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FORM THREE AGRICULTURE NOTES- MOST RECENT

Maverick John

Livestock Production III

(Selection and Breeding)

 

Introduction

 

The performance of an animal is influenced by two major factors;

 

Reproduction and Reproductive Systems

 

 

 

 

Reproduction in Cattle

 

 

 

 

 

Ovaries and fallopian tubes (oviduct)

 

Fallopian tubes:

The uterus:

The vagina and Vulva:

 

Pregnancy

 

 

Parturition(giving birth)

 

When an animal is about to give birth, it shows signs;-

 

 

Reproduction in Poultry

 

 

The Reproductive System of a Hen

                                                                

Ovary

 

Funnel(infundibulum)

 

Magnum

 

 Isthmus

 

Uterus(shell gland)

Vagina

Cloaca

 

NB;

 

 

Selection of a Breeding Stock

 

 

The degree to which selection affects a character depends on the following factors;

 

 

 

Factors To Consider When Selecting A Breeding Stock.

 

 

Good performance of animal indicated by;

Animals selected should be free from any physical defect

e.g.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Selection in cattle, and sheep,

 

Selection in cattle

Consider the following;

 

Selection in sheep

Consider the following;

Selection in Goats

Consider the following:

Selection in Pigs

Selection in Camels

Method of Selection

These include:

Breeding

Reasons:

Terms Used in Breeding

Inheritance

 

 

Dominant and Recessive Characteristics

Hybrid and Hybrid Vigour

Epistasis

Breeding Systems

Inbreeding

Limitations

Systems of Inbreeding

Outbreeding

 

Reasons:

Limitations

Systems of Outbreeding

Mating of animals from two different pure breeds.

Mating of unrelated animals from the same breed.

Mating where the female of a cow grade stock (locals) is mated with a pure breed sire.

The resultant animal is referred to as a high grade.

Mating in Livestock

Mating in Cattle

Heat Signs

Mating in Pigs

Signs of Heat

Mating in Rabbits

Signs of Heat

Methods of Service in Livestock

Natural Mating

Advantages:

Disadvantages

Artificial  insemination

Advantages

Disadvantages

Embryo Transplant

Steps

– Select superior male and female.

– Stimulate the female to release multiple eggs by injecting it with hormones

– Stimulate the recipient female by injecting it with hormones.

– Inseminate the female donor with semen from a superior male.

-Developing embryos are removed after 7 days.

– Embryos are observed for viability.

– Embryos are stored under liquid nitrogen where they remain viable indefinitely.

– Each embryo is placed into the uterus of the recipient cow

 

Advantages

Disadvantages

Signs of Parturition in Livestock

Parturition in Cattle

Signs of Parturition

Parturition in Pigs

Signs of Parturition

Parturition in Rabbits

Signs of Parturition

Livestock Production IV

(Livestock Rearing Practice)

 

Introduction

Routine livestock rearing practices.

a).      Feeding Practice

These include:

Flushing

Importance of Flushing

Steaming Up

Importance Steaming Up

Creep Feeding

Is the practice of providing young livestock with extra feed of high nutritive value to supplement the mother’s milk.

Piglets

Lambs

Kids

 

Importance of creep feeding

– it helps facilitate early weaning

– desired market weight can be achieved early.

– existing pasture can be used to rear more animals.

– makes the young animals less prone to internal parasites.

Parasite and Disease Control Practices

 

Vaccination

Administration of Vaccination done through:

 

Forms Of Vaccine.

  1. a) Toxoids – are made from toxins that are produced by disease-causing organisms. The toxins are treated with formalin to produce toxoids.

 

  1. b) Live virulent- are living organisms which on being introduced into the body of an animal are capable of causing a disease. Their presence stimulates production of antibodies.

 

  1. c) Dead or killed- consists of disease- causing organisms that are killed.

 

  1. d) Live attenuated- are living disease causing organisms whose ability to cause a disease has been reduced.

Deworming (drenching)

 

 

Hoof Trimming

 

     Importance

 

Docking /tailing

Importance

 

Methods of Docking /tailing  or equipment used for docking.

Dipping and Spraying

 

 

Dusting

 

 

C)Breeding Practices

 

These are practices carried out to enhance successful breeding.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Reasons for Raddling.

– Identify the ewes that have been served.

– Identify the active ram and cull the weak ones.

– Identify the ewes and rams that are infertile.

– Identify the ewes with repeated heat.

 

Identification

 

The practice of putting identification marks labels on farm animals.

– Branding areas include the hock, on the side of the jaws.

Demerits of branding.

– causes a lot of pain.

– indiscriminate branding reduces the quality of the hides and skins.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Importance/ purpose of Identification

 

Debeaking

 

Tooth Clipping

Importance of tooth clipping.

– Avoid injury on teats.

– Control mastitis.

– Avoid piglets hurting each other.

– Prevent cannibalism.

Culling

Reasons for culling in livestock.

– Poor health.

– Age.

– Poor production.

– Have hereditary defects.

– Are not capable of producing young ones.

– To avoid inbreeding.

– Poor mothering ability.

Criterion for culling poor layers in poultry.

– Dull eyes.

– Breasts becomes hard.

– Width between the pelvic bones becomes narrow.

– Combs, wattles and the vent become shriveled.

– Skin colour of the bird changes from white to yellow pigment in the vent, legs and beaks.

Dehorning

Methods of dehorning.

– Use of caustic potash stick (potassium hydroxide).

– Use of disbudding iron.

– Use of dehorning saw or wire.

– Use of rubber ring and elastrator.

– Use of dehorning collodion.

Importance

Shearing

Precautions to observe when shearing.

– Ensure the shearing floor is clean.

– There should be proper drainage of urine and feaces.

– Ensure that the wool is free from grease and other oils.

– Avoid cutting the skin, vulva and the testis.

– Ensure that shears are in good working condition.

Castration

Equipment used for castration.

– Burdizzo.

– Rubber ring with elastrator.

– Knife

– Scapel/surgical blade.

   Importance

Methods Used:

Caponisation

Management During Parturition

       Management of a cow during parturition

Parturition in Sheep

Signs of Parturition in Sheep

After these signs ‘are seen the ewes should be separated from the others.

  1. a) Pen lambing- pregnant ewes are put together in one paddock but are separated as they lamb.
  2. b) Drift lambing- pregnant ewes are kept together but are separated after showing signs of lambing.

 

Reasons why lambs can be disowned by their mothers.

Parturition in Goats

Parturition in Pigs

Signs of Farrowing

After the signs are seen;

Parturition in Rabbits

Signs of Parturition

 

BEE KEEPING (Apiculture)

 

IMPORTANCE OF BEE KEEPING.

  1. i) Production of honey which is a high energy feed, sweetener, medicinal.
  2. ii) The honey and the bees wax are sold to earn income.

iii) They require little capital and land to keep.

  1. iv) Bees are good pollinators for many crops.

 

Types of Bees.

 

  1. a) African wild bee.
  2. b) European bee.

 

Characteristics of African wild bee.

– well adapted to local weather conditions.

– it can fly for long distances to look for nectar.

– it is resistant to bee diseases.

– it is more active in the search of food and water and also protection of the hive.

– it is vicious if manhandled.

 

Characteristics of the European bee.

– more gentle and large.

– less active and vicious.

– it is susceptible to diseases that attack bees.

 

The Bee Colony.

It is made up of 3 types of bees namely:

  1. a) The Queen.

– she lays eggs.

– she ensures the members of the colony live together by production of a pheromone.

  1. b) The Drones.

– they mate with the queen.

– they help to cool the hive by flapping their wings to create free circulation of air.

  1. c) The Workers bees.

– they feed the queen, the drones and the brood.

– protect the hive from intruders.

– collect nectar, pollen, trees resins, gums and water.

– build combs and seal the cracks and crevices in the hive.

– clean the hive.

– make honey and beeswax.

 

Sitting the Apiary.

Factors to consider

  1. i) Availability of water ,beehives should be located near water sources.
  2. ii) Availability of flowers to supply nectar.

iii) A sheltered place to protect the bees from strong sun and wind.

  1. iv) away from disturbances, e.g roads.
  2. v) away from human beings and livestock i.e homesteads, pastures and busy roads.

 

TYPES OF BEEHIVES

  1. a) Log Hive.

(Diagram)

 

  1. b) Box Hive.

It is made of sown timber cut to a length of one metre.

 

  1. c) Kenya Top Bar Hive (KTBH).

It is made of a series of bars arranged to form the top of the hive.

– A top bar can be replaced with the queen excluder to restrict the queen from laying eggs on all the top bars, thus ensuring high quality honey which is not mixed with brood.

 

Parts of The Kenya Top Bar Hive.

  1. Top bars (26 – 27)
  2. Wooden end pieces.
  3. Side pieces.
  4. Bottom piece
  5. Top cover – made of corrugated iron sheets.
  6. Wire loops- to suspend the hive above the ground.

 

ADVANTAGES OF KTBH.

– the top bars can be removed for inspection of the combs and replaced.

– honey combs can be removed without disturbing the brood.

– honey is of high quality as it is harvested without brood combs.

– more wax is harvested as combs are not returned to the hive.

– the hive is easy to construct and repair.

– the hive is cheap to build and does not require expensive equipment to extract honey.

– a queen excluder can be used to separate honey from brood.

 

Tools used in the construction of a KTBH and their uses.

  1. i) tape measure – to get the required sizes of timber.
  2. ii) tin snips – to cut iron sheets.

iii) jack plane – smoothening timber surface.

  1. iv) claw hammer- to drive and remove nails.
  2. v) back saw/tenon saw – fine cutting of top bar edges.
  3. vi) wood chisel – to make entrance holes for bees.

vii) mallet – to drive wood chisel.

viii) hand saw – to cut timber to the required size.

  1. ix) pliers – to cut small wires.
  2. x) wooden mallet – for straightening metal sheets.

 

  1. c) The Langstroth Hive.

It is similar to a box hive but designed with separate chambers for the brood and the honey.

 

Stocking The Hive.

It is the act of encouraging bees to enter an empty hive or actually putting them in it.

Methods used include:

  1. a) use of swarm net.
  2. b) use of a catcher box – a small hive which is placed where it is likely to attract bees.
  3. c) placing a hive in a permanent place and waiting for swarming bees to occupy it.

 

Materials Collected by Bees.

  1. i) Nectar.
  2. ii) Pollen.

iii) Propolis.

  1. iv) Water.

 

Routine Management

Feeding

Reasons for Feeding Bees.

  1. a) To maintain the colony. Well fed bees do not have the tendency to swarm or leave the hive.
  2. b) To encourage multiplication. A well fed queen breeds regularly.
  3. c) To supplement what bees get from flowers. This is done during dry seasons.

Parasites

Control of Parasites

Diseases and Control

Swarming of Bees.

This is a process by which a new bee colony is formed when the queen leaves the colony with a large group of worker bees.

 

Reasons for swarming/absconding.

– shortage of food and water.

– outbreak of diseases and parasites/presence of predators.

– damage of brood/frequent disturbances.

– lack of adequate ventilation/overheating.

– dampness and bad smell.

– sick or infertile queen.

– overcrowding.

– loud noises.

When a new queen is prepared, a cluster of bees take the queen and the drone for the first flight. The first flight when mating takes place is known as the nuptial flight.

Sometimes a cluster of bees decide to leave the hive because of unfavourable conditions. This is called absconding.

 

Precautions to take when handling bees.

– Always approach the hive from the back.

– Use a sharp object to scrap off a bee sting.

– Start opening the top bars when they are docile.

– Avoid provoking bees, e.g. frightening them,else they get wild.

– Be in the right attire when handling bees.

Right gear when handling bees.

– A veil.

– An overall.

– A smoker.

– Gum boots.

– Hand gloves.

 

Harvesting Honey

Factors to consider;

Equipment Used When Harvesting Honey.

– Bee brush – for brushing off bees from the honey combs.

– Hive tool – tool remove the top bars.

– Hive knife – to cut combs with honey.

– Honey container – to receive honey containing combs.

– Smoker – used to puff smoke into and around the hive.

– Container cover – for keeping off bees from the honey container.

– Protective clothing – to prevent attack by bees.

Procedure  of honey harvesting.

 

Reasons why honey harvesting should not be done at night.

– many bees are killed.

– bush fires may start.

– honey may get contaminated.

Honey Processing

procedure

– heat some water in a sufuria.

– put honey combs in an enamel basin or any other container which is not made of iron.

– put the container with honey combs on the boiling water.

– heat until most of the honey melts.

– separate the melted honey from the combs by straining through a muslin cloth.

– keep the honey in a container to cool.

– remove the wax layer that may form on the surface of the honey.

 

The honey combs are crushed and strained using a muslin cloth.

 

Honey is extracted from the combs using a rotational force.

 

Factors determining the quality of honey.

  1. i) method of harvesting used.
  2. ii) time of harvesting, e.g.day or night.

iii) maturity of the honey at the time of harvesting.

  1. iv) method of processing honey.
  2. v) source of nectar that is used in making of honey.

 

Wax Processing.

– put combs whose honey has been extracted into a basin.

– add water to the basin.

– heat the mixture until the wax melts.

– strain the mixture through a muslin cloth.

– squeeze the residue strongly to force the wax out.

– cool the mixture overnight.

– drain the water and remove any foreign materials.

– re- melt the wax over a water bath and put it in a clean container.

 

Uses of Wax.

  1. i) manufacture creams ,ointments, candles shoe and floor polish.
  2. ii) in dentistry to make teeth impression.

iii) in laboratories, in dissection of small insects.

  1. iv) in pharmaceutical, it is used to make pill coatings.

Precautions When Handling Bees

Fish Keeping (Aquaculture)

Introduction

importance of fish farming.

– sold to earn income.

– source of protein.

– fish act as predator to mosquito larvae.

– source of raw materials for manufacture of livestock feeds.

– it requires little land.

– makes fish readily available to people far from natural sources.

 

Types of fish reared in Kenya.

– fresh warm water fish, e.g. tench, bass, carps, blue gill, Nile perch, cat fish and tilapia.

– fresh cold water fish, e.g.trout. It requires flowing water.

 

Requirements for Fish Farming.

– water supply: a permanent source of clean and free flowing to ensure enough oxygen supply.

– slope of land: should be a gently sloping to allow free flow of water.

– type of soil: clay soil is the best because of its ability to retain water for a long time.

– availability of a reliable source of fingerlings (young fish).

 

Establishing a Fish Pond.

  1. a) choose the site where water flows gently from the source.
  2. b) map out/ mark the site using pegs.
  3. c) clear the site remove all vegetation from the pond site.
  4. d) dig out the pond so that its 0.5 m deep on the upper side and 1.5 m deep on the lower side.
  5. e) construct a dyke to contain water inside the pond.
  6. f) construct the inlet and outlet.
  7. g) plant vegetation on the dykes to hold soil firmly.

Major parts of a fish pond.

  1. i) Inlet- it provides the pond with fresh water from the source. A screen of fine mesh is made across the inlet to prevent the entrance of undesirable or strange fish species.
  2. ii) Outlet- it is located at the bottom of the deeper end and is used for draining water during harvesting.

iii) Spillway- it is used to allow excess water back to the river. It is made at the top of the dyke on the lower side of the pond. It prevents water from overflowing the dyke.

 

Stocking the fish pond.

It refers to the introduction of fingerlings into the fish pond.

They are transported in oxygenated containes

They are introduced into the pond by lowering the container into the water and tilting it to allow them to swim away.

 

Care and maintenance of the pond.

Are activities carried out on the pond after draining the pond. They include:

  1. a) repairing the dyke or any structure on it.
  2. b) clean the pond and remove any foreign particles.
  3. c) plant grass where necessary.
  4. d) remove any silt.

e)remove any undesirable vegetation.

  1. f) unblock inlets and outlets.

Management Practices to Ensure Maximum Harvest of Fish

This is done by using the fishing net with correct mesh sizes to avoid catching the fingerlings.

– it acts as a disinfectant against nematodes.

– it reduces the acidity of the water.

– it causes silt to settle at the bottom of the pond.

 

Cropping of fish.

Is the removal of only those fish that have reached market size leaving the younger ones to grow further.

Methods used include:

  1. i) use of baskets.
  2. ii) use of spears.

iii) use of hook and line.

  1. iv) draining the pond.
  2. v) use of seine net.

Advantages of using seine nets

– only the marketable size of fish are caught.

– fish are not injured.

– it ensures a large number of fish are cropped.

Harvesting Fish

Handling fish after harvesting

Maintenance of the Fish Pond

Fish Preservation

Practices before preservation:

Methods of Preservation

 

 

Appropriate Handling of Livestock During Management

Farm Structures

 

Introduction

Construction of Farm Structures

Involves:

Planning for farm structures ;

Consider;

Siting farm structures;

Consider:

 

Site preparation

It involves clearing of bush,grass, vegetation and levelling the ground.

Materials for Construction

Structural Materials and Use

Factors which determine the type of materials to use are;

 

Stones and Bricks

 Advantages

 

Disadvantages

Plastic and Synthetic Materials

These include;

Advantages

Disadvantages

Wood (Timber)

Advantages

Disadvantages

 

Concrete

Uses

 

Advantages

These materials are;

Disadvantages

 

Animal handling structures

 

Dips

Are used to control ticks. They are of two types namely the plunge dip and machakos dip.

  1. a) Plunge dip

It ensures that animals plunge or dive into the acaricide solution getting completely immersed.

 

Factors to consider when sitting a cattle dip.

– availability of water.

– drainage of the place. It should not have a natural depression.

– availability of enough space to allow the construction and disposal of waste.

– centrally located to prevent animals walking long distances.

 

Roles of the various parts of a plunge dip.

  1. i) collecting/holding yard.

– it holds animals awaiting dipping.

– the floor is made of stones or rough concrete to enhance removal of mud from the hooves.

  1. ii) footbath

– it washes animal hooves to remove mud.

– it also contains a chemical solution to control foot rot.

iii) the jump.

– it is a narrow entrance that allows animals to jump into the dip tank one at a time.

 

Farm Buildings

Factors to be considered in site selection;

 

 

 

Types of farm buildings

 

 

Parts of a building

 

 

 

Include;

 

 

 

Include;

Fences

Types of Fences

Fencing Practice

Gate Posts, Gates and Strainer Units

 

Steps in Fencing

 

 

 

Agricultural Economics II

(Land Tenure and Land Reforms)

Introduction

Land Tenure

Land Tenure System

Collective Tenure Systems

This includes:

Communal Tenure Systems

Advantages of Communal Tenure

Disadvantages of Communal Tenure

Co-operative Tenure System

 

Advantages of Co-operative Tenure

 

Disadvantages of co-operative tenure.

 

 

 

 

State ownership

Examples in Kenya;

 

Advantages of state ownership

Disadvantages

Individual Tenure system

The various forms of individual land tenure are;

 

Owner operator

Advantages

Disadvantages

Plantation and concession

Advantages

Disadvantages

Landlordism and tenancy

and that serves as a security of tenure to the tenant.

Advantages

Disadvantages

Land Reforms

Definition

Forms of Land Reform

Land Consolidation

 

The objective of land consolidation are :

 

Land Fragmentation and Sub-division

 

Land Adjudication and Registration

 

Importance of land title deed

 

 

 

Land Settlement and Resettlement

 

Definition

Objectives

Soil and Water Conservation

 

Introduction

Soil Erosion

Factors Influencing Soil Erosion

Agents of Erosion

 

 

Types of Erosion

For example;

 

Soil Erosion Control Measures

Soil conservation measures can be classified into:

Biological or Cultural Control Measures

These measures are applicable where land slope is between 2-12%.

 

Physical or Structural Control Measures

They include:

 

Importance of a Bench Terrace: –   

Water from the trench should be discharged into;

They retain the water for some time.

 

Water Harvesting Methods

 

This should be done using the following methods:

 

 

Micro-Catchments

Types of Microcatchments;

 

Use of Micro-Catchments

Weeds and Weed Control

Introduction

Definition:

Harmful Effects of Weeds

Factors Contributing to the Competitive Ability of Weeds

Weed Classification

It is based on:

Weed Identification

 

Common Name           Botanical Name

Weed Control Methods

The methods of weed control determined by:

 

METHODS OF WEED CONTROL INCLUDE:

 

Chemical Weed Control–

Classification of Herbicides

Based on:

Methods of Herbicide Application

Safety Measures in the Use of Chemicals

 

Advantages of Chemical Weed Control

Disadvantages of Chemical Weed Control

 

Mechanical Weed Control

 

Tillage/Cultivation

Advantages

Disadvantages

Slashing/Mowing–

Uprooting

Cultural Weed Control

It involves the following practices:

Biological Weed Control

Examples are:

 

Legislative Weed Control/ Quarantine

Crop Pests and Diseases

 

Introduction

Crop Pests

Definition of a Pest:

 

Classification of Pests

Pests are classified according to the following:

 

Identification of Common Pests

Name of Pest Crop Attacked Damage Done Control Measures
Armyworms (i) Cereal crops Defoliate the (i) Early planting
(Spodoptera (ii) Sugar cane whole plant (ii) Use of effective insecticides
exempta) (iii) Grasses      
Cut worms Young seedlings Cut the seedlings (i) Early planting
(Agrotis Spp.)     at the stem base (ii) Use of soil applied insecticides
          (fumigants)
        (iii) Flood/irrigation
Boll worms Cotton, tomatoes, Eat and destroy (i) Crop rotation
(Heliathis migera) citrus, maize, the fruits and (ii) Field hygiene
  beans, millet, other seeds (iii) Spraying with insecticides
  legumes   (iv) early planting
Maize stalk borer Maize sorghum Destruction of the (i) Early planting
(Busseola fusca)     stem and young (ii) Field hygiene
and     growing tissues (iii) Crop rotation
(Chilo partellus)       (iv) Use of stalk borer dust.
Loopers Coffee Make windows in (i) Use of effective insecticides.
(Ascotis selena ria)     crop leaves (ii) Use of parasitic wasps, birds
          and chameleons
Leaf Miner Coffee Make mines in (i) Use of parasitic wasps (natural
( Leucoptera     the leaves   enemies)
meyricki and L.     reducing (ii) Use of effective insecticides.
caffeina)     photosynthetic    
      area.    
Stainers Cotton Stain the cotton (i) Use of parasitic tachinid flies
(Dysdercus spp.)     lint reducing (ii) Spraying with insecticides.
      quality (iii) Control alternate hosts.
        (iv) Crop rotation
Aphids Several crops such (i) Transmit (i) Natural enemies for example,
(Aphis spp.) as citrus, maize, viral diseases.   lady birds
  cotton, beans. (ii) Suck out (ii) Overhead irrigation
  cabbages and sap leading (iii) Use of insecticides
  others to stunted    
      growth.    

 

Other Crop Pests Include:

Harmful Effects of Crop Pests

Control of Pests

Before any control measure is effected ,the following should be considered:

Methods of Controlling the Pests

Cultural Methods:

These include:

Chemical Control

Classification of Pesticides:

Pesticides are classified on the basis of:

 

Mode of Entry

Mode of Action

Target Pests

Formulation .

Factors That Affect the Efficiency of Pesticides

Advantages of Chemical Pest Control

Disadvantages of Chemical Pest Control

Mechanical Pest Control/Physical

Example:

Biological Pest Control

Predator           Target Pest

 

Advantages

Disadvantages

 

Integrated Pest Management

 

Legislative Method/Quarantine

Crop Disease And Their Control

Economic importance of crop diseases

 

Classification  and identification of plant disease

 

Fungal diseases;

Parasitic fungi divided into;

Examples of fungal disease

 

 

  Examples of fungal disease

 

Disease/cause Crops attacked Symptoms of attack Control measures
Late blight

(Phytopthora

infestans)

 Members of

Solanaceae family

(potatoes, tomatos)

 Dry patches on the leaves and fruits (necrotic lesions) -Crop rotation

-effective fungicides

-treated seeds

-resistant varieties

 
Rusts (Pucinia spp) Rice, wheat , sorghum, maize Red and brown pistules on the leaves, shriveled grains -resistant varieties

-Recommendedfungicides

-Early planting
Smuts(Ustilago spp) Wheat,maize,

sugarcane

 Black powder mass on the spikes and the ear -Field hygiene,

-certified seeds,

-resistant varieties,

-crop rotation
Blasts(Piricularia oryzae) Rice -Small blue sports on leaves with grey centre.

-Attack inflorescence to cause ‘’empty heads’’

 -Seed dressing

-Resistant varieties eg        sindano

-Destruction of affected plants

-fungicides
Coffee Berry Disease(CBD) (Colletotrichum coffeanum) Coffee -Dark blotches spots on   the flowers

-Brown concentric rings on the leaves

-Dark sunken wounds on the berries.

 -Resistant varieties eg Ruiru 11

-Proper pruning

-Effective fungicides

-strippung

 

 

Bacterial Diseases

Symptoms of Bacterial Diseases

 

 

Examples of bacterial diseases

 

Disease/Cause Crops Attacked Symptoms of Attack Control Measures  
Halo blight Beans i. Irregular dark lesions on 1. Use of resistant varieties  
(Pseudomonas     leaves and pods.   for example Wairimu. ,
phaseolicola)   ii. Yellow band round the ii. Effective fungicide.  
      lesions called “halo”. iii. Crop rotation  
    iii. Water soaked lesions      
Fusarium wilt Tomatoes l. Stunted growth. i. Use of resistant varieties.  
(Fusarium   ii. Yellowing and shedding      
oxysporum)     of leaves.      
    iii. Wilting of the plant.      
Black arm Cotton i. Small round spots on the i. Field hygiene.  
(Anthomonas     cotyledons of young ii. Use of certified seeds.  
malvacearum)     seedlings.      
    ii. The spots elongate to      
      form black lesions on the      
      stem.      
Bacterial wilt Tomatoes and Uniform. wilting of the whole i. Use of certified seeds.  
(Pseudomonas potatoes plant even with enough ii. Crop rotation.  
solanacearum)   water.      

 

 

Viral Diseases

Symptoms of Viral Infection

Transmission

Viral diseases

 

Disease/Cause crops Attacked Symptoms of Attack Control Measures
Ratton stunting Sugar cane Red discoloration on the vascular I. Use of clean materials.
    bundles. 11. Treatment of seed
          canes.
Maize streak Maize Yellow stripes alternating with i. Control leaf hopper.
    green, parallel to the midrib. ii. Use if certified seeds.
        iii. Field sanitation.
Greening Citrus i. Yellow mottling of the leaves. i, Use of clean tools when
disease   ii. Die back.   budding.
    iii. Premature leaf fall. 11. Control of insect vectors.
Leaf mosaic Suzgar cane, i. Yellow mottling. i. Control of aphids.
  cassava. sweet II. Necrosis of stem. ii. Use of clean materials.
  potatoes.     iii. Seed treatment.
Tristeza Citrus I. Dwarfing of plants. i. Stripping affected fruits.
    ii. Die back. ii. Use of clean equipment
          of budding.

 

Other Causes of Crop Diseases

Control of Crop Diseases

Legislative Method

Chemical Control

Chemical control measures include:

 

 

Crop Production VI

(Field Practices II)

 

Introduction

Definitions:

Maize

Seedbed Preparation

Field Maintenance:

 

 

Pest Control

Disease Control:

Harvesting

Bulrush Millet

Areas where grown:

Ecological Requirements

Seed Bed Preparations

Planting:

Field Maintenance:

Pest Control

      Birds

Disease Control

Ergot

Downy Mildew

Harvesting

Finger Millet

Ecological Requirements

Varieties:

 

Land Preparations

Field Operations

Planting

Fertilizer Application

Weed Control

Pest Control:

Disease Control

Head blast:

     Harvesting

 

Sorghum

Ecological Requirements

  Varieties

Field Operations

  Planting

  Fertilizer Application

 Pest Control

 

Disease Control

       Common sorghum diseases include:

       Smuts are controlled by seed dressing-while the other diseases are controlled by growing resistant varieties.

Harvesting

 

Beans

Ecological Requirements

Varieties

Varieties for dry beans:

Variety for canning: Mexican 142.

Varieties for French Beans:

Seedbed Preparation

Seed Selection and Treatment

Planting

Field Maintenance

PestControl

 

Diseases Control

Harvesting

 

Rice Production

Areas where grown;

Land Preparation

Water Control

Fertilizer Application

Flooding in Rice

Flood water in rice production is important for the following reasons;

Weed Control

Harvesting of Industrial Crops

Harvesting of Cotton

Stage of harvesting

Method and Procedure

Precautions

Harvesting of Pyrethrum

Stage of harvesting

Methods and Procedure

Precaution

Harvesting Sugarcane

Stage of harvesting;

Methods and Procedures

Precaution

Harvesting of Coffee

Stage of harvesting;

Methods and Procedures;

Precautions

Harvesting Tea

Stage of harvesting

Method and Procedures

Precautions

Forage Crops

 

 

Introduction

 

Classification of Pastures

Examples of grasses

Examples of legumes;

 

Pasture Establishment

 

Seedbed Preparation

 

 

Selection of planting materials

 

Treatment of legume seeds

Planting

Methods of sowing are;

 

Oversowing

This is introduction of a pasture legume in an existing grass pasture.

Undersowing

The establishment of a pasture in an already existing crop which acts as a cover crop.

Seeds  rate depend;

Apply phosphatic fertilizer when planting and later top-dress  with nitrogenous fertilizer.

 

Pasture management

Pasture Utilization

It is utilized through the following methods:

 

Common fodder Crops

Edible Cana

Napier Grass

Management:

Types of Napier Grass:

Lucerne

Mangolds

Kales

Guatemala Grass

Sorghum Grass

Two varieties:

Desmodium (Desmodium spp)

Two varieties ;

Agroforestry, trees used as fodder crops include:

Forage Conservation

Forage can be conserved as;

Importance of forage conservation:

Methods

Hay Making

Steps in hay making:

Factors Determining Quality of Hay

Silage Making

Steps in silage making:

Factors Affecting the Quality of Silage

Standing Forage

Livestock Health III: (Diseases)

 

Introduction

Livestock diseases are classified according to causative agents as follows:

Protozoan Diseases

East coast Fever

Symptoms

Control and Prevention

 

Anaplasmosis (gall sickness)

 

Animals attacked:

 

Cause: Protozoan (Anaplasma marginale)

Symptoms

Control

 

Coccidiosis of Poultry

Symptoms

Control

Trypanosomiasis (Nagana)

Symptoms

Control

 

Bacterial Diseases

Fowl Typhoid

Symptoms

Control

Foot Rot

Symptoms

 

Control

Contagious Abortion (Brucellosis/ Bang‘s Disease)

Symptoms

Control

Scours (white Scours)

Symptoms

Control

Black Quarter

Symptoms

Control

Mastitis

Pre–disposing Factors:

Symptoms

Control

Anthrax

Symptoms

Pneumonia

Cause:

Symptoms

Control

 

Viral Diseases

Rinderpest

Symptoms

Foot and Mouth Disease

Symptoms

Control

New Castle

Symptoms

Control

FowlPox

Symptoms

Two types of fowl pox with different symptoms.

The cutaneous type affects the skin and has the following signs:

The diptheritic type affects internal membranes and has the following symptoms:

Control

Gumboro

Symptoms

Control

African Swine Fever

Symptoms

Control

Nutritional Diseases/Disorders

Milk Fever

Causes:

Symptoms

Treatment

Note: The animals suffering from milk fever should not be given medicine orally for the following reasons:

Control

Bloat

Symptoms

Control

Feeding ruminants with dry roughages during the wet season before grazing on lush

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