgogoro wa kitabaka matajiri wanapewa mikopo ya elimu iliyotengewa watoto wa kimaskini
• Mgogoro wa matibabu selume analalamika jinsi ambavyo viongozi katika hospitali za umma wananyakua dawa na kuacha hospitali bila dawa
• Mgororo wa ardhi serikali imaamua kuwaondosha watu kutoka msitu wa mamba bila ya

13) Uozo wa maadili

 

Ubakaji uk 25 genge hili la mabarobaro watano lilifululiza hadiwalipokuwa maskini mabinti zangu wawili, Lime naMwanaheri. Sikuweza kuvumilia kuona unyamawaliotendewa. Nilijaribu kwa jino na ukuchakuwaokoa lakini likawa suala la mume nguvuze!

Ulanguzi wa dawa za kulevya; Dick anaifanya kazi ya kusafirisha dawa za kulevya kutoka nchi moja hadi nyingine, uk 119

Uporaji; watu wanapora mashamba ambayo yalitengewa ujenzi wa barabara uko Tononekeni

Ulanguzi wa watoto; Bi. Kangara walifanya baiashara haramu ya kuwauza watoto na vijana. Uk 157;

uavyaji wa mimba ; mamake Sauna anamshurutisha kuavya mimba ili kumwondolea mmewe fedheha

Uasherati ; Pete anapata watoto wawili nje ya ndoa

 

Ulevi ; shamsi anajiingiza kwa ulevi akisema ndio inayompa utulivu. Watu sabini wanaangamia kwa kutumia kangaras

Ukabila ; familia ya Ridhaa inaangamia kwa sababu ya ukabila na uharibifu wa mali

 

nyingi

 

Ukatil ; polisi wanapiga vijana sabini na wawili risasi na kuwaua. Aidha wafuasi wa mpizani wa Mwekevu wanaua watu kwa kuwachoma.

14 utamaushi ; ni ile hali ya kukata tamaa kwa jambo fulani maishani. Wahusika mbalimbali waliweza kukata tamaa kwa njia moja au nyingine;

• Pete anakata tamaa maishani baada ya kupata watotto watatu akiwa chini ya miaka shirini na moja jambo linalomfanya kutaka kujiua
• Ridhaa mkewe na familia yake ilipoangamia kwa moto alikata tamaa ya mapenzi katika maisha yake
• Zohali licha ya kuzaliwa katika familia ya tabaka la     juu anakata tamaa katika maisha na kuingia mtaani kutumia gundi na wenzake
• Mwangemi na Neema wanakata tamaaya kupata mtoto na kuamua kupanga Mwaliko
• Shamsi anakata tamaa ya kupata kazi na kudhamini pombe licha ya kuwa wa kwanza kuingia chuo kikuu kutoka eneo lao’
• Naomi anakata tamaa kuishi na Lunga na kuamua kwenda kutafuta kazi mjini

 

• Naomi anakata tamaa kuishi mjini na kurudi msitu wa samba ila anakuta Lunga aliaga na watoto wakaondoka
• Umu anakata tamaa ya kupata nduguye hasa baada ya kugundua kuwa hapati usaidizi katika kituo cha polisi
• Mwanaheri anakata tamaa baada ya kifo cha mamake Subira

 

• Subira anakata tamaa ya kuishi kwa Kaizari kutokana na chuki ya mamamkwe kwa kiini kuwa hawakuwa wametoka katika jamii moja
• Lunga anakata tamaa ya maisha baada ya kuachishwa kazi, kunyakuliwa kwa mazao yake na kuachwa na mkewe jambo linalosababisha kufa kwake
• Chandachema anakata tamaa baada ya nyanya yake kufariki na kunyanyaswa na jirani yake satua

 

MASWALI YA ZIADA YA INSHA. MAUDHUI YA:

 

Ufisadi, ukatili, uharibifu wa mazingirauu,ujaala, majanga, ubinafsi, ukoloni mamboleo, elimu, utabaka, nafasi ya vijana, taasubi ya kiume, ndoa, mapenzi, ushirikina, umaskini na mauti.

MAJIBU YA MASWALI YA MUKTADHA

 

• Msemaji ; Mwangeka Kwa ; mkewe Apondi Mahali; nyumbani kwao

Sababu; baada ya Apondi kumweleza umuhimu wa kupanga Umu

 

 

 

• Uk 121Msemaji ; Lemi Kwa ; dadake Tindi Mahali; sherehe

Sababu; walikuwa wamechelewa kurudi nyumbani

 

• Uk 122Msemaji ;uzungumzi Dick Mahali;katika biashara ya Buda

Sababu; licha ya kulazimishwa kufanya ile kazi anasema atatafuta njia ya kujitoa

 

• Uk 125Msemaji ; Dick anakumbuka maneno ya Umu Mahali; walipokuwa nyumbani kwao

Sababu; baada ya kuondoka kwa mama yao

 

• Uk 139 msenaji : Mwangeka Kwa : babake Ridhaa Mahali: kwa mwangeka

Sababu: alikuwa anataka kwenda kukamiliza kituo cha afya

 

• msenaji : uk 141 Selume Kwa : Meko

Mahali: hospitali ya mwanzo mpya

 

Sababu: alikuwa akimrejelea mgonjwa ambaye kichwa kilikuwa kimejaa damu 7 ) msenaji : uk 142 maneno ya Meko

Kwa : Selume Mahali: hospitalini

Sababu: alitaka kujua kama ni mmoja wa wale waliangamia kwa sababu ya pombe haramu

8) msenaji : uk 148 bibi Kwa : wajombake Pete Mahali: nyumbani kwake

Sababu: walitaka kumuoza Pete

 

• msenaji : uk 153 sauti kutoka moyoni mwa Sauna Mahali: kwa Kangara

Sababu: polisi walikuwa wamefika kuwakamata

 

• msenaji : uk 156 Bi Kangara kwa : Sauna

Mahali: nyumbani kwake

Sababu: baada ya Sauna kutoroka kwao

• msenaji : uk 159 mwangemi kwa : Neema Mahali:nyumabani kwao

Sababu:hakuonekana kufurahia suala la kupanga mtoto

 

• msenaji : uk 162 mtawa Cizarina kwa : Neema

Mahali: kituo cha Benefactor

 

Sababu: kwa kuokota kitoto kilichokuwa kimetupwa

 

 

 

13 ) msenaji : uk 163 mtawa Anastacia kwa : Neema na Mwangemi

Mahali: benefactor

 

Sababu: walikuwa wameomba kupanga mtoto 14)msenaji : uk 170 mwangemi

kwa : mwaliko

 

Mahali: nyumbani kwao

 

Sababu: alikuwa akimfariji juu ya nduguze

 

• msenaji : 174 Dick

 

kwa : akiambia familia ya mwangeka Mahali: hoteli ya Majaliwa

Sababu: anashukuru kwa mashauri ya Mwangeka

 

 

 

• msenaji : 176 Mwangemi kwa : Mwaliko

Mahali: hoteli ya majaliwa

 

Sababu: alikuwa anataka waonane na Mwangeka 17)msenaji : uk 179 kumbukizi za Mwangeka

 

Mahali: hoteli ya Majaliwa

 

Sababu: alikuwa anakumbuka jinsi walivyoishi na Mwangemi katika sehemu kame 18)msenaji :  uk 154 Sauna

kwa : moyo wake Mahali: kwa Kangara

Sababu: hakuwa anapenda vitendo vibaya ila alitiwa ujabari na dunia

 

• msenaji : uk 168 uzungumzi nafsia wa Mwaliko

 

 

 

Mahali: nyumani kwa Mwangemi

 

Sababu: Neema alimtunza vyema kama mtoto wake

 

• msenaji : 171 mawazo ya Umu ya maneno ya mwalimu Dhahabu

 

 

 

Mahali: shuleni Tangamano

 

Sababu: Mwangeka walikuwa wamekuja kumpanga Umu

 

• msenaji : uk 173 Dick kwa : Umu

Mahali: hoteli ya Mjaliwa

 

Sababu: walikuwa wamempa mashauri mema

 

• msenaji : 176 maneno ya mwandishi kuhusu Umu na Dick Mahali: hoteli majaliwa

Sababu: walifahamiana na sura ya Mwaliko

 

• msenaji : uk 177 mawazo ya Mwangeka Mahali: hoteli ya Majaliwa

 

Sababu: alikuwa mtoto mtundu kulingana na babu

 

• msenaji : uk 180 kumbukizi za mwangeka wakiwa na mwangemi

 

 

 

Mahali: akiwa hoteli ya majaliwa

 

Sababu: majeruhi huvuja damu zaidi jua likiwa kali 25)msenaji : 184 Kumbukumbu za mwangeka ya swali la babu

Mahali: akiwa hoteli majaliwa

 

Sababu: babu alitaka kujua walikokuwa mama zao

 

 

 

• msenaji : kiongozi wa kidini aliyeongea kwa lafudhi ya kizungu kwa: wakimbizi

mahali : kambi ya wakimbizi

 

sababu : walikuwa wamewaletea misaada

 

 

 

• msenaji : uk 188 mwaliko akisema kimoyomoyo

 

 

 

Mahali: hoteli ya majaliwa

 

Sababu: alikuwa amewatambua nduguze 28)msenaji : uk 189 Umu

kwa : kwa familia yake Mahali: hoteli ya majaliwa

Sababu: alikuwa na furaha ya familia yao kupatana

 

• msenaji : uk 192 mwandishi akimrejelea Naomi kwa wanawe Sababu: baada ya kuwatafuta kila mahali akiwakosa
• msenaji : mwanaharakati Tetei kwa : wahafidhina

Mahali: nchi ya wahafidhina

 

Sababu: hakupenda mwekevu kuchukua ule wadhifa wa uongozi FOR MORE RELATED LEARNING MATERIALS, 0714497530

MAJIBU YA WAHUSIKA NA UMUHIMU WAO

 

RIDHAA.

 

Ni mumewe Terry. Babake Mwangeka Tila na Kim Mwenye bidii ni daktari ambaye alifanya kazi kwa uadilifu Msomi amesomea udaktari

Mwenye uhusiano mwema anakula pamoja na majirani Mshirikina anahusisha milio ya bundi jambo mbaya kutokea Mwenye mapenzi anawapenda wanawe sana

Mkarimu anasaidia jamii kwa kujenga hospitali

 

Amepevuka anasema iwapo hakutakuwa na njia madhubuti ya kusuluhisha migogoro kunaweza shuka shida tena

Mvumilivu navumilia kuona mabaki ya kuteketezwa kwa familia yake TERRY

Mcheshi mwandishi anasema hanyamazi kwa ucheshi wake Mfariji alikuwa anamfariji Mwangeka kwa nyimbo zake za kidini MWEKEVU

Amezinduka kwa kushindania wadhifa wa kisiasa na mwanamume

 

Ni jasiri haogopi kusemwa kwa watu

 

Ni mzalendo historia yake ya kazi ilionyesha kuwa anafanyia wananchi kazi vyema Mwenye maono sera zake zilipendwa na watu

Mwenye matumaini licha ya ushindi wake kupingwa ana matumaini MZEE KEDI.

Ni jirani yake Terry na Ridhaa ambaye alisababisha vifo vya familia ya Ridhaa TILA

Mwanawe Ridhaa aliyefia katika mkasa wa moto. Amepevuka anajua nguvu za vijana ni kama nanga Amezinduka anajua kuwa bado wafidhina hawajapata uhuru Ni msomi anaelewa masuala ya sharia kwa kina

Ni mzalendo anasema wanahitaji kiongozi ambaye atapeleka jahazi kwenye visiwa vya hazina

MZEE MWIMO MSUBILI.

 

Huyu ni babake Ridhaa.

 

Ni mtamaduni anaoa wake wengi

 

Ni mkali anaogopwa sana na Mwangemi na Mwangeka Ni mwenye bidii kwani mtu kuilisha familia kubwa NAOMI.

Alikuwa mkewe Lunga na mama wa Umu, Dick na Mwaliko

Mwenye tamaa anamuacha mmewe kwa sababu ya ukosefu wa pesa Mwenye dharau anadharau mmewe na kumwacha kwenda kutafuta kazi Mwenye bidii amefungua duka la kunukulisha karatasi karibu na chuo kikuu Mwenye majuto anajuta kwa nini alimwacha mmewe na watoto wake

 

Mwadilifu anakataa kufanya mapenzi na mwajiri wake LUNGA

Alikuwa mumewe Naomi

 

Mwenye mapenzi kwa mkewe na wanawe

 

Mzalendo anaamua kuachishwa kazi ili watu wasipewe unga umeharibika Mvumilivu anavumilia hali ngumu licha ya kuwa alikuwa na kazi nzuri Mlezi mwema analea watoto wake hadi mauko yake

Msomi alikuwa amesomea masuala ya kilimo UMULKHER1 (UMU)

Mtoto wake Lunga na Naomi

 

Ni msomi amefanya shahada ya uhandisi katika kilimo Amepevuka anaripoti kwa polisi baada ya kupotea kwa nduguye

Ni mwenyemapenzi ya dhati kwa ndugu zake na wazazi wake wa kupanga Mwenye bidii anasoma kwa makini hadi anaenda chuo kikuu

Mwenye shukrani anawashukuru wazazi wake wa kupanga Mwenye huruma anawahurumia ndugu zake

Mwenye utu anaomba mamake pesa ili amsaidie Hazina kijana wa mtaani SAUNA

Kijakazi aliyekuwa akiwaangalia Umu, Mwaliko na Dick Ni mnafiki anajifanya kuwa mtiifu ili aibe watoto

Ni katili anajiuzisha na ulanguzi wa watoto

 

Ni mtiifu anatii kila jambo alapewa na mkuu wake HAZINA

 

Huyu ni kijana ombaomba wa mitaani aliyesaidiwa na Umu Mwenye utu anawajibika kumsaidia Umu

Mwenye bidii anafanya kazi katika hoteli Ni msomi amesomea masuala ya upishi KAIRU

Ni mwanafunzi katika shule ya akinaUmu. Ni mwathiriwa wa uhasama wa kikabila. Mamake ni muuzaji wa samaki ambaye hamudu kulipa karo vizuri

Ni mwenye mashauri anamshauri Umu kuwa yeye amebahatika na hasijisumbue na mawazo

Ana uvumilivu ana vumilia kuishi maisha ya taabu na mzazi wake Mwenye matumaini anamin I kuwa elimu ndiyo itakayomwokoa Ni mwenye bidii anatia bidii masomoni

MWANAHER1

 

Huyu ni mwanawe mzee Kaizari nduguye Lime

 

Ni mpenda mashairi ana kipawa cha kughani mashairi Mwenye bidii anatia bidii masomoni

Ni mshauri anamshauri Umu na wenzake shuleni Ni msomi pamoja na wenzake kama Umu na Kairu

Ni mvumilivu anavulia kusoma licha ya uovu aliofanyiwa genge Mwenye matumaini kuwa elimu itaweza wasaidia

MWALIKO

 

Mwanawe Naomi na Lunga

 

Mwenye bidii amesoma hadi kiwango cha uzamili

 

FOR MORE RELATED LEARNING MATERIALS, 0714497530

 

Ni msomi amefanya shahada ya uzamili ya isimu na lugha Ni mtiifu anawatii wazazi wake

Mwenye shukrani anawashukuru wazazi wake wa kupanga yaani Neema na Mwangemi Mwenye matumaini kuwa siku moja atawaona nduguye

DICK

 

Msamehevu anamsamehe mamake na Sauna

 

Mwenye shukrani anawashukuru Apondi na Mwangeka Mwenye bidii anafanya kazi ya teknolojia

Mwenye mapenzi ya dhati kwa nduguze

 

Amezinduka anajua hatari za ulanguzi wa dawa za kulevya BWANA MAYA

Baba wa kambo wa Sauna aliyemsababishia ujauzito Ni katili analala na mtoto wake

Ni mpyoro anatumia lugha yenye matusi

 

Mwenye taasubi ya kiume anampiga mkewe sana MWANGEKA

Ni mwanawe Ridhaa na Terry. Ni mmewe wa lily na hapo baadaye Apondi. Ni babake Becky , Don Ridhaa na baba wa kupanga wa Sophie na Umu

Ni msomi ana shahada ya uhandisi

 

Ni mlezi mwema analea familia yake vizuri Ana uhusiano mwema na familia yake

Ni mzalendo anaenda mashariki ya kati kuleta amani Ni mwenye mashauri anamshauri Dick

 

Ni mkarimu anaonyesha ukarimu kwa umu na nduguye Dick MWANGEMI

Ni mmewe neema na baba wa kupanga wa Mwaliko

 

Ni mkarimu anaonyesha Mwaliko ukarimu kwa kumpanga Ni msomi ana shahada ya udaktari

Mwenye upendo kwa mkewe na Mwaliko Amepevuka anamshauri mkewe kupanga mtoto Ni mcheshi waliishi kucheza na Mwangeka utotoni

UMUHIMU WA WAHUSIKA HAWA NI KUENDELEZA MAUDHUI NA VIELELEZO VYA WANAJAMII WENYE WASIFU KAMA WAO.

MAJIBU YA MBINU ZA LUGHA NA TAMATHALI ZA USEMI JAZANDA.

• Tila anapomwambia babake kuwa nchi ya Wahafidnina ni watoto wa miaka hamsini inamaanisha wao bado ni wategemezi licha ya kupata uhuru uk 6
• Aidha Tila anamwambia babake wanahitaji kiongozi yeyote awe wa kike au kiume ila kama ataweza kulielekeza jahazi katika visiwa vya Jahazi kwa maana ya nchi na visiwa vya hazina ni kuimarika kiuchumi uk 40
• Baada ya kuangamizwa kwa familia ya Ridhaa anaelewa maana ya vijikaratasi vilivyokuwa vikisambazwa kuwa kutakuwa na gharika baada ya kuapishwa kwa musumbi uk12
• Lunga anatumia neno Eden kurejelea mahali pazuri pa wanyama

 

• Mamake Ridhaa anamwambia unyonge haukuumbiwa majimbi ila makoo yaani majimbi ni wanaume na makoo wake uk3
• Kuikolesha nundu mafuta kuonyesha kuwa mhafidhina hasaidiki kutokana na mzungu

 

• Mshahara wanaopewa wahafidhina unitwa mkia wa mbuzi yaani mdogo uk 44

 

• Ridhaa baada ya familia yake kuangamia haamini kuwa Mwangeka angerudi anasemekana ameumwa na bafe uk46
• Ridhaa anasema bila jamii kushirikiana amani waliyokuwa nayo ni ya kifaurongo tu uk50
• Uchafuzi uliotokea baada ya uchaguzi Ridhaa anasema vijana waliweza kuligongesha jahazi mwamba badala ya kuliongoa uk49
• Ridhaa anamwambia Mwangeka mwanya wake wa meno uliopendeza sana ndi ndoana aliyotumia kumvulia mamake uk 48
• Ridhaa alitamani mwanawe awe na mapenzi aweze kuoa tena anasema anjua siku moja atapata hurulaini ambaye ataponya kiharusi
• Aidha anasema hurulaini huyo atafungua kufuli iliyofunga moyo wake uk 111

 

• Selume anapolia kwa kuacha mwanawe Ridhaa anamwambia asilie kwani ata kama samba ni mkali vipi ni mhali kumrarua

TASHIHISI

 

• UK28 Msongamano wa vibanda kwa jitimai

 

• Uk 24 vifua vyao vilikabiliana na risasi zilizorashiwa vifuani mwao kama marashi

 

• Uk 29 matumbo yalianza kudai haki

 

• Uk20 vitoa machozi vinafanya kazi barabara

 

• Uk 19 wimbi la mabadiliko kuvamia jamii

 

• Uk 15 mawingu yaliyoshiba kutaka kutapika

 

• Uk 46 ndege ya PANAMA inapiga pambaja sakafu

 

• Uk 48 kudekeza fikra

 

• Uk 45Faili zake zitakapopatikana zilikojifungia

 

• Uk 85 kutafuta haki ilikojificha

 

• Uk 78 kuyambia macho yake yatoke uko yalikokuwa yamejificha

 

• Uk 85 baridi ya vuli ilikuwa ikimtafuna

 

• Uk 169 alikumbatwa na ukiwa na umaskini

 

• Uk 147 maumbile yameanza kufanya kazi yake MAJAZ1
• Nchi ya wahafidhina inamaana wasiotaka mabadiliko katika nchi hii mtu ka Tuama hataki babadiliko ya kuacha tohara kwa jinsia ya kike
• Ridhaa kwa maana ridhika mhusika huyu anaridhika na hali yake baada ya mkasa uliompata
• Shamsi ni jua la asubui linapotokea ambalo hakuna mtu ambaye huwa halioni. Mhusika huyu alipokuwa akija kila mtu alikuwa akijua amefika kutokana na nyimbo zake za majisifu

 

 

• Bw Tenge kwa maana ya kwenda Matendo yake ya ukware yanaonyesha kwenda kombo na ahadi ya ndoa yake
• Mwekevu Tendakazi ni mwanamke aliyeweza kuwatumikia watu kwa kuwafanyia kazi vizuri kuliko mpinzani wake
• Mwalimu Dhahabu kitu cha maana Mwalimu huyu amekuwa wa muhimu sana kwa kuwasaidia watoto shuleni
• Hazina ile hali ya kuhifadhi vitu vya dhamana, Umu anampa mia mbili iliyomfanya amsaidie baadaye na kumpa makao katika upweke wake
• Mtawa Cizarina Neno mtawa lina maana ya mcha Mungu . alijitolea kulea watoto waliokuwa wametupwa na wazazi
• Hoteli ya majaliwa ni mahali watoto wa Lunga wote waliweza kukutanika

 

• Mji wa Afueni mji ambao ulikuwa mji wa kifahari wa matajiri

 

• Msitu wa simba ni msitu ambao maisha ya Lunga yanaharibikia na kukata kamaba

 

• Msitu wa heri sehemu ambayo ilikuwa na rotuba nzuri ya kulima

 

• Zohali hali ya kuchelewa kufanya jambo kwa sababu ya ugumu Fulani anachelea kusema kuwa ana wazazi kwa sababu walimtesa
• Mhusika Kangata neno hili lina maana kushikilia jambo Fulani anashikilia jina la mwajiri wake ambaye ni Kiriri hadi anadhaniwa kuwa ni wa aila
• Bw Kero huyu ni babake halisi wa Sauna kwa sababu ya kero zake za ulevi wanaachana na mkewe na kwenda kuolewa na Maya
• Bw Maya maana yake ni Kitendo chake cha kulala na Sauna mwanawe na kumtia ujauzito kilimtia hamaki sana na kutoroka kwao
• Mji wa Tokosa ndiko alikozaliwa Neno hili linamaana ya kuchemsha chakula ovyo tu. Malezi yake yalikuwa ovyo hadi kufumuzwa kwake kwa kutoshabihiana na babake
• Mhusika Neema alikionea neema kile kitoto kilichokuwa kimetupwa na kukipeleka makao ya watoto baada ya kuripoti kwa polisi

TASWIRA

 

• Uk 13 kubomolewa kwa nyumba ishirini katika mtaa wa Tononokeni

 

• Uk 109 mwangeka na mkewe wakiangalia watoto wao wakiogelea

 

• Uk 21 gari lilichomwa na watu wakiwa ndani

 

• Uk 20 vijana wanabeba mabango ya mpinzani wa Bi Mwekevu

 

• Tindi anavyonengua kiuno katika sherehe

 

• Umati wa watu wanaomchoma Lemi

 

• Taswira ya kaburi la Lunga Naomi anaporudi kuwatafuta wanawe MASWAL1 YA BALAGHA
• Uk17 lakini ni wangapi mnatambua hata maghulamu wanalawitiwa?

 

• Uk 192 kipi kilichonipa kumkimbia Lunga wangu wakati ambapo alinihitaji zaidi?

 

• Uk 25Wapi kile kidume chako kijoga?

 

• Uk 12 je, si mchango tosha wa mtu kuitwa ndugu hata angawa mgeni?

 

• Uk40 nani kasema viongozi waliopo hawajajikuna wajipatapo?

 

• Uk 41 serikali haijagharamia elimu ya shule za upili kwa kugharamia karo ya shule za kutwa?
• Uk 65 kipi kinachovuta raia kuhamia nchi za ughaibuni?

 

• Uk 66 Mlikuwa wapi wakati huo?

 

• Uk 123 kwa nini akatumia kijakazi Sauna kuja kusambaratiza familia ya baba?

 

• Uk 78Kwetu? Kwani mimi nina kwetu tena?

 

• FOR MORE RELATED LEARNING MATERIALS, 0714497530

 

• Uk 176Mungu wangu! Huyu si ndugu yangu mwaliko?

 

• Uk 18Tangu lini mwanamke akashinda uchaguzi?

 

• Uk 164 je, ikitokea kuwa nasaba yao ni watu wenye kifafa au hata wendawazimu?

 

KINAYA

 

• Ni kinaya Sauna kujifanya mzuri ilhali anawaiba wattoto

 

• Ni kinaya Neema kupeleka mtoto kwa makazi ya watoto na mwishowe kwenda kupanga mtoto huko
• Ni kinaya Naomi kutoroka mmewe nawanawe ilhali hapo baadaye anajilaumu

 

• Ni kinaya nchi ambayo ina miaka hamsini kuonekana kama mtoto wa mika hamsini

 

• Ni kinaya kuwa wafrika wanakuwa wafanyikazi katika mashamba yao chini ya wakoloni
• Ni kinaya watu walioishi na Ridhaa kwa amani wanawageukia na kuchoma nyumba yake pamoja na familia yake
• Ni kinaya vijana kumbaka lime na Mwanaheri mbele ya wazazi wao

 

• Ni kinaya mamakwe kufukuza subira kwa kuwa hawakuwa wa jamii moja

 

• Ni kinaya mzee Maya kumbaka mwanawe Sauna

 

• Ni kinaya wazazi wa Zohali ambao ni wasomi kumtesa Zohali kwa ajili ya ujauzito

 

• Ni kinaya Tuama kusifu utamaduni wa tohara za kike ilhali ndio sababu ya kuwa hospitalini
• Ni kinaya watu wan chi ya Wahafidhina kumkataa kiongozi wa kike na ndiye anayewafanyia kazi
• Ni kinaya kwa pete kutaka kujia kwa kuwa na watoto watatu akiwa umri wa chini ya mia ishirini na moja

MBINU REJESHI

 

• UK3 Ridhaa anakumbuka mlipuko na kilio cha mkewe

 

• Uk 1-2 anakumbuka milio ya kereng’ende na bundi

 

• Uk 10 anakumbuka jinsi watoto walivyomtenga shuleni

 

• Uk 13ana kumbuka majumba yake yakibomolewa

 

• Uk 45 anakumbuka mijadala aliyokuwa akifanya na mwanawe Tila

 

• Uk 187 Mwangeka anakumbuka mafunzo ya dini

 

• Kaizari anasimulia Ridhaa jinsi familia yake ilivyovamiwa

 

• Uk 96 Mwanaheri anakumbuka kwenda kwa mamake kupitia barua

 

• Uk 177- 178 mwangeka anakumbuka maisha yake na Mwangemi utotoni

 

• Kijana aliyekuwa amevaa shati ambalo lilikuwa limeandikwa Hitman anaeleza jinsi ambavyo aliwandanganya vikongwe kumchagua kiboko ambaye hawakumtaka

MATUMIZ1 YA BARUA

 

• Uk 72 Barua iliyoachisha Lunga kazi

 

• uk 81 Mkewe Lunga ana mwandikia barua ya kumuaga mmewe

 

• UK95 Barua hii inaandikwa na Subira kwa mmewe na wanawe Mwanaheri na Lime TAHARUK1
• Anwani chozi la heri ina taharuki kwani msomaji anatakakujua nanni huyu anatokwa

 

na chozi la heri

 

• Mwandishi hatuambii baada ya kufungwa kwa Sauna na Kangara kama walibadilika

 

• Kuna taharuki kama Zohali aliwahai kuelezea kama alikuwa na wazazi

 

• Kuna taharuki kama Tuama aliweza kuamini umuhimu wa kutopaswa tohara kwa jinsia ya kike
• Kuna taharuki chandachema kama aliwahi kujiwa na wazazi wake

 

• Kuna taharuki kama wana wa Naomi waliwahi mkukutana naye

 

• Kuna taharuki kama ya wenzake Umu katika shule ya Tangamano waliweza kufaulu katika masomo
• Kuna taharuki kama Ridhaa aliweza kuoa

 

• Kuna taharuki kama Mwangemi na Neema walifanikiwa kumzaa mwanao

 

• Kuna taharuki kama Buda aliyekuwa amemwajiri Dick aliwahi kutiwa mbaroni SADFA
• Inasadifiana kuwa wakati Selume anapotaka kiacha kazi katika hospitali ya umma ndio Ridhaa anamaliza kujenga hospitali ya mwanzo mpya
• Siku ya kuzaliwa kwa Umu inasadifiana nay a Mwangemi

 

• Inasadifiana wakati Neema akienda ofisini anakiona kitoto kilichokuwa kimetupwa

 

• Umu na Dick wanakitana kisadfa katika uwanja wa ndege

 

• Ni sadfa Mwaliko kupangwa na binamuye mwangeka aliyempanga nduguye

 

• Inasadifu kuwa Dick alipokuwa akiwaza juu ya nduguye Umu alikuwa nyuma yake

 

• Kukutana kwa wana wa Lunga katika hoteli ya Majaliwa ni sadfa

 

• Ni sadfa kuwa Umu anapowaza sana juu ya maisha yake wenzake wana matatizo kumliko

Free Form 3 Term 1-3 Exams Plus Marking Schemes for all subjects

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PHYSICS FORM 3 PP1 Q.docx
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 FORM ONE TOPICS.

 

1. a).  What is Agriculture?

The art and Science of crop and livestock production.

 

       b).  State the roles played by agriculture in national development

• Food supply
• Source of raw materials for industries
• Employment opportunities
• Foreign exchange earnings
• Source of capital for development
• Market for industrial goods.

 

c).  State the forms of employment in Agriculture

1. Primary employment

–    Working on farms

1. Secondary employment

–     In agriculture – based industries

1. Tertiary employment

• In distribution of farm produce.

 

       d).  i)  Briefly outline the problems that have hindered agricultural development

      in Kenya.

• Lack of capital for investment
• Pests and diseases of crops and livestock
• Unpredictable climatic conditions
• Fluctuation of market prices
• Inadequate or poor storage structure leading to heavy lose
• Inadequate technical know-how
• Population pressure hence over-use of land
• Poor communication
• Perishability
• Bulky commodity prices

 

1. ii)  Suggest ways in which these problems can be alleviated

• Proper food preservation
• Improved communication network
• Industries located near bulky products
• Extension services/ advice
• Provide good seeds
• Credit facilities
• Pest and disease control
• Irrigation
• Proper storage facilities
• Government price control.

 

1. a) i)  What are the characteristics of shifting cultivation?

• Limited capital for investment
• Use of rudimentary tools and equipment
• Small land usually cultivated
• Slash and burn technique of clearing
• Crops not properly managed.

 

1. ii)  State the problems associated with shifting cultivation.

• A wasteful method of farming
• Slow rate of regeneration of vegetation allowing soil erosion to take place
• No incentive to develop land
• No permanent structures are put up hence a lot of time wasted in moving or travelling to the homestead
• A lot of time wasted in moving from one place to another.

 

1. What is pastoralism?

• A major system of keeping livestock and moving with them from place of search of better pasture and water for livestock.

 

1. State the factors to consider in choosing a type of farm

• Type of enterprise itself
• Environmental factors
• Knowledge and skills of the farmer about the enterprise
• Available resources e.g labour and capital
• Cultural factors/ social factors
• Governmental policy
• Type of market he is producing for.

 

1. What is arable farming?

• Growing of crops only.

 

1. i) State the limitations of mixed farming

• The farmer will obtain sustainable income throughout the year 
• The farmer will never experience total loss
• Animals contribute manure to crops while crops contribute/ provide crop residues fed to animals.
• Labour is utilized efficiently throughout the year
• Animals can be used to do work in the farm e.g oxen ploughing 

 

1. ii)  State the limitations of mixed farming

• Lack of enough land for more enterprises
• Lack of enough capital
• Lack of specialisation.

 

1. i) Give the types of farming practised by small scale farmers

• Arable farming
• Pastoralism
• Mixed farming

 

1. Name the types of large scale farming

• Plantations
• Ranching

 

1. Why does the Kenya government put a lot of emphasis on ranching?

• Because arable land is becoming smaller
• Ranching will lead to higher production of livestock to meet the high demand for meat

 

1. State the common features of ranching as a farming system:

• Done in marginal areas with poor pasture
• System is extensive
• Extension services provided
• Improved pastures
• Selective livestock breeding
• High level livestock management.

 

1. i)  State the advantages of plantation farming

• Provision of employment
• Revenue to government
• High outputs
• Foreign exchange earner
• Economies of large scale production
• Other activities done e.g processing.

 

1. State the disadvantages of plantations.

• Overdependence on one enterprise
• High initial capital required.

 

1. State the major characteristics of plantation farming.

• Most of the work is mechanised
• Requires skilled and qualified personnel
• Large tracts of land used
• Sometimes run by a company or the government or individuals
• The aim is to produce enough for local consumption and export market.
• Provides a lot of employment 
• High output and quality of products
• Enjoys the economies of large scale production
• Scientific methods of farming used
• High investments of capital.

 

1. a)  List the ecological factors affecting agriculture.

• Rainfall
• Humidity
• Soil
• Temperature
• Wind
• Light
• Topography

 

1. Mention the aspects of rainfall which are important in crop production

• Reliability 
• Distribution
• Intensity of rainfall
• Amount of rainfall

 

1. i)  What is optimal temperature?

• Temperature at which plant growth is at its best.

 

1. ii) State the effects of temperature on crop production.

• Photosynthesis
• Respiration
• Flowering and ripening
• Quality of the products.

 

1. State the effects of wind to crops.

• Physical damage
• Stress through evaporation / chilling
• Spread of pests, weeds, diseases
• Soil erosion
• Increase of water and mineral uptake by increasing transpiration.

 

1. a). i.  Define the term soil.

• A collection of natural unconsolidated body covering the earth’s crust, where plants grow

 

ii).  Name the ways in which soil is important to growing plants.

• Provides enchorage/ support for the plant
• Provides nutrients
• Provides moisture

 

b).  i)  State the factors which influence the soil forming process

• Climatic factors e.g rainfall
• Biotic factors e.g plants
• Type of parent materials
• Topography of land
• Time taken by the process.

 

ii).  What biological agents influence the speed of the soil forming process?

• Movement of animals in large groups
• Man’s activities e.g cultivation, mining, road and railway construction.
• Micro-organisms ie. Decomposing plant and animal remains and adding to soil
• Earth worms, termites, moles etc mix up soil
• Roots of higher plants force their way through the rock cracks and further break them physically.

 

1. i)  Define the term soil Profile

• The vertical arrangement of soil layers

 

1. ii)  How does soil profile influence plant growth?

• Availability of plant nutrients
• Anchorage of plant
• Root penetration into soil
• How long soil moisture/ its availability
• Type of crop to be grown

 

 

1. i) List the constituents of a fertile soil

• Soil water 
• Soil air
• Organic matter
• Mineral salts
• Living organisms.

 

1. ii) What role do micro-organisms play in soil?

• Decompose dead organic remains and convert them into humus, a source of plant nutrients
• Add nitrogen through nitrogen fixation.

 

1. i) What is soil structure?

• Aggregation of soil particles.

 

1. ii) State the farming practices that improve soil structure.

• Addition of organic matter
• Fallowing
• Mixed cropping including cereals and legumes
• Minimum tillage
• Good crop rotation programme
• Cultivation at right moisture content of soil
• Liming.

 

iii) Why is a good soil structure desireable for growing crops.

• Improves drainage and water infiltration.
• Improves aeration
• Minimises buildup of carbondioxide in the soil which becomes toxic to crops and micro-organisms.
• Facilitates better root penetration
• Creates favourable conditions for activity of micro-organisms
• Ensures adequate water retention for growing crops
• It makes tillage easier.

 

1. i) What is soil texture?

• Proportion of different sizes of soil particles.

 

1. State the properties of soil that are influenced by its texture.

• Aeration/ porosity
• Drainage
• Water holding capacity/ capillarity
• Stickiness/ consistency
• Cation exchange capacity / PH/ availability of nutrients

 

1. Give the types of soil based on texture.

• Sandy soils 
• Clay soils
• Loam soils

 

1. a) State the advantages of using farm tools.

• They make work easier i.e increase working efficiency
• Help to avoid drudgery
• Timeliness of operations is achieved
• Operations e.g spraying to control pests and diseases are more exact hence effective

 

1. List the factors that determine a farmer’s choice of tools and equipment.

• Nature of work to be done
• The financial status
• Type of power used on the farm
• Condition of land where the tool will be used.

 

1. i) Why should tools and equipment to maintained well?

• To reduce cost of repair/ replacement
• To increase their durability/ last long
• To increase work efficiency
• Ensure safety of the user
• To remain in good working order.

 

1. ii)  How should tools and equipment be maintained?

• Store in sheds and racks
• Clean and oil moving parts
• Regularly sharpen cutting edges
• Clean tools thoroughly after use
• Keep metal parts rust free
• Replace or repair broken/ wornout parts
• Ensure there are no loose parts
• Use tool for its intended purpose
• Buy good quality tools and equipment
• Always keep tools in good working condition

 

1. List the safety precautions necessary for tools and equipment

• Use the tool for its intended purpose
• Sharp points should always point away from user/ people
• Use protective clothing when working with tools
• Always replace/ repair broken parts/ keep handles smooth
• Handle delicate tools carefully/ store them safely.

 

1. How is friction reduces in moving parts?

• Apply oil
• Apply grease
• Generally lubricate moving parts

 

1. Name the categories of farm tools and equipment.

• Garden tools
• Workshop tools
• Livestock production tools
• Masonery and plumbing tools

 

1. a)  State the importance of land preparation.

• Removal of weeds
• Breaking the soil into smaller pieces
• Mixing organic matter into soil/ bury crop aeration
• Improve drainage/ water holding capacity
• Destroy pests and disease causing organisms.

 

1. b) i) What is primary cultivation?

• All operations carried cut in opening up land for crop promotion.

 

1. ii)  Which factors influence choice of tools for primary cultivation.

• Type of soil
• Availability of implements
• Depth of ploughing 
• Type of tilth required
• Condition of the land
• Type of crop to be growth
• Topography of the area
• Financial ability of the farmer
• Time remaining before planting

 

1. i)  What is secondary cultivation?

• Subsequent cultivation after primary cultivation to make seedbed fine and ready for planting.

 

1. ii)  Give reasons for secondary cultivation?

• Removing weeds which have just germinated break soil into small clods
• Make the field level
• Mixing organic matter with soil
• Make land ready for planting.

 

1. i)  Define minimum tillage

• To maintain soil structure 
• To reduce soil erosion
• To reduce cost of seedbed preparation
• To conserve soil moisture
• To avoid damage to roots.

 

iii)  State reasons for practising minimum tillage.

• Saves time
• Reduces cost of production
• Maintains soil structure/ controls soil erosion
• Maintains soil moisture

 

1. Name the factors that determine the number of tillage operations during seedbed preparation.

• Implement used/ type of machinery used
• The crop to be planted 
• Soil moisture
• Initial condition of the land
• Soil type/ soil condition
• Skill of operator
• Liability of soil to erosion/ topography
• Capital available/ cost of operation
• Time available for other operations.

 

1. a)  List the sources of water on the farm.

• Surface water
• Rain water/ rainfall
• Underground/ ground water

 

1. How is water conveyed from one point to another?

• Transporting in containers by vehicles/ animals/ human 
• Piping 
• Use of channels

 

1. State how water is stored on a farm

• Use of water tank/ container
• Use of dam/ pond

 

1. i)  Name the types of water pipes.

• Metal pipes
• Plastic pipes
• Hose pipe

 

1. ii)  Mention the types of metal pipe

• Aluminium pipes
• Galvanised iron pipes.

 

     iii)  What features are considered when buying plastic pipes?

• Quality of material used for making the pipes
• Size of the pipes i.e diameter/ length
• Working pressure of the pipes.

 

1. Name the types of water pumps to be used on the farm.

• Centrifugal / rotodynamic
• Semi-rotary
• Piston/ reciprocating pumps
• Hydram.

 

1. i)  Why should water be treated before use?

• Kill disease causing organisms
• Remove chemical impurities
• Remove bad smell and taste
• Remove sediments and other solids.

 

1. ii)  State the methods of treating water on the farm.

• Boiling 
• Chlorination/ chemicals
• Aeration
• Sedimentation/ decanting
• Filtration

iii)  How is water used on the farm?

• Domestic use e.g drinking, washing, cooking
• Processing farm produce 
• Cooling farm engines
• Solution of chemicals e.g 
• Livestock drinking
• Washing animals and farm structures
• Mixing with building materials e.g concrete, mud
• Irrigation purposes
• Operating grinding mill
• Generating hydro-electric power

 

1. a) i)  What is irrigation?

• Artificial application of water to the soil for the purpose of supplying sufficient amount to crops.

 

1. ii)  List the factors to consider in deciding to irrigate crops.

• Type of soil 
• Capital availability
• Types of crops to be grown
• Source of water/ water availability/ rainfall pattern
• Size o land to be irrigated 
• Profitability of irrigation.

 

1. b) List the major types of irrigation

• Overhead/ sprinkler
• Sub-surface
• Surface
• Drip/ trickle

 

1. a)  What is land reclamation?

• The practice of putting unusable land into a form that can be used for agricultural production.

 

1. State the importance of land reclamation

• To make land agriculturally productive
• To increase food production
• To reduce population pressure/ pressure on land
• To make uninhabitable areas habitable

 

1. List the methods re

• Draining swampy land
• Irrigating dry land
• Terracing steep land/ soil erosion
• Afforestation/ reafforestation/ planting trees in wasteland
• Control of tsetseflies
• Deforestation/ bush clearance/ clearing forests.

 

1. a)  i)  What are farm 

• For planning and making decision
• Provide information for income tax assessment
• To determine farmer’s credit worthiness/ for loans
• Compare performance at different times
• Compare performance of different enterprises
• Compare performance of different farms
• To solve disputes when farmer dies without a will
• Provide history of the farm
• Determine profits and losses
• For partners to share profit losses or bonuses.

 

1. List types of records kept on mixed farms.

• Production records 
• Health records
• Field operations
• Feeding
• Inventory
• Breeding records

 

1. List types of records kept by crop farmers.

• Field operations
• Marketing
• Production
• Labour
• Inventory.

 

1. a) i) What are livestock

• domesticated animals

 

1. ii)  Give examples of livestock

• Cattle, poultry, sheep, goat, pigs, bees, fish, donkey, camel

 

1. b) i) Explain the role of livestock in human life food supply.

• Source of income
• Raw materials for industry
• Source of employment
• Cultural uses e.g dowry, sacrifices, etc
• Biological cooks e.g cocks
• For sports and recreation.

 

1. ii)  List factors that affect livestock industry in Kenya.

• Tradition and belief
• Product/ input prices
• Management
• Capital
• Selling prices marketing
• Climatic conditions
• Communication/ transport
• Diseases and parasites.

 

1. c)  i) List dairy breeds of cattle

• Friesian, Ayrshire, Guernsey, Jersey

 

1. ii)  State their characteristics.

• Triangular shaped

Well attached udder

• Little flesh on the body

Short, well set legs

• Ling, thin neck

Feminine appearance

• Wide spring of ribs

Long, thin tail.

 

1. i)  Name beef cattle breeds.

• Boran, Aberdean Angus, Hereford, Galloway, Charolais.

 

1. ii)  What are the characteristics of beef cattle.

• Blocky/ squared/ rectangular shape
• Low set/ have short legs
• Have a fleshy body
• Have short, thin necks
• Smaller udders.

 

1. Name the important rabbit breeds in Kenya.

• Chinchilla, earlops, New Zealand, White, Kenya white, Californian Angora, Flemish giant.

 

1. i)  Which is the common species of camel in Kenya?

• Single humped/ dromedary

 

1. ii)  State the uses of camels

• Milk production
• Meat production
• Provide leather, wool and 
• Transport people/ loads 

 

1. ii)  State the general characteristics of camels.

• Beast of burden
• Provides meat, wool, milk and leather
• Adapted to life in dry regions
• Drink a lot of water
• Resistant to most diseases.

 

1. i) What is the reasons for keeping poultry?

• For meat and egg production.

 

1. List the characteristics of broilers.

• Have red waxy combs and wattles
• Beak free from yellow pigmentation
• Abdomen soft and pliable to touch
• Good distance between pelvic bones and breastbone
• Well developed bones
• Bent is crescent shaped, moist and white in colour
• Body is light

 

1. List the characteristics of broilers.

• Heavier and bigger than layer
• Grow very fast
• Females lay very few eggs.

      

1. Name the major breeds of sheep in Kenya and indicate the purpose they are kept for 

• Hampshire down for meat
• Corriadace for multon and wool/ dual purpose
• Romney Marsh which is dual purpose
• Merino kept for wool
• South Down for mutton
• Locals e.g Black headed persia, Maasai sheep are kept for meat and skin production.

 

1. Name important goat breeds and their uses

• Dairy breeds are Toggenberg and saanen
• Dual purpose are Boer, Nubian 
• Meat is Jamnapar
• Meat and skin is small E. A goat 
• Wool/ fur is the Angora goat.

 

1. Name important pig breeds kept in Kenya.

• Large white
• Saddleback
• Landrace
• Hampshire

 

1. i)  Give the meanings of exotic and to indigenous breeds.

• Exotic means imported breeds while indigenous means local breeds.

 

1. State the characteristics of exotic cattle that make them better suited to marginal areas than exotic cattle breeds.

• Able to walk long distances in search of pasture and water 
• Tolerate high ambient temperatures
• Tolerate tick-borne diseases.

 

1. What are the advantages of keeping a Jersey cow instead of Friesian for production of milk?

• Can tolerate high temperatures 
• High butter fat content
• Small size hence less food required
• Can utilize poor pasture well.

 

1. i) State the general characteristics of exotic cattle breeds.

• No humps
• Produce more milk
• Easily attacked by tropical diseases
• Susceptible to tropical heat
• Cannot tolerate hardy areas
• Early maturing

 

1. ii)  Give the characteristics of indigenous cattle

• Are humped 
• Produce less milk
• Good resistance to tropical diseases like East Coast Fever
• Tolerate hardy areas
• Can withstand tropical heat 
• Late maturing

 

FORM TWO TOPICS.

 

1. a)  i)  What is soil fertility?

• The ability of a soil to provide all the required plant nutrients thereby producing and sustaining high crop yields.

 

1. State the characteristics of a fertile soil.

• Suitable PH
• Good aeration
• Deep soil
• Good water holding capacity
• Good drainage
• Free from pests and diseases.

 

1. How can a fertile soil loss its fertility

• Soil erosion
• Weed infestation
• Leaching of nutrients
• Alteration of soil PH
• Monocropping
• Accumulation of undesirable salts/ salination
• Burning the land
• Soil capping/ formation of impervious layer.

 

iv).  State the ways of maintaining or improving soil fertility

• Improving water retention
• Crops rotation
• Maintain right PH value
• Erosion control
• Drainage to remove water logging
• Maintain adequate nutrient level
• Weed control
• Irrigation to add water

 

1. i)  What are plant nutrients?

• Minerals which constitute plant food and help to sustain plant life
• Mainly got from the soil

 

1. ii)  Name the major plant nutrients (macro-nutrients)

• Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur.

 

1. State the roles and deficiency of the following nutrients in plants.

1. i)  Nitrogen uses.

• Formation of proteins
• Part of chlorophyll
• Vegetative growth
• Increase grain size.

 

Deficiency.

• Chlorosis/ yellowing
• Stunted growth
• Premature leaf fall
• Very short roots

 

Excessive supply

• Excessive succulency in grains
• Lodging 
• Weak stems
• Delayed maturity

 

1. Phosphorous used.

• Protein and enzyme formation
• Shoot growth
• Root development
• Synthesis of sugar
• Seed formation

 

Deficiency

• Purplish leaves
• Less fruit/ grain/ low yield
• Stunted/ slow growth
• Delayed maturity
• Poor root development
• Weak/ slender stems

 

1. Potassium uses.

• Carbohydrate formation
• Uptake of nutrients
• Resistance against diseases
• Strengthen straw/ cell wall
• Development of chlorophyll
• Neutralise organic acids.

 

Deficiency.

• Lodging/ weak stems
• Chlorotic leaf surface
• Scorching at tips and margin
• Premature defoliation
• Mottling/ brown spots on leaves
• Stunted growth.

 

1. i)  What is soil sampling?

• Taking a small representative quantity of soil from an area for testing.

 

1. List the methods of soil sampling.

• Traverse/ diagonal pattern
• Zigzag / random collection.

 

1. State the reasons for soil testing:

• To determine nutrient status of the soil
• To determine soil PH.

 

1. Explain the procedure of soil sampling:

• Clear all vegetation
• Make a vertical cut and scoop soil at 15-25 cm depth
• Take soil from many places/ take representative sample
• Mix all soils thoroughly
• Break up soil clods.
• Get a small representative sample by quartering.

 

1. State precautions necessary during soils sampling

• Avoid contamination e.g by cigarette ash
• Avoid unused areas like ant-hill manure heaps etc
• Avoid mixing top – soil with sub-soil.

 

1. Name the methods of detecting nutrient deficiency in crops:

• Soil analysis
• Leaf analysis
• Observation of deficiency symptoms

 

1. State the importance of soil PH to a crop:

• Determines availability of nutrients in a place
• Determines presence / activity of micro-organisms in soil
• Influences soil structure.

 

1. a)  i)  Differentiate between manure and fertilizer:

• Manures are organic substances which contain plant nutrients
• Fertilizers are inorganic manures usually prepared artificially and sold commercially.

 

1. List the common organic manures

• Farm yard manure
• Green manure
• Compost manure
• Organic mulches.

 

b). i)  What is organic matter?

• Part of soil formed from dead and decomposed plant and animal remains.

 

1. State the importance of organic matter

• Improves soil aeration
• Improves soil structure
• Improves water infiltration and retention in soil
• Adds nutrients after decomposition
• Reduces soil erosion
• Modify soil temperature

 

1. How can organic matter be added to soil?

• Incorporating crop remains, weeds, etc
• Adding organic manure
• Mulching using organic materials

 

1. c) i)  Describe how to make farm Yard manure:

• Place plant materials in inside a shed on the floor
• Animals defecate on it and mix it with urine and dung
• Remove it from pen and heap it outside for 6 months
• Cover the heap with soil and polythene sheet to prevent leaching of nutrients
• Consolidate heap to prevent entry of water
• Allow it to rot completely before being used.

 

1. ii) State the factors determining quality of farm yard manure

• Age of Farm Yard Manure
• Age of animal producing the waste
• Materials used for bedding
• Methods of storage
• Species of animal/ type
• Type of feed given to animals

 

iii)  Give the advantages of using Farm Yard Manure over fertilizer:

• Improves soil structure
• Has longer residual effect
• Supplies more than one plant nutrient
• Promotes microbial activity in the soil
• It is locally available
• Imparts dark colour to the soil which raises / moderates soil temperature
• It buffers soil PH increases cation exchange capacity

 

1. Give the disadvantages of using farm yard manure

• Is bulky hence difficult to apply / laborious
• Has less nutrients for given volume
• May spread weeds
• Releases nutrients slowly
• May spread diseases e.g black scurf disease in potatoes

 

1. d)  i) State the factors to consider when citing a compost pit.

• Nearness to the place where compost will be used
• Distance to the place where compost will be used
• Direction of prevailing winds in relation to the position of homestead/ milking shed
• In a well drained place
• In a sheltered place
• Accessibility to the site

 

1. Describe how to make compost manure

• Materials are put in a pit or pits 1.2 x 1.2 x 60cm depth
• Chop large pieces into small pieces
• Keep compost well moistened and well aerated
• Add organic materials in layers
• Add some soil to provide micro-organisms
• Add ash to provide potash and sulphure
• Insert a stick to allow free air circulation, test temperature and to test degree of decomposition.
• Turn compost every two to three weeks to facilitate air 
• Add water whenever compost becomes dry 
• Keep the center warm
• Avoid contraction or waterlogging 
• Do not use material infested with pests or disease 
• Protect from rain and sun
• Materials include crop residues, animal waste, old manure, farm yard manure, inorganic fertilizers and top soil.

 

1. i)  How is green manuring done on the farm?

• A crop is grown and then ploughed under to be incorporated in the soil while it is still green.

 

1. List the characteristics of green manure crops:

• Fast growth rate
• Preferably a legume
• Leafy / high foliage ratio
• Ability to rot rapidly

 

1. What are the advantages of green manuring?

• Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into the soil
• Improves soil aeration, water infiltration and absorption
• Increases organic matter and humus content of the soil
• Increases crop yields.

 

1. a)  Classify fertilizers by nutrient content.

• Straight fertilizers contain one type of nutrient e.g nitrogenous, potassic or phosphatic
• Compound contains two or more e.g DAP, MAP and NPK

 

1. b) i)  Name the common nitrogenous fertilizers.

• They supply nitrogen and include sulphate of ammonia, ammonium sulphate nitrate, ammonium nitrate, urea and calcium ammonium nitrate.

 

1. State properties of nitrogenous fertilizers/ (characteristics)

• Highly soluble in water/ easily leached/ no residual effect
• Have a scorching / burning  effect on plants
• They are volatile/ change into gaseous form
• Hygroscopic/ absorb moisture from the  atmosphere/ cake easily.

 

1. When are they applied and why at that time?

• When the crop is already growing e.g for maize at 30-45 cm height
• At this stage the crop has well developed roots to absorb dissolved nitrogen fertilizer.
• The crop has well developed leaves for foliar feed
• Crop is growing fast and required a lot of nitrogen.

 

1. c)  i) Name the common phosphatic fertilizers:

• They supply phosphorous and include DSP, SSP and TSP

 

1. When are they applied and why at the time?

• Applied at planting time
• Applied for formation, development and early establishment of roots.
• Has long residual effect/ stays long in the soil
• Have low mobility
• Rather insoluble

 

1. i)  Name the common potassic fertilizers

• supply potassium and include potassium chloride (kcl) and muriate of potash.

 

1. Characteristics:

• Easily soluble
• Mobile
• No fixation hence
• Easily absorbed
• Easily leached
• Have searching effect.

 

1. i)  What is fertilizer application?

• Restoring soil fertility by supplying growing plants with nutrients that may be lacking in the soil.

 

1. List the methods of fertilizer application:

• Broadcasting 
• Row application
• Top dressing
• Side dressing
• Foliar spraying

 

1. What is top dressing?

 

1. i)  Calculate the amount of K2O (potassium chloride) contained in 400 kg of a compound fertilizer 25:10:5 – 5kg of K2O is contained in 100kg of 25:10:5 

Therefore: 400kg of fertilizer contains (400 x 5) = 20kg of K2O 

            100

1. A farmer is to apply a compound fertilizer 20:30:10 on a vegetable plot measuring 5 metres long by 4 metres wide, at the rate of 200kg per hectare.

1. Calculate the amount of the fertilizer the farmer would require for the plot.  (show your working)

• 10,000 sq. m require 200kg of fertilizer
• therefore 5 x 4 sq. m would require
• 20 x 200  = 0.4 kg / 400gm

        10,000

 

1. What do the figures 20, 30 and 10 in the fertilizer stand for 

• 20 stands for the ratio of N2 (Nitrogen)
• 30 stands for the ratio for phosphorous
• 10 stands for the ratio of potassium 

 

1. How much of a fertilizer labeled (20:20:10) should be applied to a plot which requires 30 kg P2O5?

• 20 kg P2O5 are contained in 100 kg NPK (20:20:10)
• 30 kg P2O5 contain 100 x 30 = 150 kg NPK

20

4. a) i) State the importance of the nitrogen cycle

• Makes available compound nitrogen for use by plants
• Improves soil fertility

 

1. Describe the nitrogen cycle:

 

Denitrifying 

    bacteria

 

• Nitrogen is fixed by electrical charge into nitrates
• Nitrogen dissolve and is absorbed by plants
• Plants are fed on by animals and release ammonium compounds
• Nitrifying bacteria/ nitrosmonas change ammonia into nitrite then into nitrate
• Nitrite then into nitrate
• The nitrate releases nitrogen into the air or is used up by plants.

 

1. What happens to nitrogen in the soil?

• May evaporate / volatilize
• Used up by micro-organisms
• May be used up by plants
• May be released into atmosphere by bacteria
• In the process of denitrification
• May be leached
• May be eroded.

 

1. b)  i)  State the importance of carbon cycle

• Provides carbon dioxide for photosynthesis
• Production of energy for plant and animal use.

 

1. Describe the carbon 

 

• Compounds in plant residues digested/ oxidised to release carbon dioxide
• Carbon dioxide in the soil produces carbonic acid, carbonates and bicarbonates.
• Animals release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere during respiration
• Plants also release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere during respiration.

 

1. How is carbon lost?

• Leaching
• Used by higher plants

 

1. How can carbon be restored to the atmosphere?

• Enhancing process of photosynthesis
• Burning hydrocarbons
• During plant and animal respiration.

 

5. a) i)  Define crop propagation.

• Development and multiplication of new individual crops from existing ones.

 

1. What are the methods of crop propagation?

• Seeds
• Vegetative materials

 

1. b)  i)  List the different methods of vegetative propagation:

• Use of cuttings
• Layering
• Grafting
• Budding/ bud grafting
• Use of storage organs

 

1. State advantages of vegetative propagation.

• Desirable characteristics reserved
• Disease resistance imported from some crops
• Short period to maturity
• Quick way of multiplication of low viability plants
• Gives more than one variety on one crop
• Short period to maturity
• Quick way of multiplication of low viability plants
• Gives more than one variety on one crop.

 

1. State its disadvantages.

• Cannot produce new varieties
• Difficult to keep materials free from diseases
• Vegetative materials cannot be stored for long.

 

1. i) What are the advantages of seed propagation

• Easy to store large number of seeds
• Plant can produce large number of seeds
• Can produce new plant varieties

 

1. State the disadvantages of seed propagation

• Do not breed true to type
• Some seeds have long dormancy periods
• Seed may spread undesirable genes quickly
• Crops may take too long to produce fruits
• Seeds may be attacked by pests/ diseases

 

1. i) Give the advantages of early planting

• Crops make good use of available rainfall
• Establishment is early hence withstand competition from weeds
• Crops escape attack by pests and diseases
• Crops use nutrients well before leaching e.g nitrogen
• Crops reach market early hence get good market
• Reduces labour competition for various operations

 

1. State the factors to consider when selecting seeds or other planting materials for planting

• Quality of parent plant e.g high yielding, vigorous growth
• Disease and pest resistance
• Free from weeds and pest/ disease damage
• Early maturing/ suitable to the area
• High quality products/ good size and grade
• Should be viable

 

1. What are the reasons for seed selection?

• To obtain high crop yields
• Reducing chances of disease / pest attack
• Obtain viable seeds
• Obtain high quality produce
• To get seeds suitable to the area

 

1. What practices are carried out for seeds to ensure that they germinate?

• Proper seed selection
• Planting at same depth
• Proper seedbed preparation
• Planting at proper moisture content
• Treating seeds to break dormancy
• Treating soil against pests and diseases
• Plant at correct depth.

 

1. i)  List the methods of planting

• Dibbling
• Broadcasting
• Row planting
• Drilling

 

1. State the advantages of row planting.

• Saves on seeds/ economy on seeds
• Easy to get correct spacing
• Makes subsequent operations easier

 

1. State the factors which influence planting depth.

• Soil moisture
• Soil type
• Size of seeds.

 

1. What factors determine crop spacing?

• Fertility status of soil
• Moisture content of soil
• Use to which crop is to be put
• Machinery to be used in subsequent operations
• Growth habit of crop
• Number of seeds per hole
• Prevalence of certain diseases/ pests
• Method of planting

 

1. State the advantages of correct spacing

• Avoid competition for nutrients, light, water, space
• Obtain adequate plant population
• Controls spread of pests and diseases
• Easy to carry out subsequent operations/ easy to mechanics

 

1. Why is correct plant population necessary?

• To obtain high quality crops
• Helps a farmer to control weeds / pest/ diseases
• Helps in soil and water conservation
• To obtain high yields

 

1. Name the treatments necessary on planting materials before planting?

• Legume seed inoculation
• Seed dressing
• Breaking dormancy of seeds
• Pre-conditioning seeds

 

1. List the field practices on crops;

• Thinning
• Gapping
• Pruning
• Roguing
• Staking/ training/ propping
• Earthing

 

1. i)  What is crop rotation?

• Growing of different crops in an orderly sequence on the same field/ seedbed

 

1. Why is crop rotation important?

• Maintains soil fertility/ improves soil structure, aeration, water infiltration, addition of nitrogen by legumes
• Controls pests/ diseases
• Makes maximum use of soil nutrients
• Reduces chance of erosion
• Controls weeds.

 

1. State the factors to consider when planning a crop rotation system:

• Nutrient requirement of different crops in the sequence
• The need to include grass loys in the programme
• Prevalent pests and diseases
• Types of crops in the sequence
• Growth habit of the different crops included.

 

1. Why is it important to include a grass loy in a rotation programme?

• Grass loy improves soil structure/ maintains it 
• They add organic matter in the soil/ increase fertility.

 

1. i)  What factors influence the time and stage at which crops are harvested?

• Purpose of the crop / intended use
• Kind of storage facilities available
• Method of harvesting the crop 
• Type of crop to be harvested
• Moisture content e.g grains

 

1. Mention the harvesting methods

• Manual / by hand
• Mechanical / using machines

 

1. How can crops be prepared before storage?

• Processing / to put in usable/ acceptable form
• Inspection and sorting out into grades
• Hardening of fruits and root crops
• Drying or freezing to reduce spoilage rate
• Chemical treatment
• Adding preservatives.

 

1. Why dry grains before storage?

• Prevents germination/ sprouting in storage
• Reduces pests/ disease attack
• Reduces attack by fungi.

 

1. What factors are considered when grading crops for market?

• Size 
• Colour
• Shape
• Dryness
• Damages on crops

 

1. i)  List the various storage structures on farms

• Traditional granaries
• Maize crib
• Bags
• Bulk storage e.g silos

 

1. State the problems farmers face in storage of produce from farms.

• Vermin’s, insects and fungi
• Dampness in stores causes rot
• Storage facilities are poor
• Little knowledge on treatment before storage
• Lack of capital to construct good structures and buy chemicals.

 

1. List the features a good crop storage structure has

• Raised from the ground adequately
• Leak-proof roof/ water  proof roof
• Clean or easy to clean
• Vermin proof
• Strong enough to support the produce in store
• Strong enough to keep away thieves
• Well ventilated
• Easy to load/ unload

 

1. a)  What is a nursery?

• A place where seeds are grown to get special attention before being transferred into the main field/ seedbed

 

1. State the reasons for using a nursery.

• When seeds are too small
• Easy to handle/ take care of seedlings
• Easy to select seedlings
• Some seeds are delicate hence not viable and require proper care
• Pest control is easy
• It is possible to carry out watering
• Uniformity of plants in the field
• For bulking up as in the case of sugarcane planting.

 

1.  State the nurseries management practices.

• Proper watering
• Hardening off
• Controlling pests and diseases
• Thinning or pricking out

 

1. Explain the following nursery practices.

1. i)   Pricking out.

• Done to enable seedling to grow vigorously and healthy/avoid overcrowding

 

1. Hardening off.

• Carried out to make the seedlings to get used to the actual field conditions.

 

1. Rogueing.

• Removal of diseased crop plants

 

1. a)  i)  What is health and  diseases

• Health is the state of the body in which all body organs and systems are functioning normally and are normal.
• Disease is any alteration in the state of the body or any organs or systems which would interfere with or interrupt the proper functioning.

 

1. State the importance of keeping livestock healthy

• To increase quantity of livestock products
• To increase quality of livestock products
• To increase profit level/ reduce cost of production
• To prevent the spread of diseases
• To increase productive life of an animal
• To enable them to breed regularly.

 

1. State the signs of illness in cattle

• Dullness
• Abnormal urination e.g red water
• Rough hair-coat / hair falls off
• Abnormal respiration rate
• Dry mucus membrane
• Abnormally low or high temperature
• Loss of appetite
• Abnormal pulse rate
• Decline in production
• Abnormal defalcation e.g diarrhoea/ constipation
• Aggressive when approached.

 

1.  List the causes of animal diseases:

• nutritional cause
• chemical causes
• physical cause
• living organisms.

 

1. What are the categories of diseases?

• Bacterial
• Viral
• Ricketsial
• Fungal
• Protozoan

 

1. State the general methods of disease control.

• Use of prophylactic drugs e.g antibiotics/ prophylaxis
• Proper sanitation/ farm hygiene
• Use of antiseptics and disinfectants for cleaning
• Quarantine and isolation to reduce spread
• Slaughtering, culling or killing affected animals
• Routine vaccination to prevent infection
• Killing vectors e.g ticks, tsetsefly, etc
• Proper nutrition/ feed properly
• Use proper technique of milking to control mastitis 
• Artificial insemination to avoid breeding disease e.g contagious abortion
• Proper disposal of carcass e.g for Anthrax
• Proper housing / avoid overcrowding
• Treat affected animals to avoid infecting others 
• Avoid injuring animals
• Rotational grazing to control parasites / internal parasites
• Prevent / avoid factors causing stress.

 

1. a)  What is a parasite?

• Any organism that depends on another organism, called host, for nutritional and protective purposes.

 

1. i)  What are external parasites?

• Live on the host at lease for part of its life cycle.

 

1. State examples of external parasites:

• Ticks, tsetsefly, mites, lice, fleas, keds

 

1. State the signs of infestation by external parasites:

• Anaemia
• Irritation/ scratching
• Loss of hair
• Sores/ wounds on skin
• Presence of parasites on animals body

 

1. List the harmful effects of external parasites.

• Transmit diseases/ cause diseases
• Suck blood and cause anaemia
• Irritation and discomfort
• Poor quality hides and skins
• Increase production costs.

 

1. i)  State the categories of tick.

• One-host
• Two-host
• Three-host

 

1. ii) Give the stage of tick’s life cycle in proper order

• Egg, larva, nymph, adult.

 

iii)  How are ticks controlled?

• Use of chemicals/ acarioides
• Ploughing  the pastures or crop
• Burning infested pasture
• Hand picking and killing
• Rotational grazing
• Fencing the farm

 

1. i)  What are internal parasites?

• Stay inside body of host.

 

1. Give examples of internal parasites

• Round worms
• Flukes/ liver fluke
• Tapeworms

1. List the harmful effects of internal parasites:

• Retarded growth/ malnutrition/ emaciation
• Lower production rate
• Diarrhoea/ constipation
• Damage to the organs/ blindness/ pneumonia
• Blockage of organs
• Irritation / coughing
• Anaemia
• Death

 

1. State the methods of controlling internal parasites of livestock.

• Regular drenching / deworming
• Rotational grazing
• Draining of swampy areas
• Proper sanitation in livestock houses
• Spraying swampy areas with appropriate chemicals
• Burning pastures t kill eggs
• Plough the pastures to bury eggs

 

1. a)  Name intermediate hosts for:

1. i)  Tape worm

• Pig/ cattle

1. Liver fluke

• Snail/ mud or vaster snail

 

1. Why should drenching alone not be an affective control measure for livestock

• It does not destroy intermediate hosts
• It does not destroy other stages of the parasites

 

1. a)  What is nutrition?

• Process by which an animal takes in, digests and assimilates food

 

1. Describe the various nutritional elements:

1. i)   Carbohydrates

• Are energy foods
• Produces heat for all body processes
• Produces energy for maintaining animal alive
• Crude fibre in carbohydrates prevents constipation
• Excess converted to fats and stored
• Source includes roughage, cereals, tubers, lactose from milk.

 

1. Proteins

• Are body building feeds
• Provides raw materials for synthesis of animal
• Products e.g milk, eggs, etc
• Used in synthesis/ growth of cells
• Used to produce energy
• For formation of enzymes and antibodies
• Maintain body tissues/ repair and replacement
• Deficiency leads to stunted growth, low fertility, low production, wearing out of body tissues and poor resistance to diseases.

1. Fats

• Source of energy
• Sources include sunflower, fish meal, seeds, etc

 

1. Vitamins.

• Classified as water soluble or fat soluble
• Functions are to promote growth, help in blood clotting, bone formation, muscular activities, prevent diseases and act as catalysts.
• Sources are most food eaten.

 

1. Minerals.

• Maintain osmotic pressure, regulate metabolism, bone formation and development, teeth development, increase food conversion, increase in appetite.
• Deficiency leads to reduced appetite, loss of weight, decrease in production, poor growth and loss of condition.
• Sources include mineral supplements.

 

1. Water 

Functions:

• Regulation of body temperature
• Make cells turgid and maintain body shape
• Transport of nutrients
• Biochemical reactions
• As a lubricant

 

1. Factors influencing intake.

• Size of animal
• Productivity e.g milk
• Type of food given to animal
• Physiological status of animal e.g pregnant
• Ambient temperature
• Species/ kind of  animal

 

1. Explain what the following means:

1. i)   Concentrates

• A feed with high protein and/ or energy content but low in fibre
• Have high available nutrients per unit weight
• Compact in form mashes/ powder, granules, salt and mineral blocks, etc
• Fed in small amounts.

 

1. Roughage

• A feed with high fibre contents and / or low energy
• Are bulky, of low digestibility, low in protein, and of plant origin e.g pasture, hay, silage, fodder.

 

1. What is a ration?

• Amount of food that will produce essential nutrients to an animal to enable animal nest its nutritional requirements.

 

1. Explain the meaning and importance of.

1. i)    Balanced ration

• Contains all nutritional requirements of animals

 

1. Production ration:

• Feed given to an animal over and above the maintenance ration to produce a given product
• Used for production of products like milk, meat, also for foetal development, work and growth of young animals.

 

1. Maintenance ration.

• The portion of a feed required by an animal to continue with the vital body processes

 

1. State the desirable characteristics of a livestock ration:

• Balanced in terms of nutrients
• Palatable to the animals
• Highly digestible 
• Free from poisonous materials/ free of contamination

 

1. a)  i)  Outline the main differences between ruminants and non-ruminants

• Ruminants have four stomach compartments while non-ruminants have only one.
• Ruminants chew cud while non-ruminants do not chew cud
• Absence of ptyalin in ruminant saliva and presence in non-ruminant saliva
• Ruminant digest a lot of cellulose while non-ruminants digest only a little cellulose.

 

1. Draw a ruminant stomach e.g cow and explain the functions of the four chambers. 

 

Rumen:

• First chamber
• Stores and softens food
• Microbial action of food takes places here

 

Reticulum 

• Separates coarse food from fine food particles

 

Omasum 

• Grinds food and reduces water content

 

Abomasum

• Has enzymes which act on food thus causing food digestion

 

1. How is grass digested in the rumen of an adult ruminant?

• Food is stored in the rumen
• Coarse grass is regurgitated from the rumen for further chewing in the mouth i.e chewing cud.
• Saliva that is mixed with feed when chewing cud creates alkaline PH suitable for bacterial action in the rumen.
• Food undergoes microbial fermentation in the rumen 
• In the rumen carbohydrates are broken down into volatile fatty acids/ acetic acid and butyric acid.
• Gases like methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen are released.
• Proteins are broken down into peptides/ amino acids 
• Amino acids/ essential amino acids are synthesized from ammonia and other non-protein nitrogen by micro-organisms.
• Micro-organisms also synthesize certain vitamins e.g vitamin B complex, vitamin K.
• Much of the volatile fatty acids and ammonia are absorbed through bolching i.e carbon dioxide and methane.

 

1. State the functions of the following parts of poultry digestive system.

1. i)    Crop

• Softening food
• Storage of food

 

1. ii) Gizzard 

• Contains small stones which help to grind food and break down cellulose.

 

1. a)  i) Draw the reproductive system of a hen and explain the stage taken during 

         the formation of an egg.

 

Ovary

• Produces ova

 

Infindibulum 

• Site of fertilization and storage of sperm calls 
• Yolk takes 15 minutes here

 

Magnum

• Albumen is added
• Egg takes 3 hours here

 

Isthmus

• Secretes the shell membrane
• Water, minerals and vitamins
• Process takes 1 ¼ hours

 

Uterus/ shell gland

• Has calcium deposits
• Shell added round eggs
• Completes the addition of albumen
• Process takes 18 – 22 hours

 

Vagina

• Pigmentation of egg takes place here
• Socrates mucus which reduces friction and facilitates expulsion of the egg 
• Takes 1. 10 minutes

 

Cloaca 

• Delivers the egg out gently.

 

1. Draw a clearly labeled diagram to show the reproductive system of a cow and   state the functions of the labeled parts.

 

Fallopian tube.

• This is a passage through which ova pass from the ovary.
• This is where fertilization takes place as the ovum passes to the uterus.

 

Ovary.

• Produce ova
• Produce sex hormones e.g oestrogen, progesterone 

 

Uterus 

• After fertilization foetus develops until birth here.

 

Vagina and Vulva.

• Receive male’s sperms
• Aid in expulsion of young from the womb during birth

 

1. b) i)  What is selection in animal breeding?

• The process of allowing certain animals to be parents of future generations.

 

1. State the factors to consider during selection.

• Increase in yield
• Improved quality of products
• Resistance against diseases
• Resistance to heat or dry conditions
• Reduced maturity age.

 

1. i) What is breeding?

• It involves mating of desirable males and females

 

1. ii)  State the importance of breeding.

• To obtain high quality products
• Increase production capacity
• Import disease resistance
• Increase tolerance to high ambient temperature
• To reduce maturity age.

 

1. Give the methods of mating cattle

• Artificial insemination / AI
• Natural method

 

1. i)  What is natural mating?

• Taking a bull to serve cow

 

1. State its advantages

• Heat detection by bull
• Bull stays with cow on heat
• No need for harder to detect heat.

 

1. State the disadvantages of natural mating?

• May cause inbreeding if bull is not controlled
• Expensive/ uneconomical to keep a bull
• There is a risk of transmission of breeding diseases
• A bull may cause physical injury to a cow/ handler
• Only a limited number/ few cows can be mated by one bull within a given period of time.

 

1. Explain the main systems of breeding.

1. i)   Grading up

• The process of crossing until an animal having desirable characteristics is obtained.
• Example is mating Boran bull to Friesian cow to obtain increased production and disease resistance.

 

1. Line breeding

• Is the mating of two individuals originating from one ancestor or same line of breeding.

 

1. Cross breeding

Meaning:

• Mating two pure breeds belonging to different breeds/ mating a pure bred sire of one breed to a high quality grade female of another breed.

 

Reasons:

• To produce a hybrid with hybrid vigour
• Imparts desirable genes from either of the parents.

 

  What is hybrid vigour?

• The increased ability and performance of the offspring above the average of the two unrelated parents.

 

1. Outcrossing

• Mating two unrelated animals of the same breed

 

1. Inbreeding.

 

Meaning.

• Mating of closely related animals

 

Aim 

• To retain/ preserve certain desirable qualities

 

Disadvantages

• Increases embryonic mortality/ abortion
• Reduces disease resistance ability
• Reduces the vigour of the animal / causes weakness/ abnormality
• Reduces yield.

 

1. i)  What is artificial insemination?

• Obtaining semen from males and depositing it in female’s reproductive canal by artificial means.

 

1. State its advantages.

• Cheap / can be afforded by many farmers
• Controls breeding diseases / 
• One male can serve many females
• Makes use of good bulls/ quick way of improvement
• Young/ small females not injured
• Used to prevent inbreeding
• Semen can be used in distant places

 

1. Give the disadvantages.

• Can quickly spread undesirable genetic traits
• Requires special equipment and good communication network
• Timing of optimum period is difficult 
• Not readily available to small scale farmers.

 

1. a)  Discuss sheep management from selection of breeding stock to lambing.

1. i)   Selection of breeding stock.

• High fertility and regular breeding
• Good quality products
• Fast growing/ early maturing
• Healthy stock
• Good mothering instinct
• Good body conformation/ not physically deformed.

 

1. Breeding

• Flush owes by giving extra concentrates/ high plant nutrition
• Flushing should be started about 3 weeks before mating and continued for three weeks after mating
• Clip wool around vulva for easy mating/ do crouching
• Raddling of rams before mating
• Use one ram for 35 – 60 owes
• Mating time for lambing to coincide with the season when there is enough pasture.
• If more than one ram used, use different colour of paste for each ram.
• Remove rams from owes after mating.

 

1. Management during gestation

• Food owes on good pasture / concentrates 3 – 4 weeks before lambing / steam up
• Move owes to clean pasture three weeks before lambing
• Deworm owes 2 –3 weeks before lambing
• Vaccinate owes 2 –3 weeks before lambing against common diseases
• Provide clean water.

 

1. Lambing management.

• Observe signs of lambing and supervise/ assist when necessary
• Disinfect navel cord immediately after lambing
• Ensure lambs suckle within first 1-2 hours
• Dagging / clipping of wool around teats after lambing 
• Owes that give birth to more than one lamb should be given extra feeding.

 

1. Disease the management of lambs from birth upto and including weaning.

• Weak lambs should be artificially reared
• Rejected/ orphaned lambs should be given to faster mothers
• Keep lambs and the owe on good pastures
• Dock the lambs within the first 2 weeks
• Castrate male lambs not needed for breeding within the first two weeks
• Introduce creep feed to the lambs from 6 weeks
• Dip/ spray / dust sheep as necessary against octoparasites 
• Treat sick animals
• Wean lambs between 4 – 5 months or when 22kg live weight 
• Put identification marks before weaning
• Trim hooves before mating
• Deworm lambs before weaning
• Keep records

 

1. a) i)  Describe the factors to consider when selecting a gilt for breeding.

• Maturity ie. Proper age / 12 months or 90 –100 kg live weight
• Good mothering instinct
• Fast growth rate
• Lack of physical defects
• Healthy i.e lacking history of many diseases

 

1. What characteristics should be considered when selecting a breeding boar?

• Docile/ good temperament
• Good body conformation for the breed
• Lack of physical deformities
• Strong back and legs
• Fast growing/ early maturing

 

1. What preparations should be carried out for a sow one weak before she farrows?

• Clean and disinfect the farrowing pen
• Wash / clean and disinfect the sow
• Treat the sow against external parasites
• Move the sow to farrowing pen/ orate within a week/ separate from the rest
• Reduce sow’s ration a day before farrowing
• Provide heat in the farrowing pen/ creep area 
• Provide clean bedding material
• Provide bran to the sow as a laxative.

 

1. Discuss the management of piglets from farrowing to weaning time.

• Keep watch over farrowing process/ help in the farrowing process
• Remove mucus and any foreign materials around piglet’s nostrils 
• Put piglet in a safe warm place
• Tie/ out and disinfect umbilical cord
• Dispose of afterbirth/ stillborns
• Ensure piglets suckle colestrum/ piglets suckle immediately after birth
• Got rid of excess piglets/ rear excess piglets artificially/ give excess piglets to a foster mother
• Clip off the needle tooth
• Give piglets iron injection or iron paste to control anaemia 
• Provide croop food to the piglets
• Give sow extra food according to the number of piglets sucking it
• Castrate male piglets not intended for breeding at about 3 weeks of age
• Put identification marks on piglet/ identify piglets using appropriate method
• Weigh piglets regularly weekly and later monthly 
• Remove sow from farrowing pen to wean piglets
• Select the piglets to be used for breeding
• Provide piglets with extra food and water at weaning 
• Keep farrowing pen clean throughout the rearing period
• Wean between 4 – 8 weeks of age
• Keep appropriate records
• Deworm piglets at weaning time
• Provide adequate water
• Control diseases as necessary/ vaccination
• Control external parasites

 

1. How would you rear a gilt from weaning time to the time it farrows?

• Food gilt on atleast 3 kg of sow and weaner meal daily
• Provide clean drinking water
• Vaccinate the gilt to control common diseases
• Control external parasites by dusting with pesticides 
• Treat gilt of sick
• House the gilt next to a boar at age of 12 months
• Ready to be served/ serve it at right age and weight
• Keep the pen clean by maintaining clean litter
• Flush gilt 3-4 weeks before service by feed on high quality diet
• Take gilt to the boars pen for service and let it stay for at least 12 hours.
• Observe the return to heat, if any, after three weeks, and repeat the service if necessary.
• Steaming up should start 1 ½ months before farrowing by giving 3-4 kg of feed
• 7-10 days before farrowing, the gilt should be washed and moved into a clean and disinfected farrowing pen.
• Sow and weaner meal should be reduced three days before farrowing 
• Observe the signs of farrowing, and supervise the farrowing process.
• Deworm the gilt 7-10 days before farrowing.

 

1. i)  Give the reasons for culling a breeding boar.

• When the boar is old 
• When the health of the boar is poor/ injury
• When the offsprings are being used as replacement stock/ to stop inbreeding
• When the bear is too fat and lazy/ back leg weakness
• When the performance of offsprings is poor
• When the bear lacks libido / infertile

 

1. Why should a breeding sow be culled?

• Goats are browsers/ require less food
• They can do with little water
• They are easy to manage
• Less attack by diseases
• Good walkers/ good climbers.

 

1. a)  Why are goats suited to most parts of Kenya?

• Goats are browsers/ require less food
• They can do with little water
• They are easy to manage
• Less attack by diseases
• Good walkers/ good climbers

 

1. What are the various management practices a goat farmer should carry out?

• If goats are kept for milk, the kids should be removed from their mother and fed from a bucket or a bottle
• The kid should be fed three times a day
• Solid food should be introduces at 2-3 weeks old
• Regular vaccination should be carried out after weaning 
• Hoof trimming
• Confined meat producing goats may be fed on out forage
• Food on sweet potato vines, napier grass or green maize
• In addition to grazing, dairy goats food on roughage such as silage
• Concentrates must be fed to lactating goats to correct any mineral deficiency in roughage / provide mineral lick
• Proper records on various operations should be kept 
• Spraying against external parasites/ farm hygiene
• Identification operations e.g tagging, branding, ear-notching tatooing
• Castrate males not required for breeding

 

1. Give the methods of improving dairy goats.

• Proper selection/ bulling
• Proper breeding upgrading/ cross breeding
• Maintaining good health
• Proper feeding
• Proper milking methods
• Proper housing.

 

1. a)  State the factors that should be considered when selecting rabbits for breeding.

• Good body size
• Breeding efficiency
• Good body conformation
• Growth rate
• Good health
• Freedom from physical deformities.

 

1. Why is it important that rabbits are fed on a balanced diet?

• For quick growth
• To prevent mineral deficiency
• To give good quality products
• To give maximum yield
• Prevention from diseases

 

1. List the heat signs in a doe.

• Restlessness
• Rubs itself against any object
• Vulva swells
• Interested in other rabbits
• May  lie on her side

 

1. Name the types of rabbits keeping.

• Rabbitry and hutches
• Mordant i.e movable rabbit house built of light materials 
• Warren 
• Colony system.

 

1. State the general routine management practices necessary to protect rabbits from diseases and parasites.

• Cleanliness in the housing units
• Do not feed on contaminated food
• Isolation and treatment of sick ones
• Disinfect cages, water and feed troughs
• Impose quarantine of two weeks on new rabbits.

 

1. a) State the uses of bees on the farm.

• Pollination of flowers
• Production of honey and wax

 

1. Give the functions of the various classes of bees found in a beehive.

• Queen is fertile and lays egg 
• Drones are fertile males and mate with queen to fertilize the eggs
• Works are sterile male who take care of all other bees and the hive, and also offer protection to the hive.

 

1. How can bees be attracted to a hive?

• Using honey
• Smear sugar syrup on hive
• Use of molasses.

 

1. i) When is it recommended to harvest honey?

• Late in the evening
• Early in the morning

 

1. State why smoke should be used when harvesting honey, but not fire.

• Smoke makes bees loss aggressive/ less active
• It does not kill bees/ breed
• Quality of honey obtained is sufficiently high

 

1. What precautions are necessary when harvesting honey?

• Avoid excess smoke getting into the hive
• Prevent rain water from getting into hive
• Use clean utensils to avoid contamination
• Use of protective clothes

 

1. i) Name diseases of bees.

• Acorive disease
• Foul breath disease

 

1. Give examples of pests of bees.

• Safari ants
• Bee lose
• Private wasps
• Wax moth
• Birds
• Honey badger
• Beetles
• Robber bees

 

1. What makes the camel suited to living and working in desert conditions?

• Can tolerate high temperature
• A browser which survives well on scanty vegetation
• Travels long distance and for several days without water 
• Hooves are suited to walk on sand

 

1. Mention the uses of donkeys.

• Transportation
• Work e.g pulling ox-ploughs for cultivation.

 

1. b) What management practices are necessary to enable a donkey work 

     efficiently?

• Proper harnessing to avoid injuries
• Foot care and hoof trimming when necessary 
• Proper feeding
• Enough rest after work
• Treat when sick
• Drenching using horse dewormer.

 

1. a)  i)  Explain cropping in fish farming.

• The removal of marketable size of fish from the pond to provide more food for those left behind.

 

1. What is fish harvesting?

• Removal of all fish from the pond

 

1. List the features that are necessary in fish-pond construction.

• Inlet for fresh water
• Spillway to remove excess/ overflow water
• Outlet for drainage e.g when harvesting fish or replacing water
• Fence to keep away predators/ thieves
• Screen to prevent fish from escaping.

 

1. Explain the maintenance practices necessary for a fish pond.

• Maintain optimum level of water by regulating inflow and outflow of water
• Immediate blockage of water leakages
• Remove any debris
• Out weeds or grass growing around pond
• Fertilize pond regularly
• Provide enough food to fish

 

1. a)  i)  How can skin of an animal be damaged while animal is still alive?

• Poor branding 
• Scratching by sharp objects such as wires / whipping/ injury by other animals 
• Skin diseases
• Bites by parasites.

 

1. State the treatment given to hides and skins after flaying.

• Washing
• Trimming
• Tanning
• Draining and fleshing
• Preserving by salting

 

1. What are the uses of hides and skins?

• Source of revenue
• Used to make items e.g shoes, etc

 

1. b) i)  Give reasons why honey harvesting at night is not encouraged.

• To avoid bush fires
• Because one may not distinguish between honey combs and brood combs
• Loss damage to combs
• Little contamination of honey
• To avoid killing bees.

 

1. Describe the procedure of harvesting honey.

• Wear protective clothing
• Approach beehive from behind
• Move smoothly
• Puff smoke, using smoker, into entrance holes
• Inspect combs thoroughly
• Harvest only where scaled combs
• Leave enough combs with honey, especially in dry season, to avoid starving bees
• Brush out bees from honey combs
• Avoid crushing bees.

 

1. State the methods of extracting honey from honey combs

• Using heat method
• Crush and strain
• Using of extraction.

 

1. iv)  What factors influence the quality of honey?

• Presence of impurities/ foreign materials
• Source of nectar / food type
• Stage of ripening/ maturity / under 17% moisture content
• Season of the year/ rainy season/ flowering
• Method of extraction.

 

1. c)   Describe hoe to kill and prepare a rabbit carcass

• Kill by dislocating the neck
• Hold by back legs in the hand
• Strike a sharp blow with edge of hand, at base of skull behind the ears
• This causes bone separation and breaks blood vessels of the neck 
• Hook up rabbit immediately by one leg
• Remove head to assist bleeding
• Slit abdominal wall and eviscerate / remove visceran/ remove internal organs
• Dry the skin using appropriate method
• Sell meat locally.

 

1. i)  State the difference between wool and hair.

• Wool is outer coat of sheep made of many fibres with crimp
• Appearance that make the fibres elastic
• Hair is smooth, lacks waviness and is inelastic

 

1. What is fleece?

• Wool which has been shorn/ out from sheep

 

1. Give the qualities of good wool.

• Clean / loss
• Long
• Fine/soft/wool count
• Be of pure colour/white
• Strong
• Elasticity/ crimpy.

 

1. List the precautions to be taken during the sheep shearing process to ensure good quality wool

• Shearing on dry and fine weather/ season
• Use clean floor to avoid fouling of wool
• Avoid half cut wool as this lowers quality

 

1. How are fish processed before cooking?

• Scaling
• Removal of offal’s/ eviscerating
• Sun drying or smoking to slow down deterioration

 

1. ii)  List the methods of preserving fish before sale to consumers

• Splitting then drying in the sun
• Smoking 
• Salting.

 

 

FORM THREE TOPICS

 

1. a)  Define farm layout

• refers to how land on the farm is allocated to various uses.

 

1. What is a good layout

• One which allows easy management of various enterprises on the farm
• One which satisfies the farmer and give him comfort.

 

1. State the factors to consider when planning the layout of a mixed farm.

• Slope of land/ drainage / topography
• Direction of prevailing winds
• Type of soil
• Type of enterprises required/ other enterprises on farm
• Infrastructure/ accessibility/ other enterprises on farm
• Government regulation
• Existing permanent structures on the farm
• Land size
• Security of enterprises
• Existing ammonites e.g electricity, water
• Panoramic view

 

1. a)  List the common structures found on the farm.

• Nursery beds –  Beehives
• Crushes –  silo 
• Calf pens –  Compost heap/ pit
• Fish ponds –  Store
• Dairy shed / milking parlour –  rabbitry and hutches
• Fences
• Dips
• Pig sty

 

1. Explain the factors to be considered in constructing a farm structure

1. i)   Sitting

• Sitting the structure in rotation to other buildings/ farm activities/ considering security/ accessibility/ topography/ drainage

 

1. Orientation.

• Orientation of the building in relation to wind direction/ light/ topography

 

1. Design / purpose

• Design of the structure to fit the intended purpose or use/ to fit the climate of the area/ size of enterprise.

 

1. Materials 

• Choice of building materials considering type/ cost/ durability/ availability.

1. Capital.

• Cost of structure/ finances available to put up the structure.

 

1. Flexibility.

• Alternative uses of the structure

 

1. Construction skills

• Availability of needed skills

 

1. Governments regulations

• I.e follow the legal government regulations

 

1. Type of building

• Permanent or temporary

 

1. Future expansion

• Should consider space for future expansion.

 

1. State the factors to consider when selecting materials to construct farm structures.

• Durability of materials
• Cost of materials
• Availability of skilled labour for construction
• Capital available
• Availability of materials
• Strength of materials

 

1. i)  Name the types of fences used on farms.

• Barbed wire fence
• Wooven wire/ wire knotting/ chicken wire fence
• Electric fence
• Pole fence/ timber / wooden/ post and rail fence
• Wall fence/ stone fence
• Plain wire fence
• Hedges/ live fence.

 

1. State the advantages of barbed wire fence and any of its disadvantages in livestock farming.

Advantages

• Effective in stopping animals from forcing their way out.

Disadvantages.

• May injure animals
• Expensive per unit weight or per given gauge

 

1. How are fences constructed?

• Locate the corners
• Clear the fencing area
• Make corners, strainers and passes
• Dig holes to specified depths
• Firm the posts by use of concrete mixtures
• Drill holes on the posts and fix the wires
• Strain the wires and fix onto the posts
• Fix the droppers to reinforce the wires.

 

1. Describe the uses of farm fences.

• Provide security from thieves, wildlife/ control trespassers
• Enable paddocking/ rotational grazing/ mixed farming
• Control pests and diseases by keeping away other animals from the farm
• Demarcate boundaries
• Live fences act as windbreaks/shelter belts
• Provide aesthotic value to the farm
• Increase farm/ land value
• Help n soil and water observation in case of hedges
• Hedges may be a source of fruits and their trimmings may be a source of fodder or firewood or compost manure
• Isolate animals for different purposes e.g sick, bulls, calves, pregnant etc.
• Provide privacy.

 

1. What maintenance practices are carried out on farm fences?

• Replacing broken posts, droppers etc
• Replacing / tightening loose wires
• Control termites and fungi from causing damage
• Replace struts if broken.

 

1. State the uses of a crush.

• Hand spraying or hand dressing to control ticks
• Drenching or deworming against internal parasites
• Artificial insemination
• Applying identification marks
• Taking temperature
• Pregnancy diagnosis
• Milking 
• Dehorning 
• Castration

 

1. (i)  Name the main sections of a cattle dip stating its functions.

• Assembly yard is a waiting area for holding the animals before dipping
• Footbath for washing mud from cattle hooves to prevent dip contamination’s
• Dip tank which contains dip wash into which cattle got immersed
• Draining race/ drying race for holding animals after dipping to let the dip wash drip.

 

1. State the main use of a dip.

• Where animals are immersed in a solution of acaricide and water/ dipwash to control external parasites e.g ticks.

 

1. State the factors to consider when planning to construct a grain store.

• Sited on a well-drained ground
• Free ventilation without draughts
• Rainproof/ leakproof
• Adequate floor space
• Easy to clean
• Vermin/ pest proof/ have rat guards
• Keep away thieves/ predators.

 

1. i)  State the features of an ideal calf porn

• Well ventilated
• Leakproof
• Well drained floor
• Clean 
• Draught free
• Enough space for calf

 

1. What facts influence siting of calf pens? 

• Topography / drainage of land
• Accessibility of pen
• Location of existing farm structures/ amenities
• Wind direction
• security

 

1. Give the maintenance practices of a permanent calf pen.

• Repair / replace worn-out parts
• Whitewash walls of calf pens
• Regularly clean and disinfect the calf pen
• Ensure that the drainage system is working.

 

1. Name the types of calf pens.

• Movable pen
• Permanent

 

1. i)  What are the requirements for constructing a poultry house for deep litter   system?

• Roof to discourage insects
• Properly managed litter
• Enough space at food and water troughs
• Provide nests
• Provide perch.

 

1. Give the maintenance practices necessary in a dip litter poultry house.

• Repair broken parts of the house
• Clean and remove the cobwebs and any dirt
• Improve drainage
• Fumigate against pests and diseases
• Paint some parts of the house.

 

1. i)  State the factors to consider in siting a rabbit hutch.

• The site should be safe and secure especially in or near a homestead
• It should be sized in an accessible place
• The place should be sheltered from strong prevailing winds
• The area should be well drained
• It should be located on the leeward side of the farm to avoid bad smell

 

1. What factors should be considered in selecting the construction materials?

• Consider availability or materials
• Durable materials are preferred
• Consider cost of the material to use
• Select roofing materials that can keep off rain
• Some materials for the walls should allow enough light and ventilation
• Select some materials for the floor that will allow drainage of urine and from passage of droppings.

 

1. Give the environment of a rabbit hutch.

• Lack proof
• Easy to clean
• Free from strong wind/ draught
• Safe from prodiors/ raised above ground level
• Floor to allow from drainage of urine and droppings
• Well ventilated
• Adequate space.

 

1. State the reasons for raising rabbit hutches above ground level.

• To ensure security from attack by dogs, cats, etc
• To hasten drying of bedding
• To avoid dampness from the ground

 

1. i)  State the factors to consider when designing a piggery to ensure good health of pigs.

• Ventilation
• Space requirements according to recommended stocking rate
• Basking/ exercise area
• Security of piglets e.g constructing guard rails
• Drainage
• Position of food troughs and water troughs in relation to dunging area.

 

1. a)  State the reasons why maintenance of farm structures is important.

• Avoid accidents when using them
• Ensure efficiency of usage of structure
• Prolong the life of the structure/ farm

 

3. a)   i)  What is land tenure?

• Ownership of rights to the use of land

 

1. List the land tenure

• Collective e.g communal and cooperative tenure
• Individual e.g owner-occupier, company and tenancy and landlordism/ lease held system

 

1. i)  What is land refers?

• Any organised action taken to improve the structure of land tenure and land use/ deliberate change in the land tenure system

 

1. State the methods of land refers.

• Land consolidation
• Land subdivision/ fragmentation
• Land adjudication and registration/ demarcation
• Settlement and resettlement

 

1. i)  Distinguish between settlement and resettlement.

• Settlement is planned transfer of population from one area to another
• Resettlement is transferring population from more densely populated area to less populated one.

 

1. State the objectives of settlement and resettlement

• To settle the land lost
• To make use of idle land
• To create self employment
• To relieve population pressure
• To increase agricultural population.

 

1. What were the contributions of settlement schemes?

• Have increased production
• Better use of extension services
• Increased agricultural credit
• Marketing cooperatives are being used
• There are more improved livestock
• Acceleration in development of infrastructure

 

4.   a)  i)  What is soil erosion?

• Detachment and carrying away of top soil by wind and water.

 

1. Name the types of soil erosion.

• Splash/ raindrop erosion
• Gully erosion
• Streambank erosion
• Rill erosion
• Shoot erosion

 

1. State the factors which influence the rate of soil erosion.

• Amount and intensity of rainfall
• Slope/ topography
• Vegetation cover
• Ploughing up and down the slope
• Soil type
• Soil depth

 

1. i)  What is soil conservation

• The use of resource without rendering them unproductive due to erosion or depletion of plant nutrients.

 

1. State the reasons for soil conservation

• Prevent loss of plant nutrients from the soil/ to maintain the soil fertility
• Maintain soil structure.

 

1. List the methods of soil and water conservation.

• Filter strips
• Out-off drains
• Grassed waterways
• Mulching
• Trash/ stone lines
• Ridging
• Terraces
• Diversion waterways
• Contour farming
• Forests/ afforestation
• Gabbions/ check dams/ porous dams
• Dams and reservoirs
• Bunds

 

1. a)  What is a weed?

• Any plant growing where it is not required and has more disadvantages than advantages

 

1. How are weed classified?

• Life cycle
• Morphology
• Habitat

 

1. List the economic classes caused by weeds.

• Compete with crops are nutrients, space, light, water
• Reduce quality of products
• Some are 
• Some block irrigation channels and deprive fish of oxygen
• Some lower quality of pasture
• They increase production costs

 

1. Describe the wed control methods

1. Cultural

Includes mulching, cover cropping, field hygiene, timely planting, crop rotation, using clean planting materials, etc.

 

1. Mechanical:

• By use of tillage, cultivation, slashing / defoliation and uprooting weeds

 

1. Biological

• Deliberate use of a biological agent e.g insect, virus, fungi animal to reduce the population of a target weed.

 

1. Chemicals.

• Use of herbicides to kill weeds
• Herbicides are chemicals which kill plants.

 

1. a)  i)  What is a crop pest?

• Any organism that destroys/ is a nuisance to crops, either directly xxxxx, by feeding on tem or introducing disease causing 

 

1. ii) Name the categories of crop pest?

• Insects –  Micro-organisms
• Mites –  Higher animals
• Birds –  Molasses
• Nematodes –  Rodents

1. How can pests be controlled on the farm?

• By use of chemical e.g pesticides
• Early planting of crops
• Field hygiene e.g destruction of affected crop residues
• Use of trap crops, trap cropping
• Close season
• Crop rotation
• Growing resistant varieties
• Trapping and killing pest.

 

1. What is integrated pest management?

• The use of a combination of various control methods

 

1. i)  What is a plant disease.

• Any alteration in the state of a plant or of its parts, which interrupts or disturbs the proper performance of functions of its parts.

 

1. Name the disease causing factors in crops.

• Viruses 
• Mineral deficiency / nutritional in balance
• Bacterial
• Fungi
• Physiological disorders

 

1. List the various practices carried out in the field to control crop diseases.

• Crop rotation 
• Close season
• Roguing/ destroying  infected 
• Planting disease free plants/ use of certified seeds
• Early planting/ timely planting
• Pruning/ proper spacing
• Weed control
• Use of resistance varieties
• Quarantine
• Application of appropriate chemicals
• Use of clean equipment
• Heat treatment.

 

1. Discuss the growing of the following crops.

1. Sorghum

1. i)  Seedbed preparation

• Clearing land
• Cultivating the land to get rid of perennial weeds
• Harrow the land to fine tilth

 

1. Planting

• Planting at beginning of rains
• Plant in rows/ broadcast seeds
• Spacing 60 x 1 cm
• 3 – 5 seeds per hole
• depth 2-5-5 cm
• seedrate 2-15 kg per hectare
• apply phosphatic fertilizers at planting at a rate of 20-40 kg per hectare

 

1. Weeding

• Keep them weed free from early stages
• Cultivate regularly to control weeds
• Apply herbicides especially on breed leafed weeds

 

1. Field management practices

• Thinning/ thin and leave two vigorous plants
• Thin when 5 cm long/ tall

 

1. Pests and diseases.

• Scare the birds
• Apply appropriate insecticides to control stalk bearer
• Fungal disease control/ use resistant varieties, plant certified seeds

 

1. Harvesting

• Ready 3-9 months depending on variety
• Cut head/ panicle

 

1. Maize

1. i)  Seedbed preparation

• Clear land early before the rains
• Harrow the land to medium tilth
• Cultivate land to get rid of parannial weeds and allow vegetation to rot.

 

1. Planting

• Done at the beginning of rains
• Dry planting is recommended
• Spacing varies with variety i.e 23-30 cm x 57 – 90 cm
• Plant seed at 2.5 – 10 cm deep
• Planting manually or mechanically
• Apply DAP at 100 – 150 kg/ hectare in planting hole
• Top dress with CAN at 200kg / hectare

 

1. Weeding

• Weed at early stage to reduce competition for moisture 
• Hand weeding done
• Herbicides sometimes used e.g simazine/ artrazine before germination and MCPA / 2,40 after germination.

 

1. Field management

• Thinning done early to get consistent growth
• Gapping done early

 

1. Pests control

• Scare birds e.g quellea and weaver birds
• Use appropriate control of pests e.g aphids, army worm e.g insecticides.

 

1. Disease control

• Use appropriate control e.g fungicides for smut, rust and maize stork

 

1. Harvesting

• Depending on altitude and variety
• Stock out maize or harvest cabs when dry in field

 

1. Cassava 

1. i)    Basic requirements

• Requires altitude of below 1500m.
• Moderate rainfall/ drought resistant
• Sandy soils / free draining soils

 

1. Seedbed preparation and planting

• Deep ploughing recommended/ prepare ridges
• Plant stem cuttings 40cm long at 45o or less
• Spacing is 1.5m x 0.9m
• Bury half stem in soil.

 

1. Field management

• Control weeds at early stages of growth.

 

1. Pest control

• White scale controlled by clean planting materials.

 

1. Diseases.

• Mosaic disease causes melting of leaves and deformed tubers 
• Control by planting resistant varieties.

 

1. Harvesting 

• Remove individual tubers or uproot whole plant
• Use stick or forked jembes to harvest
• Yields about 7-10 tons per hectare

 

1. Millet

1. i)   Basic requirements

• Altitude from 0-1200m
• Rainfall of 500-600mm per annum
• Light sandy soils

 

1. Seedbed preparation and planting

• Prepare seedbed of fine tilth
• Spacing is 60 x 30 cm
• Sometimes interplanted with other crops

 

1. Field management

• Top dress with nitrogenous fertilizer when 30cm long 
• Weeding done upto tillering stage

 

1. Pest control

• Quelea birds cat seeds at miling stage
• Controlled by scaring

 

1. Disease control

• Dowry mildow control using fungicides and crop rotation

1. Harvesting 

• Individual heads out using knife or sickle

 

1. Sweet potatoes

1. i)   Basic requirements

• Altitude of C-2400m
• 750 mm of rainfall per year / drought resistant
• wide variety of soils
• warm to cool climate

 

1. Seedbed preparation and planting

• Prepare flat seedbed/ ridges
• Plant cutting in form of apical pieces of vines
• Bury atleast half of vine.

 

1. Field management

• Gives good yield with farm yard manure
• Weeding in early stages only as later covers soil

 

1. Pest and disease control

• Control sweet potato weevils with insecticides and crop rotation
• Virus B transmitted by white flies causes stunting
• Control by planting resistant varieties

 

1. Harvesting.

• Harvest few tubers at a time because of storage problem 
• Use sticks for harvesting
• Good yield is 38 tones per hectare.

 

1. Rice.

1. i)   Areas where grown

• Kano plains (Ahero),  Mwea Tabere, Bunyala Irrigation Scheme.

 

1. Conditions necessary for growing rice.

• Availability of water for irrigation
• Topography flat land
• Good soil type – with good water holding
• Favourable temperature/ warm and humid
• Availability of labour.

 

1. Planting / transplanting.

• In flooded field
• Flood 1/3 of height of seedlings
• Spacing 10 x 10 cm or 10 x 20 cm or 20 x 10cm
• Seedlings 15 – 20cm in height/ after 1 – 1 ½ months

1. Fertilizers

• Phosphates at planting at 55kg/ ha P2O5
• Nitrogen at planting at 15 kg/ha N
• Top dress 3 weeks after applying N at rate of 15kg/ ha N.

 

1. Weeds

• Uproot woods
• Use chemical herbicides (2,4 – N)
• Start with clean field
• Flooding.

 

Pests	Control
Birds	Scaring
Rice hispid, stem	Spray with BHC, DDT dimention
Field rats	Field rat poison

 

Diseases	Control
Rice blast	Use loss nitrogen
	Use resistant varieties
yellow mottling	Quarantine.

1. Water regulation.

• Maintain water depth at 1/3 height of plant throughout growing period
• Ensure fresh water supply
• Drain off water 3 weeks before harvesting.

 

1. Harvesting

• Rice reaches maturity at 4-5 months/ harvest when dry 
• Out stem at base/ any correct method
• Dry to 12-14% moisture content
• Bag for dispatch.

 

1. a)  What do the following terms mean?

1. i)  Pasture 

• A cover of grass or legume or grass and legume used for feeding livestock.

 

1. Forage Crop

• A plant which either grows naturally or is cultivated by farmers and used for feeding livestock.

 

1. A forage plant that is grown, harvested and given to livestock when ready.

 

1. Outline the methods that can be used to improve permanent potatoes.

• Irrigation
• Control weeds
• Top dress with N-fertilizers to avoid denudation 
• Reseeding
• Out back dry and unpalatable atoms with tractor mower to encourage fresh regrowth after grazing cycle
• Controlled grazing.

 

1. What factors determine the forage crop species to be established at a place?

• Yield of forage species in terms of herbage is quantity per unit of land
• Resistance to pests and diseases
• Adaptability to the area where it is established
• Ease with which it can be established and eradicated
• Whether pure or mixed stand
• Growth rate and fast establishment

 

1. i)  In which form can pasture be considered?

• Silage 
• Hay
• Standing hay

 

1. Why is it important to conserve pasture?

• To distribute available forage for livestock throughout the year
• To provide feed for dry season
• To ensure better and full utilization of the available land
• Conserved forage can be sold for money.

 

1. a)  List the routes though which pathogens can enter the body of an animal.

• Skin, eye, nose, mouth, anus, ear, genital organs, mammary glands, navel cord.

 

1. i)  What is immunity?

• The ability of an animal to resist infection by disease

 

1. Name the types of immunity.

• Natural immunity
• Artificial immunity

 

1. What is a vector?

• A carrier of disease from one organism to another.  It does not cause disease itself.

 

1. Explain the term incubation in livestock diseases

• Period between infection by pathogen and showing of symptoms of the disease.

 

1. Discuss the following diseases under appropriate sub-headings.

1. Red water

1. i)   Causal agent

• Protozoa / bibesia bigomina

 

1. Symptoms

• Red urine
• Fever/ high temperature
• Loss of appetite
• Anaemia
• Loss of production
• Jaundice
• Swollen lymph glands
• Licking soil
• Increased breathing

 

1. Control measures

• Tick control e.g spraying, dipping, fencing, etc

 

1. Anthrax

1. i)   Causal agent

• Bacteria / bacillus enthracis

 

1. Symptoms

• Sudden death
• Bleeding form external crifices
• Bleated carcass
• High temperature/ shivering
• Dullness
• Bloody diarrhoea / milk ha blood stains
• Non-clotting blood
• Lack of rigor nortis
• Loss of appetite

 

1. Control measures

• Vaccination
• Quarantine/ isolation
• Treatment of the herd/ tread early with antibiotics
• Proper disposal/ burying/ burning
• Public education

 

1. Newcastle

1. i) Causal agent

• Virus

 

1. Symptoms

• Watery diarrhoea
• Staggering with dreeping wings and bent neck
• Soft-shelled eggs
• Sneezing 
• Sudden death
• Nervousness/ restlessness
• Loss of production
• Thick mucus discharge from nostrils/ difficulty in breathing.

 

1. Control measures.

• Vaccination
• Disinfection/ proper hygiene
• Quarantine
• Proper disposal / killing the flock
• Use birds that are certified to be clean
• Examination and treatment of suspected birds.

1. East Cost Fever (ECF)

1. i)  Causal organism

• Protozoa/ theilleria parva

 

1. Symptoms

• Loss of appetite
• Fever/ high temperature
• Loss of production
• Loss of condition
• Small hemorrhages in vulva
• Oral mucus discharge
• Swelling of lymph glands/ nodes
• Coughing
• Dullness
• Lachrimation/ running eyes/ tears
• Diarrhoae
• Partial blindness

 

1. Control

• Use appropriate drugs e.g clexen
• Control ticks

 

1. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

1. i)   Causal agent

• Virus

 

1. Symptoms

• Dullness
• Loss of appetite / difficulty in eating
• Profuse and continous salivation
• Lameness / wounds on heaves
• Loss of milk
• Wounds/ blisters on tongue, gums and udder
• Snacking of mouth
• Loss of condition

 

1. Control

• Slaughter affected animals
• Quarantine/ isolation
• Regular vaccination

 

1. Foot rot disease

1. i) Cause

• A bacterium or virus/ fusifermis SPP

 

1. Symptoms

• Lameness/ inability to walk
• Selling of affected feet
• Wound and ulcers/ pus/ foul smelling in affected feet
• Anorexia/ loss of appetite
• Loss of weight/ emaciation

1. Control 

• Trim heaves regularly
• Keep grazing land free from sharp objects
• Avoid grazing sheep in swampy areas
• Apply feet bath using a disinfectant e.g copper sulphate solution
• Isolate sick ones from healthy ones
• Treat affected sheep to avoid spread

 

1. Brucellesis (contagious abortion)

1. i) Cause

• Bacterial (Brucella abortus)

 

1. Symptoms

• Premature birth of young
• Abortion at 5-7 months
• Retained placenta
• Placenta when left will show aedema, necrosis and appears bloody
• Barrenness
• Yellow and brown sticky odourless discharge from vulva

 

1. Control

• Use of artificial insemination
• Vaccination
• Test culling and slaughter infected females
• Clean animal dwelling houses
• Boil milk
• Aborted foetuses should not be touched using bare hands

 

1. a)  i)  Name the sources of farm power

• Human power
• Wind power
• Animal power
• Oil/ fuel power/ gas/ paraffin
• Electricity
• Solar energy
• Wood/ charcoal
• Biogas power
• Nuclear energy

 

1. Mention the ways in which solar energy is used on the farm.

• Production of electric energy by use of photo-electric cell panel
• Electricity used for lighting, pumping water, healing etc
• Direct drying of crops
• Water heating
• Cooking

 

1. Give the disadvantages of using wood fuel or charcoal as a source of power.

• Inefficient use of energy
• Leads to destruction of environment through indiscriminate felling of trees
• Snake produced pollutes environment
• Exhaustible source of power

1. i)  What are the requirements for animals used as a source of farm power?

• Good health/ healthy
• Fully grown/ maturing
• Well fed.

 

1. Give the benefits of using animal power on the farm.

• Cheaper t buy than machines
• Loss time used than using human power
• Wider range of relief than tractor e.g hills
• Loss maintenance cost e.g no fuel needed
• Does more work than human power
• Not much skill and training needed to operate them 
• Animals can provide manure

 

1. State the limitations of using animal power

• Low work output than tractor power
• Extra piece of land required to grow forage for them
• Animals cannot be used in use tsetsefly infested areas 
• Animals tire quickly
• Tiresome since it also requires two handlers
• Requires time to train animals and handlers
• Theft and production problems
• Slower rate of work therefore not suitable in large scale farming
• Cause damage to crops when used in weeding.

 

1. i)  State the advantages of farm mechanization.

• The rate at which a job can be completed is increased/ improves efficiency
• Number of man-days involved is reduces/ labour saving
• Products harvested mechanically are more uniform
• Uniformly harvested products are more acceptable to consumers
• Timeliness of operations
• Contributes to increased farm production
• Contributes to increased farm productivity
• Uniformity of operations e.g ploughing, planting
• Less labour / easy

 

1. What are its disadvantages?

• Capital outlay on machinery is high
• May lead to problem of soil capping
• Mechanization is more worthwhile in large scale farming enterprises
• Maintenance is expensive
• May create an unemployment problem
• Requires skilled manpower
• Requires uniform produce
• Tractors and ox-ploughs can not be used on steep land

 

1. Why is mechanisation on small scale farming not worthwhile?

• Low level of capital investment
• Use of machinery is uneconomical
• No efficiency in farm operations.

 

1. i) Name the tractor drawn implements.

• Trailers, ploughs (disc and mouldboard), harrows and mowers

 

1. Name the animal drawn implements.

• Ox – plough, ox-time cultivator, ex-cart

 

1. State the functions of the following parts of a mouldboard plough.

1. i)    Landside

• Stabilises the plough/ absorbs side thrust caused by furrow slice 

 

1. Mouldboard

• Inverts furrow slice/ buries woods/ trash

 

1. Coulter

• Vertically cuts the soil or trash

 

1. Share point.

• Digs/ opens/ cuts or breaks the ground

 

1. Frog

• Holds the frame onto the moldboard, landslide and share.

 

1. State the functions of the following principal parts of a disc plough.

1. i)

• Part of the plough on which all parts are joined

 

1. Hitch most.

• Point at which the top link is connected to tractor

 

1. Scrapper 

• Inverting furrow slice/ cleans disc

 

1. Disc.

• Cutting the ground/ ploughing/ inverting/ overturning

 

1. Hub

• Contains roller bearings that allow the disc to roll while in operation.

 

1. Standard

• Holds the discs

 

1. Springs 

• Absorbs vertical shock of plough

 

1. Furrow wheel

• Absorbs side thrust/ used for adjusting the depth of ploughing.

 

1. Crossbar

• Attachment for left and right arm

1. Hitch point

• Where plough is attached to tractor.

1. i)  State the sources of tractor hire services

• Government hire services
• Private contractors
• Individual farmers
• Some cooperatives

 

1. Give the advantages of tractor hire services.

• A farmer does not incur cost of buying tractor
• No cost of maintenance by farmer
• No risks of owning a tractor
• The farmer is able to carry out the task faster

 

1. What are its disadvantages?

• May not be available when required
• May be very expensive to hire
• Some operators can produce poor quality work.

           

 

FORM FOUR TOPICS.

 

1. a)  Discuss the management of dairy cattle to ensure high milk production.

1. i)   Selection

• Select good animals on the basis of high yield
• Select healthy animals
• Select animals with good body conformation
• Should be of high fertility level
• To have good temperament it docile cattle
• Poor animals should be coulled
• Selecting and culling should be a continous exercise

 

1. Breeding management

• Use superior bulls or semen from superior bulls
• Breed heifers when fully mature i.e right age and size
• Breed cows 60-90 days after calving to maintain a calving internal of 1 year.

 

1. Feeding management.

• Feed on a balanced diet, water, minerals, vitamins
• Give adequate fee
• Feed should be clean and free from contamination.

 

1. Housing

• Provide proper housing i.e well drained, clean, well ventilated, well lit
• Avoid overcrowding it provide enough space.

 

1. Disease and parasite control

• Keep animals healthy by routine vaccination
• Control external parasites by spraying using appropriate drugs e.g acaricides
• Control internal parasites by routines drenching using appropriate drugs
• Treat sick animals
• Isolate and put new animals under quarantine
• Avoid physical injuries to animals by avoiding sharp objects or holes and using plain wires, not barbed
• Improve sanitation i.e hygiene or cleanliness in the farm

 

1. General management practices.

• Milk at regular intervals
• Use proper milking techniques
• Observe heat signs and signs of disease closely
• Handle animals properly
• Keep proper and good records and use them to evaluate the herd.

 

1. Describe the management of a dairy cow from the time of conception until calving (gestation period)

• Small breeds like Jersey and Guernsey should be served at 15-18 months of age having attained 250-270 kgs
• Large breeds at 18-20 months of age or 280 –320kg live weight
• Milking is done for 7 months after conception
• Pregnancy diagnosis ie. Checking conception is carried out in the fourth month after insemination.
• Drying off of incalf cow at 2 months before calving i.e in 7th month of gestation by skip milking or partial milking
• Mastities control antibiotics applied into feat canal i.e carry out dry cow therapy 
• Drying up build body reserves hence increases milk production in the next location period
• The foetus also gets sufficient food hence born strong and healthy
• Food reserves are used to synthesize colostrum
• Initiate steaming up in order to give dam enough energy during calving
• Steaming up should include high quality pastures, concentrates and minerals
• Do not dip incalf cow in plunge dip to avoid abortion due to shock.
• Spraying the incalf cow
• Avoid drenching toward the end of gestation as this may be dangerous to foetus
• In preparation for parturition, the incalf should be taken to a parturition pen next to homestead and wait for parturition signs
• Parturition signs include disterned udder, enlarged vulva, clear mucus discharge from vulva, slackening of pelvic girdle muscles i.e relaxing of hip muscles, sometimes colostrum drips out of teats and dam frequently bellows
• Leave the cow to calve undisturbed
• Watch for malpresention, if present seek assistance of veterinarian
• Allow the dam to lick its calf clean of mucus or wipe mucus from nostril and mouth to allow it breath
• Artificial respiration may be performed when breathing is delayed
• The naval cord is out and tied and wound sterilized using iodine or methylated spirit to avoid infection.
• Separate the calf from the dam after it has been licked and take to a warm calf pen
• Check and ensure that the placenta comes out a few hours after birth but if not, consult a veterinarian.

 

1. Explain the management practices of a dairy calf from birth until it is ready for the first service.

• Clean mucus from the calf as soon as it is born or ensure cow licks its calf dry
• Ensure the calf is breathing or administer artificial respiration if necessary 
• Cut and disinfect umbilical cord
• Ensure the calf suckles the mother within the first 8 hours to get colostrum
• Feed the calf on colostrum for the first 4-7days
• Keep records on the performance of the calf
• Introduce feeding of whole milk or milk replacer from the 4th day
• Feed the calf with warm milk upto weaning time
• Observe strict hygiene in the calf pen
• Protect the calf against adverse weather conditions e.g wind by providing housing
• Provide adequate clean water from the third week
• Introduce palatable dry foods e.g concentrates and good quality out grass from the third week
• Provide mineral supplements
• Keep calf in individual pens until it is 3-4 months
• Spray or dip the calf against external parasites
• Release the calf occasionally for exercise
• Wean the calf at 8 weeks or late weaning at 16 weeks
• Drench or deworm the calf against internal parasites
• Vaccinate calf against prevalent diseases
• Release the calf occasionally for exercise
• Wean the calf at 8 weeks or late weaning at 16 weeks
• Dehorn the calf using appropriate method
• Graze the calf on good quality pasture, preferably ahead of mature animals
• Separate heifer calves from bull calves at puberty to avoid inbreeding
• Remove extra teats if necessary
• Any change of feeding should be done gradually to avoid feeding disorders
• Serve at the right age i.e at 15-20 months of 250-280 kg live weight
• Treat against disease when sick
• Weigh the calf regularly

 

1. Describe the procedure of training a calf to drink milk from a bucked after separating it from its mother.

• Put 3 –4 fingers in the calf’s mouth]
• Let the calf suck the fingers
• Place a bucket of milk at a convenient raised position
• Gently lower the fingers into the bucket of milk while the calf is still sucking the milk
• Repeat the procedure until the calf is able to drink from the bucket on its own.

 

1. What is zero grazing?

• The practice of rearing animals under confinement in stalls whereby food and water are  brought to the animals.

 

1. State the advantages of zero grazing

• Easy to control livestock diseases
• High production per unit area of land
• Proper utilization of pasture i.e no trampling or fouling
• Animals do not waste a lot of energy in walking
• Good method of accumulation and collection of farm yard manure for plant and dung for biogas
• Possible to keep livestock where there is bad terrain eg. Swampy, stony or steep slopes.
• Possible to keep livestock where land is limited
• High level of stocking rate achieved.

 

1. List the limitation of zero grazing

• Expensive as it requires high initial capital
• Labour intensive i.e a lot of labour required
• May not be possible where there is in adequate water
• Requires a lot of technical sills to manage well.

 

1. Discuss the management of beef cattle from birth until it is ready to be sold as steer.

• As soon as the calf is born ensure that it is breathing e.g by tickling the nose with straw
• If not, help the calf to start breathing by applying artificial respiration method
• Remove any foreign bodies from the mouth and nostrils e.g mucus and phlegm 
• Disinfect to avoid infection
• Ensure that the calf is licked dry by mother or wipe the calf clean
• Ensure that the suckles colostrum within the first 12 hours of birth by helping weak ones
• Leave the calf to stay with its dam to suckle milk at will
• Ensure that disowned calves are given to foster mothers or prepare artificial colostrum where a foster mother is not producing colostrum
• Wean the calf when 6-8 months old
• Separate weaners to graze on good quality pasture after weaning
• Spray calves up to weaning time after which they can be dipped to control external parasites
• Dehorn calves within first two weeks to 4 months
• Castrate bull calves not intended for breeding at weaning time i.e 6-8 months age
• Identify calves as early as possible after birth
• Separate castrated bulls from heifers at weaning time
• Give mineral supplements when necessary 
• Deworm ewaners regularly to control internal parasites
• Give supplementary feed in dry seasons
• Provide adequate clean water
• Vaccinate calves and weaners against prevalent diseases
• Observe and treat sick animals
• Animals should be ready for market between 12-30 months depending on breed 
• Keep appropriate records.

 

1. a)  Describe the preparations one would make before the arrival of day old chicks on the farm.

• A poultry house should be constructed
• The house should be well ventilated and should not allow draught inside
• A brooder should be ready 2-3 days before chicks arrive
• A coccidiostat should be bought ready for use in case acoccidiosis attacks chicks 
• Put newspapers on the floor of the brooder to prevent chicks from eating litter e.g saw dust.
• Spread food on the newspapers and some on feeders
• Avail proteins (DCP)  and vitamins A and B.
• The protein and vitamin A encourage faster growth rate/ provide chick starter mash 
• Provide feeders and waterers
• The farmer should ensure that the poultry house has a door to keep of predators like wild cats, jackals and foxes 
• The door also keeps of cold wind entering the house.

 

1. Discuss the artificial rearing of layer chicks from day old upto the end of brooding.

• This is between hatching time upto 3 weeks old
• Ensure brooder corners are rounded
• Provide enough brooding space according to the number and age of the chicks
• Clean and disinfect the brooder and house
• Provide proper litter on the floor e.g wood shavings
• Maintain appropriate range of temperatures according to the age of the chicks
• Temperature during the first week should be 32 – 35oC then reduce accordingly 
• Provide fresh, adequate and quality feed e.g chick mash
• Provide brood with reliable and appropriate lighting
• Provide adequate and appropriate waterers according to age.
• Control diseases using appropriate methods e.g vaccination against Newcastle, fowl pox and marcocks diseases.
• Isolate and treat the sick chicks immediately
• Keep proper records
• Debeaking should be done 8 – 10 days towards the end of breeding

 

1. i)   What are growers?

• These are chicks that are between 9 – 22 weeks old

 

1. Discuss briefly the rearing of growers upto the point of lay

• Provide adequate floor space i.e 18 – 20 cm sq per 100 birds
• Provide enough space at water and feed throughs and at roosts
• The house should be disinfected 
• Provide enough clean litter on the floor
• Provide growers mash ( 16 – 17% protein)
• Provide insoluble grit for digestion
• Hang green vegetables e.g cabbage leaves to keep birds busy
• Provide plenty of clean water
• Vaccinate against fowl typhoid, newcastle diseases when necessary
• Keep a high level of hygiene
• Keep litter dry to avoid disease out break and change as necessary
• Control external parasites

 

1. Describe the management of layers in deep litter system starting from the point of lay.

• The space in the house should be adequate for the number of layers kept
• This should range from 0.3 – 0.5 sq. m per layer or at least 0.2 – 0.3m  1 ½ 
• The litter should be kept dry i.e avoid dampness and dust by turning the litter adding unhydrated lime and providing movable perches
• Perches or roosters should be adequate and well spaced in the house
• Provide enough waterers which should be well distributed in the house
• Always provide clean and adequate water
• Keep the waterers and all the other equipment clean
• Replenish soft litter in the nests to prevent egg breakages
• Ensure the nest is dark enough to avoid cannibalism.
• Collect eggs frequently, atleast twice a day
• Provide atleast 20g of layers mash per bird per day
• Ensure the birds have enough calcium by providing oyster shell
• Supply some grits to help in digestion
• Ensure enough supply of grits or vitamins
• Cull poor layers and diseased birds
• Debeak birds to prevent cannibalism or egg eating if necessary
• Vaccinate birds regularly against predominant diseases or give prophylactic drugs
• Check birds for disease symptoms
• Check for occurrence of pests and apply appropriate pesticides.
• Avoid stress factors e.g noise, disturbance, etc
• Discourage broodiness among a the layers
• Maintain and repair the house and equipment as the need arises
• Provide enough feed throughs
• Provide grains in the litter to keep birds busy
• Isolate and treat sick birds 
• Keep appropriate records
• Dispose off the dead birds by burying or burning and also dispose off broken eggs or shells
• Maintain correct concentration of disinfectant at foot bath.

 

1. a)  State the tests that should be carried out to determine the quality of fresh eggs.

• Candling
• Physical observation
• Floatation
• Shaking lightly.

 

1. List the factors that should be considered when grading eggs for marketing.

• Size, weight or volume of egg
• Colour 
• Shell quality e.g rough or broken
• Shape of egg

 

1. i)  What is candling?

• Examining an egg for abnormalities by looking at it against a strong source of light.

 

1. Describe how to candle an egg

• Put a strong light under the egg and look at it contents
• Look at the external and internal contents
• If abnormalities are seen discord the egg

 

1. State the reasons for candling an egg

• To check for fertility
• To confirm presence of chick during incubation

 

1. Explain the occurrence of double yolked eggs

• A yolk delays in the infindibulum and is joined by the next yolk
• The two yolks travel together to the magnum
• They are then enclosed by one albumen and one shell

 

1. a)  What is milk?

• The white substance secreted in the mammary system of female mammals.

 

1. Draw a well labelled diagram of a mammary glad.

 

1. What is milk let-down?

• The flow of milk from the upper region of the udder (alveolar region) to the gland and test cistern.

 

1. State the essentials of clean milk production.

• The milkmen should be clean
• Test for mastitis before milking 
• Ensure clean milking utensils and equipment
• Have a clean milking parlour i.e shed
• Ensure the cows are free from diseases e.g T.B.
• Cows with mastitis should be milked last
• Clean the udder
• Sieve the milk

 

1. Explain the procedure of hand milking

• Collect all milking equipment around so that you do not need to move unnecessarily once milking has started
• Restrain the cow
• Give some feeds
• Clean the udder with a clean towel 
• Squeeze test to extract milk within 7 –8 minutes
• Strip the udder dry
• Apply milking jelly
• Dip the test in anti-mastitis solution
• Release the cow
• Weigh the milk
• Filtering and sieving 
• Cooling or storage in cool place.

 

1. e)  State the factors which influence the amount of milk produced by a cow.

• Breed of animal
• Age of animal
• Period of lactation
• Health of the animal
• Temperament of the cow
• Feed and water supply
• Season of the year
• Animal handling during milking

 

1. Discuss the field production of the following crops.

1. Tea

1. i)  Biological requirements

• At least 1400mm rainfall per annum
• Altitude of 1900 – 2200m
• Soils should be well drained, fertile, deep slighly acidic.

1. Land preparation

• Clear land well
• Remove all tree stumps to prevent almillaria
• Remove all parannial weeds
• Make cut off drains to divert storm water
• Terrace where land is steep
• Ring back trees six months before cutting

 

1. Transplanting 

• Dig holes 30 x 45cm
• Spacing of 1.2 x 0.9 m or 1.5 x 0.75m or 1.2 x 0.7m
• Plant when there is enough moisture in soil
• Apply phosphatic fertilizer in planting hole
• Apply shade when necessary
• Water when necessary
• Avoid planting in unusual places.

 

1. Field management.

• Establish plucking table by frame formation or pegging
• Cutting back done after 4 years

 

1. Pests and diseases control

• Control pests e.g. black tea thrips using insecticides
• Control armillaria root not by proper seedbed preparation

 

1. Harvesting

• By plucking two leaves and a bud every 10 days
• Keep plucked tea in the shade
• Take to factory on the same day.

 

1. Cotton 

1. i)  Ecological requirements

• Requires 500 – 100mm, well distributed rainfall
• Altitude of 0-1500m
• Temperature above 15.5co but below 30oc
• Soils well drained with PH above 5 i.e alkalinic
• Black cotton soil or clay soil preferable

 

1. Land preparation

• Clear the site of vegetation
• Remove all stumps and roots
• Remove all perennial or grass weeds
• Planting holes spaced at 30 x 90cm or 45 x 90cm-

 

1. Planting.

• Plant early in the main rainy season
• Put one seed in spacing of 30 x 90 cm or two seeds in a spacing of 45 x 90 cm
• Apply DAP fertilizer at planting time at the recommended rate
• Initially plant 20 seeds per hole.

 

1. Field management

• Keep field weed free 
• Thin out plants not required

 

1. Pests include cotton stainers, American Bellworm, pink bellworms and cotton lygus.

• They are controlled by using insecticides
• Control bacterial blight by using cultural means and jusarium with disease by using appropriate fungicides.

1. Harvesting.

• Pick cotton in dry season when lint is dry
• Sort out into grade A and B
• Use clean hands when harvesting
• Pick only clean cotton
• Avoid sisal bags and any form of contamination.

 

1. Coffee.

• Ecological requirements
• Rainfall of 1500 – 2000 mm per year, which is well distributed
• Well drained, fertile, deep volcanic soils having 5.3 – 6.0 PH
• Altitude of 1400 – 2000m
• Prefers cloudy conditions so provide shade trees

 

1. Land Preparation.

• Prepare land six months early
• Remove roots to prevent armillarial disease
• Carry out soil conservation e.g terracing 
• Holes dug 3 months early
• Dimensions of holes are 60 x 60 x 60 cm
• Spacing at 2. X 2.7m or 1.3 x 1.3 m depending on a variety

 

1. Transplanting 

• Coffee is first planted in nurseries
• Transplant at onset of rains
• Holes reopened immediately before transplanting
• Spread roots well and place at same depth like in nursery or sleeves
• Apply mulch and fertilizers
• Water well after planting
• Provide shade.

 

1. Field management

• Mulching at all stages to control weeds and water conservation
• Proper weed control by slashing, mechanically and use of herbicides
• Pruning by single or multiple stem facilitates picking, disease and pest disease and pest control, spraying of chemicals, avoids overbearing and die – back of roots and lateral buds.

 

1. Pests and diseases

• Major pests are leaf miner and antestia bug both controlled chemically and culturally
• Major coffee diseases are coffee berry disease (CBD) and leaf rust both controlled by applying fungicides and planting resistant varieties.

 

1. Harvesting.

• Done by hand
• Pick only crops berries or cherries
• Deliver to factory some day
• Harvest early to avoid loss of fruit through pests and over-ripening (overripe as” MBUNI”)

 

1. Phyrethrum.

1. i)   Biological factors

• At least 1000mm rainfall yearly
• Short period of dry weather for high quality
• Altitude of 1500 – 3000m
• Temperature of 15.5oC
• Fertile, well drained soils with good water retention and PH of 5.6

 

1. Land preparation

• Early land preparation
• Eradication of perennial weeds e.g grasses
• Dig deep
• Make ridges 60 – 90cm apart
• Spacing of 90 x 60cm on ridges

 

1. Selection of planting materials

• From high yielding mother plant
• Pest free
• Disease free
• Vigorous
• Use splits instead of  roots

 

1. Transplanting 

• At the onset of the rains
• Dig holes 10 – 15 cm deep
• Add  1 teaspoonful of TSP i.e 15gm or 30g DSP
• Mix fertiliser with soil
• Place splits as they were in the nursery
• Fill soil bit by bit
• Firm the soil around the roots

 

1. Field practices.

• Weed using forked jembe
• Cutting back at end of dry period using sickle
• Crop rotation improves yield and prevents diseases

 

1. Pests and diseases control

• Control root knot nematodes by crop rotation, soil fumigation, field hygiene and use of clean planting materials.
• Control pyrethrum thrips by insecticide spray
• Control red spider mites using appropriate chemicals

 

1. Harvesting 

• Starts 3 –4 months after transplanting
• Pick only flowers with horizontal ray forests
• Pick at intervals of 14-21 days
• Twist the flowers with fingers
• Use open or wooven baskets which are well ventilated to avoid fermentation
• Wet heads should not be picked
• Pick when the weather is dry
• Dry immediately after picking
• Do not press in the basket

 

1. Coconut 

1. i)   Ecology

• Altitude of 0-1000
• 1250mm – 2500mm annual rainfall
• deep, fertile, well drained soils with 5.0 – 8.0 PH

 

1. Land preparation and planting

• Seeds first planted in nursery for 9 – 12 months
• Transplanting at ouset of rains
• Dig holes 60 x 60 x 60 cm in advance
• Plant nuts 30 – 40cm deep
• Spacing is 8 x 8m or 9 x 9m depending on variety

 

1. Field Management

• Good fertilizer application to encourage growth 
• Weeding in the first few years

 

1. Pests and Diseases

• Rhinocerous beetle destroys growing points and can be controlled by field hygiene
• Bole rot causes wilting and is controlled by careful cultivation to avoid root damage.
• Coveid bug attacks young nuts and has no effective control
• Termites controlled by applying insecticides

 

1. Harvesting 

• Matures from 5 – 10 years after transplanting
• Nuts picked 7 – 10 months after flowering

 

1. Citrus 

1. i) Ecology

• Altitude of 0 – 2000m
• Atleast 900mm, well distributed rainfall annually
• Deep, well drained soils with PH 5.0 – 7.0

 

1. Land preparation and planting

• Plant by budding
• Buds mature early, are less thorny, seedless
• Rough lemon commonly used as root stock
• Nursery managed for 12 – 18 months before transplanting
• Holes are 60 x 60 x 60cm 
• Refill holes with top soil, farm yard manure, and add phosphate fertilizer
• Spacing is 6 x 4 m

 

1. Field Management

• Control weeds by mulching, chemicals, mechanically
• Apply compound fertilizers at recommended rate
• Mulch young plants
• Remove any flower appearing upto 2 yars
• After transplanting 
• Remove suckers.

 

1. Pests and Diseases

• Citrus aphids, false codling moth, fruit flies, scale, insects and mites are controlled using appropriate chemicals
• Gummosis and citrus tristeza controlled by use of resistant rootstock

 

1. Harvesting

• Harvest by picking the fruits by hand
• Harvesting starts after 2 ½ years
• Avoid damage by bruising
• Pack fruits well.

 

1. a)  What do the following terms mean?

1. i)   Total digestible nutrients (T.D.N)

• The sum of all digestible organic nutrients i.e carbohydrates, proteins and fats in a feed.

 

1. Starch Equivalent (S.E)

• Amount of pure starch which has the same energy as 100kg of that feed

 

1. Digestible crude protein (DCP)

• Sum of all nitrogenous compounds in feed or total amount of proteins in a feed

 

1. Dry matter (DM)

• Also called digestible matter
• This is the actual percentage of proteins, carbohydrates and minerals in a feed

 

1. Crude fibre

• Cellulose and other carbohydrates resistant and insoluble that are not dissolved by weak acids and alkalis

 

1. State the factors that would affect the degree to which a given foodstuff would be digested by a 

• Chemical composition of feed e.g celluse, lignin
• Physical form of food e.g crushing of food, etc
• Amount of food an animal has eaten
• Rate of feeding
• Method of preparing the food i.e quality of food ratio of energy to protein (more energy loss digestibility)

 

1. State the factors to consider when preparing foodstuffs for livestock

• Weight of the animals
• Age of the animal
• Level of production
• Availability of various food components
• Species of animals
• Cost of food
• Physical and processing characteristics.

 

1. A foodstuff contains 7% digestible crude protein (DCP) while another contains 62% D.C.P.  Calculate the amount of foodstuff, in kilograms required to prepare 100kg of poultry feed containing 20% D.C.P by using the pearson square method 

      7     42

 

1.                                   13

55

Quantity of first foodstuff – 42/55 x 100 = 76.4kg

Quantity of second foodstuff = 13/55 x 100 = 23.6 kg

Total = 76.4 + 23.6 = 100kg.

 

1. a)  i)  What is agricultural economics?

• The art and science of organising limited resources to achieve maximum returns

 

1. Explain the meaning of scarcity and chice

• Productive resources are scarce in relation to demand i.e goods and services produced are not enough to satisfy human wants
• Therefore, a choice has to be made on which goods and services should be produced using the limited resources.

 

1. Explain how the house hold and firm are both producers and consumers.

• The household demands goods and services and supplies labour and raw materials to firms
• Firms convert the raw materials and supplies finished goods to households.
• The relationship generates money to both sides therefore both are producers and consumers.

 

1. What do the following terms mean?

1. i)  Gross domestic product (G.D.P)

• The sum total of goods and services produced by a country within one year.

 

1. Gross national product (GNP)

• Total output from resources owned by the nationals of a country both within and outside the country within a year.

 

1. Per capital income

• Gross national income divided by total population

 

1. i)  What does the term opportunity cost in farming mean? 

• Cost of the foregone alternative when we make a choice.
• Example is choosing to grow maize instead of wheat.
• Opportunity cost is the value of wheat
• Opportunity cost only exists where there are alternatives.

 

1. State the main implications of opportunity cost in farming.

• Poor decision leads to losses
• Correct decision leads to good profits

 

1. When is opportunity cost nil or zero?

• When supply is unlimited
• When goods are free
• When there are no alternatives

 

1. a)  i)  What is production?

• The process of transforming productive resources e.g land, labour and capital into consumption resources e.g potatoes, maize and milk over a period of time.

 

1. State the factors of production.

• Land (provides space for production)
• Labour (human effort)
• Capital (man made to assist other factors)
• Management (organises other factors)

 

1. i)  Name the sources of capital for farming.

• Leading a genoies
• Personal savings and earnings
• Inherited property.

 

1. How is labour classified?

• Permanent 
• Casual 
• Family

 

1. State the functions of farm manager

• Planning 
• Gathering information
• Comparing levels of production with those of neighbouring farms
• Detecting weaknesses and constraints and finding ways and means of overcoming them 
• Keeping up to date farm records
• Implementing farm management decisions
• Taking responsibilities

 

1. i)  State the law of diminishing returns

• In a production process, if variable additional units of an input are increased while all other factors are held constant, there will be an increase in additional output until a point is reached when the additional output per additional units of input declines.

 

1. State agricultural examples of this law.

• Use of varying units of labour on a fixed unit of land
• Feeding dairy cattle with varying units of feed for milk production
• Using varying units of fertilizer in the production of a given crop

 

1. i)  What is production function?

• The relationship between the units of input that a farmer employs in production and the corresponding units of output
• The out put depends on inputs hence output is a function inputs.

 

1. Name the types of production function?

• Increasing returns
• Constant returns
• Decreasing returns

 

1. What is a decreasing returns to a production function?

• A production function where each additional unit of input results into a smaller increase in output than the proceeding unit of input.

 

1. State the ways in which farmers may improve the production efficiency in farming.

• Following proper livestock production practices
• Efficient use of labour
• Following proper crop rotation practices e.g spacing and control of pests and diseases
• Mechanization of farm operations
• Adoption of new techniques and methods of production
• Organising marketing activities to realize high prices as possible
• Revising farm plans when necessary
• Proper enterprise selection

 

1. i)  State the risks and uncertainties in farming

• Weather changes 
• Disease and pest outbreaks
• Natural calamities e.g earthquakes
• Obsolescence (becoming out of date)  e.g farm machinery
• New production techniques
• Changing prices of commodities
• Low or high yields of production
• Theft cases
• Change in government policy
• Fire outbreaks
• Sickness, injury or death.

 

1. Give the ways through which farmers may adjust to risks and uncertainties.

• Diversification
• Selecting a more certain (promising) enterprise
• Contracting (giving contracts)
• Insurance e.g crops and livestock 
• Input rationing
• Adopting modern methods of production
• Flexibility in production methods

 

1. State how the government helps farmers to overcome risks and uncertainties

• Weather forecasts
• Providing extension services and advice
• Adjusting future commodity prices
• Giving farmers loans
• Price stabilization to avoid price fluctuation
• Research in crops and livestock
• Provide and subsidise agricultural inputs

 

1. i)  What is gross margin?

• Total output (income) less variable costs

 

1. Use the information provided below to calculate the gross margin of beans per hectare.

Crop yields	20 bags
Price per bag	Shs. 2000
Casual labour	Shs. 1,000
Purchase of seeds	Shs. 3,000
Purchase of fertilizers	Shs. 1,200
Ploughing	Shs. 1,000
Purchase of gunny bags	Shs.    300

 

Gross margin = gross output – variable costs

Gross output = yield x price

20 bags x shs. 2000/=

= shs. 40,000

 

Total variable costs = shs. (1000 + 3000 + 1200 + 1000 + 300 = 6,500)

Gross margin  =  shs. 40,000 – 6,500 = 33,500/=

 

1. What are the uses of gross margin analysis?

• To compare performance of one farm and another
• To compare the performance of the farm between one season and another
• To compare the contribution of one enterprise and another in the same farm
• To act as a measure of profit in a farm.

 

1. i)  What is budgeting?

• The estimation of inputs and outputs both physically and financially, in a production process.

 

1. Name the types of farm budgets.

• Complete budget prepared for each enterprise on the farm
• Partial budget prepared for specific enterprises when there is a minor change required.

 

1. State the importance of budgeting in farming

• Assists the farmer to estimate the required production resources e.g labour, capital etc
• Assists in making farm management decisions when comparing alternative 
• Helps to reduce uncertainty in the farming process
• Encourage farmers to be efficient with the hope of meeting the project targets 
• Show progress or lack of progress in the farm business i.e focus profit or foresee losses

 

1. What factors should be considered when selecting a farm enterprise?

• Availability of market for the produce
• Prevailing climate
• Size of land available for the enterprise
• Common pests and diseases that may hinder implementation
• Technical skills that may be required to manage the enterprise
• Profit margin in relation to price fluctuation at different times of the season
• Availability of infrastructure to allow good communication
• Availability of labour according to requirements of the enterprise
• Availability of enough security
• Suitability of soil to the enterprise
• Socio-cultural factors.

 

1. Name the sources of agricultural support services available to farmers.

• Extension services
• Research services
• Training services
• Veterinary services
• Artificial insemination services / bull camps
• Credit services
• Marketing services
• Tractor hire services
• Banking
• Farm input supplies
• Insurance services

 

1. i)  What is agricultural credit?

• Borrowed capital resources to be invested in agricultural projects

 

1. Name types of agricultural credit and state their uses.

 SHORT TERM

• A credit for seasonal purchases of seed, fertilizers, chemicals, livestock feeds, fuel, etc
• Usually repaid within one year.

 

MEDIUM TERM.

• Used for the purpose of minor land improvement e.g fencing and purchase of machinery 
• Repaid in 2-5 years

 

LONG TERM

• Used for long lasting projects like land purchase, and major improvement within the farm e.g soil conservation and irrigation.
• Repaid in 6-15 or more years.

 

1. a)  State the uses of the following financial documents

1. i)   Invoices

• A document issued by a seller to a buyer for goods taken on credit

 

1. Receipts

• A document issued as evidence when goods and services rendered are paid for 

 

1. Delivery notes

• A financial document given by the seller to the buyer as an evidence of goods supplied.

 

1. Purchase order

• A document issued for requesting for the supply of goods or services on credit.

 

1. What are the uses of the following financial books?

1. i)    Ledger 

• The principal book of account where all entries contained in other books are recorded.

 

1. Journal

• A financial book in which daily farm transactions are entered as they occur

 

1. Inventory 

• A financial book which shows all assets of the farm at a particular time 
• It gives an estimated value of all farm assets and also enables him to know that is missing, stolen or lost

 

1. Cash book

• A financial book where all transaction which involve cash receipts and payments are recorded.

 

1. List the financial statements which are usually prepared on a farm.

• Balance sheet
• Profit and loss account or a training account
• Cash analysis

 

1. i)  What is a balance sheet?

• A statement which shows the financial position of the farm at a given date and is made at the end of the year.

 

1. State the uses of a balance sheet

• Shows farm assets and liabilities
• Shows farm network and can therefore be used to negotiate for a loan or for correct income tax assessment.
• Can be used for decision making concerning the farm

 

1. i)  State the uses of a profit and loss account

• It shows all purchases and receipts made during a particular accounting period

 

1. What is opening valuation in profit and loss account?

• A financial statement showing the worth of all assets one has at the beginning of the accounting period.

 

1. Name the various columns that should be shown in a cash analysis.

• Sales and receipts 
• Purchases and expenses
• Details or particulars
• Types of enterprises
• Money value

 

1. i)  What is a statement in financial accounts

• Document issued by a supplier to a buyer which summarises all transactions that have taken place and not yet paid for in a certain period e.g end of month.

1. Explain the meaning of solvent and insolvent in a farming situation

• Solvent means the farm is able to pay up all its debts
• Insolvent means the farm is unable to pay up all debts owed by it to other people or farms.

 

1. a)   Explain the following terms.

1. i)   Market

• Market is a place where buyers and sellers meet to sell and buy goods

1. Marketing.

• Performance of business activities that direct the flow of goods and services from producers and consumers.

 

1. State the following laws.

1. i)   Law of demand

• States that as price increases quantity of a good bought declines and as price decreases the quantity of goods bought increases.

 

1. Law of supply

• At higher prices more quantity of goods are supplied and at lower prices less quantity is supplied.

 

1. State the factors which affect price of goods

• Demand
• Cost of production
• Supply
• Government control policies
• Quality of the produce

 

1. What is equilibrium price?

• A point at which quantity of demand equals quantity of supply

 

1. State the various marketing functions

• Buying
• Selling
• Assembling by traders or middlemen
• Transportation i.e distribution
• Standardization by grading and sorting out
• Storage facilities
• Processing
• Packing or packaging
• Advertising i.e sales promotion
• Financing i.e provide credit to farmers
• Risk bearing
• Market research

 

1. List the problems of marketing agricultural goods

• Perishability of agricultural products
• Bulkiness hence storage problems
• Poor transport network
• Seasonality of production
• Difficulty in storage and handling

1. Name the agents and institutions that are involved in marketing agricultural products.

• Itinerant traders or middlemen 
• Processors or manufacturing companies buy produce to process
• Wholesalers buy produce in bulk from farmers or processors and resell
• Brokers or commission agents act on behalf of other businessmen for a fee called commission
• Cooperative societies and unions buy farm produce locally
• Marketing boards created by acts of parliament to promote production and marketing of agricultural produce i.e buy produce from farmers

 

1. a)  i)   what is a cooperative?

• An organisation of people with a common aim who pool their resources together to achieve a common objective e.g to market or purchase agricultural goods and services 

 

1. Outline the procedure of forming a cooperative society

• People or a person put the idea to others and they discuss
• Meetings are held and interim committee formed
• Committee draws up a constitution
• Committee registers cooperative with commissioner of cooperatives through local cooperative officer
• Minimum number is ten adult members.

 

1. State the principles that govern the operations of farmers cooperative societies.

• Open membership which voluntary
• Equal rights e.g one person, one vote
• Share buying is limited
• Dividends distributed according to contribution
• Withdrawal is voluntary
• Sale of produce only through cooperative
• Total loyalty of members to the cooperative
• Education to members
• Non-profit motive by cooperative
• Cooperation with other cooperative organizations
• Only cash sale of produce
• Continous expansion
• Neutrality e.g in religion, politics or language

 

1. State the functions of cooperative societies

• Marketing facilities
• Provision of inputs on credits
• Provide expert advice
• Storage of inputs and produce
• Giving loans all credit to farmers
• Educating for fair prices of inputs and produce
• Keep proper records of all activities
• Provide banking services to members.

 

1. What problems are faced by cooperative societies?

• Poor management i.e administrative problems
• Shortage of capital
• Disloyalty of members
• Political interference.

 

1. i)  What is a statutory board?

• An organisation established by an act of parliament to run or manage an industry e.g KTDA, NCPB, CBK, etc

 

1. State the functions of statutory boards

• Promote and regulate production of crops
• Carry out research 
• Provide bulk planting materials
• Marketing i.e selling crops for farmers
• Represents government in international issues
• Provide licences for crops and processing factories
• Provide inputs
• Regulate prices of farm produce
• Quality control e.g inspect and maintain quality
• Provide storage facilities
• Risk bearing by sharing overhead costs
• Provide market information
• Provide credit to farmers
• Process farm produce
• Grade and standardize farm produce
• Storage of farm produce
• Packaging function
• Invest profits for benefit of farmers
• Advertisement i.e sales promotion

 

1. State the functions of each of the following farmers organisations

1. i) Kenya farmers National Union (KNFU)

• Better prices of farm produce
• Adequate supply of farm inputs at reasonable prices
• Better terms of loans
• Good roads and infrastructure to improve farming
• Adequate control of livestock and crop pests and diseases
• Education to farmers

 

1. Agricultural society of Kenya (ASK)

• Organise agricultural shows and exhibitions
• Assist in administration of milk records schemes
• Publishes Kenya Study book and the Kenya Farmers magazine
• Organise national ploughing completion.

 

1. 4 – K CLUBS

• Means Kuungana, Kuanya, Kusaidia Kenya
• Teaching youth to like agriculture
• Showing youth new techniques of farming

 

• Teaching youth on leadership qualities
• Participation in competitive shows

 

1. Young farmers Clubs (YFC)

• Participating in shows and competitions
• Hold workshops and seminars in agriculture
• Organise youth exchange programmes
• Develop sense of self reliance and individual responsibility in the youth.