311/1

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

PAPER 1

TIME: 2½ hours

FORM FOUR MOKASA 2 EXAMINATION WITH MARKING SCHEME

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

Paper 1

Section A (25 marks)

1. Identify one period in history                                                            (1 mark)

•      Pre-history
•      History

Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)

2.    Identify any one type of government that existed in Kenya during the pre-colonial                                                                                     (1 mark)

•    Kingdoms/monarchy
•    Chiefdoms/Chieftaincy
•            Council of Elders

Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)

3.    Identify  one  cultural  practice   which  was  introduced  by  the Cushites  to the      Bantu  communities in                                                                      (1 mark)

•      Circumcision
•      Taboo against eating fish
•            Age set system
• Cattle breeding

Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)

4.    Give two reasons why the Portuguese attempt to introduce Christianity to the     coastal people failed between 1500-1700 AD.                                             (2 marks)

•      Harsh and cruel administration
•      Were anti-social as they failed to mix freely with the locals/ lived in segregated            settlements
•            Islamic dominance at the coast
• Rebellion from the local people
•      They never made any attempt to spread Christianity.
• Christianity was not accommodative to the African culture compared to Islam
• They were few and never made any impact socially

Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

5.    Identify one person who qualifies to be Kenyan citizen by birth. (1 mark)

•      If he or she is born in/outside Kenya by parents who are citizens of Kenya.
•      A child found in Kenya who is less than eight years and whose nationality and            parentage cannot be ascertained is assumed/ becomes a Kenyan citizen.
•            A person who is a Kenyan citizen but ceased to be a Kenyan citizen by acquiring         citizenship of another country as per the earlier constitution can regain             citizenship through application.

Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)

6.    State two constitutional amendments made in the Kenya constitution in 1991.                                                                                                                               (2 marks)

•      Repealing of section 2A of the constitution legalizing multi partysm
•      The presidency was limited to two, five year terms
•            Presidential candidate must attain 25% votes cast from five of the eight         

Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

7.    Identify one characteristic of Human Rights.                                              (1 mark)

•      They apply equally to all people/universal
•      They have limitations.
•            They are indivisible/ inherent.
• Their application may be suspended g. in war/derogation of human rights.
•      One can enjoy as long as he does not interfere with the rights of others.
• They are enshrined in the constitution.
• They are inalienable.
• They are a precondition of peace and stability in the society and form the basis of

Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)

8.    Give two reasons that made the British to use direct rule in administering some     parts of Kenya.                                                                                              (2 marks)

•      Most communities did not have a centralized administrative system thus the       British appointed chiefs.
•      There were many ethnic groups with diverse socio-cultural systems which made it      difficult for the British to apply indirect rule.
•            Most communities resisted the British rule and so they had to be controlled            
• There was an existing system of direct rule used by the Imperial British East       Africa Company on which the British built their administration.
•      The British had enough administrators.
• The British had enough funds for administration

Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

9.    State the first African nationalist newspaper that published African grievances in     the 1920s.                                                                                                       (1 mark)

•      Muiguithania/Reconciler

Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)

10.    Give the main objective of political parties which were formed in Kenya after 1945.                                                                                                                                   (1 mark)

•      To demand for their independence/ Decolonization

Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)

11.    State one grievance raised by the Settlers in Kenya that was addressed by the     Devonshire White Paper 1923.                                                                     (1 mark)

•      They wanted the Kenyan highlands to be exclusively reserved for the whites.
•      They wanted more independence from Britain/Internal self-rule.
•            They wanted restriction on Indian immigration into Kenya.
• They never wanted Asians to be represented in the Legislative Council.

Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)

12.    State two roles of Daniel arap Moi in Education development in Kenya between     1979 and 2002.                                                                                               (2 marks)

•      Introduction of 8-4-4 system of education
•      Introduction of the school milk /feeding programme in 1979
•            Expansion of primary /Secondary  schools
• Increase of Public universities.
•      Expansion of tertiary institutions
• Introduction of cost sharing in education    

Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

13.    Give two sources of electoral regulations in Kenya.                                  (2 marks)

•      The Constitution
•      The Election Offence Act
•            The Local Government Act/the County Government act
• The National Assembly and Presidential Elections Act

Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

14.     Identify two functions of the National Intelligence Service (NIS) in Kenya.                                                                                                                                               (2 marks)

• It collects intelligence information on threats to State Security.
•    It keeps the State informed on the feelings of the people towards the government         and its policies.
•            It gathers information on external threats to the nation

Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

15.    Name the education commission that recommended introduction of a totally          integrated quality education and training in Kenya.                                   (1 mark)

•      Davy Koech Commission

Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark)

16.    State two principles of the Devolved Government in Kenya.                     (2 marks)

•      It is based on democratic principles
•      It is founded on the doctrine of separation of powers
•            There has to be a reliable source of revenue to enable it govern and deliver       services effectively
• It should ensure gender balance in their representative bodies

Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

 

 

17.    State two functions of the controller of budget in Kenya.              (2 marks)

•      Giving authority on the withdrawals from public funds such as the Equalization,        Consolidated and Revenue Funds.
•      Overseeing the implementation of the Budgets at both the County and National   
•            Submitting to each house of parliament a report on the implementation of the       budget of both the County and National Governments.

Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks)

Section B (45 marks)

18. (a)      Identify five results of the migration and settlement of the Cushites into                                     Kenya during the pre-colonial period                                               (5 marks)

•    Their settlement led to increased rivalry  and conflict over control of resources
•    Those who were Muslims spread the religion into areas where they settled.
•            They displaced some communities in areas where they settled like the Pokomo   and the Mijikenda from Shungwaya.
• They introduced livestock farming into areas where they settled.
•    They intermarried with communities whom they came in contact with.
• There was increase in population in areas where they settled.
• There were increased trading activities between them and their neighbours.
• Bantu borrowed some practices from them like circumcision and, age set system
• Some communities borrowed the art of iron working from them.
•    They acquired mixed farming from the Bantu.
• It led to population re-distribution

Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks)

            (b)       Describe the political organization of the Mijikenda during the 19^th century.                                                                                                                                             (10 marks)

• The family was the smallest political unit headed by the father
• They had a decentralized type of government
• The Mijikenda were organized into clans with many sub clans
• The clans were headed by council of elders
• Each clan lived in protected villages known as Kaya
• Young men became members of age – sets after going through circumcision and there after took part in political activities.
• Senior age –set members made up the governing council called Kambi
• The council was responsible for the administration  of a clan
• Council meetings were chaired by headmen
• The junior age- set members made up the warrior group for defending the community

Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)

19. (a)      State five written evidence to show that there was contact between the East                            African coast and the outside world.                                                (5 marks)

•      The Graeco Roman documentary
•      The Periplus of the Erithrean Sea
•            The Ptolemy Geography- written by Claudius Ptolemy in the 5^th
• The Christian Topography written by Cosmas Indicopleaustes
•      Accounts of Arab travellers like Al Masudi, Al Idrisi and Ibn Batuta
• Several documented Swahili histories and chronicles
• Natural history by Pliny

Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks)

           (b)       Explain five social impact of the Indian Ocean Trade on the people of East                                     African Coast.                                                                                    (10 marks)

•    Muslim traders converted Africans to Islam.
•    Foreign architecture was introduced to the region by the traders.
•            Islamic culture was introduced like way of dressing, education and eating habits.
• It led to the development of towns and city states due to lucrative and profitable
•    Arab merchants intermarried with the local Bantu communities giving rise to the           Swahili community.
• A class of rich merchants emerged after benefitting from trade like Chief Kivoi.
• Increased demand for slaves led to warfare among African communities.
• Change of social roles in the society due to enslavement of people
• Emergence of Kiswahili as a new language of communication as locals interacted            with foreigners
•    Settlement of Arabs/foreigners at the coast.

Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)

20. (a)       Identify five factors for the rise of Independent Churches in Kenya during                                     the colonial period.                                                                            (5 marks)

• To develop worship pattern that are relevant to their needs
•      To avoid being discriminated against in the missionary churches
•            To preserve their cultural heritage this was being threatened by European
• To provide a forum for cultural activities
•      Some Africans claimed to have had revelation from God to establish their own           churches
• To get positions of leadership in Church
• Some Africans perceived White missionaries as colonialist since they paved

      way for the colonialists/the flag followed the cross.

Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks)

            (b)       Explain five roles of Professor Wangari Mathai in environmental                                                conservation.                                                                          (10 marks)

•    She was the founder of the Green Belt movement to fight environmental     degradation
•    She was involved in tree planting activities in the country.
•             She safeguarded Karura forest from destruction by private developers
• She succeeded in stopping the proposed construction of a sixty storey Kenya     Times Media Trust complex at Uhuru park
•    She served as an assistant minister for Environment, Natural resources and     Wildlife
• Chair of the Board, the Green Belt Movement (2002-2011)
• She fought against land grabbing and the encroachment of agriculture into the forests
• Addressed international networks like UN to seek support for environmental     conservation                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
• She held seminars to educate citizens to press the government to conserve the           environment
•    She won the Nobel Prize for her efforts in environmental conservation

Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)

21. (a)     State five roles of National Philosophies on economic development. (5 marks)

•   It has promoted peaceful co-existence among Kenyan communities.
•   Expansion of educational facilities like schools
•            Expansion of medical facilities
• Expansion of the Jua kali sector to create employment.
•   Development of the rural areas through district focus for rural development.
• Development of sporting activities through the building of stadiums/ stadia.
• Expansion of agriculture.
• Environmental conservation was done through tree planting and construction of
• Construction of infrastructures like bridges.
•   It encouraged mutual social responsibility by being mindful of other people’s            
• Has helped in the re- distribution of wealth between the rich and the poor.

Any 5 points @ 1mark each (5 marks)

            (b)       Explain five challenges facing the health sector in Kenya. (10 marks)

• Inadequate funding by the government which has resulted into provision of poor services.
• Corruption in the health sector has made it difficult for the government to provide equipment/facilities/medicine required.
• Inadequate hospitals/dispensaries/health centres makes it difficult for                    many people to access health services/high population.
• Poor payment/remuneration or health workers has demoralized them                    hence making them less productive/Brain drain
• Frequent/industrial unrests by health workers has resulted into death/suffering of many patients.
• Inadequate facilities/equipment’s has made it difficult for the public to access quality services.
• Poor supervision of health workers has led to infiltration of the sector by unqualified health providers.
• The spread of HIV/AIDS pandemic/terminal diseases like cancer has increased the cost of treatment/medication.
• Poverty/cost sharing policy has hindered some people from accessing health services/expensive.
• Unforeseen rate of accidents/injuries has strained the scarce resources.

Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks)

Section C (30 marks) 

22. (a)      Identify three rights of the youth in Kenya.                                    (3 marks)

•    Right to access to relevant education and training.
•    Right to associate, be represented and participate in political, social, economic             and other spheres of life.
•            Right to access to employment.
• Right to protection from harmful cultural practices and exploitation.

Any 3 points @ 1 marks each (3 marks)

(b)       Explain six political responsibilities of a Kenyan citizen.               (12 marks)

• Respecting other citizens, their views to ensure peaceful co- existence.
• Exercising one’s voting rights during presidential, parliamentary civic elections and referendum to enhance democracy.
• Taking part in community policing and volunteering information about criminal activities to the police to enhance security
• Offering positive criticism to the government to promote good governance/ Participating in constitution making process and referendum
• Participating in meetings organized by government official and other community leaders to ensure effective implementation of policies.
• Obeying the laws of the country to promote peace and harmony
• Offering oneself/candidature for election

Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks)

23.       (a)       State three functions of the Cabinet in Kenya.                   (3 marks)
    • It performs any duties delegated to it by the president.
    • It appoints board members of the parastatals in their respective ministries.
    • It initiates new bills/government bills which are debated in the parliament.
    • It formulates policies/programmes of the government and interprets them to the people.
    • The coordinate/control activities in the respective ministries.
    • It updates the president on the progress of activities taking place in the ministries.
    • It advises the president on matters pertaining to the administration/governance of            the country.
    • Through the minister for Finance, it prepares the budget which shows government expenditure/sources of revenue.
    • Provide parliament with full and regular report concerning matters under their control.

Any 3 points @ 1 mark each (3 marks)

            (b)       Explain six circumstances that can make a member of parliament lose his or                                her seat.                                                                                             (12 marks)

•    If one ceases to be a Kenyan citizen.
•    If one is declared bankrupt by a court of law.
•            If one receives a jail term exceeding six months or a death penalty from a court of   
• If one is found to have committed an election offence and had his or her elections
•    If one resigns from the National Assembly in writing to the speaker.
• If one is found to be of unsound mind.
• If one resigns from the party that sponsored him or her to parliament.
• If one defects from one party to another.
• If one fails to attend eight consecutive sessions of parliament without the     speaker’s permission.
•    If one who was elected to parliament as an independent candidate but decides to            join a political party.

Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks)

24. (a)      Identify three relationships between the County and the National                                               Government in Kenya.                                                                      (3 marks)

• There is mutual respect in exercising/performance of their powers
•    The national government assists or supports the county government as     appropriate
•            They should implement legislations of other level of government
• They liaise for the purposes of exchanging or coordinating policies
•    They co-operate in the performance of functions/exercise of power through setting                 up of joint committees.
• They set up mechanisms of settling disputes
• The National Government has powers to intervene in a County Government if it is unable to perform its functions.
• The National Government through the president may suspend the County

Any 3 points @ 1 mark each (3 marks)

            (b)       Explain six challenges faced by the National Government in revenue                                          collection                                                                                                (10 marks)

•    Many individuals and organizations evade the payment of taxes.
•    In wealth declaration people and companies give wrong information thus     reducing the amount to be taxed.
•            Embezzlement of funds by individuals responsible with revenue collection.
• Rich individuals at times keep their money in foreign banks instead of investing in Kenya.
•    In some cases officers responsible with collecting revenue collude with some     citizens to cheat about their income.
• People have negative attitude towards paying tax
• Loans from developed countries are charged high interests
• Donor governments give tough conditions to be met before getting donor funds

Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks)

KCSE PREDICTOR 1
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
TIME: 2 HOURS
SECTION A (30 MRKS)
1.Differentiate between olericulture and pomoculture as used in crop production .(1mrk) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.Give four method of farming (2mrks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3.Give two examples for each of the following types of cost incurred in broiler production .
a) Variable cost ( 2 marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) fixed cost (2 marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4.Give four advantages of crop rotation .(2mrk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5.State four factors that that should be considered when classifying crop pest (2mrks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. a) Name four pieces of information contained in a land title deed (2mks
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) Name two forms of collective land tenure system. (1mk
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. List four post – harvest practices that are carried out in maize production (2mks
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. What is opportunity cost? (1/2 mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9.Outline four ways of improving lab our productivity (2mks
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. State four factors that can affect the efficiency of pesticides (2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 4
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
11 List four sites on which agro forestry trees can be established on a farm. (2mks
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12.Give four advantages of using seeds over vegetative materials. (2 mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
13.State four features that should be considered when choosing water pipes for use on the farm. (2 mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
14.Give three reasons why primary cultivation should be done early before the onset of the rains(1 ½ )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
15. Give four suitable characteristics of plants used as green manure. (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 5
SECTION B: (20 marks)
Answer all the questions in the section in the spaces provided.
16. The diagram below shows a pest and the damaged crop study it and answer the questions that follow.
a) Identify the pest illustrated above (1mk
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) Explain two ways of controlling the pest (2mks
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
c) State two ways in which the pest economically important. (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
17. a) Distinguish between straight and compound fertilizers. (1mk
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 6
b) A farmer applied 200kg of C A N (20%N) per hectare maize crop. Calculate the amount of
Nitrogen applied on his 5 hectare crop. Show your working (4mks
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
18The diagram below shows a maize cob attacked by a certain disease. Study it and then answer the following questions.
a) Identify the disease (1 Mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Name two causal organism of the disease. (1 Mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) State three cultural methods of controlling the disease. (3 Mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
19. Below is a graphical representation of a law in agricultural economics. Study the graph carefully
and answer the questions that follow.
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 7
1400
1200
1000 Phase I Phase II Phase III
800
600
400
200
0 20 40 60 90 100
Fertilizer input (50kg bags)
a) State the law illustrated by the graph (2mk
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) Explain how each additional unit of fertilizer input relates to the total output of maize in
phases II and III .( 2 mks)
Phase II
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Phase III (1mk
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 8
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) State the importance of the law identified in ( I ) above to the maize farmer (1mk
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
SECTION C ( 40MARKS)
Answer any two questions in this section in the spaces provided
20a) Explain five factors that should be considered in farm planning. (10 Mks)
b) Describe transplanting of tomatoes seedling. (10 Mks)
21Describe paddy rice production under the following sub-headings.
i) Land preparation (2 Mks)
ii) Water control (2 Mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
iii) Fertilizer application (2 Mks)
iv) Weed control (2 Mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 9
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) Explain how each of the properties of rainfall and light influence crop production.
i) Rainfall (8 Mks)
ii) Light
c) Explain four factors that should be considered when sitting a vegetable nursery. (4mks)
22a) Describe six advantages of rotational grazing (6mrks)
b)Explain eight ways in which soil fertility can be maintained (8mrks)
c) Explain six reasons for pruning coffee.(6mrks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 10
KCSE PREDICTOR 1
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
TIME: 2 HOURS
SECTION A
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION IN THE SPACES PROVIDED
d) Name two dairy goat breeds found in Kenya. (1 Mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
e) Outline four reasons for maintaining farm tools and equipment in good condition. (2 Mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
f) Outline two predisposing factors of foot rot. (1 Mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
g) Name two rules that should be observed when milking. (1 Mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
h) Outline two duties of a worker bee in a colony of bees. (1 Mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 11
i) Study the table below fill in the blanks to show the term used to refer to parturition and young ones of the following animals. (2 Mks)
Type of animal
Act of parturition
Term to refer to the young one
Cattle
Calving
Calf
Goats
…………………………………
…………………………………..
pig
………………………………….
…………………………………..
j) State four harmful effects of ticks. (2 Mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
k) State four desirable factors to consider when siting a fish pond. (2 Mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Name the most appropriate tools used in the following operations
a) Removing metal chippings in file (1mrk )
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) Cutting wood along grains (1mrk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
c) Branding (1mrks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. State four characteristic of Boran cattle (2mrks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 12
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
11. Name three methods of out breeding in livestock production ((1 ½ marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
12 .What do you understand by the following terms as used I animal production .
a) Caponisation (1mrk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Bullock (1mrk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
c. Epistasis(1mrk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
13State four control measures of a liver fluke in livestock. (2 marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 13
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
14What is “dry cow therapy” in dairy cattle management?
(1/2 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
15State four causes of stress in poultry. (2 marks)
16.Distinguish between mothering ability and prolificacy as used in livestock breeding.( 1mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
17 Name two sources of protein for livestock nutrition. (2 marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
18State four signs of parturition shown by a in calf cow. (2 marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
SECTION B ( 20 mks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 14
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
19The diagram below shows a certain practice carried out on pig
1. Identify the practice illustrated above (1mrk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Draw another illustration depicting pig number 37(1mrk)
3. Name the tool used to carry out the practice illustrated above (1mrk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. State two other method of identifying piglet (2mrks)
i)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
ii)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
20. The diagrams below show some farm tools. study them and answer the question that follow.
K
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 15
a) Name the tools.
(2 marks)
A
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
B
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
C
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
W
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
v) State the functional differences between tools K and W. (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) What advantage does C have over A and B? (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
a) State one common maintenance practice carried out in tool C and W. (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
21a) The diagram below shows a structure of the udder of a cow. Name the part labeled W, X, Y and Z.(2 marks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 16
W
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
X
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Y
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Z
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) What is milk let down (1 mrk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
c) Name two hormones that control milk let down in dairy cow. (2 mrk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
22. Below is an illustration of a method of extracting honey from combs .Study the diagram and answer the question that follow .
9. Identify the above method of extracting honey (1mrk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. Give a reason why container x should not be heated directly (1mrk
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 17
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. Name the parts labeled w and y(2mrks)
W……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Y……………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Besides the above method ,State one other method of extracting honey (1mrk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
SECTION C (40 MKS)
ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION
23(a) State five reasons why bees swarm. (5 marks)
b) Describe five maintenance practices carried out on a tractor battery. (5 marks)
c) Explain five factors considered when culling livestock. (5 Mks)
d. Explain five mechanical methods of controlling ticks.(5 mks)
24a) Describe the process of egg formation in chicken up to the point of laying. (10 Mks)
b) State the differences between four stroke cycle and two stroke cycle engine. (5 Mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 18
c) Describe the process of digestion in rumen. (5 Mks)
25. a) Describe trypanosomiasis disease under the following sub-headings.
i) Causal organism (1 Mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
ii) Animal attacked (1 Mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
iii) Five symptoms of attacked animals (5 Mks)
iv) Three control measures (3 Mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) Control five control measures for cannibalism (5 Mks)
(c) Explain five parts of a piggery unit (10mrks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 19
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 20
KCSE PREDICTOR 2
443/1
AGRICULTURE PAPER 1
Time: 2 hours
SECTION A (30 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided
1. Give two ways that can be used to assess soil fertility (1 mark)
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. List four methods that can be used to reclaim a water-logged land (2 marks)
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv)………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. State four reasons why subsoiling is important as an operation of land preparation. (2 marks)
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv)………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Give two factors that influence the quality of farmyard manure. (1 mark)
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. State four advantages of applying lime as a measure of improving soil condition (2 marks)
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 21
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv)………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. State three functions of Nitrogen in crops. (1 ½ marks)
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Give four factors that can increase seed rate in crop production. (2 marks)
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv)…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8. State four uses of organic mulch in crop production. (2 marks)
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv)………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. List four characteristics of crops grown for green manure. (2 marks)
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv)………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. List four advantages of timely harvesting of crops. (2 marks)
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv)………………………………………………………………………………………………….
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 22
11. State two advantages of intercropping (1 mark)
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
12. State two conditions under which the opportunity cost is zero in a farming enterprise.
(1 mark)
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv)…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13. Give four advantages of sprinkler irrigation. (2 marks)
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv)………………………………………………………………………………………………….
14. State four disadvantages of weeds in crop production (2 marks)
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv)………………………………………………………………………………………………….
15. Give three reasons for the success of settlement schemes in Kenya after independence
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(1½ marks)
16. State four factors affecting the efficiency of pesticides. (2 marks)
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 23
(iv)………………………………………………………………………………………………….
17. State four factors that influence solifluction. (2 marks)
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv)………………………………………………………………………………………………….
18. Give a reason for carrying out the following practice
(a). topdressing established crops. (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided
19. Below is a diagram of a type of oil structure. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
(a) Identify the soil structure illustrated above. (1 mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Give one way in which the structure illustrated above limit crop production.
(1 mark)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 24
20. Study the illustration given below and use it to answer the questions that follow.
b) Identify the operation illustrated above. (1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
c) State four reasons for carrying out the operation named in (a) above (2 marks)
(i) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) …………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv)………………………………………………………………………………………………….
21. A farmer has four plots L1, L2, L3 and L4 as shown in the table below. Each plot has an agronomic problem as indicated.
L1 L2 L3 L4
Infected with witch Infected with Deficient in Prone to soil
Weed bacterial Nitrogen erosion
(striga spp) wilt
Plan a crop rotation programme for the first year in the four plots using the following crops maize, Irish potatoes, Rhodes grass and Beans (2 marks)
L1………………………………………….
L2………………………………………….
L3…………………………………………..
L4………………………………………….
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 25
(b). Give reasons to justify the plan you have made in plots L2, L3 and L4. (3marks)
L2……………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
L3…………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
L4…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
22. Mr. Mulamba was advised to apply 150kgCAN/ha, while topdressing his maize crop. CAN contains 21%N. Calculate the amount of nitrogen applied/ha (4 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
23. Observe the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.
(a). Identify the mode of feeding exhibited by a pest having such features. (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b). Name any two pests with the above feeding habits. (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 26
24. (a) The diagram below shows a nursery management practice carried out on a tree seedling. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
(a) Identify the management practice. (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b). Give two reasons for carrying out the practice above. (2 marks)
(i)……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii). ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
SECTION C (40 MARKS)
Answer any two questions from this section in the spaces provided after questions.
25. (a) Describe harvesting of cotton under the following sub-headings
i. Procedure (3 marks)
ii. Precautions (4 marks)
(b). Outline five measures taken to prevent water pollution. (5 marks)
(c). Explain four ways in which biotic factors influence crop production in Agriculture
(8 marks)
26. (a). Explain five farming activities which may encourage soil erosion. (10 marks)
(b). Explain the importance of a nursery in crop propagation. (5 marks)
(c). Give the contributions of settlement schemes to agricultural development. (5 marks)
27. Describe the production of beans under the following subheadings:
(i). Field preparation (4 marks)
(ii). Planting (3 marks)
(iii). Field management practices. (5 marks)
(b). Outline the advantages of a mixed grass legume pasture over pure grass. (8 marks
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 27
KCSE PREDICTOR 2
443/2
AGRICULTURE
Paper 2(Theory)
Time: 2 Hours
1. Name four exotic beef cattle breeds most reared in Kenya. [2 marks]
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iv). …………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. If a sow was successfully served on 27th September 2019, state the date she is likely to have furrowed. [1mark]
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Give two importance of docking in rams. [1 mark]
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Mention four causes of stress in a flock of Birds (2 marks)
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iv). …………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Name two nutritional disease of cattle. [1 marks]
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. State four methods of preserving fish. [2 marks]
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 28
(iv). …………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. State four disadvantages of free range system of poultry rearing. (2 marks)
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iv). …………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. State four advantages of a Kenya top bar hive. [2 marks]
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iv). …………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. Name two diseases that affect female animals only. [1 mark]
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Name four tick borne diseases [2 marks]
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iv). …………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. State four ways of vaccinating livestock. [2 marks]
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iv). …………………………………………………………………………………………….
12. Name three notifiable livestock diseases in Kenya. [1 ½ marks]
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
13. State four ways of identifying livestock. [2 marks]
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 29
(iii) ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iv). …………………………………………………………………………………………….
14. List four safety precautions taken into consideration when using with farm tools.[2 marks]
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iv). …………………………………………………………………………………………….
15. State three causes of piglet mortality. [1 ½ mark]
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
 Give four characteristics of roughages feeds. (2 marks)
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iv). …………………………………………………………………………………………….
 Give four reasons why camels are suited to living in arid areas. (2 marks)
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iv). …………………………………………………………………………………………….
 Name the parental breeds of the dorper. (1 mark)
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
SECTION B [20 MARKS]
Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided.
 A poultry farmer has maize containing 8% DCP and Soya beans containing 43% DCP. If the farmer wants to make 100kg of a feed, using the person’s method calculate the proportions in which the two ingredients would have to be mixed to make a feedstuff containing 15% DCP. (Show your working). (5 marks)
20. Below is an illustration of a fish pond. Study it carefully and then answer the following questions.
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 30
21. a). Give the reason why part D is usually deeper than the rest of the pond. (1 mark)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ (b). Name the part labelled A, B and C. (1 ½ mark)
A
B
C
(c). State three maintenance practices that should be carried out on the fish pond. (1 ½ mark)
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
(d). Give two reason why a fence should be constructed around the fish pond. (1 marks)
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 31
22. The following illustration represent a certain practice carried out in sheep management. Study the illustration and answer the questions that follow.
(a). Identify the practice. (1 mark)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(b). Name the tool being used in carrying out the practice. (1 mark)
______________________________________________________________________________(c). State two precautions that should be take when carrying out this practice. (2 marks)
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d). Name a breed of sheep reared for wool production. (1 mark)
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
22. The following is diagram of an egg. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow.
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 32
(a). Name the part labelled B,C,D and F. (2 marks)
B
C
D
F
(b). State two qualities of the part labelled A that should be considered when selecting egg for incubation. (2 marks)
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c). What is the function of the part labelled E in a fertilized egg? (1 mark)
________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
SECTION C. (40 MARKS)
Answer any two questions in this section in space provided at the back..
24. (a). Describe the feeding of bees under bee keeping. (5 marks)
(b). Describe the management practices that a farmer should carry out to improve milk production in a low yielding herd of dairy cattle. (15 marks)
25. (a). Outline the procedure followed when hand spraying cattle to ensure effective use of accaricide to control ticks. (10 marks) (b). Outline five differences between exotic cattle breeds and indigenous cattle breed. (5 marks)
(c). Outline five qualities of a good grain store. (5 mark)
26. (a). Describe the role of the various components of a balanced diet in livestock nutrition.
(10 marks)
(b). Give five reasons of keeping livestock healthy. (5 marks)
(c). Outline five predisposing factors of mastitis in lactating cows. (5 marks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 33
KCSE PREDICTOR 3
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
Time: 2 HOURS
SECTION A (30MKS)
Answer all the questions from this section in the spaces provided.
1. Give two characteristics of plantation farming. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Name two chemical processes of weathering. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. State two advantages of organic farming. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Outline two effects of soil organisms which benefit plant growth. (1mk)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 34
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Give two ways in which organic mulch help to conserve water in the soil. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Give two types of labour records. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. Outline four ways in which land consolidation helps to improve farm management. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. State four importance of raising seedlings in a nursery bed. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 35
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. Give four ways of controlling weeds in a field of maize. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. State three reasons for top dressing pasture. ( 11/2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. Give four reasons for training crops as a field practice . ( 2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 36
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
12. State three activities the farmer carries out on a store before storing grains. (11/2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
13. Give four desirable characteristics of certified seeds. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
14. (a) Outline two characteristics of nitrogenous fertilizers. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Give the forms in which the following elements are available to plants: (1mk)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 37
(i) Phosphorous: ……………………………………….
(ii) Potassium: ………………………………………
15. Give four factors that influence the choice of tools and equipment used in Primary cultivation. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
16. State four factors that contribute to competitive ability of weeds. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
17. Define the following terms as used in crop production.
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 38
(a) Trelishing (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Stooking (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
18. Give two advantages of strip grazing (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
19. State four advantages of mixed pasture. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
SECTION B. (20 MARKS)
Answer ALL questions in this section in the spaces provided
20. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow. The illustrations represent a method of crop propagation.
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 39
(a) Name the crops (s) propagated by illustrations: (1mrk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Give three factors that promote the rooting of illustration A. (3mrks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 40
21. The diagram below illustrates an experiment using garden soil. Study it carefully and answer the question that follow.
(a) What was the aim of the experiment? (1mrk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Name the parts labeled C and D. (2mrks)
C…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
D…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Name the property of soil being investigated. (1mrk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 41
22. The illustration below shows a type of soil erosion. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow.
(a) Identify the type of erosion illustrated. (1mrk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Give two soil factors that influence the rate of soil erosion. (2mrks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Name one agent of soil erosion. (1mrk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 42
23. The diagram below illustrate a method of irrigation carried out on the farm
(i) Identify the type of irrigation shown above. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Name two advantages of the above method. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
24. The diagram below represent a method of manure preparation. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow.
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 43
(a) Identify the type of manure being prepared. (1mrk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Name the parts labeled E and F. (1mrk) .
E…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
F…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Give three disadvantages of manures. (3mrks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 44
SECTION C (40MARKS)
Answer any TWO question from the section in the spaces provided
25. (a) Give six precautions observed in pruning mature tea (6 mks)
(b) Describe the procedure followed when collecting a soil sample form the field for testing in the
laboratory (6 mks)
(c) Outline four advantages of intercropping crops (4 mks)
(d) State four factors considered before selecting a farm enterprise. (4 mks)
26. Describe the production of tomatoes under the following sub-headings:
i) Ecological requirements of tomato plants (5mks)
ii) Land preparations (4mks)
iii) Transplanting (7mks)
iv) Disease control (4mks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 45
27. a) State five factors that influence soil productivity. (5mks)
b) State five qualities of mother plant used during grafting. (5mks)
c) Give two types of mulching materials. (2mks)
d) State four agricultural practices which pollute water. (4mks)
e) Describe precautions followed when harvesting coffee. (4mks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 46
KCSE PREDICTOR 3
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
Time: 2 HOURS
SECTION A (30 Marks)
Answer all the questions in this section in the space provided.
SECTION A (30 MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided.
1. Name the camel breed with two humps. (1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………
2. List four disadvantages of animal drawn implements. (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Name the vectors for each of the following livestock diseases. (2 marks)
a) East coast fever……………………………………………………………………
b) Rift valley fever……………………………………………………………………
c) Trypanosomiasis………………………………………………………………….
d) Nairobi sheep disease………………………………………………………………
4. Give four factors considered when selecting a site for fish pond. (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 47
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
5.List four implements that can be connected to the power take off shaft (PTO) of a Tractor. (2 marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6.State two methods of increasing the depth of penetration of a disc harrow. (2 marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. (a) Name the tools used in ( 2 marks)
(i) Cutting curves on thin wood………………………………………
(ii)Measuring the inner diameter of a circular object/surface…………………………..
(iii)Cutting thin sheets of metal………………………………………………………
(iv)Tightening wires during fencing………………………………………………….
b) State two care and maintenance practices of masonry tools and equipment. (1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
8. State four pre-disposing factors of mastitis disease in cattle. (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….
9. Outline four factors which would be considered when culling layers. (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 48
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. Give three reasons for choosing corrugated iron sheets in roofing of farm stores instead of tiles. (3 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. What is the purpose of fixing a ring around nostrils of a bull. (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. State one use of each of the following parts found in a tractor.
(a) Carburetor……………………………………………………………… (1 mark)
(b) Spark plug ……………………………………………………………… (1 mark)
13. Name the mineral whose deficiency symptom is Grass tetany in livestock. (½ mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
14. Give three post-milking activities in dairy cattle. (1½ marks) ……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………….
15. Name two livestock diseases controlled by the same vaccine and name the (1½ marks) Vaccine ……………………………………………………………………..
(i) …………………………………………………………………………….
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 49
(ii) …………………………………………………………………………….
16. State the role of the following hormones in livestock production. (2 marks)
Prolactin………………………………………………………………………….
Oxytocin ……………………………………………………………………………
17. Name one parasite of bees. (½ mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
SECTION B (20 Marks)
Answer all the questions from this section.
18.Diagram below show a plunge dip.
a) Using a arrow on the diagram show the movement of cattle (½mark)
b) State one use of parts A, B and C (3marks)
A……………………………………………………………………………………………
B……………………………………………………………………………………………
C……………………………………………………………………………………………
c) State two precautions a farmer should take on dip to ensure effective dipping (2marks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 50
(i)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
ii)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d). State two uses of the roof of the dip (2marks)
(i)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………
b) State three disadvantages of a plunge dip (3marks) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………
19a) i) Identify the tools below (1mark)
X ………………………………………………………………………..
Y ……………………………………………………………………….
ii) State the use of tools x and y (2marks)
X ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Y ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
iii) Explain two maintenance practices carried on tool X (2marks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 51
i)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii)……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Name the tools used in conjunction of following tools (2marks)
i. Trocar
………………………………………………………………………………………
ii. Hypodermic needle
………………………………………………………………………………………
iii. Wood chisel
………………………………………………………………………………………
iv. Star headed screw
………………………………………………………………………………………
20a) Diagram below show reproductive system of a female cow
i. Name the part marked (1mark)
D ………………………………………………………………………………………………
F ………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii. State the function of parts marked (1mark)
C ………………………………………………………………………………………………
E ………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) At what stage should a gilt be mated? (½mark)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 52
………………………………………………………………………………………………
SECTION C (40 Marks)
Answer any two questions in this section in the spaces provided after each question.
21.(a)Describe five pre-disposing factor of livestock diseases. (5marks)
…………………
(c) Describe six mechanical methods of controlling ticks (6 marks)
…………………
(c)Describe the factors that affect milk composition of a cow (9 marks)
22.(a)(i) Explain five advantages of animal power. (5marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………
(ii)Describe three operational differences between disc plough and mouldboard plough. (6 marks)
(b)Describe the use of various materials in construction of a Kenya to hive (4 marks)
(c) Outline the care and maintenance of a tractor water cooling system. (5marks)
…
23.(a)(i) State four physiological body processes considered when assessing on animal health. 4
(ii)Explain nine factors considered when selecting a breeding stock. (9marks)
(b)Describe Brucellosis disease in Cattle under the following sub-headings.
(i)the cause of the disease (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii)Symptoms of the disease (4marks)
(iii)Control measures (2marks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 53
KCSE PREDICTOR 4
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
Time: 2 HOURS
SECTION A (30 MRKS)
Answer all question in this section in the space provided
1. Differentiate between olericulture and pomoculture as used in crop production .(1mrk) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. List the physical weathering agents in soil formation process (1 ½ mrks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Give four method of farming (2mrks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. Give two examples for each of the following types of cost incurred in broiler production .
l) Variable cost ( 2 marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
m) fixed cost (2 marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 54
5. Give four advantages of crop rotation .(2mrk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. State four factors that that should be considered when classifying crop pest (2mrks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. Give three reasons why a water logged soil is unsuitable for most crops(1 ½ )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Give four advantages of tissue culture (2mrks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
1. Outline four observable indictors of economic development of a nation (2mrks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Outline four indicators of well decomposed manure (1 ½)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 55
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Give two conditions where opportunity cost does not exist (2mrks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Give four management practice that promote high herbage yields in pasture production (2mrks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Give three reasons why primary cultivation should be done early before the onset of the rains(1 ½ )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Give two examples of farm records that are general in nature .(1mrk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Give four role of nitrogen in plants (2mrks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 56
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Give four benefits of possessing a land title deed (2mrks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
SECTION B (20 MRKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided
9. The diagram below illustrates a feature observed after digging the soil several metres deep Study the diagram carefully and answer the question that follow
b) Identify the feature that the diagram above represents in the study of soil (1mrk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) What is the name given to the part labeled p(1mrk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 57
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
d) Give a reason why part b is also reffered to as layer of accumulation (1mrk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
e) State two ways in which the knowledge of the above feature would be of benefit to farmer (2mrks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
18The diagram below shows a method of crop propagation .Study it and answer the questions that follow
15. Identify the method (1mrk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b Name two crops that can be propagated using this method.(1mrk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c. Give three ingredients used when preparing the tissue culture.(1 ½ )
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 58
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
19.The following information was obtained from the records of Mr Juma’s farm for the year ended on 31st march 2011
Particulars kshs
Opening Valuation 100,000
Calves 72,000
Hired Labour 21,000
Sales of milk 13,000
Sales of cereals 33,000
Rent 9,000
Feed 5,300
Seed 1,700
Fertilizers 4,700
Sales of Vegetables 9,300
Sales of poultry 1,800
Sales of fruits 700
Pesticides 1,250
Depreciation 650
Repair and Maintenance 950
Interest on loans 200
Closing Valuation 9,0000
d) using the information given above , prepare a profit and loss account for Mr Juma’s farm for the year ended 31st March (7mrks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 59
e) Giving a reason, State whether Mr. Juma’s farm made a profit or loss ( ½ mark )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
20) The diagram below shows a maize stalk infected by a certain pest .Study it and answer the questions that follow .
d) Indentify the pest (1/2)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
e) Apart from maize, name another crop attacked by the pest named above ( ½ mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
f) Give three cultural measures that can be applied to control the pest (3mrks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
SECTION C ( 40MARKS)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 60
Answer any two questions in this section in the spaces provided
21a) Describe six advantages of rotational grazing (6mrks)
f) Explain eight ways in which soil fertility can be maintained (8mrks)
g) Explain six factors considered when drawing a farm plan (6mrks)
22a) Explain the factors that influence the type of irrigation to be used in a farm (8mrks)
g) Explain six reasons for pruning coffee.(6mrks)
h) Describe 6 ways in which lab our productivity can be improved on a farm (6mrks)
23a) Describe five importance of agro -forestry in soil and water conservation (6mrks)
16. Describe the procedure of silage making (10mrks)
17. Describe five effect of over application of nitrogenous fertilizer(5mrks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 61
KCSE PREDICTOR 4
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
Time: 2 HOURS
SECTION A 30MRKS
Answer all the questions in this sections in the spaces provided
1. Name the most appropriate tools used in the following operations
a) Removing metal chippings in file (1mrk )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) Cutting wood along grains (1mrk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
c) Branding (1mrks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. State four characteristic of Boran cattle (2mrks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. State two functions of a useful bacteria in livestock production (1mrk)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 62
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Name four function of lipid in an animal body (2mrks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. State two ways of reducing friction in moving part of farm tool (1mrk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Outline four types of fence that can be used in mixed farm (2mrks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. Name three methods of out breeding in livestock production ((1 ½ marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. Give two reasons for tailing in sheep production (1mrk)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 63
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. Name any five internal parts of cow‘s udder (2 ½ marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. Give five ways of transmitting livestock diseases (2 ½ marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11. Give four features of improved grain bin (2mrks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
12. Give three types of calving complications (1 ½ mrks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 64
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
13. State four advantages of zero grazing as a grazing system (2mrks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
14. State two functions of a queen bee in a colony (1mrk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
15. Name four symptoms of anaplasmasis in livestock(2mrks
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
16 .What do you understand by the following terms as used I animal production .
10. Coponisation(1mrk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) Bullock (1mrk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
c. Epistasis(1mrk)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 65
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
SECTION B (20Mrks)
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided
17. Below is a diagram of a cooling system .Study it and answer the questions that follow
n) Identify the type of cooling system illustrated (1mrk
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b . Name parts labelled J, K , L and M (2mrks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
c. Name two problems associated with the type of cooling system illustrated above(2mrks)
(i)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 66
(ii)
18. Below is an illustration of a method of extracting honey from combs .Study the diagram and answer the question that follow .
6. Indentify the above method of extracting honey (1mrk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. Give a reason why container x should not be heated directly (1mrk
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. Name the parts labeled w and y(2mrks)
w
y
9. Besides the above method ,State one other method of extracting honey (1mrk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
19The diagram below shows a certain practice carried out on pig
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 67
8. Identify the practice illustrated above (1mrk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. Draw another illustration depicting pig number 37(1mrk)
10. Name the tool used to carry out the practice illustrated above (1mrk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. State two other method of indentifying piglet (2mrks)
i)
ii)
20 .Below an illustration of a farm operation .Study it carefully and answer the question that follow.
f) Identify the activity being carried out (1mrk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 68
g) Give one other activity carried on the animal before the above operation is carried out (1mrk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
h) Outline the procedure of carrying out the above operation (3mrks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
SECTION C
Answer any two questions in the space provided
21. Outline management practice carried out in a fish pond to ensure maximum harvest of fish (7mrlk)
b) Discuss the importance of farm mechanization (6mrks
c) Discuss the short term maintenance practices carried out on a tractor (7 marks)
22. (a) Explain the feature of a piggery unit (10mrks)
o) Explain the factor that influence the work output of a draught animal(10mrks)
23. a)Outline various method of controlling ticks(10 mrks) Describe the management of growers up to the point of lay (10mrks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 69
KCSE PREDICTOR 5
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
Time: 2 HOURS
SECTION A(30mks)Attempt all the questions in this section.
p) Give two conditions under which shifting cultivation can be practiced. 1mk
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
q) Differentiate between apiculture and aquaculture. 1mk
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
r) Give four government policies which influence Agricultural production… 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
s) State four methods of clearing land. 2mk
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
t) State four importance for treating water for domestic use. 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 70
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
u) Give four qualities of a fertile soil. 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
v) State four types of farm records… 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
w) Give four role of nitrogen in a plant. 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
x) State four factors which influence the rooting of a cutting . 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
y) Give four reasons for growing seedling in a nursery . 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 71
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
z) Name two methods of pruning . 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
aa) Give two causes of blossom end rot in tomatoes. 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
bb) Define the following terms as used in Agriculture.
10. Land sub-division 1mk
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. Land consolidation. 1mk
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
cc) State four harmful effects of weed. 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
dd) State two categories under which pest can be classified or mode of feeding. 2mks
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 72
ee) Name four causes of crop diseases. 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
SECTION B:20mks:Attempt all questions in this section.
ff) Below is a diagram of one of the tertially practices that are carried out in land preparation. Study it and answer the questions below
12. Identify the tertially practice shown above. 1mk
……………………………………………………………………………………………
13. Give four reasons for carrying out the above practice. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. Apart from the above practice name any other two tertiary practices that are carried out in a farm (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
gg) The table below is one of the record that is kept by livestock farmer in the farm
Dam No
Breed colour
Parents: sire
Dam
1st Service
2nd service
3rd serivice
4th service
Remarks
No of service
Date of service
Date of service
Date of service
Date of service
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 73
Time of service
Time of service
Time of service
Time of service
A
…….
Bull No Breed
Bull No Breed
Bull no Breed
B……
Result……………….
Expected date of calving
C…………………………………..
Weight of calf at birth
Sex of the calf
No of calf
i) Identify the type of record. 1mk
………………………………………………………………………………………
j) Fill in the blank spaces 3mks
A……………………………………………………
B……………………………………………………………
C…………………………………………………………………
hh) A farmer was advised to apply 150 kg of CAN/ha,while top dressing the maize crop.CAN contains 21% N.Calculate the amount of Nitrogen applied per ha. 4mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) Below are various pegging methods of tea. Study them and answer the questions that follows.
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 74
i) Identify the pegging methods shown above. 112𝑚𝑘𝑠
A-
B–
C
j) Apart from the above method .Name any other method which is used to bring tea to bearing. 1mk
……………………………………………………………………………………………
k) Give one advantage of using the method given in b above. 1mk
………………………………………………………………………………..
l) State one reason why the method in (b) above is not commonly used.½mk
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
jj) Below are some of the common weeds in Kenya. Study them and answer the questions which follow.
5. Identify the weeds A,B,C D. 2MKS
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 75
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. What contributes to the competitive ability of weed C 1mk
…………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Why is it difficult to control weed E and weed F. 1mk
………………………………………………………………………………………………
SECTION C(Attempt two questions in this section.(40mks)
kk) (a)Describe the advantages of organic farming in Kenya. 5mks
(b)Explain the overall effects of HIV/AIDS and ill health on Agricultural production.5mks
(c)Describe five reasons of carrying out minimum tillage in agriculture production.5mks
(d)Describe the uses of water in a farm . 5mks
ll) (a)Explain five ways of maintaining soil fertility. 5mks
(b)Explain the factors which affects the spacing of any crop. 5mks
(c)Describe five management practices carried out in a nursery bed. 5mks
(d)Describe the field management practices in tomato production.. 5mks
mm) (a)Describe the effects of land consolidation. 6mks
(b) Explain cultural methods of controlling pests.14mks
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 76
KCSE PREDICTOR 5
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
Time: 2 HOURS
Section A (30MKS)
1. Name four methods of dehorning in cattle (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. State the function of the following parts of a poultry digestive system(1mk)
Crop-………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Gizzard-……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. State two functions of protein in animal nutrition (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Name four bacterial diseases 2mks
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 77
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Name two meat breeds of goat …1mks ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Give four characteristics of a large white breed of pig (2mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. State four ways of restraining cattle during routine management (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. What is meant by the following terms as used in livestock health?
(a) Incubation period (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Mortality rate (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. Define the following terms as used in livestock rearing………..2mks
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 78
(a)pullet……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b.cockrel…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
c.piglet……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c.sow…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. What is creep feeding? (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11.State two meat breeds of sheep 2mks
12. Give microbial activities that takes place in the rumen..2mks
13. (a) State 2 functions of cobalt in animal’s body 1MKS
(b)Name two classes of feedstuff 1mk
14. Give 4 mechanical method of tick control 2mks
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 79
15. State structural requirements of a pig house 2mks
16. State 4 disadvantages of using spray race over cattle dip 2mks
17. Give the uses of the following farm tools and equipments 2mks
i) strip cup
ii) milk strainer
Iii) Hacksaw
iv) Centre punch
Section B 20mks
18. Diagram G,H and J illustrates some livestock parasites
J
H
G
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 80
(a) Identify parasites G,H and J (3 mk
G……………………………………….
H……………………………………….
J………………………………………..
(b) Name the parts of the host body where parasites G and J are found (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) Name the intermediate host of parasites G and J (2mk)
G……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
J……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(d) Outline four symptoms of attack in livestock by parasite J (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
19. The diagram below illustrates a hoof of a sheep. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 81
(a) Name the routine management practice that should be carried out on the hoof illustrated above(1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) State two reasons for carrying out the management practice in (a) above (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
20. Study the diagrams of workshop tools shown below
(a) Identify the tools labeled E and F (2mk)
E………………………………………………..
F…………………………………………………
(b) What functional advantage does tool E have over tool F? (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) Below is a diagram of a farm structure for storing grains. Study it carefully and answer the question that follows
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 82
(i) Identify the farm structure illustrated above ( 1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) State the function of the part labeled M ( 1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) State two maintenance practices that should be carried out on the farm structure illustrated above in readiness for grain storage 2mks
21.Give four functions of a worker bee 2mks
Section c (40mks)
Attempt any two questions
22(a) i) Describe seven signs of ill-health in livestock 7mks
(ii) Outline five uses of a crush in livestock rearing5mks
(b) (i) Name the causal organism of coccidiosis in poultry. (1mk)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 83
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Apart from poultry name two other animals affected by the disease above. (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Give five symptoms of the disease in poultry. (5mks)
23. (a) Describe the procedure of processing honey wax (8mks
(b) Outline FOUR harmful effects of lice in livestock ( 4MKS )
(c) State five advantages of the top bar beehive (5mks)
d). Give three signs of heat in pigs (3mks)
24. A) Explain six advantages of artificial insemination (A.I) in livestock breeding. (6mks)
(b) Give 5 categories of farm tools and equipment (5mks)
c)outline five characteristics corriedale breed of sheep (5mks)
d)discuss 4 practices carried out on fish before preservations. 4mks
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 84
KCSE PREDICTOR 6
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
Time: 2 HOURS
SECTION A: (30 MARKS)
Answer ALL questions in the spaces provided.
1. Give four activities that may be undertaken in organic farming. (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. State four harmful effects of wind on crop production (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 85
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. Give the general name of chemicals used to control;
a) Weeds (½ mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) Leaf rust in coffee (½ mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. State four practices that can be used to improve water logged clay soils (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. State four factors considered when selecting planting materials (2 marks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 86
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Give two causes of blossom-end rot in tomatoes (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. Give four pieces of information contained in a land title deed. (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 87
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. Name three macro-nutrient elements whose deficiency symptom is chlorosis (1½ marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. State two water treatment processes that take place in the coagulation and sedimentation tank.
(1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. State four reasons for pruning fruit crops (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
11. State four disadvantages of intercropping (2 marks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 88
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
12. Name three practices carried out to improve and maintain permanent pastures (1½ marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
13. State four cultural practices of weed control in beans (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………
14. State four advantages of timely harvesting of crops (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 89
………………………………………………………………………………………
15. List three tertiary operations that may be carried out in a seedbed (1½ marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………
16. Give two reasons for locating a nursery bed at a well sheltered place (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
17. List four disadvantages of using compost manure in crop production (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………
18. Give three reasons why timely ploughing of the seedbed is important in crop production.
(1½ marks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 90
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
SECTION B: (20 MARKS)
Answer ALL the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
19. A farmer has four plots P1, P2, P3 and P4 as shown in the diagram below. Each of the plots has an agronomic problem as indicated.
P1 P2 P3 P4
a) The farmer intends to grow maize, tomatoes, groundnuts and Rhodes grass. Indicate the crop the farmer should grow in each of the plots (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Outline the procedure of transplanting tree seedlings from polythene sleeves. (3 marks)
Infested with bacterial wilt
Deficient in nitrogen
Infested with witchweed (Striga species)
Prone to soil erosion
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 91
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
20. Study the illustration below and answer questions that follow.
a) Identify the management practice indicated above. (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) Give three problems that could arise if the above practice is not carried out. (3 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
21. The diagram below illustrates an experiment carried out by a Form one student on soil. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow.
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 92
a) State the aim of experiment above. (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) Identify the soil samples in each of the funnels labeled Q and R (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Give two ways in which the soil structure of the sample labeled S above can be improved.
(2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
22. The diagram below illustrates a method of preparing compost manure. study it and answer the questions that follow.
a) Identify the method illustrated above. (1 mark)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 93
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) By using arrows, indicate the direction of the materials form X to the field (2 marks)
c) State two desirable factors considered when siting compost manure pit. (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
SECTION C: (40 MARKS)
Answer any TWO questions from this section in the answer sheets attached.
23. a) Describe the production of beans under the following sub-topics;
(i) Planting (4 marks)
(ii) Field practices (4 marks)
(iii) Harvesting (4 marks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 94
b) Outline six safety measures undertaken in the use of herbicides to minimize environmental pollution. (6 marks)
c) Describe the precautions taken into account during harvesting of cotton (4 marks)
24. a) Explain ten farming practices carried out to control crop diseases (10 marks)
b) Outline six steps followed in the adjudication of land (6 marks)
c) Explain the four different methods of farming (4 marks)
25. a) Explain ten factors that can encourage soil erosion (10 marks)
b) Explain five effects of liberalization of agricultural markets to farming in Kenya
(10 marks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 95
KCSE PREDICTOR 6
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
Time: 2 HOURS
SECTION A (30 Marks)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
1 State four ways of controlling tsetse flies. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2 Name four breeds of dairy goats. (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3 Give four characteristics of a good vaccine. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 96
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4 State four advantages of outbreeding in livestock production. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5 Give four factors that affect the quality of honey. (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6 Outline three functions of calcium in the body of a dairy cow. (1 ½ mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7 List four cattle diseases caused by virus. (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 97
8 State the function of each of the following.
(a) Plumb bob ( ½ mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Drenching gun ( ½ mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Garden trowel ( ½ mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Pipe wrench ( ½ mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9 State two reasons for seasoning timber before use. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10 State four reasons for culling a breeding boar. (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11 State four uses of lubrication system in a tractor. (2mks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 98
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12 Give four observations on the behavior of chicks which would indicate that the temperature in the brooder is too high. (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13 State four ways of stimulating milk let – down in a dairy cow. (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14 State four measures that should be taken to control brucellosis in cattle. (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
15 Give four conditions that would encourage hens to eat eggs in poultry production. (2mks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 99
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
16 State four advantages of a hedge fence in a farm. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
SECTION B ( 20 Marks)
Answer all questions in the spaces provided
17 Study the diagram below and answer questions the questions that follow.
(a) Identify the implement illustrated in the diagram. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) What is the method of power transmission for operating implements? (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 100
(c) State the use of the implement. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(d) Give two maintenance practices for implement A. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
18 Below is a diagram of a rabbit hutch. Use the diagram to answer the questions that follow.
(a) How should the materials used for constructing parts Q and S be treated to last long?
(2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Name the appropriate tools that should be used to cut the materials for constructing parts Q. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Give two reasons for raising the rabbit hutch above the ground level. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
19 Below is an illustration of an internal parasite in livestock
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 101
(a) Identify the parasite. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Name one final host for the parasite. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Name the intermediate host for the parasite. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(d) State two control measures of the parasite. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
20 The illustration below represents the digestive system of poultry. Study the illustration carefully and answer questions that follow.
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 102
(a) Name the parts labeled E , F and G.
E…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………(1mk)
F………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….(1mk)
G…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………(1mk)
( b) State two ways in which the part labeled G is adapted to its function. (2mks)
SECTION C (40 Marks)
Answer any two questions from this section in the spaces provided.
21 (a) Name the strokes in a four stroke cycle engine and describe how each operates. (12mks)
(b) Describe four physical characteristics that a poultry farmer would use to identify poor layers from a flock of hens. (8mks)
22 (a) Describe the disease milk fever under the following sub headings:
(i) Animals affected (2mks)
(ii) Symptoms (5mks)
(iii) Control measures (3mks)
b) Describe five calf management practices carried out immediately after parturition. (5mks)
c) Outline five qualities of eggs for marketing. (5mks)
23 (a) State and explain five harmful effects of parasites in livestock. (10mks)
b) Describe any five parts and functions of a Zero grazing unit. (10mks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 103
KCSE PREDICTOR 7
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
Time: 2 HOURS
SECTION A (30marks).
Answer all Questions in this section.
1. a) State four characteristics of extensive farming system. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) List two disadvantages of small scale farming. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Name two ways in which predators affect agricultural production. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 104
3. List down four factors that influence formation of soil. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. State two farming practices that bring about minimum tillage. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Name the function of each of the following chemicals in water treatment.
a) Alum (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) Soda ash (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. State two importance of organic matter in the soil. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. State three reasons why green manure is not commonly used in the farms. (1 ½ mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 105
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. State four uses of farm records. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. List three importance of phosphorous in crop growth. (1 ½ mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Name four significance of using seeds as planting materials. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. List two importance of tissue culture in propagating crops. (1mk)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 106
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. State the difference between the following terms. (2mks)
a) Rogueing
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Gapping
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
13. State four effects of applying too much nitrogenous fertilizer to crops. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
14. Name four disadvantages of communal land tenure system. (2mkS)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 107
15. State four precautions farmers should observe when using agro-chemical for their safety and for environmental safety. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
16. State three harmful effects of pests on crops. (1 ½ mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
17. State three qualities of a good manager in a farm setting. (1 ½ mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
18. State two factors that influence the demand of a commodity. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 108
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section.
19. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow
a) Identify the three harvesting methods shown in the diagrams above. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) Name four sites for agroforestry trees in the farm. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
20. The document below was obtained from one of the books of accounts in kimko’s farm. Study the document and answer the questions that follow.
DAIRY CATTLE
DR
CR
Date
Particulars
Folio
Amount
Sh cts.
Date
2003
Particulars
Folio
Amount
Sh cts.
A
B
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 109
Feb 20th
Feb 30th
Bought 2 bags of dairy meal
1
18,000.00
Feb 10th
Sold 2 heifers
1
12,000.00
a) Identify the book from which the above document was obtained. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) State four importance of keeping proper farm account records. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
21. The diagram below shows pests that affect crops when in the field. Study the diagrams and .
a) Identify the pest J, K and L. (3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
L
J
K
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 110
b) State two ways of controlling the pest labeled L above. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
c) State one crop attacked by the pest labeled J and K above. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
22. The Following weeds were found growing on a maize farm by a form four student. Study the weeds and answer the questions that follow.
a) Name the weeds labeled X, Y and Z above. (3mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) State one reason that makes each of the following weeds difficult to control. (2mks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 111
(i) X
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Z
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
c) State one reason why the weed labeled M should not be allowed to grow in the farm. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
SECTION C (40 marks)
Answer only two questions in this section
23. a) Explain five cultural methods a farmer can use to control weeds. (10mks)
b) State and explain five factors considered when establishing nursery bed site. (10mks)
24. a) Describe five ways in which a farmer may adjust to uncertainty and risks in the farm. (10mks)
b) Explain five physical methods used to control crop pests in a crop land. (10mks)
25. a) State five types of information contained in a tittle deed. (5mks)
b) State five methods used to control soil and water pollution. (5mks)
c) State and explain five ways an entrepreneur can use to improve labour productivity in a farm.
(10mks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 112
KCSE PREDICTOR 7
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
Time: 2 HOURS
SECTION A (30MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section.
1. State two reasons of using farm tools and equipment in the farm. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. State three reasons that would make a farmer opt to rear indigenous cattle breeds instead of exotic cattle breeds. (1 ½ mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. State three characteristics of Bacterian type of camel. (1 ½ mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 113
4. Name four factors that influence the pulse rate of an animal. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. State three signs of attack by endoparasites a farmer can observe. (1 ½ mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. State four factors that determine the amount of food given to an animal. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. Name three reasons that would make a farmer use a machakos dip instead of a plunge dip to control ticks. (1 ½ mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. State four factors considered when selecting construction materials. (2mks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 114
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. Name three methods a farmer can use when selecting livestock for breeding. (1 ½ mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. Mention three signs of heat in a doe. (1 ½ mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
11. Mention four reasons that would make a farmer carry out identification to his herd. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
12. State two diseases that commonly affect bees in bee farming. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 115
13. State four methods a farmer can use when preserving fish after harvesting. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. State four factors that determine the choice of poultry rearing system that a farmer chooses to use.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
15. State one significance of mobile calf pen in calf rearing. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
16. State two disadvantages of a two stroke engine. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
17. State two factors that could cause sudden stopping of a tractor engine. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
18. State four disadvantages of animal drawn implements over tractor drawn implements. (2mks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 116
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
SECTION B (20MARKS)
Answer all questions in this section.
19. The diagram below shows a tractor drawn implement. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
a) Name the parts A, B, C and D. (4mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) State two advantages of using the above implement over mould- board plough. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) State the function of the parts labeled. (2mks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 117
i) A
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
ii) D
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
20. The diagram below shows livestock parasites. Study the diagrams and answer the questions that follow.
a) Identify the parasites X and Y above. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) State two effects that are caused by the parasite labeled X on the animal’s body. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
c) Name one disease transmitted by parasite labeled X above. (1mk)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 118
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
d) State three measures taken to control the parasite labeled Y above. (3mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
21. Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow.
a) Identify the livestock equipment marked E above. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b) State two reasons that make branding be discouraged as a method of livestock identification.
(1mk)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 119
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
SECTION C (40 MARKS)
Answer any two questions.
22. a) State five factors that predispose livestock to diseases. (10mks)
b) State and explain five factors a farmer will consider when siting beehives in the farm. (10mks)
23. a) Briefly state and explain five equipment a farmer will need when milking and state their uses.
(10mks)
b) Explain five factors to consider when selecting a breeding stock. (10mks)
24. a) State and explain four materials collected by bees. (8mks)
b) State and explain the use of four equipments a honey harvester would require to have when
harvesting honey. (8mks)
c) List four main reasons that make fish farming popular. (4mks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 120
KCSE PREDICTOR 8
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
Time: 2 HOURS
SECTION A 30MKS
1. Define the term shifting cultivation 1mks
2. Differentiate between organic farming and agro forestry.2mk
3. Differentiate between fodder crops and pasture crops (2mks)
4. State four factors determining the quality of tomatoes.2mks
5. List three main ways in which pasture crops can be classified (11/2mks)
6. Define the term soil erosion (1mk)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 121
7. Distinguish between a dam and a weir (1mk)
8. State 4 benefit of agriculture to our economy. 2mks
9.Give 4 advantages of tissue culture 2 mks
10. State properties of soil that are influenced by its texture.2mks
11. State four post harvest practices carried out on maize grain 2mks
12. Outline government policy that regulate amount of imported good.2mks
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 122
13. Give importance of sub soiling.2mks
14 .Name three types of surface irrigation (11/2mks)
15 .Give Four advantages of sub-surface irrigation (2mks)
16.Outline 4 factors determining number of secondary cultivation when preparing a seedbed.2mks
17. Give 4 factors affecting herbicides selectivity2mks
Section B (20 mks)
18a. The diagram below shows a structure used to collect water in the farm.
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 123
(a) Identify the method of water harvesting above . (1mk) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Give two factors that will determine the amount of water collected from the above mentioned structures. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) Outline one maintenance practice that should be carried out on part labeled c above. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d)Name one other method used to collect water in the farm. (1mk)
C
Output pipe with tapOutput pipe with tapOutput pipe with tap Output pipe with tapOutput pipe with tap Output pipe with tapOutput pipe with tapOutput pipe with tapOutput pipe with tapOutput pipe with tap Output pipe with tapOutput pipe with tap Output pipe with tap
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 124
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(e)Describe the procedure of sampling soil for testing. (5mks)
19The diagram below illustrates a feature observed after digging the soil several metres deep Study the diagram carefully and answer the question that follow
a) Identify the feature that the diagram above represents in the study of soil (1mrk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) What is the name given to the part labeled p(1mrk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Give a reason why part b is also reffered to as layer of accumulation (1mrk)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 125
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
d) State two ways in which the knowledge of the above feature would be of benefit to farmer(2mrks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
20.The diagram below shows a method of crop propagation .Study it and answer the questions that follow
a) Identify the method (1mrk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
b.Name two crops that can be propagated using this method.(2mksmrk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 126
c. Give two ingredients used when preparing the above activities.(2mks )
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………..
section c 40 mks(Answer any two question in this section)
21(a) Outiline four Importance of treating water (4mks)
(b) Explain four factors influencing crop rotation. (8mks)
-(C)Explain Factors influencing soil erosion (8×1=8mks
22. (a)Explain Importance of drainage as a land reclamation method 5×2=10mks
b)state reasons for carrying out minimum tillage (5mks)
(c)Outline Factors determining the quality of farm yard manure (5mks)
23(a)Describe planting of carrot under the following subheadings
(i) Planting (5 x 1 = 5mks)
(ii) Field management (5 x 1 = 5 mks)
b).Outline Importance of organic matter.(5 x 1 = 5mks)
c)State Four benefits of soil structure in crop production.5mks
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 127
KCSE PREDICTOR 8
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
Time: 2 HOURS
SECTION A- 30 MARKS (ATTEMPT ALL QUESTIIONS
1. Give four reasons maintaining farm tools. 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Name four complementary tools. 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Name the following breeds of livestock. 3mks
i. A black pig with white shoulders and white forelegs.………………………………
ii. White rabbit with red eyes ………………………………
iii. A camel with two humps………………………
4. (a) State four importance of keeping livestock healthy 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Give three physical appearance of an animal to be observed when checking on the health of an animal. 1½mks
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 128
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Name four nutritional diseases of livestock. 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. State four effects of external parasite on livestock production. 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Give four mechanical methods of controlling ticks. 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. State 3 characteristics of succulent roughages. 1 1/2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. List down the four compartments of a ruminant stomach. 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. (a)What is selection in livestock production? 1mk
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 129
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Name two methods of selection. 1½mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. What is the role of the following parts of the reproduction systems in livestock. 2mks
i. Ovary
………………………………………………..
ii. Uterus
…………………………………………………
iii. Fallopian tube
…………………………………………………………………..
iv. Testis
……………………………………………………………………
12. Give three signs of heat in a rabbit. 1½mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13. Give four reason why castration is done in livestock production. 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. State four reasons as to why bees would swarm away. 2mks
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
SECTION B(20marks)
15. Below are different method of identifying farm animals .Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow.
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 130
a. Name the methods of identification . 2mks
i. …………………………………….
ii. ……………………………………
iii. …………………………………….
iv. ……………………………………….
b. Name the tool that is used to identify in B above. 1mk
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
c. Give two reasons for identifying farm animals. 2mks
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
16. Below are parts of a building .Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow.
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 131
a. Name the part labeled . 2mks
A……………………………………………………………………
B…………………………………………………………………….
C…………………………………………………………………….
D……………………………………………………………………..
b. What is the use of a crush. Give four . 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c. Give four qualities of a good calf pen. 2mks
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
17. Below is a diagram of rearing birds. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow.
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 132
a. Identify the system shown above. 1mk
……………………………………………………………………………………….
b. Name the parts labeled A,B,C and D. 2mks
A……………………………………………………………………………..
B………………………………………………………………………….
C…………………………………………………………………………..
D………………………………………………………………………….
c. What are the advantages of using this system when rearing birds. Give two. 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
18. A farmer wishes to prepare a ration containing 18 and the feedstuff available are maize 7%DCP and sunflower seed cake 34%.
a. Using a Pearson square method, compute a 100kg of the ration . 3mks
b. Calculate the amount of each feed stuff required. 1mk
SECTION C 40MKS(ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION)
19. (a)Describe the advantages of Artificial insemination.(AI) 10mks
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 133
(b)Describe Anthrax under the following subheading.
i. Animal affected. 2mks
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii. Causal organism 1mk
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
iii. Symptoms 5mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
iv. Control measures 2mks
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
20. (a) Compare and contrast the digestive system of a ruminant and a non-ruminant. 7mks
(b) Describe the uses of fences in a farm. 10mks
(c)Outline the work of worker bees in a bee colony 3mks
21. (a) Give five causes of cannibalism in poultry 5mks
(b)Describe the symptoms of roundworm infestation in livestock. 7mks
(c)Describe the control measures for cannibalism in layers. 8mks
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 134
KCSE PREDICTOR 9
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
Time: 2 HOURS
SECTION A (30MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the space provided.
1. Give four advantages of intensive farming. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. State four benefits of agroforestry to a maize crop. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Name the plant part used for vegetative propagation of each of the following plants.
(i) Sisal (½ mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Pyrethrum (½ mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Sweet potatoes (½ mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) Sugar cane (½ mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………
4. State four cultural ways of controlling couch grass (2mks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 135
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Name three sources of underground water (1½mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. State three causes of blossom end of rot in tomatoes (1½mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Give three qualities of a good green manuring plant (1½mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. State four reasons for practicing minimum tillage. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Name four farm records that should be kept by a poultry farmer. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Give three ways in which pastures are classified (1½mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. State four ways in which land reforms can be implemented in Kenya. (2mks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 136
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. State four factors that determine the stage at which a crop is harvested. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………
13. Give four beneficial effects of weeds to a farmer. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………
14. Give four advantages of practicing crop rotation. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
15. Name four methods of controlling pests. (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
16. Distinguish between intensive hedgerow and border planting forms of agroforestry (2mk)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 137
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
17. The following illustrations show different production function curves in agricultural economics. Study them and answer the questions which follows;
(a) Identify the production function curves labeled A, B and C
A ……………………………………………………………………………….. (1mk)
B ……………………….……………………………………………………… (1mk)
C. ………………………………………………………………………………. (1mk)
(b) What does the law derived from the production function labeled C state? (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c)
(i) Which one of the three production functions curves is rare in Agriculture (1mk)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 138
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (i) above (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
18. The table below shows the population and gross domestic products of countries A and B
Country
Gross Domestic product (million Ksh)
Population (million)
A
1800
36
B
1200
15
(a) Calculate the per capita income for each country show your working (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Which of the two countries is more developed economically (1mk)
…………………………………..…………………………………………………………..
(c) Give a reason for your answer in (b) above (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) How can agriculture increase the gross domestic product of a country (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………….
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 139
19. The diagram below illustrate investigation on a property of soil using soil samples labeled J, K and L.
(a) Name the property of soil being investigated (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) What is the relationship between the soil property above and the size of soil particles? (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) Which soil sample would be suitable for growing paddy rice? (1mk)
…………………………………..………………………………………………………
(d) Give a reason for your answer in (c) above (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
20. The following is a list of nutrients: copper, calcium, nitrogen, molybodenum, zinc, phosphorus, carbon, sulphur, iron and magnesium. Which of the above nutrients are;
(a) Macro – nutrients (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Micro – nutrient (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) Fertilizer elements (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 140
(d) Liming elements (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………….
(e) Primary macro nutrients (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
SECTION C
Answer any two questions in this section in the spaces provided after question.
21.
(a) Explain five functions of a live fence in a farm. (5mks)
(b) Describe various risks and uncertainties in crop farming (10mks)
(c) State five functions of young farmers clubs in Kenya (5mks)
22.
(a) Explain five factors that should be considered in farm planning (10mks)
(b) Explain the different ways in which each of the following environmental factors influence crop production.
(i) Wind (5mks)
(ii) Temperature (5mks)
23.
(a) Outline the information contained in a purchase order. (5mks)
(b) Describe the harvesting of tea (7mks)
(c) Explain the cultural methods of controlling soil erosion (8mks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 141
KCSE PREDICTOR 9
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
Time: 2 HOURS
SECTION A (30MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the space provided.
1. Give four signs of ill health in livestock. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. List four materials that can be used in the construction of Kenya top bar hive. (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. State four management practices carries out on a cows during parturition. (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Name four methods of controlling Newcastle disease in chicken (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 142
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. State the role of the following practices when rearing piglets
(i) Iron injection. (½mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Tooth clipping (½mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………
6. State two functions of fats and oils in animals body. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………
7. State two functions of a queen bee in a colony (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Name four species of fresh water fish reared in Kenya. (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………
9. State two forms in which tapeworms are found in livestock (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………
10. Give the distinguishing colour for each of the following breeds of livestock
(i) Chinchilla rabbit (½mks)
……………………………………..………………………………………………………
(ii) Toggen burg goat (½mks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 143
……………………………….……………………………………………………………
11. State two functions of ventilation in an animal house (2mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Give two reasons for using litter in a poultry house. (2mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………
13. State one role of each of the following ingredients as used in preparation of artificial colostrums. (2mks)
(a) Castor oil
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Cod liver oil
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
14. State four reasons for breeding animals. (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………
15. State the functions of each of the following
(a) Shovel (½mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Strip cup (½mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
16. Why is it necessary to have guard rails in a farrowing pen? (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
17. Distinguish between the following practices as used in livestock production.
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 144
(a) Cropping and harvesting in fish farming (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………….……………………………………………………………..
(b) Crutching and ringing in sheep management (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………….
18. State three instances when a bee keeper may handle bees. (1½mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………
19. State three functions of rumen in ruminant animals (1½mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………
20. Give two signs that indicate that a cow has died of anthrax. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
21. Why is it raddling essential in sheep management. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………
SECTION B (20 MARKS)
Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.
22.
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 145
(a) If the maize meal contains 60% digestable crude protein (DCP) and Fish contains (64% DCP, calculate the amount of each feed stuff in Kilogrammes required to prepare 200kg of chickmash containing 18% DCP. (4mks)
(b) Name two other feed ingredients which should be added to the chickmash to make it a balanced diet. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
23. The figure below is a pig with some body paints. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 146
(i) A farmer wants to select a breeding stock. State the three physical qualities the farmer should asses in order to select a pig. (3mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………….
b) Study the illustration below of a hard flow foundation in a farm structure.
i) Name the parts labeled Rand T (2mks)
ii) State three advantages of concrete floor. (3mks)
T
X
R
W
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 147
24. The diagram below represents some farm tools
(a) State the use of each tool on the farm. (4mks)
S
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
U
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
V
………………………………………………………………………………………….
Y
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Explain two maintenance practices that should be carried out on the teeth of tools in the diagram. (2mks)
S
V
TeethTeethTeethTeethTeeth
Y
U
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 148
SECTION C
Answer any two questions in this section in the spaces provided after question 26.
25.
(a) Explain the factors considered when culling livestock. (5mks)
(b) Explain five factors considered when siting a cattle dip. (5mks)
(c) Give four conditions necessary for artificial incubation. (4mks)
(d) Outline the factors a farmer should consider to ensure fast and efficient cultivation by oxen. (6mks)
26.
(a) Describe East Coast Feaver (ECF) under the following sub headings.
(i) Animal attacked (1mk)
(ii) Causal organism (1mk)
(iii) Signs of infection (5mks)
(iv) Control measures (3mks)
(b) Explain seven factors that affect milk composition in a dairy farming. (7mks)
(c) State the advantages of a four stroke engine over a two stroke engine oil. (3mks)
27.
(a) Describe the feeding practices in artificial rearing of a dairy calf. (10mks)
(b) Describe the life cycle of a three host tick. (10mks)
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 149
KCSE PREDICTOR 10
443/1
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 1
Time: 2 HOURS
SECTION A(30mks)Attempt all the questions in this section.
1. Give two conditions under which shifting cultivation can be practiced. 1mk
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Differentiate between apiculture and aquaculture. 1mk
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Give four government policies which influence Agricultural production… 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. State four methods of clearing land. 2mk
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. State four importance for treating water for domestic use. 2mks
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 150
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Give four qualities of a fertile soil. 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. State four types of farm records… 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Give four role of nitrogen in a plant. 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. State four factors which influence the rooting of a cutting . 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Give four reasons for growing seedling in a nursery . 2mks
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 151
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. Name two methods of pruning . 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. Give two causes of blossom end rot in tomatoes. 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13. Define the following terms as used in Agriculture.
12. Land sub-division 1mk
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13. Land consolidation. 1mk
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. State four harmful effects of weed. 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
15. State two categories under which pest can be classified or mode of feeding. 2mks
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 152
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
16. Name four causes of crop diseases. 2mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
SECTION B:20mks:Attempt all questions in this section.
17. Below is a diagram of one of the tertially practices that are carried out in land preparation. Study it and answer the questions below
15. Identify the tertially practice shown above. 1mk
……………………………………………………………………………………………
16. Give four reasons for carrying out the above practice. (2mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
17. Apart from the above practice name any other two tertiary practices that are carried out in a farm (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
18. The table below is one of the record that is kept by livestock farmer in the farm
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 153
Dam No
Breed colour
Parents: sire
Dam
1st Service
2nd service
3rd serivice
4th service
Remarks
No of service
Date of service
Date of service
Date of service
Date of service
Time of service
Time of service
Time of service
Time of service
A
…….
Bull No Breed
Bull No Breed
Bull no Breed
B……
Result……………….
Expected date of calving
C…………………………………..
Weight of calf at birth
Sex of the calf
No of calf
k) Identify the type of record. 1mk
………………………………………………………………………………………
l) Fill in the blank spaces 3mks
A……………………………………………………
B……………………………………………………………
C…………………………………………………………………
19. A farmer was advised to apply 150 kg of CAN/ha,while top dressing the maize crop.CAN contains 21% N.Calculate the amount of Nitrogen applied per ha. 4mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
20. Below are various pegging methods of tea. Study them and answer the questions that follows.
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 154
m) Identify the pegging methods shown above. 112𝑚𝑘𝑠
A-
B–
C
n) Apart from the above method .Name any other method which is used to bring tea to bearing. 1mk
……………………………………………………………………………………………
o) Give one advantage of using the method given in b above. 1mk
………………………………………………………………………………..
p) State one reason why the method in (b) above is not commonly used.½mk
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
21. Below are some of the common weeds in Kenya. Study them and answer the questions which follow.
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 155
8. Identify the weeds A,B,C D. 2MKS
……………………………………………………………………………………………
9. What contributes to the competitive ability of weed C 1mk
…………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Why is it difficult to control weed E and weed F. 1mk
………………………………………………………………………………………………
SECTION C(Attempt two questions in this section.(40mks)
22. (a)Describe the advantages of organic farming in Kenya. 5mks
(b)Explain the overall effects of HIV/AIDS and ill health on Agricultural production.5mks
(c)Describe five reasons of carrying out minimum tillage in agriculture production.5mks
(d)Describe the uses of water in a farm . 5mks
23. (a)Explain five ways of maintaining soil fertility. 5mks
(b)Explain the factors which affects the spacing of any crop. 5mks
(c)Describe five management practices carried out in a nursery bed. 5mks
(d)Describe the field management practices in tomato production.. 5mks
24. (a)Describe the effects of land consolidation. 6mks
(b) Explain cultural methods of controlling pests.14mks
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 156
KCSE PREDICTOR 10
443/2
AGRICULTURE
PAPER 2
Section A (30MKS)
1. Name four methods of dehorning in cattle (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. State the function of the following parts of a poultry digestive system(1mk)
Crop-………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Gizzard-……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. State two functions of protein in animal nutrition (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Name four bacterial diseases 2mks
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 157
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. Name two meat breeds of goat …1mks ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Give four characteristics of a large white breed of pig (2mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. State four ways of restraining cattle during routine management (2mks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. What is meant by the following terms as used in livestock health?
(a) Incubation period (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Mortality rate (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. Define the following terms as used in livestock rearing………..2mks
(a)pullet……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 158
b.cockrel…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
c.piglet……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
c.sow………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. What is creep feeding? (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………
11.State two meat breeds of sheep 2mks
12. Give microbial activities that takes place in the rumen..2mks
13. (a) State 2 functions of cobalt in animal’s body 1MKS
(b)Name two classes of feedstuff 1mks
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 159
14. Give 4 mechanical method of tick control 2mks
15. State structural requirements of a pig house 2mks
16. State 4 disadvantages of using spray race over cattle dip 2mks
17. Give the uses of the following farm tools and equipments 2mks
i) strip cup
ii) milk strainer
Iii) Hacksaw
iv) Centre punch
Section B 20mks
18. Diagram G,H and J illustrates some livestock parasites
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 160
(a) Identify parasites G,H and J (3 mk
G……………………………………….
H……………………………………….
J………………………………………..
(b) Name the parts of the host body where parasites G and J are found (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) Name the intermediate host of parasites G and J (2mk)
G……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
J……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(d) Outline four symptoms of attack in livestock by parasite J (2mks)
J
H
G
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 161
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
19. The diagram below illustrates a hoof of a sheep. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow
(a) Name the routine management practice that should be carried out on the hoof illustrated above(1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) State two reasons for carrying out the management practice in (a) above (2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
20. Study the diagrams of workshop tools shown below
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 162
(a) Identify the tools labeled E and F (2mk)
E………………………………………………..
F…………………………………………………
(b) What functional advantage does tool E have over tool F? (1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) Below is a diagram of a farm structure for storing grains. Study it carefully and answer the question that follows
(i) Identify the farm structure illustrated above ( 1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) State the function of the part labeled M ( 1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) State two maintenance practices that should be carried out on the farm structure illustrated above in readiness for grain storage 2mks
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 163
21.Give four functions of a worker bee 2mks
Section c (40mks)
Attempt any two questions
22(a) i) Describe seven signs of ill-health in livestock 7mks
(ii) Outline five uses of a crush in livestock rearing5mks
(b) (i) Name the causal organism of coccidiosis in poultry. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Apart from poultry name two other animals affected by the disease above. (2mks)
(iii) Give five symptoms of the disease in poultry. (5mks)
23. (a) Describe the procedure of processing honey wax (8mks
(b) Outline FOUR harmful effects of lice in livestock ( 4MKS )
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 164
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) State five advantages of the top bar beehive (5mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
d). Give three signs of heat in pigs (3mks)
24. A) Explain six advantages of artificial insemination (A.I) in livestock breeding. (6mks)
(b) Give 5 categories of farm tools and equipment (5mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
c)outline five characteristics corriedale breed of sheep (5mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
d)discuss 4 practices carried out on fish before preservations. 4mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
FOR MARKING SCHEMES CALL/TEXT/WHATSAPP 0705525657
P a g e 165
END
MR ISABOKE 0705525657

METALS

Objectives

By the end of this topic the learner should be able to:

(a)  Name the chief ores of certain metals.

(b)  Describe and explain the general methods used in the extraction of metals from their ores.

(c)  Select and describe suitable methods of extraction of certain metals from their ores.

(d)  Describe and explain physical and chemical properties of some metals.

(e)  State and explain various uses of these metals and their alloys.

(f)  Describe the effects of the industrial production processes of metals on the environment.

METALS

Some metals occur naturally in a free uncombined state while others are found combined with other elements. Compounds in which metals can be extracted are called ores.

Chief Ores of Metals

An ore from which a metal can be obtained on a commercial scale is referred to as the chief ore.

The table below gives the chief ores of some common metals.

Metal	Ores of the metal	Formula of ores
Sodium	Sodium chloride	NaCl
	Rock salt*
Aluminium	Bauxite*	Al2O3. 2H2O
	Mica	K2Al2.Si6O6
	Corundum	Al2O3
Zinc	Zinc blende*	ZnS
	Calamine*	ZnCO3
	Zinc oxide	ZnO
Iron	Haematite*	Fe2O3
	Magnetite	Fe3O4
	Siderite	FeCO3
	Pyrite	FeS2
Copper	Copper pyrites*	CuFeS2
	Malachite	CuCO3Cu(OH)2
	Cuprite	Cu2O
	Azurite	Cu3(OH)2(CO3)2
Lead	Galena*	PbS
	Cerussite	PbCO3
	Anglesite	PbSO4

* Chief ore

Before any extraction process is carried out, qualitative and quantitative analysis is done to determine the metal present and the quantity of the metal in the ore.

 

General Methods of Extraction

Extraction of metals involves several stages. The stages involved include:

(a)  Mining the metal ores from the earth’s crust.

(b)  Concentrating the ores to remove most of the impurities. The process of concentrating an ore          may include:

(i)   Removing any magnetic materials with a magnet.

(ii)  Dissolving the mineral in a suitable solvent.

(iii) Washing with water to remove earthy matter.

(iv) Froth flotation. The ore is ground into a fine powder. It is then mixed with water containing special oils such as pine oil as frothing agents.A froth rich in minerals is formed at the top while the impurities sink to the bottom. The froth is skimmed and dried. Copper pyrites, zinc blende and galena one concentrated this way.

(c)  Roasting the ore to obtain metal oxides.

(d)  Reducing the oxide using suitable reducing agents to obtain the desired metals.

(e)  In case of more reactive metals, electrolytic extraction is applied.

The method of extraction of a metal depends on the metal’s reactivity. The most reactive metals such as sodium are obtained by electrolysis. The less reactive metals such as iron are extracted by reduction of their oxides using suitable reducing agents.

This can be summarized in the table below.

Metal	Main ore	Main constituent compound in ore	Methods of extraction
Sodium	Rock salt	Sodium chloride, NaCl	Electrolysis of molten sodium chloride.
Aluminium	Bauxite	Hydrated aluminium oxide, Al2O3.2H2O	Electrolysis of aluminium oxide in molten cryolite.
Zinc	Zinc blende	Zinc sulphide, ZnS	Roasting in air followed by reduction of zinc oxide by carbon
Iron	Haematite	Iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3	Reduction of iron (III) oxide by carbon (II) oxide.
Copper	Copper pyrites	Copper (II) sulphide, CuFeS2	Heating copper sulphide in regulated amounts of air to form copper (II) oxide, Reduction of copper (II) oxide by the copper sulphide.
	Malachite	Basic copper (II) carbonate, CuCO3.Cu(OH)3	Heating in air followed by reduction by carbon.

 

Sodium

Occurrence

Sodium occurs as dissolved chloride in sea water and salt lakes. It also occurs as a double salt, NaHCO₃.Na₂CO₃.2H₂O (trona) in salty lakes in the Rift valley such as Lake Magadi. Sodium also occurs as rock salt (solid sodium chloride) at various places and as saltpetre (solid sodium nitrate).

Saltpetre is mainly found in Chile, hence its common name, Chile saltpetre. The chief ore from which sodium is extracted is rock salt.

Extraction

Sodium metal is extracted by the Down’s process where molten sodium chloride is electrolysed.

• The Down’s cell consists of an iron shell lined with heat bricks on the outside to maintain the high temperature so that the electrolyte does not crystallise.

At the centre of the cell is a carbon anode surrounded by a steel cathode.

• Calcium chloride is added to the sodium chloride to lower the melting point of sodium chloride from about 800°C to 600°C. This is economical because it saves on electricity used in heating.

During electrolysis, sodium metal forms at the cathode whereas chlorine gas forms at the anode.

At the Anode	At the cathode
2Cl–(aq)  Cl2(g) + 2e–	2Na+(aq) + 2e– 2Na(l)

• A steel diaphragm is suspended between the electrodes to prevent sodium and chlorine from recombining.

Molten sodium is less dense than molten sodium chloride, hence it rises to the top of the cathode from where it is periodically removed. However, chlorine is not allowed into the atmosphere because it is a poisonous gas and hazardous to the environment.

Liquid calcium metal may also be produced at the cathode. However, calcium liquid does not mix with sodium liquid as it is much denser. In addition, calcium has a higher melting point compared to sodium. During cooling, calcium crystallises first leaving liquid sodium which is trapped.

Uses of Sodium

1. Manufacture of sodium compounds such as sodium cyanide (NaCN) and sodium peroxide (Na₂O₂). Sodium cyanide is used in the extraction of gold.
2. An alloy of sodium with lead is used in the manufacture of tetraethyl lead (Pb(C₂H₅)₂ used as an anti-knock additive in petrol. This has been discontinued as use of leaded fuel has been phased out.
3. Making an alloy of sodium and potassium which is used as a coolant in nuclear reactors because the alloy is a liquid over a wide range of temperatures.
4. Sodium vapour is used in street lamps which give yellow orange light.
5. Sodium is used as a reducing agent in some reactions such as reduction of titanium(IV) chloride to form titanium metal.
6. Sodium hydroxide, a compound of sodium, is used in the manufacture of detergents, paper glass and artificial silk.

 

 

Aluminium

 

Occurrence

Chief ore is bauxite (Al₂O₃.2H₂O) found in France, South America, Jamaica and Ghana.

Bauxite ore has impurities of iron(III) oxide and silica (SiO₂). Other ores are mica(K₂Al₂Si₆O₆) and corundum (Al₂O₃).

Extraction

Aluminum is extracted by the electrolytic method because it is a reactive metal.

The ore is concentrated before it is electrolysed.

Bauxite is ground into a fine powder and then dissolved in hot concentrated sodium hydroxide under pressure.

The amphoteric aluminium oxide and acidic silicon (IV) oxide dissolve in the base while iron(III) oxide which is insoluble in the base is filtered out as red mud.

Al₂O₃(s) + 2OH^–(aq) + 3H₂O(s)  2[Al(OH)₄]^–(aq)

SiO₂(s) + 2OH^–(aq)  SiO₃^2–(aq) + H₂O(g)

Carbon(IV) oxide gas is bubbled through the filtrate to precipitate the aluminium hydroxide.

2[Al(OH)₄] ^–(aq) + CO₂(g)  2Al(OH)₃(s) + CO₃^2–(aq) + H₂O(l)

Alternatively, aluminium hydroxide may be precipitated by seeding process using pure aluminium hydroxide crystals

The Aluminium hydroxide is then heated to obtain aluminium oxide, (Al₂O₃).

2Al(OH)₃(s)  Al₂O₃(s) + 3H₂O(l)

The Aluminium oxide is dissolved in molten cryolite (Na₃,AlF₆) to lower its melting point from 2015°C to around 800°C to save on the amount of heat needed to melt it.

The molten mixture is then electrolysed in a steel tank lined with graphite which acts as the cathode. Graphite rods dipping into the electrolyte act as the anode.

During electrolysis, aluminium is deposited at the cathode and oxygen is liberated at the anode.

 

 

At the anode	At the cathode
6O2– 6O(g) +12e–	4Al3+(l) + 12e-  4Al(s)
6O(g)  3O2(g)

At the high temperature of about 800°C, the oxygen evolved reacts with the carbon electrode to form carbon(IV) oxide. This corrodes the carbon anode which should be replaced from time to time.

Uses of Aluminium

1. An alloy of aluminum and magnesium is used in making parts of aeroplanes, railway trucks, trains, buses, tankers, furniture and cars because of its low density. Aluminium can easily be stretched due to its low tensile strength;therefore, its alloys such as duralumin are used as they are light, hard and strong. Duralumin is used in the construction of aircraft and car window frames.
2. For cooking vessels such as sufurias, because it is a good conductor of heat. It is NOTeasily corroded by cooking liquids because of the unreative coating of aluminium oxide.
3. For making overhead cables, because it is light and is a good conductor of electricity.
4. As a reducing agent in the thermite process in the extraction of some elements such as chromium, iron, cobalt, manganese and titanium.

Cr₂O₃(s) +2Al(s)  2Cr(s) + Al₂O₃(s)

5. Corundum (emery) is a natural oxide of aluminium which is useful as an abrasive.

 

Iron

 

Occurrence

Iron is the second most abundant metal after aluminium. The chief ore is haematite (Fe₂O₃). The other ores are Magnetite (Fe₃O₄) and siderite (FeCO₃).

The ores of iron contain silica (SiO₂) and aluminium oxide as impurities.

Extraction

Iron is usually extracted from its oxides or siderite. When extracting iron from siderite, the ore is first roasted in air to convert it toiron(II) oxide which is the stable oxide of iron.

The siderite (carbonate) is first decomposed by heat to form iron(II) oxide and carbon(IV) oxide.

FeCO₃(s) FeO(s) +CO₂(g)

Iron(II) oxide is then oxidised by oxygen in the atmosphere to form iron(III) oxide. (haematite).

4FeO(s) + O₂(s)  2Fe₂O₃(g)

Iron(III) oxide is also mined as the ore. The iron(III) oxide obtained by either method is ground into a powder then mixed with limestone and coke then fed into a furnace from the top.

The mixture is heated by blasts of hot air at temperatures of between 800°C – 1000°C from the bottom of the furnace.

The blast furnace is about 30 m high. It is made of steel and the inner side is lined with bricks made from magnesium oxide which conserve heat energy in order to maintain the optimum temperature needed for the reduction of iron(III) oxide.

 

In the blast furnace three important reactions take place.

1. At the bottom of the furnace, coke (carbon) is oxidised to carbon(IV) oxide. The reaction raises the temperature of the furnace to 1600 °C since it is exothermic.

C(s) + O₂(g)  CO₂(g) ∆H^θ = – 393 kJ mol^-1

2. In the middle part of the furnace, carbon (IV) oxide is reduced by coke to carbon(II) oxide and the temperature drops to about 1000°C since the reaction is endothermic.

CO₂(g) + C(s)  2CO(g) ∆H^θ = –283 kJ mol^-1

3. At the upper part of the furnace where the temperature has fallen to about 700 °C, iron(III) oxide is reduced to iron metal. Both carbon and carbon(II) oxide act as reducing agents.

2Fe₂O₃(s) + 3C(s)  4Fe(l) + 3CO₂(g)

Fe₂O₃(s) + 3CO(g)  2Fe(s) + 3CO₂(g)

Carbon(II) oxide is the main reducing agent because of the large surface that is in contact with the iron(III) oxide.

The iron produced falls to the lower part of the furnace where the temperatures are high enough to keep it molten. The carbon(IV) oxide produced is recycled.

The limestone fed into the furnace alongside coke and iron(II) oxide is decomposed by heat in the furnace to form calcium oxide and carbon(IV) oxide.

CaCO₃(s) CaO(s) + CO₂(g)

Calcium oxide being basic reacts with acidic and amphoteric oxide in the furnace to form slag.

CaO(s) + SiO₂(s)  CaSiO₃(l)

CaO(s) + Al₂O₃(s)  CaAl₂O₄(l)

The slag formed is tapped off at a higher level of the furnace because of its lower density.

The iron obtained from the blast furnace is 90–95% pure and it is called “pig Iron”. The main impurities in pig iron are carbon, silicon, manganese, sulphur and phosphorus, depending on the composition of the original ore.

These impurities considerably affect the properties of iron by making it less hard and brittle as well as lowering the melting point of the iron.

 

 

 

 

Uses of Iron

Cast Iron (Pig Iron)

This is the name given to the iron after it has been produced in the blast furnace. It contains about 3–5% carbon 1% silicon and 2% phosphorus. Although this type of iron has the disadvantages of being very brittle, it is extremely hard and is used in making furnaces, gates drainage pipes, engine blocks, iron boxes, etc. An important use of cast iron is the manufacture of wrought iron and steel railings for balconies.

Wrought Iron

Contains about 0.1% carbon. It is malleable and thus can be easily forged (moulded) and welded. It is used to make iron nails, iron sheets, horse shoes and agricultural implements, wrought iron is becoming less important due to increased use of mild steel.

Steel

The name is given to many different alloys whose main component is iron. The other substances may be carbon, vanadium, manganese, tungsten, nickel and chromium. Mild steel contains about 0.3% carbon. Special steel contains a small percentage of carbon together with other substances.

Mild steel is used to make nails, car bodies, railway lines, ship bodies, gliders, rods for reinforced concrete, pipes. Mild steel contains 99.75% iron and 0.75% carbon. It is easily worked on.

Stainless steel

Stainless steel contains 74% iron, 18% chromium and 8% nickel. Stainless steel containing 10–12% chromium and some nickel is used to make cutlery, sinks and vats. Steel containing 5–18% tungsten is used for making high speed cutting and drilling tools because it is tough and hard.

Cobalt Steel

This contains about 97.5% iron and 2.5% cobalt. It is tough and hard. It is highly magnetic and so it is used to make electromagnets.

 

Zinc

 

Occurrence

It occurs in many parts of the world as calamine (zinc carbonate), zinc blende (zinc sulphide).  Zinc blende is often found mixed with galena (PbS). The chief ores of zinc are calamine and zinc blende.

Extraction

The ore is concentrated by froth floatation. The concentrated ore is then roasted to form the metal oxide.

In the case of calamine, carbonate decomposes to zinc oxide and carbon(IV) oxide.

ZnCO₃(s) ZnO(s) +CO₂(g)

In the case of zinc blende, two reactions occur:

(i)   Zinc sulphide is roasted in air to produce zinc oxide and sulphur(IV) oxide gas.

2ZnS(s) + 3O₂(g)  2ZnO(s) +2SO₂(g)

(ii)  The impurity, lead(II) sulphide in the ore produces lead(II) oxide and sulphur(IV) oxide.

2PbS(s) + 3O₂(g)  2PbO(s) + 2SO₂(g)

Zinc metal may be obtained from the oxide either by reduction using carbon or carbon monoxide or it may be converted to zinc sulphate and electrolysed.

 

 

(a)  Reduction using carbon and carbon(II) oxide

Zinc oxide from the roaster is mixed with coke and limestone and heated in a blast furnace where it is reduced to zinc.

ZnO(s) + C(s)  Zn(g) +CO(g)

ZnO(s) + CO(g)  Zn(g) +CO₂(g)

The limestone decomposes into calcium oxide and carbon(IV) oxide.

The carbon(IV) oxide is reduced by coke to carbon(II) oxide.

CO₂(g) + C(s)  2CO(g)

The carbon(II) oxide and the coke are the reducing agents.

Zinc has a boiling point of 913°C. At the furnace temperatures which are maintained above 1,000°C, zinc exists in vapour form. The zinc vapour leaves at the top of the furnace with the hot gases.

It is cooled very rapidly to 600°C by mixing it with a spray of molten lead. The lead spray condenses the zinc and prevents it from being re-oxidised.

At this temperature liquid zinc separates and settles above the molten lead since it is less dense and is run off.

The zinc can be purified by distillation. The lead produced during the extraction is a liquid at the furnace temperatures and it trickles to the bottom of the furnace from where it is taped off. Calcium oxide combines with silica and is removed as slag.

 

(b)  Electrolytic Extraction of Zinc

The zinc oxide obtained from the roaster is converted to zinc sulphate.

ZnO(s) + H₂SO₄(aq)  ZnSO₄(aq) + H₂O(l)

Any lead oxide present reacts with the acid to form lead(II) sulphate which is insoluble and is therefore precipitated.

PbO(s) + H₂O₄(aq)  PbSO₄(s) + H₂O(l)

The zinc sulphate is then dissolved in water and the solution electrolysed. The cathode is made of lead containing 1% silver and the anode is made of aluminium sheets. The electrode reactions are:

Cathode

Zinc ions are discharged.

2Zn²⁺(aq) + 4e^– Zn(s)

If graphite electrode were used, hydrogen gas would have been evolved instead. Zinc is stripped off the cathode regularly. The metal is about 99.5% pure.

Anode

Hydroxide ions are discharged in preference to sulphate ions.

4OH^–(aq)  2H₂O(l) +O₂(g) + 4e^–

Over 80% of zinc is extracted by the electrolytic methods.

Flow-chart to summarise the extraction of zinc

 

Uses of Zinc

1. Zinc is used to galvanise iron to prevent it from rusting.
2. To make brass, an alloy of copper and zinc.
3. Making of outer casing in dry batteries.

 

Lead

Its chief ore is galena(PbS). Other ores of less industrial importance are cerussite (PbCO₃) and anglesite (PbSO₄).

Extraction

The ore is first ground into a fine powder and then concentrated through froth floatation. The concentrated ore is then roasted in air to obtain lead(II) oxide and sulphur(IV) oxide.

2PbS(s) + 3O₂(g)  2PbO(s) +2SO₂(g)

The lead(II) oxide from the roaster is mixed with coke and calcium carbonate (limestone). The mixture is then heated in a blast furnace.

The lead(II) oxide is reduced by the coke to lead.

2PbO(s) +C(s)  Pb(s) +CO₂(g)

Iron is added to the blast furnace to reduce any remaining lead sulphide to lead.

Fe(s) + PbS(s) FeS(l) + Pb(s)

Calcium oxide combine with silica to form calcium silicate.

CaO(s) + SiO₂(s)  CaSiO₃(l)

Theiron(II) sulphide and calcium silicate form slag which is tapped off separately from the lead. The lead produced by the method is not pure.

Pure lead is obtained by blowing a blast of air through the molten impure lead. Oxygen in the air oxidises the impurities into compounds which are less dense than lead. These compounds float on the molten lead and are skimmed off.

 

 

 

 

 

 

More pure lead can be obtained by electrolysis.Thecathode is made of a pure strip of lead while the impure lead is made the anode. At the cathode, lead is deposited while at the anode lead dissolves.

 

 

At the cathode: Pb²⁺(aq) + 2e^– Pb(s)

At the anode: Pb(s)  Pb²⁺(aq) + 2e^–

 

Uses of Lead

1. Manufacture of storage batteries (lead acid accumulators) .
2. It is used in ammunition (shot and bullets) and as a constituentof solder, type metal, bearing alloys, fusible alloys, and pewter.
3. In heavy and industrial machinery, sheets and other parts made from lead compoundsmay be used to dampen noise and vibration.
4. Lead Pipes–Lead pipes due to its corrosion resistant properties are used for carriage of corrosive chemicals at chemical plants.
5. Lead Sheet is used in the building industry for flashings or weathering to prevent water penetration & for roofing and cladding. By virtue of its resistance to chemical corrosion, Lead Sheet also finds use for the lining of chemical treatment baths, acid plants and storage vessels.
6. Because lead effectively absorbs electromagnetic radiationof short wavelengths, it is used as a protective shielding around nuclear reactors, particle accelerators, X-ray equipment, and containers used for transporting and storing radioactive materials.

 

Copper

Occurrence

Copper ores include, pyrites (CuFeS₂), cuprite (Cu₂O₂), chalcocite (Cu₂S) and malachite (CuCO₃.Cu(OH)₂. It also occurs in uncombined state in various parts of the world such as Canada, USA, Zambia, Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).

Impurities in copper ores may include traces of gold and silver.

The chief ore of copper is copper pyrites.

 

Extraction

Copper is mostly extracted from copper pyrites. The ore is first crushed into a fine powder and concentrated by froth flotation. The concentrated ore is then roasted in a limited supply of air to obtain copper(I) sulphide and iron(II) oxide

2CuFeS₂(s) + 4O₂(g)  Cu₂S(s) + 2FeO(s) + 3SO₂(g)

Silica (SiO₂) is then added and the mixture is heated in the absence of air. The silica reacts with iron(II) oxide to form iron(II) silicate which separates out as a slag leaving behind the copper(I) sulphide.

FeO(l) + SiO₂(l)  FeSiO₃(l)

The copper(I) sulphide is then heated in a regulated supply of air where some of it is converted to copper(I) oxide.

2Cu₂S(l)) + 3O₂(g)  2Cu₂O(l) + 2SO₂(g)

The copper(I) oxide then reacts with the remaining copper(I) sulphide to form copper metal and sulphur(VI) oxide.

Cu₂ S(l) + 2Cu₂O(l)  6Cu(l) + SO₂(g)

The sulphur(IV) oxide produced in the process is either fed into adjacent sulphuric(IV) acid plant or scrubbed using calcium hydroxide.

SO₂(g) + Ca(OH)₂(aq)  CaSO₃(s) + H₂O(l)

The copper obtained in this process is about 97.5% pure. This is called blister copper.

It is refined by electrolysis to obtain 99.8% pure copper. During the refining, stripes of pure copper are used as the cathode whereas the anode is made of the impure copper. Copper(II) sulphate solution is used as the electrolyte.

 

 

During electrolysis, the impure copper anode goes into solution as copper ions while copper metal is deposited on the pure copper cathodes.

At the anode: Cu(s)  Cu ²⁺(aq) + 2e^–

At the cathode Cu²⁺ (aq) + 2e–  Cu(s)

Traces of gold and silver collect as a sludge at the bottom of the electrolytic cell.

Where copper carbonate is the chief ore, it is roasted first to obtain copper(II) oxide.

CuCO₃ (s) CuO(s) +CO₂(g)

The copper(II) oxide is then reduced to copper metal using coke and carbon(II) oxide as reducing agents.

2CuO(s) + C(s)  Cu(s) + CO₂(g)

CuO(s) + CO(g)  Cu(s) + CO₂(g)

 

Uses of Copper

1. Making electrical wires and contacts in switches, plugs and sockets because copper is a good conductor of electricity. Pure copper is necessary for this use because impurities increase electrical resistance.
2. Making soldering instruments due to its high thermal conductivity.
3. Making alloys such as brass (Cu and Zn), bronze (Cu and Sn), German silver (Cu, Zn and Ni), etc.
4. Making coins and ornaments.

 

 

 

Properties of Some Metals

 

Physical Properties of Metals

Physical properties of metals depend on the size of the atoms, their electron arrangement and the crystal lattice.

• Metals generally have high melting and boiling points due to strong metallic bonds.
• They are good conductors of both heat and electricity due to the presence of delocalised valence electrons in the metallic lattice. The number of delocalised electrons and their ease of movement within the lattice account for the difference in electrical conductivity.

Metal	Melting point (°C)	Boiling point (°C)	Thermal& Electrical conductivity	Density (gcm-3)	Malleability	Ductility
Sodium	97.8	890	Good	0.97	–	–
Aluminium	660	2 470	Very good	2.70	Malleable	Ductile
Zinc	1 535	3 000	Good	2.86	Malleable	Ductile
Iron	420	907	Good	2.14	Malleable	Ductile
Copper	1083	2 395	Very good	8.90	Malleable	Ductile

• The metals generally have high densit Differences in density in metals are mainly due to different atomic masses, packing of the atoms in the metallic lattice and the size of the atoms.
• Metals can be pressed into sheets and also drawn into wires. These properties are referred to as malleability and ductility

 

Chemical Properties of Metals

 

Reactions with air

Freshly cut or polished surfaces of metals have a shiny appearance. Sodium rapidly tarnishes in dry air forming sodium oxide.

4Na(s) + O₂(g)  2Na₂O(s)

In moist air, both sodium metal and sodium oxide react with water vapour to form sodium hydroxide.

2Na(s) + 2H₂O(l)  2NaOH(aq) + H₂(g)

Na₂O(s) + 2H₂O(l)  2NaOH(aq)

The resulting alkali absorbs acidic carbon(IV) oxide in the air to form sodium carbonate.

2NaOH(aq) + CO₂ (g)  Na₂CO₃ (aq) + H₂O(l)

When heated in air sodium readily burn with a yellow flame to form mainly sodium peroxide.

2Na(s) + O₂(g)  Na₂O₂(s)

Polished aluminium is immediately coated by aluminium oxide. If heated to 800 °C, aluminium burns to form aluminium oxide and aluminium nitride.

4Al(s) +3O₂(g)  2Al₂O₃(s)

2Al(s) + N₂(g)  2AlN(s)

Zinc tarnishes very slowly in air due to the formation of zinc oxide. When heated, zinc burns to form zinc oxide

2Zn(s) + O₂(g)  2ZnO(s)

Iron rusts in the presence of moist air to form hydrated iron(III) oxide, Fe₂O₃.H₂O(s).

3Fe(s) + 2H₂O(l) + 3O₂(g)  2Fe₂O₃.H₂O(s)

When heated, iron reacts with oxygen to form tri-iron tetraoxide, Fe₃O₄.

3Fe(s) + 2O₂(g)  Fe₃O₄(s)

Copper forms a black coating of copper(II) oxide when heated in air. Finely divided copper burns with a blue flame to form copper(II) oxide.

 

Reactions with cold water and steam

 

Sodium reacts vigorously with cold water liberating hydrogen gas.The resulting solution is alkaline(basic). The alkaline solution is sodium hydroxide.

2Na(s) + 2H₂O(l)  2NaOH + H₂ (g)

Aluminium, zinc and iron do not readily react with cold water.

Aluminium does not react with cold water because of a thin layer of aluminium oxide on its surface. If the thin layer of aluminium oxide is removed, aluminium reacts with cold water very slowly liberating hydrogen gas.

Copper does not react with cold water.

Aluminium, zinc and iron react with steam liberating hydrogen gas and forming metals oxides.

2Al(s) + 3H₂O(g)  Al₂O₃(s) + 3H₂(g)

Zn(s) + H₂O(g) ZnO(s) + H₂(g)

3Fe(s) + 4H₂O(g)  Fe₃O₄(s) + 4H₂(g)

Copper does not react with steam at all.

Among the metals discussed, sodium is the most reactive while copper is the least reactive.

 

Sodium                                   Most reactive

Aluminium

Zinc                                         Decreasing order of reactivity

Iron

Copper                                  Least Reactive

 

The position of aluminium is not easy to determine in this experiment because its reaction with cold water and steam are impaired due to the presence of an oxide coating.

During the reaction between the metal and water, the reactive metals displace hydrogen to form the hydroxides of the metals.

Copper does not react with water because it is low in the reactivity series.

If hydrogen is put together with metals in order of reactivity, its position would be higher than that of copper.

Sodium                                   Most reactive

Aluminium

Zinc                                         Decreasing order of reactivity

Iron

Hydrogen

Copper                                  Least Reactive

 

Reaction with chlorine

 

Hot sodium metal reacts with chlorine to form white fumes of sodium chloride.

2Na(s) + Cl₂(g)  2NaCl(s)

Hot copper glows red in chlorine gas forming brown copper(II) chloride which turns green in the presence of moisture.

Hot zinc reacts with chlorine gas to form white zinc chloride.

Zn(s) + Cl₂(g)  ZnCl₂(s)

Hot iron glows red in chlorine gas. This is because the reaction is exothermic. During the reaction brown fumes are observed. The fumes solidify on the cooler parts of the tube to form black crystals of iron(III) chloride.

Fe(s) + 3Cl₂(g)  2FeCl₃(s)

Hot aluminium burns in chlorine to form a white solid which sublimes and condenses on the cooler parts of the apparatus.

2Al(s) + 3Cl₂(g)  2AlCl₃(s)

Both iron(III) chloride and aluminium chloride are observed to fume when exposed in damp air. This is because both chlorides are readily hydrolysed by water vapour to produce hydrogen chloride gas.

FeCl₃(s) + 3H₂O(l) Fe(OH)₃(s) + 3HCl(g)

AlCl₃(s) +3H₂O(l) Al(OH)₃(s) + 3HCl(g)

 

Reactions with acids

 

Polished aluminium reacts very slowly with dilute hydrochloric acid to liberate hydrogen gas and form aluminium chloride.

2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq)  2AlCl₃(aq) + 3H₂(g)

There is no apparent reaction between aluminium and dilute sulphuric(VI) acid.

There is also no apparent reaction between aluminium and nitric(V) acid at any concentration. This is because nitric(V) acid is a strong oxidising agent. A thin layer of aluminium oxide forms on the metal surface immediately it comes into contact with the acid.

 

Aluminium reduces hot concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid to sulphur(IV) oxide and is itself oxidized to aluminium sulphate.

2Al(s) + 6H₂SO₄(l)  Al₂(SO₄)₃(aq) + 6H₂O(l) + 3SO₂(g)

Iron reacts with both dilute hydrochloric acid or sulphuric (VI) acid to liberate hydrogen gas.

Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq)  FeCl₂(aq) + H₂(g)

Fe(s) + H₂SO₄(aq)  FeSO₄(aq) + H₂(g)

Iron reduces hot concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid to sulphur(IV) oxide and is itself oxidised to iron(II) sulphate.

2Fe(s) + 6H₂SO₄(s)  Fe₂(SO₄)₃ + 6H₂O(l) + 3SO₂(g)

Dilute nitric(V) acid reacts with iron to form a mixture of nitrogen(I) oxide and nitrogen(II) oxide.

There is no apparent reaction between iron and concentrated nitric(V) acid. The concentrated acid oxidises iron and forms a thin layer of impervious tri-iron tetraoxide, Fe₃O₄, which prevents further reaction.

 

Zinc reacts with both dilute hydrochloric acid and sulphuric(VI) acid to liberate hydrogen gas.

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)  ZnCl₂(aq) + H₂(g)

Zn(s) + H₂SO₄(aq)  ZnSO₄(aq) + H₂(g)

Zinc reduces concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid to sulphur(IV) oxide gas and is itself oxidised to zinc sulphate.

Zn(s) + 2H₂SO₄(l)  ZnSO₄(aq) + 2H₂O(l) + SO₂(g)

Zinc reacts with 50% concentrated nitric(V) acid to liberate nitrogen (II) oxide gas.

3Zn(s) + 8HNO₃(aq)  3Zn(NO₃)₂(aq) + 4H₂O(l) + 2NO(g)

Copper does not react with dilute hydrochloric acid, dilute sulphuric(VI) acid or very dilute (less than 50%) nitric(V) acid. It however reacts with nitric(V) acid at 50% concentration to liberate nitrogen(II) oxide.

3Cu(s) + 8HNO₃(aq) Cu(NO₃)₂(aq) + 4H₂O(l) + 2NO(g)

With concentrated nitric(V) acid and sulphuric(VI) acid, nitrogen(IV) oxide and sulphur(IV) oxides are produced respectively.

Cu(s) + 4HNO₃(l) Cu(NO₃)₂(aq) + 2H₂O(l) + 2NO₂(g)

Cu(s) + 2H₂SO₄(l)  CuSO₄(aq) + 2H₂O(l) + 2SO₂(g)

 

Effects of Extraction of Metals on the Environment

Extraction of metals leads to land pollution, air pollution and water pollution.

Mining of the ores from the ground may lead to gaping holes being left in the ground if not refilled with earth. If undesired earthy material accompanying the ores are carelessly disposed of, it may lead to serious land pollution.

Roasting of the ores, reduction of the oxide and electrolysis of chlorides leads to evolution of gaseous by-products such as sulphur(IV) oxides, carbon(IV) oxide gas and chlorine gas. These gaseous products could lead to air pollution if allowed to escape into the atmosphere This could lead to acid rain effects.

The gaseous by-products such as chlorine gas and sulphur(IV) oxide gas are fed into hydrochloric acid and sulphuric(VI) acid plants respectively.

Solid by-products such as slag could lead to land pollution if not disposed off safely. Conversely, solid by products can be disposed off carefully by either burning them or making other uses of them. For example, slag may be used in carpeting roads.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Review Exercises

 

1. 2006 Q 21

• Explain why the metals magnesium and aluminium are good conductors of electricity.                   (1 mark)
• Other than cost, give two reasons why aluminium is used for making electric cables while magnesium is not                               (2 marks)

 

2. 2006 Q 6 P2

The extraction of iron from its ores takes place in the blast furnace. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

• Name:
• One of the substances in the slag; (1 mark)
• Another iron ore material used in the blast furnace; (1 mark)
• One gas which is recycled. (1 mark)

 

• Describe the process which leads to the formation of iron in the blast furnace.                   (3 marks)
• State the purpose of limestone in the blast furnace. (2 marks)

 

• Give a reason why the melting point of the iron obtained from the blast furnace is 1200 °C while that of pure iron is 1535 °C       (1 mark)
• State two uses of steel (2 marks)

 

3. 2007 Q 19 P1

The flow chart below shows steps used in the extraction of zinc from one of its ores.

• Name the process that is used in step 2 to concentrate the ore. (1 mark)
• Write an equation for the reaction which takes place in step 3.       (1 mark)
• Name one use of zinc other than galvanizing.       (1 mark)

4. 2007 Q 3 P2

The flow chart below shows a sequence of chemical reactions starting with copper study it and answer the questions that follow.

• (a) In step 1, excess 3M nitric acid was added to 0.5g of copper powder.
• State two observations which were made when the reaction was in progress                                     (2marks)
• Explain why dilute hydrochloric acid cannot be used in step 1             (1mark)
• Write the equation for the reaction that took place in step 1 (1mark)

1. Calculate the volume of 3M nitric that was needed to react completely with 0.5g of copper powder. (Cu = 63.5)                                         (3 marks)

 

• Give the names of the types of reactions that took place in steps 4 and 5. (1 mark)

 

• Apart from the good conductivity of electricity, state two other properties that make it possible for copper to be extensively used in the electrical industry. (2marks)

 

5. 2008 Q 28 P1

During the extraction of aluminium from its ores; the ore is first purified to obtain alumina.

 

• Name

• Substance C₁ (1 mark)
• Process D₁ (1 mark)
  • Give two reasons why aluminium is used extensively in the making of cooking pans. (1 mark)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6. 2009 Q 7 P2

Iron is obtained from hematite using a blast furnace shown in figure 5 below.

 

• Four raw materials are required for the production of iron. Three of these are iron oxide, hot air and limestone. Give the name of the fourth raw material. (1 mark)

 

• Write an equation for the reaction in which carbon (IV) oxide is converted into carbon (II) oxide.                   (1 mark)

 

• Explain why the temperature in the region marked Y is higher than of the incoming hot air.                               (2 marks)

 

• State one physical property of molten slag other than density that allows it to be separated from molten iron as shown in the figure 5.       (1 mark)

 

• One of the components of the waste gases is Nitrogen (IV) oxide. Describe the adverse effect it has on the environment.       (2 marks)

 

• Iron from the blast furnace contains about 5% carbon

(i) Describe how the carbon content is reduced                                     (2 marks)

(ii) Why is it necessary to reduce the carbon content?                          (1 mark)

 

 

7. 2010 Q 6 P2

The melting and boiling points of zinc are 419 °C and 907 °C respectively.

One of the ores of zinc is zinc blende. To extract zinc, the ore is first roasted in air before feeding it into a furnace.

 

• (i) Write the formula of the main zinc compound in zinc blende. (1 mark)

(ii)  Explain using an equation why it is necessary to roast the ore in air before introducing it into the furnace.                                                                              (2 marks)

 

 

• The diagram below shows a simplified furnace used in the extraction of zinc. Study it and answer the questions that follows:

• Name two other substances that are also introduced into the furnace together with roasted ore.               (1 mark)
• The main reducing agent in the furnace is carbon (II) oxide. Write two equations showing how it is formed.               (2 marks)
• In which physical state is zinc at point Y in the furnace? Give a reason. (1 mark)
• Suggest a value for the temperature at point X in the furnace. Give a reason. (1 mark)
• State and explain one environmental effect that may arise from the extraction of zinc from zinc blende               (2 marks)
• Give two industrial uses of zinc. (1 mark)

 

 

8. 2011 Q 27 P1

The flow chart below shows some processes involved in the industrial extraction of zinc metal.

• Name one ore from which zinc is extracted. (1 mark)
• Write the equation of the reaction taking place in unit II. (1 mark)
• Name two uses of zinc metal. (1 mark)

9. 2012 Q22 P1

Aluminium is both malleable and ductile.

(a)       What is meant by?

(i)         Malleable:                                                                                          (1 mark)

(ii)        Ductile                                                                                                            (1 mark)

(b)       Stateone use of aluminium based on:

(i)         malleability                                                                                        (½ mark)

(ii)        ductility                                                                                              (½ mark)

 

10. 2013 Q22 P1

(a)         Name two ores from which copper is extracted.                                    (1 mark)

(b)         During extraction of copper metal, the ore is subjected to froth flotation. Give a reason why this process is necessary.                                                   (1 mark)

(c)         Name one alloy of copper and state its use.                                              (1 mark)

 

11. 2014 Q10 P1

One of the ores of copper has formula, CuFeS₂.

(a)         Describe how iron in the ore is removed during concentration of copper metal.                                                                                                                                       (1 mark)

(b)         State two environmental problems associated with extraction of copper metal.                                                                                                                                       (2 marks)

12. 2014 Q6 P2, 2016 P2 Q12.

The diagram below represents a set-up of an electrolytic cell that can be used in the production of aluminium

(a)          One the diagram, label the anode.                                                                       (1 mark)

(b)          Write the equation for the reaction at the anode.                                              (1 mark)

 

(c)          Give a reason why the electrolytic process is not carried out below 950 °C.(1 mark)

 

(d)          Give a reason why the production of aluminium is not carried out using reduction                   process.                                                                                                          (1 mark)

(e)          Give two reasons why only the aluminium ions are discharged.                       (2 marks)

 

(f)           State two properties of duralumin that makes it suitable for use in aircraft industry.                                                                                                                                              (1 mark)

(g)          Name two environmental effects caused by extraction of aluminium.            (2 marks)

 

13. 2015 Q2 P1

(a)         Name the raw material from which sodium is extracted.                         (1 mark)

(b)         Give a reason why sodium is extracted using electrolysis.                       (1 mark)

(c)         Give two uses of sodium metal.                                                                 (1 mark)

 

14. 2015 Q16 P1

The flow chart below shows various reactions of aluminium metal. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

(a)       (i)         Other than water, name another reagent that could be R.                   (1 mark)

(ii)        Write the formula of reagent Q.                                                     (1 mark)

(b)       Write an equation or the reaction in step 5.                                                         (1 mark)

 

15. 2017 P1 Q27.

(a)       Name two ores in which sodium occurs.                                                  (1 mark)

(b)       During extraction of sodium using the down’s process, calcium chloride is added                                 to the ore. Give a reason for the addition of calcium chloride.                     (1 mark)

(c)       State two uses of sodium.                                                                            (1 mark)

 

 

16. 2017 P2 Q6.

The following steps were used to analyse a metal ore.

• An ore of a metal was roasted in a stream of oxygen. A gas with a pungent smell was formed which turned acidified potassium dichromate (VI) green.
• The residue left after roasting was dissolved in hot dilute nitric(V) acid. Crystals were obtained from the solution.
• Some crystals were dried and heated. A brown acidic gas and a colourless gas were evolved and a yellow solid remained.
• The solid was yellow when cold.
• The yellow solid was heated with powered charcoal. Shiny beads were formed.

 

(a)         Name the:

(i)         Gas formed when the ore was roasted in air;                               (1 mark)

(ii)        Gases evolved when crystals in step (iii) were heated;              (2 marks)

(iii)       Yellow solid formed in step (iii);                                                       (1 mark)

(iv)      Shiny beads in step (iv).                                                                   (1 mark)

 

(b)          The yellow solid from procedure (iii) was separated, dried, melted and the melt                                  electrolysed using graphite electrodes.

(i)         Describe the observations made at each electrode.                 (2 marks)

(ii)        Write the equation for the reaction that took place at the anode.             (1 mark)

 

(c)        Some crystals formed in step (ii) were dissolved in water, and a portion of it reacted with potassium iodide solution. A yellow precipitate was formed. Write an ionic equation for this reaction.                                                                           (1 mark)

 

(d)        To another portion of the solution from (f), sodium hydroxide solution was added drop by drop until there was no further change. Describe the observation made.                                                                                                                               (1 mark)

(e)          To a further portion of the solution from (f), a piece of zinc foil was added.

(i)         Name the type of reaction taking place.                                         (1 mark)

(ii)        Write an ionic equation for the above reaction.                             (1 mark)

 

17. 2018 P1 Q 20.

(a)         Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid according to the following equation.

Zn(s) + 2HCl (aq) ZnCl₂(aq) + H₂(g)

Identify the reducing agent. Give a reason for the answer.                              (2 marks)

 

(b)         Iron sheets are dipped in molten zinc to prevent rusting. Name this process.                                                                                                                                                          (1 mark)

 

18. 2018 P1 Q24.

(a)          Name two ores of iron.                                                                                (1 mark)

(b)          Describe how the amount of iron in a sample of iron(III) oxide can be determined.                                                                                                                                      (2 marks)

 

19. 2019 P1 Q3.

The flow chart in Figure 1 represents some stages in the extraction of copper metal. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

(a)         Identify:

(i)         The copper ore;                                                                                (1 mark)

(ii)        Process B;                                                                                           (½ mark)

(iii)       Solid C.                                                                                               (½ mark)

(b)         Write an equation for the reaction that forms the slag.                          (1 mark)

 

20. 2019 P2 Q2.

(a)          Zinc occurs mainly as zinc blende. Name one other ore from which zinc can be                                   extracted.                                                                                                      (1 mark)

(b)          The flow chart in Figure 2 shows the various stages in the extraction of zinc metal. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

• Write an equation for the reaction which occurs in the roasting chamber.                            (1 mark)
• Describe the process that takes place in the blast furnace.    (3 marks)
• Explain why molten lead is added to the condenser.    (1 mark)
• State two uses of zinc.                (1 mark)
• Give one reason why the extraction of zinc causes pollution to the environment. (1 mark)

 

(b)       Explain the observations made when zinc metal is added to hot sodium hydroxide.                                                                                                                                          (2 marks)

SCHEME  OF  WORK                 FORM    ONE   GEOGRAPHY                TERM  ONE  20…..

WK NO

L/ NO

TOPIC  / SUBTOPIC

LESSON  / SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

TEACHING / LEARNING ACTIVITIES

MATERIALS / RESOURCES

REF.

REM.

1-4

SELECTION OF FORM ONE STUDENTS

5

1

INTRODUCTION             TO   GEOGRAPHY   Definition of Geography and environment.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:   Define the terms Geography and environment. Explain what the study of Geography entails.

Brainstorming, Oral questions; Brief discussion.

KLB BK I Pg 1

2

Branches of Geography.

Identify the branches of Geography.

Exposition & discussion on major areas covered in Physical Geography, Economic Geography & Practical Geography.

KLB BK I Pg 2

3

Importance of studying Geography.

Explain importance of studying Geography.

Detailed discussion on importance of knowledge, skills, positive values and attitudes gained in course of studying Geography.

KLB BK I Pg 2-3

2

1

Relationship between Geography and other Disciplines.

Explain the relationship between Geography and other disciplines.

Teacher explains contextual meaning of the term discipline. Oral questions to elicit definitions of history, physics, chemistry, agriculture, economics, etc. Brief discussion on interdependence of disciplines.

Chart: relationship between Geography and other disciplines.

KLB BK I Pg 3-4

2

2

Careers related to Geography.

Identify careers related to Geography.

Open discussion on careers related to Geography.

Career booklet.

KLB BK I Pg 3-4

3

THE EARTH AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM.   Composition of the Solar System.

Give the meaning of solar system. Describe the composition of solar system.

Exposition of facts related to the heavenly bodies, planets and other celestial bodies.

Chart: the solar system & their relative sizes.

KLB BK I Pg 7

3

1

The origin of the solar system.

Explain theories put forward to explain the origin of the earth.

Exposition of new concepts; Brief description.

KLB BK I Pg 7-8

2

Other heavenly bodies.

List down other heavenly bodies.

Exposition & brief description.

KLB BK I Pg 9-12

3

The origin and size of the earth.

Advance postulates about origin and size of the earth. Give reasons why the interior of the earth is known to be very hot.

Brain storming; Exposition of factual information.

KLB BK I Pg 12-13

4

1

The  shape of the earth.

Outline proofs that the earth is spherical.

Brief discussion & illustrations.

Chart: mathematical data for planet earth.

KLB BK I Pg 13-15

2

The rotation of the earth on its axis.

Explain effects of rotation of the earth on its axis.

Brainstorming, oral questions and brief discussion on rotational movement of the earth and its effects.

The globe.

KLB BK I Pg 17-18

3

SHORT TEST

5

1

Local time.

Calculate local time using longitudes. Calculate the longitude of a place using local time.

Q/A: review the terms local time, GMT and direction of rotation of the earth. Work through examples. Supervised practice. Written assignment.

KLB BK I Pg 18

2

Time zones and the International Date Line.

Explain the importance of the concept time zone. Explain the effects of crossing the International date line on time zones.

Locate I.D.L. on the globe; Brief discussion with probing questions.

The globe.

KLB BK I Pg 18

3

The revolution of the earth round the sun.

Describe effects of revolution of the earth round the sun.

Exposition & detailed discussion on revolutionary movement of the earth.

KLB BK I Pg 19

6

1

Eclipses.

Explain occurrence of eclipses. Differentiate between eclipse of the sun and eclipse of the moon.

Probing questions; Drawing illustrative diagrams. Brief discussion.

Charts- Solar eclipse, Annular solar eclipse, Lunar eclipse.

KLB BK I Pg 20-21

6

2

The structure of the earth.

Describe internal and external structure of the earth.

Expository  and descriptive approaches.

Model of the internal earth structure.

KLB BK I Pg 22-23

3

WEATHER   Definition and elements of weather.   Temperature.

Define the term weather. List down the elements of weather.   Define the term temperature. Outline factors affecting air temperature.

Brain storming;   Brief discussion.

Pg 24-25

7

1

Humidity &   Precipitation.

Differentiate between absolute and relative humidity. Outline factors affecting humidity. Identify forms of precipitation.

Exposition; Probing questions; Brief discussion.

KLB BK I Pg 26-27

2

Rainfall.

Describe rainfall as a form of precipitation. Outline types of rainfall.

Probing questions; Drawing illustrative diagrams. Brief discussion.

KLB BK I Pg 27-29

3

Clouds.

Identify types of clouds.

Exposition and explanations; Drawing illustrative diagrams.

KLB BK I Pg 31-32

8

1

Atmospheric pressure & winds.

Explain factors influencing atmospheric pressure. Differentiate between anabatic and katabatic winds. Outline factors influencing wind direction. Explain the role of wind as a medium of heat and moisture transfer.

Probing questions; Drawing illustrative diagrams of land and sea breezes; Exposition of new concepts; Brief discussion.

KLB BK I Pg 29-30

2-3

Weather station.

List down instruments used in a weather station. Identify factors taken into account when siting a weather station.

Q/A: definition of the term weather; Brief discussion on elements of weather; Oral questions & brief discussion; Visit a weather station.

KLB BK I Pg 32-33

9

1

Measuring temperature.

Identify thermometric liquids used in thermometers. Calculate mean daily temperature and diurnal range of temperature given maximum and minimum daily temperatures.

Oral questions.     Problem solving.

Six’s Maximum &  minimum thermometers.

KLB BK I Pg 34-36

2

Measuring rainfall.

Work out calculations related to rainfall. Draw graphs showing distribution of rainfall.

Simple problem solving. Drawing graphs for monthly annual rainfall.

Rainfall charts.

KLB BK I Pg 37

3

Measuring atmospheric pressure.

Identify features of a mercury barometer and the aneroid barometer.

Expository & descriptive approaches, and oral questions.

KLB BK I Pg 37

10

1

Wind direction and intensity.

Identify instruments used to determine wnd direction and intensity.

Oral questions; Drawing a wind vane and a wind  sock; Brief discussion.

KLB BK I Pg 39

2

The atmosphere.

Describe the zones of the atmosphere.

Expository & descriptive approaches.

KLB BK I Pg 41-42

3

Weather forecasting.

Outline the importance of weather forecasting to humankind.

Q/A & brief discussion.

KLB BK I Pg 41-42

11

1

Factors influencing weather.

Highlight factors influencing weather.

Probing questions; Exposition of new concepts; Brief discussion.

KLB BK I Pg 45-46

2,3

Fieldwork on weather.

Observe and record various weather conditions.

Fieldwork: Making observations; Collecting data; Conducting interviews; Taking photographs.

KLB BK I Pg 46-47

END  OF  FIRST  TERM  EXAMS

 

		SCHEME  OF  WORK                 FORM    ONE  GEOGRAPHY                TERM  TWO  2011
WK NO	L/ NO	TOPIC  / SUBTOPIC	LESSON  / SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES	TEACHING / LEARNING ACTIVITIES	MATERIALS / RESOURCES	REF.	REM.
1	1, 2	STATISTICAL METHODS.   Meaning and significance of statistics.     Types, nature and sources of statistical data.	Define the term statistics. Explain the significance of statistics in enhancing the study of geography.   Identify types, nature and sources of statistical data.	Q/A & brief discussion.         Exposition of new concepts & discussion.		KLB BK I Pg 449-50
	3	Collecting statistical data. –Questionnares.	Identify types of questionnaires. State advantages and disadvantages of using questionnaires.	Probing questions & explanations.	Sample questionnaires.	KLB BK I Pg 50-51
2	1	Collecting statistical data. –Interviews and observations.	State advantages and disadvantages of using interviews and observations to gather data.	Simulations; Probing questions & explanations.		KLB BK I Pg 51-52
	2	Collecting statistical data. -Other methods	Describe other methods of collecting data.	Discussion on taking measurements, sampling and content analysis.	Grid square for sampling.	KLB BK I Pg 53-54
	3	Recording data.	Describe methods and techniques of recording statistical data.	Probing questions, discussion.		KLB BK I Pg 55-57
3	1	Statistical data analysis.	Analyse statistical data correctly.	Discussion on organizing data; Identifying highest and lowest values. Supervised practice. Written assignment.		KLB BK I Pg 57-59
	2	Measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion.	Find range, mean, mode and median of data.	Calculations: range, proportions, percentages, mean, median & mode.		KLB BK I Pg 57-59
	3	Statistical data presentation in tables.	Present statistical data in tabular form.   Merits & demerits of using statistical tables.	Give examples of statistical data in tabular form; e.g. rainfall of a place. Oral questions & brief discussion.		KLB BK I Pg 61
4	1	Simple line graph.	Identify independent and dependent variables and plot them on the correct axes. Construct a simple line graph.	Guided practical activity: drawing a simple line graph.	Graph papers.	KLB BK I Pg 60-62
	2	Simple line graph.	Interpret a simple line graph. State merits & demerits of using simple line graphs.	Make inferences; Brief discussion.		KLB BK I Pg 60-62
	3	Simple bar graph.	Construct and interpret a simple bar graph. State merits & demerits of using simple bar graphs.	Guided practical activity: drawing a simple bar graph. Oral questions and brief discussion.	Graph papers.	KLB BK I Pg 62-63
5	1	Combined line graph and bar graph. (polygraph)	Construct and interpret combined line graph and bar graph (polygraph). State merits & demerits of using simple line graphs.	Guided practical activity: drawing combined line graph and bar graph (polygraph). Oral questions and brief discussion. Written exercise.	Graph papers.	KLB BK I Pg 63-64
	2	Simple wind rose.	State merits & demerits of using a wind rose. Construct and make use of a simple wind rose.	Brief discussion. Group activity (Assignment): construction of a simple wind rose.		KLB BK I Pg 64-65
	3	TEST
6	1	MAPS AND MAP WORK   Maps, plans and pictures.	Q/A: make a distinction between maps and plans, maps and pictures.	Practical activity: drawing plan of a classroom, etc. Brief discussion on differences between maps, plans and pictures.		KLB BK I Pg 66-69
	2	Sketch maps.	Identify characteristics of a good sketch. Sketch maps stating specific information.	Practical activity: drawing sketch maps.		KLB BK I Pg 69
	3	Atlas maps.	Give examples of atlas maps. Interpret atlas maps.	Oral questions, brief discussion.	Atlases.	KLB BK I Pg 69
7	1	Topographic maps.	Identify features on topographic maps.	Guided practical activity: Identifying physical and human features on maps.	Topographic maps.	KLB BK I Pg 69-70
	2	Uses of maps.	State uses of maps.	Q/A and brief discussion.		KLB BK I Pg 69
	3	Marginal information on a map.	Identify and use marginal information on maps.	Guided activities: Identifying marginal information.	Topographical maps.	KLB BK I Pg 71-72
8	1	Map scales.	Define a scale. Identify types of scales. Express a scale in another format.	Brainstorming, brief discussion, problem solving.	Topographical maps.	KLB BK I Pg 73-76
	2	Measuring distances on maps.	Measure distances on maps accurately.	Guided practical activities: Measuring distances accurately by using various methods.	Topographical maps, pair of dividers, thread.	KLB BK I Pg 76-78
	3	Calculation of area on maps.	Calculate area on a map.	Guided practical activities involving area.	Topographical maps.	KLB BK I Pg 79-80
9	1	FIELDWORK   Definition of field work, types and importance of fieldwork.	Define the term fieldwork. Identify types of fieldwork. Explain importance of fieldwork to geographers.	Probing questions & brief discussion.		KLB BK I Pg 82-83
	2,3	Fieldwork procedure.	Describe fieldwork procedure.	Brain storming; Probing questions on steps followed during fieldwork. Detailed discussion.		KLB BK I Pg 83-84
10	1	Hypothesis.	Outline characteristics of a good hypothesis. Formulate a hypothesis.	Exposition of new concept; Oral exercise on formulation of hypotheses.		KLB BK I Pg 84-85
10	2	Reconnaissance.	State the purpose of a reconnaissance.	Exposition of new concept; Brief discussion.		KLB BK I Pg 87
	3	Preparations before fieldwork.	Highlight preparations required before carrying out of fieldwork.	Q/A & open discussion.		KLB BK I Pg 85
11	1,2	Methods data of collection.	Outline various methods of data collection. Identify specific methods for given types of field study. State merits & demerits of each method.	Q/A to review methods of data collection;   Brief discussion.	Necessary equipment.	KLB BK I Pg 87
	3	Problems likely to be encountered in the field during fieldwork.	Predict problems that are likely to be encountered in the field in course of fieldwork.	Brainstorming & brief open discussion.		KLB BK I Pg 88
12-13		End  of  term  two  exams

 

	SCHEME  OF  WORK                 FORM    ONE  GEOGRAPHY                TERM  THREE   2011
WK NO	L/ NO	TOPIC  / SUBTOPIC	LESSON  / SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES	TEACHING / LEARNING ACTIVITIES	MATERIALS / RESOURCES	REF.	REM.
1	1-2	Actual field study.	Conduct a field study.	Identify the problem and objectives; Prepare for the study; Visit the area of study; Gather data using suitable methods.	Questionnaires, Cameras, labels, etc.	KLB BK I Pg 88-92
	3	Interpretation of data collected.	Analyse the collected data.	Synthesise the data collected; Plot relevant graphs; Answer questions.		KLB BK I Pg 88-92
2	1	MINERALS AND ROCKS   Characteristics of minerals.	List down characteristics of minerals.	Q/A: list down examples of minerals. Brief discussion of their general characteristics.		KLB BK I Pg 94-96
	2	Igneous rocks.	Describe formation of igneous rocks. Differentiate between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks. Give examples of igneous rocks.	Brief discussion.     Exposition & detailed discussion.		KLB BK I Pg 96-99
	3	Sedimentary rocks.	State characteristics of sedimentary rocks. Give examples of sedimentary rocks formed in different ways.	Exposition of factual information; Detailed discussion.		KLB BK I Pg 99-100
3	1	Formation of sedimentary rocks.	Describe formation of sedimentary rocks.			KLB BK I Pg 100-2
	2	Metamorphic rocks.	Describe forms of metamorphism that lead to formation of metamorphic rocks.	Exposition & detailed discussion.	Chart: match original  and metamorphic rocks.	KLB BK I Pg 102
	3	Distribution of rocks in Kenya.	Account for the distribution of rocks in Kenya.	Descriptive approach. Examine a map showing distribution of rocks.		KLB BK I Pg 104-6
4	1	Significance of rocks and minerals.	Explain the significance of minerals and rocks to mankind.	Brain storming; Q/A & brief discussion.		KLB BK I Pg 107-8
	2,3	Fieldwork on rocks.	Carry out a fieldwork study on rocks.	Collect, examine and classify rocks. Answer related problems.		KLB BK I Pg 109-110
5	1	MINING   Occurrence of rocks.	Describe occurrence of minerals in various forms.	Exposition and descriptive approaches.		KLB BK I Pg 110-111
	2	Exploitation of minerals.	Explain factors affecting exploitation of minerals.	Probing questions & brief discussion.		KLB BK I Pg 111-2
	3	Methods of mining.	Describe various methods of mining.	Exposition of new concepts. Brief discussion.		KLB BK I Pg 112-3
6	1	Methods of mining. (ontd)	Describe various methods of mining.	Exposition of new concepts. Brief discussion.		KLB BK I Pg 113-4
6	2	Types of minerals.	Give examples of metallic, non-metallic and energy minerals.	Brief discussion.		KLB BK I Pg 116
	3	Distribution of minerals in East Africa.	Locate major mineral sites on the map of East Africa.	Draw the map of East Africa and locate major mineral sites.	Map of East Africa showing distribution of minerals.	KLB BK I Pg 116-7
7	1	CAT.
	2	Significance of minerals in Kenya.	Outline ways in which Kenya has benefited from exploitation of minerals.	Probing questions & brief discussion.		KLB BK I Pg 115
	3	Problems of mining in Kenya.	Identify problems facing mining industry in Kenya.	Q/A & brief discussion.		KLB BK I Pg 118
8	1	Effects of mining on the environment.	Explain adverse effects of mining on the environment.	Q/A & brief open discussion		KLB BK I Pg 118-9
	2.3	Trona on Lake Magadi.	Describe the occurrence, exploitation and processing of trona on Lake Magadi.	Exposition & descriptive approaches.   Assignment.		KLB BK I Pg 120
9	1,2	Diamond in South Africa.	Describe distribution and exploitation of gold and diamond in South Africa.	Exposition & descriptive approaches.		KLB BK I Pg 121
	3	Gold in South Africa.	Describe distribution and exploitation of gold and diamond in South Africa. Highlight problems encountered during exploitation of gold in South Africa.	Exposition; Brief discussion.		KLB BK I Pg 123-4
10	1, 2	Petroleum in the Middle East. -Iraq & Iran	Describe oil distribution and exploitation of petroleum in the middle East.	Exposition & descriptive approaches.   Assignment.		KLB BK I Pg 125
	3       1	Petroleum in the Middle East. -Kuwait & Saudi Arabia.	Describe oil distribution and exploitation of petroleum in the middle East.	Exposition & descriptive approaches.   Assignment.		KLB BK I Pg 126
11	2-3	Problems facing petroleum industry.	Highlight major problems facing petroleum industry.			KLB BK I Pg 127
12-13		SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT  TEST

 

KCPE past Papers Marking schemes for all years Free

Here is a free unlimited collection of all the past KCPE Examination past papers Marking schemes for all subjects and years.