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LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III (SELECTION AND BREEDING) AGRICULTURE NOTES

Maverick John

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III (SELECTION AND BREEDING)

This topic entails:

  1. What does the term ‘epistasis’ mean in livestock improvement?

 

  1. What is upgrading as used in livestock production?

 

  1. Differentiate between crutching and ringing in livestock management

 

  1. State the gestation period of the following farm animals
  2.  a) Pigs

 

  1. b) Rabbits

 

  1. c) Cow

 

  1. What is selection in live stock production

 

  1. State three methods used in selection of livestock

 

  1. Outline two characteristics of livestock that are used in mass selection

 

  1. Give four advantages of contemporary comparison as a method of selection in livestock breeding.
  1. Give four signs of heat observed on female rabbit

 

  1. State four reasons for culling a breeding boar

 

  1. Describe five factors to consider when selecting a breeding boar

 

  1. Describe the factors a farmer would consider when selecting a young female pig (gilt) for breeding.

 

  1. Define the following terms as used in livestock breeding
  2. Heterosis
  1. Epistasis

 

  1. State two advantages of natural mating

                                                                                                        

  1. State three disadvantages of natural methods of mating in cattle breeding

 

  1. a) What is out crossing?

 

  1. b) Give four disadvantages of outcrossing

 

  1. Distinguish between inbreeding and out crossing in livestock production

 

  1. Differentiate between out crossing and cross- breeding

 

  1. How does crossbreeding improve livestock production

 

  1. State three advantages of cross-breeding in livestock production.

 

  1. Outline ten factors considered when selecting dairy cattle for breeding

 

 

  1. Describe the factors to consider when selecting a breeding stock.

 

  1. Name the type of breeding system represented below
    • Ayrshire sire x Boran Dam          F1 heifer x Hereford

                                                           

  1. State two reasons for breeding livestock.

 

  1. State two signs of farrowing in pigs.

 

  1. Describe the procedure of embryo transplant using non-surgical method

 

  1. The diagram below illustrates the reproductive system of a farm animal. Study it and answer the questions that follow
  2. Name the parts labeled A, B, C and D

 

  1. State the functions of the parts labeled A and B

                  -Site of fertilization

                 -Production of female sex hormones

 

  1. c) Give four signs of Oestrus in cows

 

  1. Give two signs that would show that a doe is just about to give birth.

 

  1. Give the breeding system involved in each of the following cases

(a) Friesian sire mated with Ayrshire dam.

 

(b) Friesian sire (father) mated with Friesian dam (daughter)

                                                                          

  1. a) What is hybrid vigour?

 

(b) Give three ways in which an animal will express hybrid vigour

                                                           

  1. Study the diagram of an oviduct of a hen and answer questions that follow:

 

 

  1. Name the parts marked A, B, C, and E.

A- Ovary

B- Infundibulum/oviduct/fallopian tube

C- Magnum

E- Shell gland/uterus

 

  1. b) Describe two changes that occur on the yolk from part B to E.

B-(Infundibulum)

C-(Magnum)

D-(Isthmus)

E-(Shell gland/ uterus)

 

  1. c) Give two functions of isthmus in female bird

 

  1. State four disadvantages of inbreeding

 

  1. Differentiate between artificial insemination and embryo transplant
  1. a) Define Raddling in sheep management

 

  1. b) State two reasons for raddling.

 

  1. The diagram below shows reproductive system of a hen. Study it and answer the Questions that follow.
  2. a) State one component added to the egg during formation at regions A and B.

 

  1. b) What happened if blood spot drops at the part labelled A.

 

  1. Give two advantage of embryo transplant in livestock breeding

 

  1. List three disadvantages of embryo transplant.

 

  1. A cow gives birth to two offsprings in a period of three years. One offspring is a male named Chemosi and another, female named Lelkina.  Two years later Chemosi is mated to Lelkina and another offspring, called Daisy is given birth to.
  2. i) Identify the specific system of breeding between Chemosi and Lelkina.

 

(ii) Give four disadvantages of such a system of breeding)

 

  1. Differentiate between the terms tupping and crutching as used in sheep management

 

 

  1. State four signs of infertility in a dairy cow

 

  1. Give four causes of infertility in cattle

 

  1. Give two reasons why teaser rams are introduced to a flock of ewes some weeks before tupping

 

  1. Suggest two factors that can lead to conception failure after the females have been served.
  1. Give four disadvantages of using artificial insemination (A.I) in serving a cow

 

  1. Give two reasons why artificial insemination is not popularly used as a mating system in pigs

 

  1. Describe five advantages of artificial insemination in livestock breeding.
  1. State four desirable characteristics to be considered when selecting heifer for milk production

 

  1. State two reasons for culling breeding sows.

 

  1. Give four methods that can be used to improve local breeds of livestock.

 

  1. State four signs of heat in pigs(sow)

 

  1. Explain the meaning of the following terms.
  2. Epistasis-The combination of genes which individually could have been undesirable or inferior. In this way the effect of some recessive genes are masked such that they cannot be expressed.

(b) Hybrid vigour –is the increased ability and performance of the offspring above the average of the two unrelated parents or one of the parents.

 

  1. State three signs of parturition in cows.

 

  1. Outline four objectives of livestock breeders

 

  1. State two factors considered during tupping

 

  1. The diagram below shows a reproductive system of a bull. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
  2. a) Identify the parts labeled M, N, O and P

M – Scrotum

N – Testes

O-Urethra

P – Seminal vesicles                       

 

  1. b) State the function of the part labeled L

 

  1. If a dairy cow is noticed to be showing first signs of heat at 6.00am, what time should it be inseminated?

 

  1. List six causes of sterility in dairy cows.

 

  1. Outline two reasons for adopting proper breeding programmes by farmers.

 

  1. What is the duration of oestrus cycle in a cow?

 

  1. Study the diagrammatic representation of breeding programme below occurring in two stages;

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) Identify the specific breeding system at stages I and II.

 

  1. b) State two disadvantages of the breeding system represented by stage II

 

  1. What term is used to refer to the condition during calving in which the hind legs come out first?

 

  1. Study the illustrations of parturition F and G below and answer the questions that follow

 

(a) Which of the foetus is in the correct position of parturition?

 

(b) Name the type of parturition given to foetus F and G above.

 

(c) What name is given to the type of parturition when the foetus is born dead?

 

  1. List two abnormalities which may arise during egg formation

 

  1. Give two function of testis in the reproductive system of male cattle.

 

  1. What is the function of chalazae in a formed poultry egg?

 

  1. State two methods of service in livestock
  1. Distinguish between Caponization and embryo transplant as used in livestock breeding

 

  1. The illustration below shows a livestock equipment. Study it and answer the questions that follow

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. a) Identify the equipment

 

  1. b) Identify parts labelled L and K

 

  1. Diagram below illustrate livestock production tool

(a) What is the suitable name of the livestock production tool above?

 

 

  1. Differentiate between dominant gene and a recessive gene

 

  1. State four management practices that should be carried out during the mating season in sheep

 

  1. The illustration below show different livestock families Use it to answer the questions that follow
      Zebu Family                                                   Hereford Family

 

 

 

 

  1. a) Identify the breeding system between

(i) C and A

 

(ii) D and T

 

(b) State two advantage of the breeding system identified in a (ii) above

 

(c) Why is the breeding system identified in a(i) not recommended in dairy cattle

 

  1. Explain three methods of collecting bull’s semen.

 

  1. Describe ten methods of pregnancy diagnosis in cattle

 

  1. Name three systems of breeding used to improve livestock.

 

  1. Explain the following terms as used in livestock production
  2. Embryo transfer
  1. Artificial insemination
  1. Line breeding
  1. Cross breeding
  1. Up-grading
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