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FORM TWO ENGLISH NOTES IN PDF

Maverick John

FORM TWO ENGLISH NOTES

LISTENING AND SPEAKING FOR FORM TWO

PRONUNCIATION

STRESS

Not all syllables in a word are given equal emphasis. By the same token, not all words in a sentence are said with equal length.

The relative emphasis that may be given to certain syllables in a word, or certain words in a sentence is what we refer to as stress.

You say a syllable or a word is stressed when it is said louder or longer than the rest.

Stress is studied in two levels:

Stress at the Word Level

A part of a certain word when said louder or longer then it is stressed.

Rules of Word Stress

  1. For two-syllable nouns and adjectives, stress the first, for example

Cloudy  carton    table

  1. For verbs with two syllables and prepositions, emphasize the second syllable, for example
  2. Words with three syllables.

-ary: library

Cial: judicial, commercial

-cian: musician, clinician

-tal : capital, recital

Stress is important in studying the heteronyms. A pair, or group of words is referred to as heteronym when those words are spelled the same way but have different pronunciation and meaning. We have two main categories of heteronyms:

We stress the first syllable if noun and the second if verb.

Examples of noun-and-verb pairs are included in the table below:

Noun Verb Noun Verb
Abuse Graduate
Record Cement
Convert Wind
Abuse Sin
Contest Produce
Duplicate Excuse
Polish Insult
Rebel Permit

 

In sentences;

Sentence Stress

Sentence stress is accent on certain words within a sentence.

Most sentences have two basic word types:

 

 

Look at the sentence below:

Buy milk feeling tired.

Though the sentence is incomplete, you will probably understand the message in it. The four words are the content words. Verbs, nouns, adjectives, are content words.

You can add words to the sentence to have something like:

Will you buy me milk since I am feeling tired?

The words: will, you, me, since, I, are just meant to make the sentence correct grammatically. They can also be stressed to bring the intended meaning.

Now let’s study the sentence below:

Joan doesn’t think Akinyi stole my green skirt.

Each word in the sentence can be stressed to bring the meaning as illustrated in the table.

Sentence Meaning
Joan doesn’t think Akinyi stole my green skirt. She doesn’t think that, but someone else does.
Joan doesn’t think Akinyi stole my green skirt. It is not true that Joan thinks that.
Joan doesn’t thinkAkinyi stole my green skirt. Joan doesn’t think that, she knows that.
Joan doesn’t think Akinyi stole my green skirt. Not Akinyi, but someone else. Probably Njuguna or Adhiambo.
Joan doesn’t think Akinyistole my green skirt. Joan thinks Akinyi did something to the green skirt, may be washed it.
Joan doesn’t think Akinyi stole my green skirt. Joan thinks Akinyi stole someone else’s green skirt, but not mine.
Joan doesn’t think Akinyi stole my green skirt. She thinks Akinyi stole my red skirt which is also missing.
Joan doesn’t think Akinyi stole my green skirt. Joan thinks Akinyi stole my green shirt. She mispronounced the word.

 

Exercise 1

 

  1. The words that follow can be nouns or verbs dependingon the stressed syllable. Use each as both the verb and noun in a single sentence.

 

  1. Underline the part of the word in boldface you will stress in each of the following sentences.

Exercise 2

Each word in the sentences below can be stressed to bring the meaning. What will be the meaning when each word is stressed?

 

 

INTONATION

Falling Intonation

 

Rising intonation

Do you visit them↗ often?

Have you seen ↗her?

Are you ready to ↗start?

Could you give me a↗ pen, please?

Do you want ↗coffee or ↘tea?

Does he speak↗ Kiswahili or ↘English?

This is a beautiful ↘place, ↗isn’t it?

She knows↘ him,↗ doesn’t she?

↗One, ↗two,↗ three, ↗four,↘ five.

She bought ↗bread, ↗cheese, ↗oranges, and ↘apples.

Exercise

Using an arrow, determine whether rising or falling intonation is used in the sentences.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PUNS/WORD PLAY

This is where a word is substituted for another similar sounding word or word pronounced almost in the same way . For example,

Fishermen are reel men.

Explanation: There is a twist on the word ‘reel’ which is originally supposed to be spelt ‘real’.

Can you now explain the pun in the following homophonic puns?

  1. What do sea monsters eat for lunch? Fish and ships.
  2. I am on a seafood diet. Every time I see food, I eat it.
  3. Did you about the Italian chef with terminal illness? He past away.
  4. Beauty is in the eye of the beer holder.
  5. What tea do hockey players drink? Penalttea
  6. What do ghosts serve for dessert? I scream.
  7. What did the tree sya to the autumn? Leaf me alone.
  8. What did the boy cat say to the girl cat on valentine’s day? You’re purr-fect for me.
  9. What day does an Easter egg hate the most? Fry-days.
  10. Why did the scientist install a knocker on his door? He wanted to win the No-bell prize!

 

Homographic pun is formed by using a word that has multiple meanings. You might not tell what exactly what the speaker means.

For example;

Rose is the flower of my life.

Explanation: The word ‘Rose’ is a female name. it could be the person the speaker loves.

It  is also a type of flower.

The other examples are;

  1. My math teacher called me average. How mean!
  2. What do prisoners use to call each other? Cell phones.
  3. No matter how much you push the envelope, it’ll remain stationery.
  4. Have you ever tried to eat a clock? It’s very time consuming.
  5. A waist is a terrible thing to mind.
  6. I am reading a book about anti-gravity. It’s impossible to put down.
  7. What part of football ground is never the same? The changing room.
  8. I want to tell you a chemistry joke but I know I will not get a reaction.
  9. Why did the bee get married? Because he found his honey.
  10. Did you hear about the guy who got hit in the head with a can of soda? He was lucky it was a soft drink.

Features of Puns

Puns are characterized by;

  1. They are short.
  2. They are humorous.

Functions of Puns

They serve functions such as:

Exercise

Explain the pun in:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TONGUE TWISTERS

Sound Patterns in Tongue Twisters

  1. Read the tongue twister below fast.

She saw a fish on the seashore and I am sure the fish she saw on the sea shore was a saw-fish.

In the words: she, shore and sure, there is the repetition of the consonant sound /ᶴ/ at the beginning of the words. This is alliteration.

Alliteration is the repetition of the initial consonant sound in the nearby words.

Can you identify any other instance of alliteration in the above tongue twister?

  1. Read this other tongue twister and take note of the highlighted letters.

A skunk sat on a stump and thank the stump stunk, but the stump thank the skunk stunk.

The sound pattern here is consonance.

Consonance is the repetition of the inner consonant sound in the nearby words. An inner sound is that which comes after the first.

There is another instance of consonance. Can you illustrate it?

  1. Repetition
  1. Assonance

Let’s look at:

How much wood could a wood chopper chop, if a wood chopper could chop wood?

There is repetition of the /u:/ in the words; wood,could. This is assonance.

Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds in the nearby words.

Features of Tongue Twisters

A tongue twister will have the following features:

Functions of Tongue Twisters

  1. They entertain. When one confuses the pronunciation of sounds, the audience will laugh.
  2. They teach pronunciation. We can, for example, learn the pronunciation of the sounds /f/ and /v/, /s/ and /ᶴ/ etc.
  3. Enhance creativity.

Exercise 1

With illustrations, identify the sound patterns in:

Exercise 2

Read the item below and then answer questions after it:

We surely shall see the sun shine soon.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

RHYME

That keep me locked up tight

All of the things that make me feel not right

The words ‘tight’ and ‘right’ rhyme.

 

Mystic Travel

Mystic travel time

Too endless islands in your mind

 

Tiny lights majestic and free

Open the skies soar me

 

Travel your minds unseen road

To mysterious lands secrets untold

 

The mountains valley lay quiet

As a shower carries away

 

The warmth of an evening breeze

Built from within a day

 

Heat dances shadows on the lakes fiery bay

Constructing temples where gods could play

 

Today is the finest piece

For tranquil emptiness

 

Suggestions of fluent sensations

Congregated illusions of masturbations

 

Sympathize the richness of the truth

Energize the expected thoughts of youth

 

 

Reading the poem aloud, we can point out several rhyming couplets. They include among others:

Internal Rhyme in Separate Lines

Here is are two examples of pairs of lines with middle rhymes in separate lines.

I see a red boat that has a red flag

Just like my red coat and my little red pail

 

The words ‘boat’ and ‘coat’ rhyme.

 

I’d like to jump into the ocean

But don’t dump me instead.

 

The rhyming words are ‘jump’ and ‘dump’.

 

Now read the stanza below from the poem ‘The Raven’ and identify all the pairs of rhyming words.

 

Once upon a midnight dreary, while i

Pondered, weak and weary

Over many a quaint and curious volume of

Forgotten  lore.

While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly

There came a tapping

As if someone gently rapping, rapping at

My chamber door

’’Tis some visitor,’’ I muttered, ’’tapping at

My chamber door;

Only this, and nothing more.’’

Rhyme Scheme

  1. From Voices in My Head, by Ivor Davies

Suddenly a voice appears

I hear it in my mind

Within my head not in my ears

Not of the normal kind

 

The rhyme scheme is: abab

It is regular rhyme scheme as it is easy to predict when the sound will next appear.

  1. From Falling Raindrops’ Prayer for the Broken.

I pray for the crying

For the hurt and the dying

For those burned and screaming

For each helper crying

 

The rhyme scheme is aaaaa

This too is regular.

  1. From the poem by Robert Broadbent.

 

Early or late,

Patient …can’t wait

Lost or your found

The world goes around

 

The rhyme scheme here is aabb. This is a Regular scheme

  1. From Happy Holidays by John Lumber.

Christmas Eve

Oh how supreme!

When Santa comes

Every night!

Then, next day,

I just can’t wait,

When the tree is all alight.

 

The rhyme scheme is abcdedd. This is irregular.

The irregular rhyme scheme occurs when you can’t predict when the end sound will be repeated.

 

Why Rhyme?

 

 

 

Exercise 1

Describe the rhyme scheme of the poem below by Robert Broadbent.

One Day at a Time

Happy or sad

Good days or bad

Cherry or down

The world goes around

 

Give up or try

Out going or shy

A smile or a frown,

The world goes around

 

Early or late,

Patient …can’t wait,

Lost or your found,

The world goes around

 

Angry, serene

Out spoken, unsent

Tense or unwound,

The world goes around

 

All future days,

Are hidden in haze,

Don’t worry, just learn,

To let the world turn.

 

Exercise 2

The incomplete poem below has the rhyme scheme: aabccbddebfe. Complete it with appropriate words.

Death did not take Paris silently

Rumbled the grave screaming _______________________

No child slept easy that _______________________

Twenty minutes of terror waking

Wee ones from sleep in cold sweats __________________________

Stealing their peaceful birthright.

 

Indelible imprints of ______________________

Ingrained in young psyches forever;

Post traumatic stress syndrome.

They may age, but they will not ____________________

The bloody death that evil begets

Shadows lurk in dreaming’s gloam.

(By Catie Lindsey)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SONGS

  1. Send the baby to sleep.
  2. Calm the crying baby.
  3. Give promise to the crying baby. The promise can be that one of the parents is coming back.

Sleep baby sleep

Sleep baby sleep

Your father tends the sheep

Your mother shakes the dreamland tree.

  1. Identify two features of lullabies in the above song.
  2. Give the main reason for singing the above song.
  1. Clap to the rhythm of the song.
  2. Rock the baby as you sing.

Features of Children Songs

  1. Repetition is used. A word, sentence, and even a whole stanza can be repeated.
  2. They are often short.

Functions of Children’s  Songs

  1. They help in developing children’s language skills as they listen to familiar words in the songs.
  2. Help develop children’s listen skills, thus concentrate.
  3. Encourage creativity in children. At times you find children adding words that were not initially mentioned in the original versions of the songs.
  4. Some teaching counting of numbers.

In and out the bamboo forest

In and out the bamboo forest

In and out the bamboo forest

You are my partner.

Beat a beat on my shoulder

Beat a beat on my shoulder

Beat a beat on my shoulder

You are my partner.

  1. Express romance.
  2. Mend the damaged relationship between lovers.

 

  1. personal achievement in war ; or
  2. Achievement in hunting.

Ogun kills on the right and destroys on the right.
Ogun kills on the left and destroys on the left.
Ogun kills suddenly in the house and suddenly in the field.
Ogun kills the child with the iron with which it plays.

Ogun kills in silence.
Ogun kills the thief and the owner of the stolen goods.
Ogun-kills the owner of the slave—and the slave runs away.
Ogun kills the owner of thirty ’iwofa’ [pawns]—and his money, wealth and children disappear.
Ogun kills the owner of the house and paints the hearth with his blood.
Ogun is the death who pursues a child until it runs into the bush.
Ogun is the needle that pricks at both ends.
Ogun has water but he washes in blood.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ETIQUETTE

TELEPHONE ETIQUETTE

Telephone etiquette are the rules that demonstrate the proper and polite way to use your phone/telephone.

It starts from how you prepare for phone calls to when you end the call.

Preparation for Phone Call

The following should be done before placing a call:

Tips to Display When Making a Call

Whether at work, at home, or on your mobile phone, remember to display the tips below at all times:

  1. Identify yourself at the beginning of the call.
  2. Speak clearly and slowly especially when leaving the message.
  3. Speak with a low tone of voice. Be sure to know how loud you may be.
  4. Always end with a pleasantry, for example,’ Have a nice day.’
  5. Let the caller hang up first.
  6. Stay away from others while talking on the phone. They don’t need to hear your private conversation.

What to Avoid

  1. Avoid being distracted by other activities while speaking. Some of these activities include:
  1. Avoid allowing interruptions to occur during the conversation.
  2. Do not engage in an argument with the caller.
  3. Talking too loudly.

 

 

 

Not at these Places

The following are places you should not make a call. You should even have your cell phone in a silent mode or switch it off altogether.

Telephone Conversations

Here we shall focus on majorly business telephone conversations. It should be noted that there are patterns that are followed; but not all will follow this rigid pattern. The six patterns include:

  1. The phone is answered by someone who asks if he/she can help.
  2. The caller makes a request either to be connected to someone or for information.
  3. The caller is connected, given information or told that that person is not present at the moment.
  4. The caller is asked to leave a message if the person who is requested for is not in.
  5. The caller leaves a message or asks other questions.
  6. The phone call finishes.

Exercise 1

Read the telephone conversation below and then answer questions that follow.

Pauline: (a form two student, Wajanja School) ring ring… ring ring …

Secretary: Hello, Wajanja School, this is Ms Esther speaking. How may I be of help to you?

Pauline: Yes, this is Pauline Karanja a form two student calling. May I speak to the principal, please?

Secretary: I am afraid MsKaluma is not in the office at the moment. Would you like to leave a message?

Pauline: I would really want, thanks. When she comes back, tell her I wanted to ask for one day permission. My brother is sick and I would like to request her that I report one day after the opening day. It is I who will be left with my siblings as the brother goes to the hospital. That is all.

Secretary: Sorry for that, I wish him quick recovery. I would give her the message as soon.

Pauline:I would be grateful madam. Thanks again.

Pauline:Welcome Pauline. Just ensure you report as stated here.

Secretary: Ok have a nice day madam.

Pauline:You too have a perfect day. Goodbye

Exercise 2

Your sibling is very sick. You are planning to make a doctor a phone call to come to your home to provide medication.

Exercise 3

Joan has just called the parent to ask them to pay the school fee. Unfortunately, the parent is not happy with the way she has made the call. Identify any four telephone etiquette tips shecould have failed to display.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

MASTERY OF CONTENT

INTERVIEWS

Have you ever attended the formal meetings where you are asked questions and are expected to respond to them? More than once you will be invited to attend interviews. You can also invite someone to interview. For this reason, you should some interview tips.

The two participants in an interview are the interviewer (at times a panel of interviewers), and the interviewee.

Tips for the Interviewees

Job Interview Preparations

If you really want to be considered for a particular job following an interview, you have to adequately prepare to succeed. The following are the preparations the interviewee would put in place before the interview:

During the Interview;

Common Blunders you MUST Avoid

Avoid falling foul of the following:

  1. Turning up late for the interview.
  2. Dressing and grooming inappropriately.
  3. Giving simple yes/no as answers.
  4. Speaking negatively about your previous employer.
  5. Sitting before invited.
  6. Discussing time-off or money.

As an Interviewer

Before the Interview:

  1. Write down questions to ask.
  2. Call the prospective employee’s referees.
  3. Prepare the place for the interview.
  4. Alert the interviewee about the interview. Mention the time and place.
  5. Arrive early for the interview.

During the Interview:

  1. Allow them enough time to respond to questions.
  2. Encourage them to speak by, for example, nodding your head when they answer questions.
  3. Speak and ask questions politely. Be friendly but formal as much as you can.
  4. Make eye contact with the interviewee to show you are listening to them.

 

Exercise 1

you are the secretary of journalism Club at Maembe Dodo Mixed School. On Friday you would like to interview your school Deputy Principal on the issue of Students’ Discipline.

Exercise 2

Read the conversation below and then answer questions after it.

Ms Naomi: Welcome to our Doctor’s office.

Mr. Josh: Nice to be here.

Ms Naomi: I see from your resume that you are a cardiologist with 10 years of practice.

Mr. Josh: That’s right.

Ms Naomi: This interview is just to get to know you a little and then there are follow up interviews. So what do you do in your free time?

Mr. Josh: I like golfing and swimming. I also like to read newspapers.

Ms Naomi:Why did you want to be a doctor?

Mr. Josh:Actually I love helping people get well. I think cardiology has made great strides recently and I would like to share my findings with others.

Ms Naomi:Have you written in any scientific journals so far?

Mr. Josh:Not yet. But hopefully soon.

Ms Naomi:OK, we’d like to learn more about you. Let’s go for lunch wwith our colleagues, if that’s OK.

Mr. Josh:That’s fine, I am free.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

READING FOR FORM TWO

 READING SKILLS

SCANNING AND SKIMMING..

Reading

Scanning

Skimming

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 COMPREHENSION SKILLS

SUMMARY AND NOTE- MAKING.

SUMMARY

How to produce a summary:

1.Read the material to be summarized and be sure you understand it.

2.Outline the major points.

3.Write a first draft of the summary without looking at the material.

4.Always use paraphrase when writing a summary.

5.Target your first draft for approximately 1/4 the length of the original.

6.Never put any of your own ideas, opinions, or interpretations into the summary. This means you have to be very careful of your word choice.

  1. Write in prose – not point form.

NOTE MAKING

How to Make Notes

The following tips will come in handy when making notes:

  1. Read the material carefully and thoroughly.
  2. Underline the key sentences as you read. This will help in forming the title.
  3. Make a rough note of the main points in a logical sequence.
  4. Write the final notes.

You should have in mind that a note:

  1. Should be short and to the point.
  2. Contain all the important and relevant information.
  3. Should have information systematically divided and subdivided.
  4. Should have a short title. Avoid long sentences as titles.
  5. Must be written in points only.

 

Notes Template

TITLE …………………….

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

GRAMMAR FOR FORM TWO

PARTS OF SPEECH

NOUNS

  1. Category of people
  2. Category of animals
  1. Category of People

The collective used here are:

 

  1. Category of Animals

Those used for animals include:

 

  1. Category of Things

 

Exercise 1

What name is given to a group of:

 

  1. Writers
  2. Widows
  3. Witches
  4. Tailors
  5. Judges
  6. Grammarians
  7. Shoemakers
  8. Girl guides
  9. Foresters
  10. Prisoners
  11. Preachers
  12. Candidates
  13. Matrons
  14. Magistrates
  15. Lawyers

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Compound Nouns Combinations

The following are the compound noun combinations with examples:

Noun + Noun

Football

Eyelid

Adjective + Noun

Greenhouse

Hotdogs

Verb + Noun

Washing machine

Dinning table

Noun + Verb

Haircut

Rainfall

Verb + Preposition

Check-out

Noun + Prepositional Phrase

Master of ceremonies

Sister-in-law

Preposition + Noun

Underdog

Noun + Adjective

Spoonful

Plural Forms of Compound Nouns

Singular Plural
Head teacher

Passerby

Mother-in-law

Wallpaper

 Head teachers

Passersby

Mothers-in-law

Wallpapers

 

Compound Noun New Style Old Style
Spoonful

Bucketful

Cupful

Truckful

Mouthful

 Spoonsful

Bucketsful

Cupsful

Trucksful

Mouthsful

 

 Spoonfuls

Bucketfuls

Cupfuls

Truckfuls

Mouthfuls

 

 

Exercise

Using compound nouns, shorten the underlined phrases in the sentences below.

 

 

 

 

The watch of a girl – a girl’s watch.

The milk of the cow – the cow’s milk.

Singular Possessives

The man’s wheelbarrow is lost.

Khalwale’s shirt is dark.

Matthews’ job is good.

Matthews’s job is good.

Plural Possessives

All the technicians’ fingers were cut.

The women’s team will play next week.

Possessive Pronouns

Grade “A” is everyone’s dream.

This is someone’s wrist watch.

Note: “it’s” is a contraction for “it is” and not a possessive.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PRONOUNS

Pronoun Number

Pronoun Person

It refers to the one or ones speaking.

The pronouns used here are I, me, mine, we, us, ours

The one spoken to, or directly addressed, is referred to here.

The pronouns in the second person are you, yours

It refers to the one or ones spoken about.

Some pronouns used in the second person are it, its, they, theirs, them

Examples in Sentences

  1. She likes me.
  2. Fred bought him an umbrella.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. Each teacher has written her/his lesson notes.
  2. There are two cups. One is
  1. Many have been here.
  2. Both are my friends.

Meaning of Some Typical Indefinite Pronouns

Singular Indefinite Pronouns

Pronoun Meaning Example in a Sentence
Another Additional That cook was stubborn. Can you help me get another?
Anybody/anyone No matter what person Is there anyone at home?
Anything No matter what thing Is there anything left there?
Each Every one of two or more Each has to pay for the damage.
Either One of the two Either is ok.
Enough As much as needed There is enough money to take us the whole week.
Everybody/everyone All people Since everyone has arrived has left, you can lock the gate.
Everything All things Everything that belongs to them have been swept by flood.
Neither Not one and not the other of the two I always advise Muktar and Asiya but neither listens to me.
Nobody/no-one No person I have written to many people but no-one has replied.
Nothing Not anything Nothing has been heard from them since.
One An unidentified person or thing One has not been found.
Other A different one from the one that has been mentioned One of the twins is brown while the other is dark.
Somebody/someone Unknown or unspecified person Someone is missing.
Something An unspecified thing I hope she is cooking something.

 

Plural Indefinite Pronouns

Exercise 1

Complete the sentence with the most appropriate indefinite pronoun from the list given below.

 

Everyone

Somewhere

Everybody

Nothing

Anywhere

Anything

Anybody

Something

 

 

  1. Would like ______________ to drink?
  2. I couldn’t see _____________ in the dark.
  3. Does _________ know her?
  4. Don’t ask where she has gone. Dorothy can go __________ she feels like going.
  5. The weapons were found ____________ here.
  6. There is ____________ to watch.
  7. Since _____________ has left, the shop can be closed.
  8. We will get you _____________ you are. You can’t hide for long.
  9. ____________ has approved our proposal.
  10. We were told that there is a good school _____________ near here.

Exercise 2

Rewrite each sentence using the word in brackets.

  1. He said nothing useful. (anything)
  2. There is no anything left. (nothing)
  3. Can anyone answer this question? (no-one)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

VERBS

Verb Forms
Be ·        Be

·        Am

·        Is

·        Are

·        Was

·        Were

·        Been

·        Being
Have ·        Have

·        Has

·        Had
Do ·        Do

·        Does

·        Did

 

 

Examples in Sentences

  1. Emiliana is running away from us.
  2. If she doesn’t come on time, she’ll have to do all the work.
  3. Does your name begin with an “F”?
  4. The boys have finished the race.
  5. I am writing you a notice
  6. The milk has been drank by the cat.
  7. I have purchased a new pair of shoes to replace the ones that were lost in my luggage.
  8. We hope you don’t drop out of school.
  9. She was asking Wachira a question.
  10. Richard has been working hard the whole year.
  11. Sarah doesn’t ski or roller skate.

(b)   Modal Auxiliary Verbs

 

 

 

Functions of Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary verbs, also known as helping verbs, add functional or grammatical meaning to the clauses in which they appear. They perform their functions in several different ways:

Auxiliary verbs almost always appear together with a main verb, and though there are only a few of them, they are among the most frequently occurring verbs in the English language.

Auxiliary Verb Exercises

Fill in the blank with the correct auxiliary verb from the choices presented:

  1. What ________________ the kids doing when you last saw them? (was, were, are, did, been)
  2. Carla ________________ always wanted to try skydiving. (was, doesn’t, has, is, have)
  3. Where __________________ you go on your summer vacation? (were, been, are, did, does)
  4. Why do you think she __________ call you like she said she would? (didn’t, is, hasn’t, has been, have)
  5. Mary _____________ going to be upset when she hears what happened. (will, don’t, is, didn’t, has)
  6. Jeremy _____________ want to go to the movies; he wants to stay home instead. (doesn’t, isn’t, wasn’t, hasn’t, was not)
  7. I _________________ appreciate his jokes. They weren’t funny. (did, have, been, didn’t, haven’t)
  8. I really like fish but I _______________ care for meat. (weren’t, been, don’t, is, was)
  9. Where _____________ you going when I saw you last night? (were, was, is, do, did)
  10. Tara ________________ called yet; she’s late as usual. (are, were, has, hasn’t, wouldn’t)

Answers: 1 – were, 2 – has, 3 – did, 4 – didn’t, 5 – is, 6 – doesn’t, 7 – didn’t, 8 – don’t, 9 – were, 10 – hasn’t

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

How to Form the Perfective Aspect

Past Perfect Tense

Examples in Sentences

  1. When he arrived, I had already eaten.
  2. John had finished high school by the time I joined form one.
  3. Gregory had seen them.

The Present Perfect Tense

The Future Perfect Tense

 

Affirmative Negative Interrogative Negative Interrogative
I will have jumped I won’t have jumped Will I have jumped? Won’t I have jumped?
You will have jumped You won’t have jumped Will you have jumped? Won’t you have jumped?
He will have jumped He won’t have arrived Will he have arrived? Won’t he have arrived?
We will have jumped We won’t have jumped Will we have jumped? Won’t we have jumped?
They will have jumped They won’t have jumped Will they have jmped? Won’t they have jumped?

Function

Examples

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Progressive Aspect with Past Tense

We use the pattern:

Was or were + present Participle,

Examples

Progressive Aspect with Present Tense

The pattern below is used

Is or are +present participle, for example

Progressive Aspect With Future Time

To form this, we use the pattern:

Will be + present participle

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

All of the following ideas can be expressed using different tenses:

The four future verb tenses in English are:

Simple future tense

The simple future refers to a time later than now, and expresses facts or certainty.

Examples in Sentences

How to Form the simple future

Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I will visit I won’t visit.

I will not visit.

 Will I visit?

Won’t I visit?
She will visit. She won’t visit.

She will not visit.

 Will she visit?

Won’t she visit?
They will visit. They won’t visit.

They will not visit.

 Will they visit?

Won’t they visit?

 

Contractions in simple Future

I will = I’ll
We will = we’ll
You will = you’ll
He will = he’ll
She will = she’ll
They will = they’ll
Will not = won’t

Future continuous

This time next month she will be writing her final paper.

You’ll be missing these meals once leave high school.

Will you be attending my weeding this weekend?

I’ll be tracing him next month.

Future perfect

Examples in Sentences

Future Perfect Continuous

 

 

 

ADJECTIVES

ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

Order Examples
Quantity Thirty, many, some
Opinion Nasty, dirty, beautiful
Size Short, tiny, huge
Shape Square, round, circular
Age Young, new, 20-year-old
Colour Green, indigo, pink
Origin/Nationality Kenyan, English, Chinese
Purpose Serving, sleeping,
Material Glass, earthen, metallic
Noun

 

Examples in Sentences

  1. Hamisi has decided to sell his flashy new German
  2. I met several charming Indian
  1. She has bought a few small white sleeping

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ADVERBS

Examples in Sentences

  1. She went there.
  2. The supermarket is
  3. She went overseas.
  4. The bedroom is upstairs.

 

Examples in Sentences

  1. It very cold outside.
  2. This water is extremely hot.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PREPOSITIONS

COMPLEX PREPOSITIONS

Examples in Sentences

  1. I am writing in regard to what we discussed yesterday.
  2. He came on behalf of his boss.
  3. A word can be distinguished on the basis of stress.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CONJUNCTIONS

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

 

 

Examples in Sentences

  1. When the door was knocked, Joan rose to open it.
  2. It is hard to give up drugs once you get addicted.
  1. Although it was cold, he took off his coat.
  2. I can’t take you out since I have no money.

Exercise

Combine the pair of sentences using subordinating conjunction. Choose the conjunction from the list below.

 

Rather than

 While

Whereas

Now that

Before

Whether or not

Once

Even though

Since

 

 

  1. Henry passed the exams first time. Jane had to retake the exams twice.
  2. My sister likes Math. I prefer Chemistry.
  3. It was raining. I didn’t get wet.
  4. I will be late today. There is jam in town.
  5. Njuguna passed the test. Njuguna did not revise.
  6. I will leave. There is someone to take care of the baby.
  7. John is a boy. Mary is a girl.
  8. Go to play. Call your sister.
  9. I didn’t give the money to my sister. I gave the money to my cousin.
  10. You know him personally. You have to agree that he has done a lot for this country.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

INTERJECTIONS

Examples in Sentences

  1. Wow! I have won it!
  2. Jeepers, that was too close.
  1. Good! I can now relax.
  2. Oh, I didn’t know about that
  3. No, leave me alone.

Interjections which are Sounds

Interjections that follow are of sounds:

Exercise

Fill the blanks with appropriate interjections.

  1. __________, I can’t see you tomorrow.
  2. _________, I will wait for you.
  3. __________ ! The train is leaving!
  4. ___________ I can now go and play.
  5. _________ ! I am lost in this big town!
  6. _________, that is wonderful.

 

 

 

 

 

 

PHRASES

These girls are annoying.

Are annoying is the verb phrase.

Are is an auxiliary verb.

Annoying is the main verb.

More Examples In Sentences

  1. The prices have fallen.
  2. They could be running from me.
  3. They have been asking this question over and over again.
  4. She should have been writing the book.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Constituents of Adverb Phrases

An adverb phrase can consist of:

Adverb Phrases Examples

  1. Quite slowly

Quite is the pre modifier, while slowly is the adverb

  1. On Friday night

Pre modifier is the preposition on . night is the post modifier

Examples in Sentences

  1. The project was done very slowly.
  2. We talked all day long.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CLAUSES

Independent Clauses

Examples

  1. We left home.
  2. He lives in Nairobi.

Subordinate Clauses

Examples

  1. Where she went
  2. Before Khamisi arrived.
  3. After she abused me.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

These conjunctions can be best remembered by a handy mnemonic: FANBOYS.

He works in Wajir, but he stays in Isiolo.

Other Examples

  1. Rose wanted to buy a dress, but she didn’t have enough money.
  2. They did not go to church, yet their parent advised them to.
  3. Do you want to go to Rongo or Homabay?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mobile phones have helped a lot since they came to the market.

More Examples in Sentences

  1. Although deer eat my crops, they are cute.
  2. Before you leave, give me your address.
  3. While I prefer a permanent house, my wife prefers a semi permanent one.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Active Voice

James is writing the notes.

More Examples

  1. Richard locked the door.
  2. Akoth painted the room.
  3. He is buying the phone.

Passive Voice

The notes were written by James.

More Examples

  1. The door was locked.
  2. The room was painted by Akoth.
  3. The phone is being bought by him.

Changing a  Sentence from Active Voice to Passive Voice

Follow the steps below in order to change the sentence from active to passive voice:

 

 

 

 

Exercise

Change the sentences below to passive voice.

  1. Juliet changed the flat tire.
  2. Gregory painted the entire house.
  3. Who taught you Physics?
  4. No one answered my call.
  5. Who stole my bag?
  6. The hunter killed the antelope.
  7. They will send her a success card.
  8. The terrible news shocked everyone.

 

GRAMMAR ANSWERS

PARTS OF SPEECH

NOUNS

COLLECTIVE NOUNS

 

 

 

  1. She is cleaning a room for stores.

She is cleaning a storeroom.

  1. He bought a new ruler for measuring up to 30 cm.

He bought a 30-cm ruler.

  1. June is the assistant class secretary for form two.

June is the assistant form two class prefect.

  1. We had to stop at the station for the buses.

We had to stop the bus station.

  1. Get me size of cables.

Get me  cable size.

  1. They bought it as there was reduction in cost.

They bought it as there was cost reduction.

  1. Students are given two breaks of twenty minutes.

Students are given two-twenty minute breaks.

  1. These are the plugs with three pins.

These are the three-pin plugs.

  1. The mechanic has carried two metal boxes for the tools.

The mechanic has carried two metal toolboxes.

  1. Are you the wife of my son?

Are you my daughter-in-law?

PRONOUNS

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

  1. Henry passed the exams first time. Jane had to retake the exams twice.

Henry passed the exams the first time while/whereas Jane had to retake them twice.

  1. My sister likes Math. I prefer Chemistry.

Whereas/while my sister likes Math, I prefer Chemistry.

  1. It was raining. I didn’t get wet.

Even though it was raining, I didn’t get wet.

I didn’t get wet even though it was raining.

  1. I will be late today. There is jam in town.

I will be late today since there is jam in town.

Since there is jam in town, I will be late today.

  1. Njuguna passed the test. Njuguna did not revise.

Even though Nuguna did not revise, he passed the test.

  1. I will leave. There is someone to take care of the baby.

Now that there is someone to take care of the baby, I will leave.

  1. John is a boy. Mary is a girl.

John is a boy while Mary is a girl.

  1. Go to play. Call your sister.

Before you go to play, call your sister.

  1. I didn’t give the money to my sister. I gave the money to my cousin.

Rather than giving the money to my sister, I gave it to my cousin.

  1. You know him personally. You have to agree that he has done a lot for this country.

Whether or not you know him personally, you have to agree that he has done a lot for this country.

 

INTERJECTIONS

 

 

 

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

  1. The flat tire was changed by Juliet.
  2. The entire house was painted by Gregory.
  3. By whom were you taught Physics?
  4. My call was not answered by anyone.
  5. My bag was stolen by whom?
  6. The antelope was killed by the hunter.
  7. A success card will be sent to her.
  8. Everyone was shocked by the terrible news.

 

 WRITING FOR FORM TWO

SPELLING

COMMONLY MISSPELT WORDS

The table below contains words that are normally misspelt.

absence
accidentally
accommodate
accumulate
achievement
acquaintance
acquire
acquitted
advice
advise
amateur
among
analysis
analyze
annual
apartment
apparatus
apparent
appearance
arctic
arguing
argument
arithmetic
ascend
athletic
attendance
balance
battalion
beginning
belief
believe
beneficial
benefited
boundaries
Britain
business
calendar
candidate
category
cemetery
changeable
changing
choose
chose
coming
commission
committee
comparative
compelled
conceivable
conferred
conscience
conscientious
conscious
control
controversial
controversy
criticize
deferred
definitely		 definition
describe
description
desperate
dictionary
dining
disappearance
disappoint
disastrous
discipline
dissatisfied
dormitory
effect
eighth
eligible
eliminate
embarrass
eminent
encouragement
encouraging
environment
equipped
especially
exaggerate
excellence
exhilarate
existence
existent
experience
explanation
familiar
fascinate
February
fiery
foreign
formerly
forty
fourth
frantically
generally
government
grammar
grandeur
grievous
height
heroes
hindrance
hoping
humorous
hypocrisy
hypocrite
immediately
incidentally
incredible
independence
inevitable
intellectual
intelligence
interesting
irresistible		 knowledge
laboratory
laid
led
lightning
loneliness
lose
losing
maintenance
maneuver
manufacture
marriage
mathematics
maybe
mere
miniature
mischievous
mysterious
necessary
Negroes
ninety
noticeable
occasionally
occurred
occurrence
omitted
opinion
opportunity
optimistic
paid
parallel
paralysis
paralyze
particular
pastime
performance
permissible
perseverance
personal
personnel
perspiration
physical
picnicking
possession
possibility
possible
practically
precede
precedence
preference
preferred
prejudice
preparation
prevalent
principal
principle
privilege
probably
procedure
proceed		 profession
professor
prominent
pronunciation
pursue
quantity
quizzes
recede
receive
receiving
recommend
reference
referring
repetition
restaurant
rhyme
rhythm
ridiculous
sacrifice
sacrilegious
salary
schedule
seize
sense
separate
separation
sergeant
severely
shining
similar
sincerely
sophomore
specifically
specimen
statue
studying
succeed
succession
surprise
technique
temperamental
tendency
tragedy
transferring
tries
truly
tyranny
unanimous
undoubtedly
unnecessary
until
usually
village
villain
weather
weird
whether
woman
women
writing

 

Task

Write the correct spelling for:

 

 

Answers

 

  1. absence
  2. acceptable –
  3. accidentally/accidently
  4. accommodate
  5. achieve
  6. acknowledge
  7. acquaintance
  8. acquire
  9. acquit
  10. acreage
  11. address
  12. adultery
  13. advisable
  14. aggression
  15. allegiance
  16. almost
  17. a lot
  18. amateur
  19. annually
  20. apparent
  21. argument
  22. atheist
  23. awful
  24. because
  25. becoming
  26. beginning
  27. believe
  28. buoy
  29. business
  30. calendar
  31. camouflage
  32. category
  33. caught
  34. cemetery
  35. changeable
  36. chief
  37. colleague
  38. column
  39. coming
  40. committed
  41. concede
  42. congratulate
  43. conscientious
  44. conscious
  45. consensus
  46. controversy
  47. coolly
  48. deceive
  49. definite
  50. definitely
  51. desperate
  52. difference
  53. dilemma
  54. disappoint
  55. disastrous
  56. drunkenness
  57. embarrass
  58. equipment
  59. exceed
  60. exhilarate
  61. existence
  62. experience
  63. extreme
  64. fascinating
  65. fiery
  66. fluorescent
  67. foreign
  68. friend
  69. gauge
  70. grateful
  71. guarantee
  72. guidance
  73. harass
  74. height
  75. hierarchy
  76. humorous
  77. hygiene
  78. hypocrite
  79. ignorance
  80. imitate
  81. immediately
  82. independent
  83. intelligence
  84. judgment
  85. leisure
  86. liaison
  87. library
  88. license
  89. maintenance
  90. millennium
  91. mischievous
  92. misspell
  93. necessary
  94. niece
  95. neighbor
  96. noticeable
  97. occasion
  98. occasionally
  99. occurrence
  100. occurred
  101. omission
  102. original
  103. outrageous
  104. parliament
  105. pastime
  106. perceive
  107. perseverance
  108. personnel
  109. playwright
  110. possession
  111. potatoes
  112. precede
  113. presence
  114. privilege
  115. professor
  116. promise
  117. pronunciation
  118. proof
  119. questionnaire
  120. readable
  121. really
  122. receive
  123. receipt
  124. recommend
  125. referred
  126. reference
  127. relevant
  128. religious
  129. repetition
  130. restaurant
  131. rhyme
  132. rhythm
  133. secretary
  134. seize
  135. separate
  136. sergeant
  137. similar
  138. skilful
  139. speech
  140. successful
  141. supersede
  142. surprise
  143. tomatoes
  144. tomorrow
  145. twelfth
  146. tyranny
  147. underrate
  148. until
  149. usable/useable
  150. vacuum
  151. vehicle
  152. vicious
  153. weather
  154. weird
  155. welfare
  156. withhold
  157. Writing

 

 

 

 

 

 

BUILDING SENTENCE SKILLS AND PARAGRAPHING

 

DEVICES OF DEVELOPING PARAGRAPHS

Reasons answer the question why? Why do you think life in villages is more comfortable? You could have reasons as follow:

Reason: Food is fresh from the garden.

Reason: There is no rent and to pay.

Reason: The challange of traffic jam does not exist in the villages.

 

Sample Paragraph

Comparison Paragraphs Organized by Similar Points

Consider the following paragraph:

     The houses in my village and the houses in the town I currently reside have several things in common. First, both are small and have very few people staying in them. For example in the houses in the village, between 5-10 people stay in such houses. Similarly, in the houses in my present reidential area, Faruku, a household has about eight people. A second way in which the two are similar ……..

Comparison Conjunctions

Short Conjunctions Longer Expressions
 

Similarly,

Likewise,

…the same…

…the same as…

…also…

…, too.

both

  

In the same way,

X is similar to Y in that (they)…

X and Y are similar in that (they)…

Like X, Y [verb]…

In like manner,

One way in which X is similar to Y is (that)…

Another way in which X is similar to Y is (that)…

Contrast Conjuctions

Here are some contrast conjunctions that you can use:

Short Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions
However,

In contrast,

By contrast,

…, but

…, yet

  

On the other hand,

even though + [sentence]

although + [sentence]

whereas + [sentence]

unlike + [sentence]

while + [sentence]

nevertheless,

 

When I entered university, I lived in a small town near Ngunjiri. That was the first time I lived alone. I felt it was a feather in my cap. I had nothing but a small bicycle. But I felt happy every day. I wasn’t afraid to lose my shirt because I always lived on a shoestring. I didn’t become hot under the collar because everyone helped me kindly.I found a part-time job in supermarket. The owner was a bit of a stuffed shirt. So I tried to keep his shirt on and to handle our customers with kid gloves.The experience taught me a sense of responsibility.

 

 

 

PUNCTUATION

QUOTATION MARKS

 

She said she was coming then.

 

 

APOSTROPHE

The contraction Apostrophe

The apostrophe is placed where the omitted letter would be in that case.

Type Without contractions Contractions
NOT is not, has not, had not, did not, would not, can not isn’t, hasn’t, hadn’t, didn’t, wouldn’t, can’t
IS she is, there is, he is, it is, Mary is, Jim is, Germany is, who is she’s, there’s, he’s, it’s, Mary’s, Jim’s, Germany’s, who’s
AM I am I’m
WILL I will, you will, she will, we will, they will I’ll, you’ll, she’ll, we’ll, they’ll
WOULD I would, you would, he would, we would, they would I’d, you’d, he’d, we’d, they’d
HAVE I have, you have, we have, they have I’ve, you’ve, we’ve, they’ve
ARE you are, they are, we are you’re, they’re, we’re

The possessive apostrophe

In most cases you simply need to add ‘s to a noun to show possession

Examples

HYPHEN

Examples
Examples
Ø  Hyphens are also used in numbers
Examples
Examples

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. STUDY WRITING
    • SUMMARIES

SUMMARY

How to produce a summary:

1.Read the material to be summarized and be sure you understand it.

2.Outline the major points.

3.Write a first draft of the summary without looking at the material.

4.Always use paraphrase when writing a summary.

5.Target your first draft for approximately 1/4 the length of the original.

6.Never put any of your own ideas, opinions, or interpretations into the summary. This means you have to be very careful of your word choice.

  1. Write in prose – not point form.

 

Describing a person

Example:

Victor Kumasi

We hear about him a lot. He is always the first to arrive in the classroom. This has made him our class teacher’s favourite. When it comes to running, I don’t know what to say; he runs faster than most of the athletes we admire. The only surprising thing is that he never speaks English. Even at that he remains the most loved in the whole school.

 

Describing a place

In describing a place, you need to use your five senses. just consider :

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. CREATIVE WRITING

IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITIONS

Elements of Imaginative Compositions

In order to write a good story, use these important elements:

  1. a) Characters: Refers to those who act in the story. They should be people, animals or objects that think and talk.
  2. b) Setting: Describes time and place of the story for example: classroom, lakeside, town etc.
  3. c) Plot: Refers to the series of actions that the characters go through as they try to solve a problem. In the plot, we have the:
  1. Introduction: This is usually short. It presents the character, the situation or the problem, and part of the setting.
  2. Development: This simply shows how the situation affects the characters and what they do to try and solve the problem.
  3. Conclusion: This shows the solution of a problem. It is usually short. It may lead to a happy, sad or surprise ending.

When writing a story, remember to organise the flow of your events so that the reader’s interest is maintained throughout the story. The element of suspense should also be created and maintained so that the reader will want to find out what is most likely to happen in your story.

You can create suspense by:

  1. Including mystery
  2. Changing the scene
  3. Creating unexpected events
  4. Including dialogue
  5. Giving surprise ending
  6. Moving from one character to another

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. INSTITUTIONAL WRITING

Business Letters Format

Note: Block format looks professional.

Sample Business Letter

 

Kamato Academy,

P.O. Box 789 – 20100,

OGONGO – KENYA

 

January 3rd , 2016

 

The Director

Kamato Academy

P.O. B ox 789 – 20100

OGONGO – KENYA

 

Dear Ms Jane:

 

RE: RESIGNATION FROM KAMATO ACADEMY

 

I am writing to provide formal notice of my resignation from Kamato Academy. My last day will be 31st January this year.

 

I trust four weeks is sufficient notice for you to find a replacement for my position. I would be pleased to help train the person you choose to take my place before I finally leave.

 

Thank you for offering me the job for the past two years. My experience as a teacher, head of various departments and patron of clubs and societies here has been positive and I am confident that I will use most of the skills I have learnt at Kamato Academy in future.

 

If you have any concerns, please let me know. I will be more willing to listen to you.

 

All the best,

 

[sign]

D’Matteo Kichapo

TEACHER ASSISTANT

 

 

Kipchoge Muslims School

P.O. Box  567 – 30300

WAJIR KENYA

 

July, 13th 2016

 

Manager,

Leakey Village Inn

P.O. Box 1234 – 103450

Kirema – Kenya

 

Dear Sir,

Reservation of Rooms for Motivational Camp

I am writing on behalf of the Scouts Club of Kipchoge Muslims School. We are organizing a two-day-one-night motivational camp and have selected your hotel as the venue for the camp. The tentative dates for the camp are 23 and 24 August 2016. We would like to know if you will be able to accommodate us for the period.

Altogether, there will be forty students and four teachers on this trip. We will need two rooms for the teachers (twin sharing). For the students we would need fourteen rooms only (twin sharing as well). Please include an extra bed in each room to accommodate a third person.

We plan to arrive at 2 o’clock in the afternoon of Friday 3 August. We hope you will be able to serve some light refreshments. We will begin our program at 4 p.m. We will require the use of a conference room that can accommodate 40 people. We would like a microphone, projector and screen, a stage and a rostrum. Since the students will be working in groups, we would like eight tables arranged in two rows. We also hope that water can be made available in the room at all times so that students can have a drink right there and do not have to leave the room too often.

Regarding meals, we expect to have dinner at 7 p.m., breakfast at 7 a.m., the next morning and lunch at 11 a.m., just prior to our departure. We hope to be able to check out by midday on Saturday 4 August.

We would like to know your rates for students, and whether you have a special rate for group bookings. Also, what are your charges for the use of the conference room and the equipment? Please let us know if payment can be made by credit card or cheque.

We look forward to hearing from you soon. Please contact us if you need us to furnish you with further details.

Thank you.

Yours faithfully,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

How to Create Posters

Activity

Let  the students choose any of the topics above and design their posters in groups. Ensure there is a balance between the picture and the words. After they finish, allow them pin their posters on the wall.

Exercise

The habit of shirking assignments in your class has become rampant. You don’t like it and you want to design a poster to warn your classmates against it. Design that poster.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

How to Create an Advertisement

Activity

Let the students design their own adverts. They can advertise things like;

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. PERSONAL WRITING

Contents of A Personal Journal

  1. Date
  2. Day
  3. At times, the calendar
  4. Entry

Sample Personal Journal

MY PERSONAL JOURNAL

 

Calendar

February, 2016

Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat

1     2        3     4     5     6

7        8     9       10   11   12   13

14      15   16      17    18  19   20

21      22   23      24    25  26   27

28

(circle/underline the date)

 

ENTRY

Today was particularly my best in the month of February, in fact from January. Can you believe Tom, of all the form two students, has been appointed the new class prefect. This has marked the end of bad news and opened the door to fortunes. I will do all I can to improve that class!

 

I had never given it thought until I was told my name had been mentioned by the deputy principal. It was my friend, Huggies who told me it was me and not any other Tom. Of course I am the only Tom in that great class. I must express my happiness at this. A small, small class prefect in a big, big classroom.

 

My happiness cannot allow me write more than I have written, my dear journal. Let the rest be said tomorrow. Goodnight.

 

 

 

Contents of A Shopping List

  1. A title must have what the shopping is intended for and the words “shopping list”.
  2. Budgeted amount. Write how much you have at hand to do shopping. Don’t use more than what you have. Budget carefully. You can’t also remain with a certain amount. If you are left with too much from what you were to use, it will also mean you don’t know how to budget.
  3. Item category. Items are normally put under different categories. It is a good idea to group related items together for ease in shopping. Items are categorized as;
  1. Write items under the right category.
  2. Write the type of item you want. Prices might also be different. If for example you want to buy juice, write the type you want, for instance, savanna, pineapple. Their prices vary.
  3. Say how many or how much you need to buy. If a liquid use mililitres, litres etc. if solid, grams, kilograms, will do.
  4. Price. The amount to be spent on each item is written in this column.
  5. Total. Write the amount in total to spend. Never spend more than budgeted for.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sample Shopping List

                            BACK TO SCHOOL SHOPPING LIST

BUDGETTED AMOUNT: Sh. 6 100

 

NO ITEM CATEGORY ITEM QUANTITY DESCRIPTION PRICE

IN KSH.
1 Stationery Exercise books

Ruler

Mathematical set

Pens

 8-200 pages

2

1

10

 Crown

Helix

Oxford

Bic

 800

100

300

200
2 Clothing Blouse

Skirt

Cardigan

Neck tie

 1

1

1

1

 Short sleeved

Dark grey

Indigo one

Red stripped

 500

500

600

200
3 Books Set Books 3 The River and the Source

Betrayal in the City

Mstahiki Meya

 600

 

500

 

600

 
4 Drinks Soda

Juice

 3-1 Litre

2 L

 Coke

Delmonte

 300

300
5 Snacks Crackers

Cookies

Pretzel

 50g

100 g

100 gm

 Cheez it

Oreo

Bold Gold

 110

200

200
TOTAL 6010

Expected Balance:                                                                                                     Sh. 90

 

Exercise

You are form two class prefect. Your class is throwing the end of the year class party. Before this happens, there is contribution by all the class members. If the total amount raised is sh. 9 000 which you are supposed to budget for, prepare the shopping list of the item you would buy.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. SOCIAL WRITING

 

 

 

 

 

Sample Invitation Card

Informal Invitation Card

                  Because you have believed in

Them,

Celebrated with them

Loved and encouraged them,

 

We, Ruth Kimani and John Kimani

Ask you to join us in honouring our

Children

 

Jenifer Wanjiku

And

Joseph Njoroge

 

As they celebrate the beginning of

Their adventures together

On Saturday, January 11th , 2016

At 9.00 am

 

Ceremony followed by dinner,

Drinks, and awkward but

Enthusiastic dancing

 

RSVP:

Mr. john Kimani            or       Ms Ruth Kimani

Mobile: 0711111111                 Mobile: 0712121212

 

Formal Invitation Card

           THE FAMILY OF MR AND MRS KAIMOSI

 

             Calls for the contentment of

 Dr/Pst/Mr/Mrs/Ms/Eng/ ……………………………………………..

            Company

            At the marriage of

      Arsenal Chelsea and Migingo Island

             On Saturday, the second of January; 2016

At half past 4.00 in the evening

             At their Kasarani home

Dress as you wish, dine as you like

Dance as you please

 

RSVP:

Mr. Kaimosi                               Mrs Kaimosi

Email: kaimosi4@gmail.com       Phone: 0716602808

 

 

Elements of  Invitation Letters

An invitation letter will include things like:

 

Jehova Jireh School,

P.O. Box 2345 – 30456,

BETHLEHEM –PALESTINE.

 

February 6th, 2016

 

The Chairperson,

NACADA,

P.O. Box 966 – 40500

NEBUCHADNEZER – CANAAN.

 

Dear Mr. Herod:

 

RE: INVITATION TO GIVE A TALK ON DRUG ABUSE

 

On behalf of Environmental Club, Jehova Jire School, it is my pleasure to extend the invitation to our school parents’ day in the school refectory on Friday, 6th March, 2016 at 9.00 am. You are invited to give a talk on drug abuse.

 

Jehova School is one of the three schools in Bethlehem in which students have continued to abuse drugs. However, most of them are ready to respond to what they are told on dangers of hard drugs. Environmental club has been given the power to curb the use of such drugs.

 

I do hope you will be able to confirm your attendance to this invitation. We look forward to your presence at this big day.

 

Yours sincerely,

 

[sign]

Abraham Father Luke – ENVIRONMENTAL CLUB CHAIR

 

 

  1. PUBLIC WRITING
                   SUKUMA WIKI HIGH SCHOOL                  

                TELEPHONE MESSAGE NOTE PAD

DATE: ____________________________

TIME: __________________ AM/PM

TO: ______________________________________

FROM: ____________________________________

TELEPHONE: ___________________________

Telephoned Please call
Called to see you Will call again
Wants to see you Returned your call

 

MESSAGE: ………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

RECEIVED BY: _________________________________________

 

 

Exercise

Your name is Elliot Kumo. As the youth leader in your ward, you have the responsibility of ensuring the garbage in your area are collected by the company known as Matakataka Chafu Garbage Collectors. One day they fail to do that and you decide to call the manager to complain about this and that they should bring the truck the next day to pick up the garbage. Unfortunately, the secretary called Amina Salim picks the call. In a telephone message note pad, write the message Amina will take.

 

 

 

 

Answer

                                 MATAKATAKA CHAFU GARBAGE COLLECTORS

TELEPHONE MESSAGE NOTE PADS

DATE: 15TH January, 2016

TIME: 9.00 AM/PM

TO: Makau Collins – Manager

FROM: Elliot Kamau – Youth Leader, Kijiko Ward

TELEPHONE: 254-720467987

Telephoned √ Please call
Called to see you Will call again
Wants to see you Returned your call

 

MESSAGE: He called to complain about the failure of garbage truck to pick up their garbage today. He is wondering whether the truck could stop tomorrow and pick it up.

 

RECEIVED BY: Amina Salim

SECRETARY

 

Sample Form

 

               EMBE DODO MIXED SECONDARY SCHOOL

          (Email: embdod@yahoo.com, phone: 071666666, Website: www.embedodo.go.ke)

                                             ‘ Making future from the present’

                                               STUDENT’S ADMISSION FORM

INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS

1.      Use black ink only.

2.      Fill all the blanks you are required to.

3.      Complete each section in BLOCK letters.

(a)   Student’s Personal Details

Student’s Name: ………………………………………………………………………

Date of Birth: …………………………………………………………………………..

Gender:    …………………………………

Religion: …………………………………..

Name and classes of brother(s)/sister(s) in school

Sibling’s Name Sibling’s Class

 

(b)   Parent’s Details

Parent/Guardian’s Name: ………………………………………………………………………………..

Profession: …………………………………………………………….

Address: ……………………………………………………………

Mobile Number: ………………………………………………….

(c)    Academic Details

Class in which Admission is sought: ……………………………………………………………………..

KCPE Marks: ……………………………………………………………………..

Last Term Grade: ……………………………………………………………..

(d)   Health

Have you been diagnosed with cancer or HIV/AIDS? Yes/No

If yes for how long ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Do you suffer from any heart disease? Yes/No

(e)    Declaration

I declare that what I have written here is the true and I am responsible for any eventuality that might result from this.

Sign: ­______________________________

Name: ___________________________________________________

Date: ______________________________

 

(f)    For Official use only

Qualified for admission: _________________________

Remarks: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Signature of the officer: _________________________________________

 

How to Write Apology

STEP EXPLANATION EXAMPLE
·        Say you are sorry I am writing to apologize for coming late to school.
·        Clearly state the problem.

·        Explain as much as you can what went wrong.

 My brother was recently admitted at the hospital. This morning no one was left at home with my youngest sibling. She was crying and I had to first wait for any of my relatives to come.
·        Try to solve the problem.

·        Give examples of how you can do this.

 To mend this, I promise to come early from tomorrow. I will let my parents know that the next time they leave they should leave someone behind to babysit the child.
·        Apologize again Again, I am sorry for reporting late. I hope that we can put this issue behind us. I look forward to rebuilding the relationship.

 

 

 

 

Exercise

One of the school rules state: “ONLY English and Kiswahili are the official languages to use at school”. The school head of Languages department has caught you speaking in your mother tongue. Write him the letter, apologizing for your action.

Answer

KEMBOI HIGH SCHOOL

P.O. BOX 434 – 30300

ELDORET – KENYA

 

14TH January, 2016

 

THE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT – LANGUAGES

KEMBOI HIGH SCHOOL

P.O. BOX 434 – 30300

ELDORET – KENYA

 

Dear Mr. Kipchoge:

 

RE: APOLOGY FOR SPEAKING IN MOTHER TONGUE

 

I am sorry for breaking one of the school rules.

 

I knew that speaking in mother tongue is prohibited at school, when I spoke it. I am deeply sorry for acting as though I am above the rules everyone should follow. It was impolite to both you and the other teachers.

 

I promise to obey all the school rules now that I have learnt that no one is above the school rules. It was inappropriate of me to speak the language not acceptable at school. I know that punishment meted on me is completely deserved.

 

Once again, I am sorry for my stupid behavior. I will from now on speak in the two official languages.

I hope our differences have been put behind us and that our relationship remains undamaged.

 

Yours Sincerely,

[signature]

Kimita Keino

FORM 2 STUDENT

 

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