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COMPUTER STUDIES NOTES FORM 1-4 (ALL TOPICS)

October 5, 2025 Maverick John Leave a comment

COMPUTER STUDIES NOTES FORM 1-4

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

Definition of a Computer

It is an electronic device that transforms data to information.

Data: Raw facts. Information: Processed data.

The System Unit

It houses the Central Processing Unit (CPU), motherboard, storage devices and other peripheral devices.

Peripheral Devices

Devices connected directly or indirectly to the mother board.

Classification of Computers

Size and Memory
Purpose
Functionality

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COMPUTER STUDIES NOTES FORM 1-4

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Classification according to Size and Memory

Supercomputer

Mainframe

Minicomputer

Microcomputer

Desktop Laptop Advantages

Portable
Ruggedness: Designed to withstand travelers
Display active color screen
Power batteries serve as ups

Disadvantages

Less expansion options
They are easily stolen

Palmtop

Classification according Purpose

General computers

This computer can do or handle a variety of tasks when loaded with appropriate programs.

Special computers

They are designed to serve a specific purpose or to accomplish one particular task.

Dedicated Computers

They can handle any task but it is a dedicated to one task.

Classification according to Functionality

Digital computers: They handle discrete data.
Analog computers: Deals with data that keeps on changing in time (Continuous data).
Hybrid computers: The computers can handle both analog and digital data.

Elements of a Computer System

Input: Data or raw facts.
Processing: Act of transferring raw facts into meaningful output or information.
Output: Processed data or information.
Storage:

Control unit:

Functions of the control unit are-

Avails instructions in sequence
Interprets instructions
Initiates the appropriate actions thereby controlling all the processes

Development of Computers

First Generation Computers (1940 – 1958)

Used thermionic valves or vacuum tubes

Advantages

Vacuum tubes technology made it possible with advent of electronic digital computers
It was the fastest calculating device that time.

Disadvantages

Too bulky
Unreliable
Had limited memory
Generated a lot of heat
Consumed a lot of power

Examples

IBM 650, UNIAC

Second Generation Computers (1958 – 1964)

They used transistors

Advantages

Smaller than first generation computers
More reliable
Generated less heat than the first generation
Less prone to hardware failure

Disadvantages

Required air condition for cooling
Required frequent maintenance
It was very expensive

Examples

IBM1401, Honeywall200, CDC1604 e.t.c.

Third Generation Computers (1964 – 1970)

They used Integrated Circuit (IC)

Advantages

Smaller in size
More reliable than the previous ones
Emitted lesser heat than the previous ones
Less maintenance cost
Less power consumption than the first and the second generation

Disadvantages

Highly sophisticated for the manufacture of Integrated Circuit
Costly

Examples

IBM360, BurroughsB5600

Fourth Generation Computers (1970-1989)

The are characterized by the use of Large Scale Integrated Circuit (LSIC)

Advantages

Smaller in size
More reliable than previous generation computers
Generated neglible heat
Faster than previous generation computers
Less prone to hardware failure
Portable

Disadvantages

Highly sophisticated technology in manufacturing of Large Scale Integrated chip

Examples

IBM3033, Buroughs67700

Fifth Generation Computers (From 1989)

Expected to do parallel processing
Based on logical inference operations
Expected to make use of artificial intelligence

Features of a Computer

Automation: Computers work with minimum human intervention once supplied with data and instructions.
Accuracy: Computers are ever accurate but entirely depend on the data entered.
Speed: Performs tasks in very short period.
Storage: Computers can store large volumes of data and information.
Versatile: Ability of doing different tasks as per instructions.
Diligence: Work for a long period of time without getting bored

Disadvantages of Computers

Computers are very expensive
Cuts down on employment opportunities
Needs expertise which is expensive to hire and maintain
They create eye problems
Loss of information if not well managed

Areas where Computers are used

Supermarkets: Used to keep in stock control i.e. keep accounts of what is in the store, what has been sold, what is out of stock e.t.c
Offices: First access and receiving information, automate faster message distribution and document processes.
Banks: Special cash dispensing machines called Automated Teller Machine (ATM for cash withdrawal and deposition service. They provide better record keeping and document

processing.

Industries: Monitoring and controlling industrial processes e.g. using robots
Hospitals: Keeping patients records for easier access to treatment and diagnosis.

Computerized diagnosis in laboratories.

Communication: Sending and receiving emails, teleconferencing, telecommuting, facsimile and e-calling.
Transport: Monitoring automobile traffic, aircraft navigation and making flight reservation.
Law enforcement

Biometric analysis- study of human biological characteristics to know fingerprints, voice and facial features.

Video cameras e.g. in banks.

Development of strong military bases which have international coordination by use of computer radar.
Jet fighters are computerized with connection to control centres.

Education: Computer Aided Learning (CAL) and Computer Aided Teaching (CAT).
Domestic and entertainment/ home: used at home for recreation purposes and keeping

budgets.

Library services: Easy access and update of books and other library materials.

Advantages of a Computer

Stores large amount of information in a limited space
Speed: performs tasks in very short periods.
Efficiency: creates an all round saving on space and time.
Consistency: gives the same results given the same data and instructions.
Secrecy: information is fairly protected if computer system is well managed.
Versatility: Can do the same thing over and over again without being worn out.

Disadvantages

Computers are very expensive
Cuts down employment opportunities
Needs expertise which is expensive to hire and maintain
They create eye problem
Loss of information if not well managed.

Computer Laboratory, Safety Precautions and Practice

Considerations for a Computer Laboratory

The number of computers to be installed.
Size of the laboratory.
The number of user that the laboratory can accommodate.
Reliability of a source of power.

Safety Precautions and Practices

Behavior in Computer Laboratory

Avoid smoking or exposing computer to dust. Smoke and dust damage computer components.
Avoid carrying food and beverages: may damage components and liquids may cause rusting and electrical shocks.
Avoid unnecessary movement because you may accidentally knock down peripherals.
Follow the correct procedure for storing and shutting down computers.
Reporting accidents immediately.
Ask for assistance.

Ventilation: to avoid suffocation and overheating. This avoids damage of electronic parts.
Lighting: to avoid eyestrains that leads to headaches, stress and fatigue. User may adjust

brightness of computer monitor. Also radiation filter screen may be fitted.

Protection against fire: Use or fit gaseous fire extinguisher.
Dust and dump control

Special curtains reduce dust entry
Covering computers

Regulate humidity to remain at an optimum of 50%.by the use of humidifier and dehumidifier.

Low humidity allows static electricity to build up and cause damage to computer components. High humidity causes corrosion, destroy devices and electrical faults.

Furniture: Strong and wide enough to accommodate all peripheral devices. User seats must be

comfortable and have straight back rest that allows someone to sit upright to avoid muscle pains and aches.

Burglar proofing:

Fit strong metallic grills and locks on doors and windows
Don’t welcome strangers to computer room
Install security alarms at strategic access points to alert security personnel incase of break in.

Stable power supply: Functions of Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS)-

Regulate high voltage
Regulate low voltage
Provide temporary power
Notify when power goes off.

Keyboard Layout

Alphanumeric Keys

Comprises of numbers and all alphabets, symbols like @,!,$,%,^,&,*,(,),?,>,< e.t.c. Other keys

include Caps lock, Enter key, Tab, Spacebar, Back space.

a) Caps Lock: When on letters typed appear in uppercase and when of letters appear in

lowercase.

b) Enter keys: When pressed it forces the cursor to move to the beginning of the next line.

c) Tab keys: Used to move the cursor at set intervals.
d) Back space: Deletes characters to the left from the cursor position.
Function keys

They are always located along the top of the keyboard. They are labeled F1, F2 to F12.

Cursor Movement and Editing Keys

Cursor Movement Keys

a) Arrow Keys: Used to move the cursor up, down, left and right.
b) Page up and page down keys: Moves the cursor one page up or down.
c) Home and End keys: Pressing Home key moves the cursor to the beginning of the current

line. End key moves the cursor to the end of the current line.

Editing Keys

a) Insert key: It helps the user to insert or replace a character at the cursor position.
b) Delete (Del) key: This key deletes characters at the cursor position from left to right.
Special PC Operation Keys

They are rarely used singly but in combination with other keys to give special instructions to the

computer. They include SHIFT, CTRL, ALT and ESC.

Numeric Keypad

Consist of a set of numbers 0 to 9 and the arithmetic signs +,-, *, / and are located on the right side of the keyboard.

COMPUTER SYSTEM

Definition: Collection of entities that work together to process and manage data to information.

Elements of a Computer System

Hardware- Physical or tangible computer components e.g. keyboard, mouse etc.
Software- Programs installed.
Liveware- The computer user.

Hardware Configuration

CPU PERIPHERALS

ALU MAINMEMORY CONTROL UNIT INPUT OUTPUT STORAGE

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

It processes data and controls all computer operations. Elements of the CPU are:

Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)- Performs the actual data manipulation.

Control Unit– 1. Fetch phase-Access instruction in sequence

Decode phase-Interprets instructions
Execution phase-execution of commands

Main memory

It forms an integral element of the processor. It’s tasks are;

ü Holds data awaiting processing

ü Holds data being processed

ü Holds data that has been processed awaiting to be output

Read Only Memory (ROM)

It’s content can be read but cannot be changed during normal computer operations. It is normally

used for permanent storage of data and instructions that remains unchanged for along period of

time.

Types of ROMs

Mask Read Only Memory (MROM): contents cannot be changed once written on it by

manufacturers.

Programmable ROM (PROM): the user rather than the manufacturers can after store data

but once only.

Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM): the content can be reprogrammed by exposing it to ultraviolet light.
Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM): the content can be erased and programmed using electricity.

Characteristics of ROM

ü The content cannot be changed unless written in a special type.

ü Non-volatile: data cannot be lost when the computer is switched off.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Static RAM: the data doesn’t need to be refreshed, it is capable of handling data

extremely faster. It is also reliable.

Dynamic: The data must be refreshed i.e. data must be read and written periodically. It stores more information than static RAM.

Types of DRAM

1) Fast Page Mode (FPM)

2) Extended Data Out (EDO) : improvement on FPM

3) Extended Correcting Code (ECC): Special DRAM, corrects errors, and used on savers.

4) Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory (SDRAM): twice fast as EDO. Run at a speed of system bus up to 100 – 133 MHz

5) Rhombus Dynamic RAM (RDRAM): has a data transfer rate of 800 MHz

6) Double-Data rate (DDR): fast DRAM with module speed at which SRAM can transfer data to the processor.

7) Video RAM (VRAM): Special type of memory that is used only with video adapter.

8) Window RAM (WRAM): a faster version of video memory.

DRAM in system unit on memory chamber of laptops

1) Dual-inline Package (DIP)

2) Single-inline Memory Module (SIMM)

3) Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM)

4) Small Outline DIMM (SODIMM)

5) Micro DIMM

Characteristics of RAM

ü Information can be accessed at any time (random)

ü Data can be changed

Special Purpose in RAM

Buffers: They provide temporary storage for finished tasks so that the CPU is set free to carry out other activities instead of waiting for all data to be entered in information to be output.
Registers: They hold a piece of data at a time and they are inside the CPU. Examples a)An accumulator: temporarily holds the result of the last step of the Arithmetic and

Logic Unit.

b) An address register: Temporarily holds the next piece of data waiting to be processed.

c)Instruction register: Temporarily holds an instruction just before it is interrupted into a form that the CPU can understand.

d) Storage register: It temporary holds a piece of data that is on its way to and from

the CPU and the main memory.

Cache Memory

It helps the processor to access data and instructions faster due to incorporation of small high-

speed type of Static RAM than it would have taken to fasten it from the relatively slow Dynamic

RAM.

Types of Cache Memory

Level 1 (Primary cache): located inside microprocessors.
Level 2 (Extended cache): may be inside microprocessors or mounted on the motherboard.
Level 3 (Latest cache): works like level 2 to optimize system performance.

Terms used in the CPU

Chip: A small rectangular piece of silicon on which most circuits are implemented by

extension.

Integrated Circuit (IC): It is a device that is integrated or joint to connect a circuit of several electronic components in a single package.
Large Scale Integration (LSI): Refers to the technology that integrates thousands of

transistors on a single Integrated Circuit (IC). If more than 20000 transistors are integrated the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) is used.

Microprocessor: This is the brain of the PC.
Microcomputer system: This refers to computer set of devices require using and operating the computer. This includes peripheral devices.

INPUT DEVICES

Devices that accept data from external environment and encode it into a form understandable to

the computer for processing.

Classification of Input Devices

Keying devices: use buttons to make entries e.g. keyboard and keypad
Pointing devices: Mouse, trackball, joystick, lightpen
Scanning: capture data directly from source

Optical scanners

Optical Mark Recognition (OMR): Detects marks made on a piece of paper using a soft pen or pencil.

Advantages

Low error rates
Conspicuous errors are corrected
Minimize manual work

Disadvantages

Relatively slow
Difficult verification of worked data
Not widely used in business

Application

Making of multiple choice exams
Market research questionnaires
Payroll entry
Traffic surveys

Optical Bar Recognition (OBR): Used to read bar codes.

Advantages

Barcodes can be printed by normal printing methods
Type of item or price doesn’t have to be repeatedly written or retyped

Disadvantages

Bar codes can be read by machines
Only numbers can be coded this way
Are relatively fixed, so they are unsuitable for recording prices which can change frequently

Applications

On labels and on shelves for stock taking
Printed on shop goods e.g. supermarkets
In libraries

Optical Character Recognition (OCR): Not only does it scan characters but also can scan real objects, pictures and drawings

Advantages

Limited errors
Early methods
Document design is less complicated
Character can be read by people

Disadvantages

Expensive or costly
May require redesigning quite frequent
Only certain font is applicable

Magnetic scanners

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR): Allows special devices to read magnetic characters written in a special format.

Advantages

Fast, accurate and automatic
Codes are both machine and human readable
Reduces forgery

Disadvantages

Limited to only 14 characters
Based on magnetism and can easily

Application

Banking industry for cheques

Magnetic Strip Recognition (MSR):

Advantages

Simple to produce
Not easily damaged
Stores fairly large number of characters

Disadvantages

Data can be changed or erased by magnetic fields

Applications

On credit card
On bank cards
As tags on clothes
As a phone card

Keying devices

Traditional Keyboard
Flexible keyboard: can be folded
Ergonomic Keyboard: designed to provide comfort and allocate wrist strain.
Keypad: Miniature keyboard used in PDAs, laptops and mobile phones.
Braille keyboard: designed for the blind.

Pointing devices

Mouse

Standard mouse: has a ball underneath, two buttons and optical scroll button located

between left and right buttons.

Optical mouse
Cordless/ wireless mouse: battery powered mouse that uses radio or infrared waves instead of being physically connected to the system unit.

Trackball

It’s advantage over mouse is that it neither requires an extra space nor a flat surface for

movement.

Joystic

An input device like a car gear that can be moved sideways, upwards or downwards to control the

position of the cursor.

Light pen and style

The lightpen is a hand held device that has just a light sensitive point. It can make selections,

place images, draw and indicate dimensions by simply touching the screen. Doesn’t emit light but reacts to light emitted by the display using a photosensitive detector at its base.

Speech Recognition/ Voice input: This is where microphone is used to enter data/

information or spoken words into a computer. Situations for speech recorgnition:

ü Where hands are busy handling documents

ü Due to movement

ü Disability e.g. blind without hands

Uses

Electronic fund transfer
House/ car security i.e. voice activated locks
Offer security for room access
Voice activated toys and scanners
Quality control and automation in factories

Automated material handling
Computer Aided Design

Limitations

Existence of homophones
Word separation is difficult
Slow recognition
Speaker variability
It is still at the early stage of development
Limited vocabularies

Touch screen, Digitizers and Cameras

Touch screen: Use touch sensitive screen where the computer detects the position of the finger

on the screen and responds accordingly.

Digitizers: Almost similar to light pen but has a graph tablet on which user writes using a pen like device called a style

Cameras: Store images in digital form.

Other Examples of Input Devices

Point of sale (POS) Terminal

This consists of numeric keypads and a few controls or function keys. They are normally used in

computerized wholesale or retail organizations like supermarkets.

Input Facility Considerations

ü Cost

ü Input Speed

ü Volume

ü Accuracy

ü Reliability

ü Mode of operation

ü Appropriateness

Problems faced while collecting data

Preparation of source document is slow hence prone to mistakes.
Low typing speed leads to keyboard bottleneck.
It is wasteful to use a media which can only be used once like punched cards.
Mistakes can be made when copying data from one medium to another.
Translation delays or losses can occur if data is physically transferred to the computer.
Data entry can be expensive

The Main methods of data entry

Source document reader: Orders, sheets and forms are batched and converted into

computer acceptable medium.

Online data entry (keyboard entry): Data is entered directly into computer one translation at a time under program control.
Direct data capture: Data capture directly without conversion stage.

OUTPUT DEVICES

Devices that accept information from internal environment and then decodes it in a form

understandable to user

Classification of Output Devices

Soft copy: includes monitors/ VDU and the speakers
Hard copy: Printers and plotters
Microfiche: Computer Output on Microform (COM)

Visual Display Unit (VDU)/ Screen

Types

a) Monochrome- Display images and text in only one colour
b) Color- Display in multiple colours

Examples of Graphic Adapters

Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA)- display text in only one color.

Hercules Graphic Adapter (HGA)- Support monochrome image and text
Color Graphic Adapter (CGA)- Display using sixteen colours.
Enhanced Graphic Adapter (EGA)- An improvement over colours but use 16 colours.
Video Graphic Array (VGA) – Offers at most 256 colors.
Super Video Graphic Array (SVGA) – an enhanced VGA

Common Types of Flat panel Display

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD): Doesn’t emit light of their own instead have tiny liquid

crystals that reflect light falling on them from the environment.

Electro Luminescent: Improved LCD. Emit light when electrically charged.
Gas plasma: Use gas that emits light in presence of electric charge.
Thin Film Transistor (TFT): This is the latest technology advancement that provides high quality resolution.

Printers

How printers are classified

a) Speed
b) How the produce the print; character, line or page printers
c) How they provide prints on the stationery; impact or non-impact printers

Types

a) Impact printers: Dot matrix, daisy wheel, golf ball and chain printers.
b) Non-impact printers: Thermal, inkjet, electrostatic and laser printers

Impact	Non-impact
Slow	Fast
Use ink ribbon	Thermal/electrostatic principle
Cheaper	Costly due to technology involved
Noisy	Quiet
Multiple copies produce is possible	Multiple copies produce almost impossible

Printers Consideration

Printers initial price, subsequent maintenance cost and cost of consumable items.
Volume of printing expected.
Nature of report to be generated.
Range of capability for the selected printer.
Interface with computer at hand on for family particular make.

Plotters

They are used to produce graphical output e.g. maps and diagrams.

Flatbed plotters: Has a flat surface which the stationery is placed for the pen to be moving over it in all directions to produce graphical output.
Drum plotters: Has a drum onto which stationery is placed for the drawing to be possible.

Difference between a printer and a plotter

Printer: produces hardcopy of information on papers.

Plotter: Produces big charts e.g. maps, pictures and drawings. Used for printing geographical, architectural and engineering drawings e.g. maps, advertisements posters to be placed on bill boards, machinery parts etc.

Computer Output (originated) microform (COM)

Provides photograph type of output into the microform (photographs reduced documents on

films)

Advantages

Saves stationery and space
Faster than printing
Non-bulky hence conveniently transportable
Guarantee security as content cannot be ready by naked eyes

Computer Bus

Longer lifespan compared to paper medium output

Disadvantages

Expensive
Cause eyestrains
Expensive additional equipment for viewing contents

Communication medium within a computer that allow different elements of the computer to communicate with one another.

Address bus: Pathway used to locate storage position in memory for the data to be executed.
Data bus: Pathway where the actual data transfer takes place.
Control bus: Pathway for all timings and controlling functions sent by the control unit to the parts of the system

AUXILIARY/ SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES

Factors to consider when choosing a storage device

Volume of data to be stored
The cost
The quantity or size of data it can hold

Magnetic Tapes

These are sequential access devices. Implies that information is at the end of tape the program

will have to read almost entire tape which may take time to read. Data recorded as series of magnetic dots across tracks on the tape cassette when characters are stored serially down the length of the tape.

Sequential access medium: Data is stored across magnetic tape

Serial access medium: data is stored along the media

Advantages

Light and easy to carry
Effective for batch applications since they are cheaper

Disadvantages

Magnetic Disks

Floppy Disks (Diskettes)

Slow since they are sequential access media
Gaps between (called Inter Record

Gap, IRG) waste storage space.

Information is recorded on number of concentric circles called tracks. Tracks are divided into sectors. Sectors and tracks have same storage capacity because inner tracks have a high density. Diskettes are direct access storage medium (DASM) and access time is made up of 3 parameters.

Seek time: Time taken by the read/write (R/W) head to locate right track that contains content.
Rotational delay time: Time taken by drive mortar to spin the diskette past R/W head.
Data transfer time: Time taken by the R/W head to interpret content and send it as

computer input.

Advantages

Exchangeable and easy to carry
Can be used with PCs with no hard disk
They are cheap
Used for back up

Disadvantages

Slower than hard disk
Less storage capacity
Damaged by light, magnet and dirt

Densities	DS/DD	HD	DS/DD	HD
Size (inches)	5.25	5.25	3.5	3.5
Capacity	360KB	1.2MB	720KB	1.44MB
Tracks	40	80	80	80
Sectors	9	15	9	155
Head	2	2	2	2
Type	Flexible	Flexible	Rigid	Rigid

Zip Disks

Come with portable external drive and are slightly large and thicker in size and has a capacity of

up to 250MB

Jaz Disks

Come with portable external drive and have a capacity of 1GB to 2GB and have high access

speeds.

Advantages of Magnetic Disks

Light and portable
Effective for batch application
Cheap

Care of Magnetic Storage Media

a) Keep them away from magnets.
b) Keep them away from extreme temperature c) Never touch the disk surface
d) Never put weighty objects on them e) Never use clips to hold the disk
f) Keep them away from dust, moisture and low and high humidity

OPTICAL (LASER) DISKS

They are recorded using a laser beam (very strong concentrated light)that burns patterns as fine circular tracks (indentations) on the surface. Data is retrieved using relatively low power laser.

Super disk (SD) LS-120

They resemble 3 ¼ floppy disk but has a high capacity of 128 MB

Compact Disk (CD)

They have a high recording density of about 700MB. There are three types of compact disks:

CD-ROM (Read Only Memory): The recorded data cannot be changed, deleted or added.
CD-R (Recordable): They are initially blank but when data is recorded it becomes permanent.
CD-RW (Re-writable): Data can be overwritten/ added or raised.

CD-ROM and CD-R are referred to as WORM (Write Once Read Many) since you cannot write the second time but you can read many times

Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)

They resemble the compact disks but have a greater storage capacity up to 17GB

Optical Tapes

They resemble magnetic tapes but they use optical technology

Optical Card

HARD DISK

Advantages

They offer cheap storage
They are well protected since they are housed in the CPU
Fast in terms of access retrieval and saving of data

Care for the Hard disk

a) Keep them away from smoke and dust.
b) Use the right procedure to switch of the computer to allow the R/W head to move from the disk surface to avoid scratching on rotating surface
c) Exposure to magnetic property

Minimal Requirements for a multimedia computer

A Video Graphic Array (VGA)/ Super Video Graphic Array (SVGA) card and monitor.
A sound card
128MB RAM or higher
CD or DVD drive
FM/TV card

Power and Interface Cables

Power cables are used to connect the computer to main power outlet.

Interface cables connect all peripherals to the motherboard and transmit data signals.

Power supply unit supplies power to motherboard and other internal device

Types of Cables and Ports

Parallel ports: They transmit data simultaneously using a set of connectors- 8bit parallel cables. They are faster over short distance. Printers, removable storage drives and network adapter. Port is (PT1) 25 PIN

Serial ports: They transmit one bit at a time. They are slower than parallel ports but they support two way communications. They are 25 pin and 9 pin. COM 1 and COM2. Used by the serial printers.

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

They transmit one bit at a time but at a very high speed and provide quality data transmission

about 15m distance. – External storage devices, cameras etc.

Advantages of USB

Provide very high speed
Quality data transmission over long distance
Support a wide range of peripheral devices

Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) – Use parallel method but faster than parallel cables. The port connects up to 8 peripheral devices.

Other ports and connectors

5 PIN DIN and 6 pin (PS/2): used by keyboard and mouse
9 pin D and 15 HI-pin-D: monitors
Audio connectors: jack plugs found on sound adapter for connecting speakers, microphone and other portable audio equipments.

Classification according to Purpose

1. System software

They perform a variety of fundamental operations that avails computer resources to the user.

They are:

Operating System

A set of complex programs that work together to control execution of user programs called applications. Examples: MS Windows, UNIX, LINUX, Macintosh (Mac OS) and OS/2.

Importance of the operating systems:

Platform for loading programs
Acts as a link between applications and computer hardware
Manages input and output and storage operations

Firmware (Store Logic)

A combination of both software and hardware recorded permanently on electronic chips mounted

on the motherboard. May hold operating system, utility programs, language processors etc.

Utility Software

A special program that performs commonly used services that make certain computing aspects go

on smoothly e.g. sorting, copying, disk management etc. There are two types:

System level: Help user to work with the operating system and its function. It tells

whether the command entered is wrong and give suggestion on how the error can be corrected.

Application level: Make use of an application program smoother and efficiently.

Functions of utility software

Reporting of errors which occur during program execution

Control input and output devices
Protest use hardware and data from misuse
Provide program testing routines
Provides communication between computer user and each program
Memory management
Maintenance of internal time clock and log of system usage by all users.

Network software

Establish communication between two or more computers by linking them using a

communication channel like cables to create a computer network e.g. Novell Netware

Translators

2. Application (packages) software

Programs that are designed to help user accomplish specific tasks.

Software	Uses	Examples
Word processors	Typing long documents	MS-Word, Word Pro
Spread sheet	Calculating budgets	MS-Excel, Quatropro
Desktop Publishing (DTP)	Designing publications	Adobe PageMaker, MS- Publisher
Computer Aided Design (CAD)	Technical drawing	AutoCAD
Database	Keeping records and files	MS-ACCESS, Dbase
Graphic Design	Creating and manipulating graphics	Corel Draw, Adobe Photoshop

Internet Software

Used in communication and perusing the internet.

3. Programming Software

Used to create programs that behave like software

Classification according to Acquisition

In-house developed programs/ Custom design programs

They are designed to meet the needs of a specific user or organization

Standard/ Vendor of the shelf software

put under one software it is known as suit/ integrated/ general software. While packages are known as single purpose software e.g. Lotus Suite, MS Office etc.

Advantages of Standard Software

Less expensive
They’re readily available for almost any tasks
Well tested before they are released hence chances of errors are minimal
Easily modified (customized) to meet specific user needs
Other software can be linked to it and use the same data

Disadvantages

Easily pirated
Do not meet all user requirements

Consideration for a Computer System

Criteria for selecting a computer system

Ø Identify the user requirement

Ø Evaluate the hardware requirements that will meet users’ needs

Ø Evaluate the software requirements

Hardware Considerations

a) Processing speed: For faster data processing the speed of the processor must be relatively high.

b) Memory capacity: At least 128MB RAM. There are also factors to be considered when buying a memory module-The type of module supported by motherboard

-Whether there is an empty slot on the motherboard

-Compatibility of the module with the existing one

-Module capacity

c) Warranty: Arrangement between the buyer and the seller whereby incase the product fails during the agreed period of time it is taken care by the seller free of charge or for an agreed fee. Things to consider in a warranty –The scope of cover

-Call out response and liability agreement

-Regular preventive maintenance

d) Cost: The cost is determined by the processor, size, and the memory capacity.
e) Upgradability and compatibility: Whether the hardware chosen can be easily upgraded to accommodate emergent technologies.
f) User’s needs: Can it meet the unique needs like for the disabled?
g) Monitor: Always consider the size, resolution and the technology involved.
h) Multimedia capability: It should have speakers, CD/DVD drive, sound card, VGA or

SVGA card.

Software Requirements

a) Authenticity: Always consider genuine, valid and legitimacy and developers license.
b) Documentation: Manual from the developers that guide the user on installation, usage and maintenance. –User guides

-License

-Manual guide

-Installation process

-Quick reference

-Warranty

c) Reliability and security: Consider whether the software offers good security to confidential and private information.
d) User friendliness: How easily the user can interact with the software.
e) Compatibility and system configuration: Consider whether the software can work with the computer at hand.
f) Cost: Always consider the cost and whether it serves the purpose.
g) Users’ needs: The purpose of the software.
h) Portability: Consider whether it can be installed in different computers.

Operating System

Resources under the Operating System

Processor: The operating system arranges all tasks accordingly to prioritize and decides which task to continue and which task to stop.
Main memory: The operating system determines which task to remain in memory for execution and what to send back to backing storage to wait.
Input Output devices and ports: It controls the input of the data and output of information.
Secondary storage device: The operating system manages the storage (saving) and the retrieval of data and information in storage devices. It utilizes hard disk space by holding take not need currently by the RAM.
Communication devices and ports: Operating system controls the exchange of data and information.

Functions of an Operating System

Job scheduling: It determines which tasks to process first since the processor can only

handle one task at a time.

Resource control and allocation: An identification number called interrupt number is given to each resource such that processor will be able to recognize and priorities the use and request for resources are released when or where required to avoid situations known as Deadlock (a situation where a program refuses to releases its resources to be used by other programs).
Input output handling: It coordinates between the input output and other peripherals.
Memory management: The operating system divides the memory into blocks or partitions for the running applications
Error handling: It alerts the user on errors made and gives suggestions on how to correct

them. It also alerts on errors on hardware and software.

Job sequencing: The operating system keeps a list of tasks to be processed and the order of processing.
Interrupt handling: This is a breaking of normal processing sequence in programs. An

external request courses processing to halt for sometime to de something else before returning back to the program interrupted.

Types of Operating System

Classification according to task handled currently

Single program operating system: It allows processing of only one program at a time

like the Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS DOS)

Multitasking operating system: It allows a single CPU to execute more than one program at a time

Classification according to number of user

Single user operating system: Can only be used by one application at a time e.g.

Windos95/98, MS DOS.

Multi-user/ multi-access operating system: can be used by more than one use at a time e.g. UNIX, LINUX, Windows NT/2000/XP/VISTA, and Novell.

Human Computer Interface (HCI)

This method of interaction between the user and the computer.

Command line interface: The user interacts with the computer by typing the command

in the command prompt then pressing the enter key for execution.

Menu driven interface: They give the use a list of options to select from
Graphical user interface: It represents commands in form of graphics or icons.

Operating System Consideration

Hardware configuration: memory size, hard disk capacity and the processor type.
Basic design of the computer
User friendliness and the human computer interface (HCI)
Availability in the market
Cost
Reliability: can it run without crashing/ hanging i.e. stop responding to commands

Common features in Windows Operating System

ü Similar interface/ interaction

ü Long file name

ü Plug n play (PnP) windows automatically accept a new hardware once installed

ü Support multi-tasking and multi-user

Factors that dictate how an operating system organizes information

Rapid access: organization method should allow quick access to stored data.

Ease of update: by keeping a record of the date modified.

Economy of storage: should use the least storage possible because memory is a scarce resource. Simplicity of maintenance: organization method should enable quick navigation through the file system and make it easy for it to be maintained.

Reliability: organization method must be reliable.

Properties operating system display about a file

Capacity
Location
Extension
Date

Two types of Windows

Application Window: Screen that appears when an application program is opened.
Document window: this represents the work area

Files

Definition

Types of files

ü System files: files that contain information required for the operation of the computer

ü Application files: Files that hold programs or start an application.

File Extensions

Importance

Examples DAT- data TXT- text

DOC- document

XLS- excel

SYS- system files COM- command file BAK- back up

PPT- PowerPoint

BAT- batch file

Folder/ directory: A named storage area created for storing files for easy access.

Subfolder: divided folder

Windows desktop: This is the first screen after successful booting.

Desktop Elements

Icons: This is the graphical/ pictorial representation of items.

Taskbar: It allows the user to switch between different files and programs. Start button: It displays the start menu.

Task manager: Display buttons of the current running tasks.

System tray: Has icons of tasks running in the background but not displayed on the screen.

Parts of an application window

Title bar: Display name of current application program or task. Minimize button: Reduces a window to a button on the taskbar.

Restore/ maximize: It stretches a window to cover the entire screen or return to the original screen. Close button: Exits the document but not the application.

Menu bar: provides a list of commands inform of buttons. Toolbar: represents shortcuts to menu commands.

Work area/ document window: Where data is being entered.

DISK MANAGEMENT

Formatting: Preparing a disk for use by imprinting tracks and sectors.

Scanning: -scanning for virus

-scanning for errors: SCANDISK: Check up for minor storage problems e.g. lost storage location or damaged surface

Defragmenting: Re-arranging scattered folders to speed up access and retrieval.

Compressing: Squeezing disk contents to free space on the media.

Backing up data: Creating duplicate copies of data on separate storage device for security purposes.

Boot up (start-up)/ system disk: System disk created to start the system in case the components of starting up fail or when the hard disk is seriously damaged. The booting instructions are copied on the disk.

Partioning: Subdividing a large physical disk into two or more partions called logical drives. Reasons for disk partioning:

ü When user intends to install more than one operating system on the same disk.

ü For back up purposes

Troubleshooting Windows Related Problems

This is a process of diagnosis and trying to fix hardware or software related problems.
Some problems Windows experience
Failure to boot
Computer hanging now and then
Abnormal restart

These problems may result from

1. Problem in installing process missing files
2. Insufficient system memory
3. Problems with hard disk boot sector may be due to virus infection
4. Corrupted window registry system
5. Due to interrupt request conflicts

WORD PROCESSING

Definition

This is the creation of long document, reports, memos etc.

Main types of Word Processors

1. Dedicated: This word processor is the only program in the computer.
2. Non-dedicated: the word processor is among other programs installed in that computer.

Terms in Word Processing

Word wrap: This is the way the word processor detects whether the last word on a certain line will fit if not the whole word is pushed to the beginning of the next line.

Hyphenation: The way the word processor detects if the last word on a certain line will fit if not it adds hyphenation after the first words then part of word in argument is pushed at the beginning of the next line.

Justification: Position of line according to the centre of the page, left and the right margin. There are for ways

Full: All lines in a paragraph start at the same point and end at the same point.
Left: All lines in a paragraph start at the same point but end at different point.
Right: All lines in a paragraph start at different points but end at the same point.
Centre: All lines in a paragraph are centered along the page.

Indentation: Way lines(s) start and end from the normal starting or ending point by the use of Tab key indent tools from format command in the main menu. Ways of indenting;

Indenting a paragraph from the left margin
Indenting the first line of a paragraph from the left margin
Hanging indent
Indenting a paragraph from the right margin
Indenting from both margins

Bolding: Increasing the intensity of text such that when printed it appears darker than normal text.

Blocking: Separating part of text by highlighting so that any issued command affects the highlighted text.

Orphan: The last line in the last paragraph of a page that becomes the first line on the next page after the first page is filled up.

Widow: First line in the last paragraph of a page that becomes the last line on that page while the other part is moved to the next page after the first page is filled up.

Superscript: Character above the normal typing line.

Subscript: Character below the normal typing line.

Header: Text/ message appearing on top of each page of a document.

Footer: Text/ message appearing at the bottom of each page of a document.

Pagination: Default page numbering that the word processor provides.

Repagination: Situation where the default page numbering is altered by the user.

Softcopy: Document that is in computer memory or the screen where changes are applicable.

Hardcopy: Document that is already printed.

Soft return: Situation where the cursor automatically moves to the next line before it reaches the end of the current line.

Hard return: Situation where the user forces the cursor to move to the beginning of the next new line by pressing the enter key on the keyboard before it reaches the end of the current line.

Soft page: Automatic page ending as per the settings that comes when one page is filled up.

Hard page: Forced page ending before the current page is filled up.

Continuous stationery: Situation where the printer uses rolls of papers therefore one does not need to keep on inserting a paper after the other.

Preprinted stationery: One needs to insert a paper after the other is printed.

Toggle switch: How word processor behaves depending whether certain keys are on or off like Insert and the Caps Lock keys.

Margin: Blank space around the edges of a page.

Boarder: Printable edges around the page.

Paper Orientation

Portrait

Landscape

Difference between Elements and Features Features: Inbuilt facilities that can be activated on text. Elements: Physical components that can be viewed on the screen.

Features of a word processor

1. Enables one to create a file and save it again for retrieval, editing and formatting.
2. Have spell checker, thesaurus and grammar checkers.
3. Provides headers and footers, indexing, footnotes
4. Ability to create and import text and graphics from other applications

Advantages of Word Processor

1. It is faster to create a document because of the availability of facilities like formatting and editing

features.

2. Enables the users to proofread and spell check the document on the screen before printing.
3. It allows multiple copies printing unlike the typewriters.
4. Enables the user to store the document for future editing/ reference if need be.
5. Has a superior document formatting features.

Mail merging Document

The process of generating personalized letters or documents by combing a main document with an existing document. Files involved in mail merging:

1. Primary file: Contains data that is to appear on all the letters after combining.
2. Secondary file: Content to appear in all the letters.
3. Merged file: Combined primary and secondary documen

Ways of Mail Merging

Previewing merged document
Merging to a printer
Merging to a new document
Sending merged document via email or fax

Editing a Document

Deleting text

There are many ways to accomplish this operation

Highlighting the text then right click the highlighted text and choose delete or press delete key.
Backspace Key: Deletes text on the left side of the cursor position.
Delete key: Deletes text on the right side of the cursor position.

Find and replace: Fast way to search for a word in the document and if necessary replacing it with another word.

Spelling and grammar: Press F7 or go to Spell checker to correct wrongly spelled words and incorrect grammar

Thesaurus: Used to search for words with similar meaning (synonyms) or with opposite meaning

(antonyms).

Autocorrect and autotext: Autocorrect automatically corrects wrongly spelled word during data entry while autotext completes words when the user types in the first letters of a word.

Undo and Redo: Undo (CTRL+Z) automatically cancels the last action done by the user while

Redo (CTRL+Y) automatically reverses the last command or action undone by the user.

Formatting Document

Text Formatting

Changing the font type, size and colour

Changing the case

Uppercase: automatically changes the highlighted text into capital letters.
Lowercase: automatically changes the highlighted text into small letters.
Sentence case: automatically makes the fast letter of a sentence to a capital letter.
Toggle case: automatically changes capitalized letters to small letters and vice versa.

Superscript and subscript

Press (CTRL+SHIFT++) for superscript option or (CTRL+=) for subscript option.

Paragraph Formatting

Alignment or Justification

Full: All lines in a paragraph start at the same point and end at the same point.
Left: All lines in a paragraph start at the same point but end at different point.
Right: All lines in a paragraph start at different points but end at the same point.
Centres: All lines in a paragraph are centered along the page.

Line spacing

Tab setting and Indents

Indenting a paragraph from the left margin
Indenting the first line of a paragraph from the left margin
Hanging indent
Indenting a paragraph from the right margin
Indenting from both margins

Drop cap: Formatting the first letter of a paragraph to appear bigger and occupy several lines. Bullet and numbering

Column

Page and column breaks

Formatting the entire document

Page setup

Page numbering Headers and footers Footnotes and endnotes

SPREADSHEET

Definition

An essentially large sheet that lets you enter, edit and manipulate numerical data.

Types of Spreadsheet

Manual

Electronic

Examples of Spreadsheet

Lotus 123

VisiCalc MS-Excel VP Planner

Advantages of Electronic over manual spreadsheet

1. It utilizes powerful aspects of the computer like: speed, accuracy and efficiency to enable the user accomplish the task.
2. It offers a large virtual sheet for data entry and manipulation.
3. It utilizes large storage space on computer storage devices to store and retrieve documents.
4. Enables the user to produce neat work because traditional paper, pencil, rubber and calculator are not required
5. Has a better document formatting capabilities.
6. Has inbuilt formulas called functions that enables the user to quickly manipulate mathematical data.
7. Automatically adjusts the results of a formula if the data in the worksheet is changed- Automatic

recalculation.

Components of a Spreadsheet

1. Worksheet: where data is entered. It consists of cells, columns and rows.
2. Database: Does the actual management of data e.g. filtering records, using forms, calculating subtotals, data validation, pivot tables, pivot charts and reports.
3. Graph and charts: Pictorial representation of the base data in a workshee

Types of charts

Line, bar, column, pie, scattered, histogram,

Legend: A key that explain what each colour or pattern of data representation in a chart means.

Application Areas of Spreadsheet

1. Statistical analysis
2. Accounting: Recording daily transactions and keeping of financial records. Also in;
3. Track the value of assets overtime (Depreciation and Appreciation).
4. Calculate profits
5. Prepare budgets.
6. Data management: Sorting, filtering data, calculating subtotals, and using forms.

7. Forecasting/ What if analysis: Changing values of a cell or argument in a formula to see the difference the change would make to the calculation results.

Worksheet Layout

ü Cell: Intersection between a row and column.

ü Rows: Horizontal arrangement of cells.

ü Columns: Vertical arrangement of cells.

ü Range: A group of rectangular cells that can be manipulated as a block.

Cell Data Types

1. Label: Any text or alphanumeric characters entered in a cell.
2. Values: Numbers that can be manipulated automatically.
3. Formula: Designed mathematical expression that create a relationship cell and return a value in a chosen cell.
4. Functions: Inbuilt predefined formula that the user can quickly use instead of creating new one

each time a calculation has to be carried out.

Cell Referencing

Identifies a cell or range of cells on the worksheet and shows MS-Excel where to look for the values or data needed to be used in a formula.

1. Relative cell referencing: The formula keeps on changing automatically depending on the position on the workshee
2. Absolute: Cell reference that is always referring to a cell in a specified location of the worksheet

even if they are copied from one cell to another.

ü A1 referencing style: A cell can be identified by its column label followed by the row number.

ü R1CI referencing style: A cell is referred by its row number followed by its column number.

A1 style R1C1

B2 R2C2

C2 R10C3

E20 R20C5

Data Management

1. Sorting
2. Filtering data: Quick and efficient method of finding and working with a subset of data in a lis
3. Auto filter: Uses simple criteria and include filter by selection
4. Advanced filter: Uses more complex criteria.
5. Subtotal
6. Total function
7. Forms: Special prepared templates that the user can use to make data entry fast.

Basic Functions and Formulas

Statistical Functions

1. Average: Returns the average or mean of a certain formula which can be numbers or array.
2. Count: Counts the number of cells that contain values.
3. Max: Returns the largest value in a set of values.
4. Min: Returns the smallest value in a set of values.
5. Mode: Returns the most frequent occurring value in a set of values.
6. Rank: Returns the rank of a number in a list by comparing its size in relation to the others.

Logical Functions

1. If: Returns a specified value if a condition is executed and found to be true and another value if it

is false.

2. Count if: Counts a number of cells within a specified range that meet the given condition of criteria. Example A10:E10 contain eggs, in cell 6, 5 and 2 =COUNTIF (A10:E10,”eggs”) will return 3.
3. Sum If: Adds values in the specified cells by giving a condition or criteria. Example A10:E10 contain 10, 50, 60, 30, 70 sum all values greater than 50 =SUMIF (A10:E10,”50”) returns 180.

Mathematical Functions

1. Sum: Adds values in a range of cells as specified and returns the result in a specified cell.
2. Product: Multiplies values in a range of cells as specifies and returns result in a specified cell.

Operator	Name	Precedence
–	Negative as in -1	1
%	Percentage	2
^	Exponential	3
*and/	Multiplication and Division	4
+and –	Addition and Subtraction	5
=,<>,<,>,<=,=>	Relation	6

Order of Execution

DATABASES

Definition of Database

Collection of structured and related data items organized to produce a consistent and controlled access to the items.

Challenges facing human way of managing databases (Manual)

1. Unnecessary duplication of data.
2. Burning and time wasting when searching for an item.
3. Misleading reports due to poor data entry and organization.
4. Poor update of records.

Functions of Database Management System

1. Enables users to add or delete records.
2. Enables users to update or modify records.
3. Allows user to organize data for easy access, retrieval and manipulation.
4. Acts as an interface between database and other application programs.
5. Ensures security of data by safeguarding it against unauthorized access.
6. Keeps statistics of data items in a database.

NB: Database Management Software (DBMS) facilitates the creation, organizing and management of databases.

Components of a Database System

1. Hardware: Storage disks, tapes and other associated devices like the CPU.
2. Data: Values physically recorded.
3. Software:

Data definition: Method of data definition and storage.
Data maintenance: Checks data in the fields.
Data manipulation: Inserting, updating and sorting data.
Data display: Viewing data.
Data integrity: Accuracy or completeness of data and information in a computer or received from an information system.

4. User:
a) Application programmer: Write programs that use databases. b) End users: Interact with the database from a terminal.
c) Database administrator: Functions

Overall in charge of the system
Determine the information content of a database
Define unauthorized checks and validation procedures
Monitor performance and respond to changes in user requirement
Define a strategy for backup strategy

Advantages of Computerized Databases

1. Reduces redundancy through the integration of files that have something in common.
2. Avoids inconsistency by safeguarding item duplication.

3. Data can be shared- data requirement can be satisfied even without necessary creation of a new file.
4. Offers security by restricting unauthorized access.
5. Data integrity is maintained- the accuracy of data.
6. Data independence: the immunity of the application to changes in storage and access strategy.

Database Models

1. Flat files: They hold only one set of data and is not any different from the manual files. Example is the library catalog.
2. Hierarchical models: Arranged in hierarchical (text) form i.e. To access level two data one has to

first access level one data items.

3. Networking models: Links or paths are used to express the relation between different data items forming a network of items.
4. Relational model: Related data items are stored together in structures called relations or tables.

Relationships created between records of different tables.

5. Object Oriented Model: Database is a complete program built to hold a collection of objects which have both properties and behavior.

Features of Database Management System

1. Tables: Hold related records.
2. Queries: A database tool used to search or question the database on specific data items. Types of queries-

Select query- Used to search and analyze data in one or more tables.
Action query- Used to make changes to many records once. Task- a) Update: updates data in a table

b) Append: adds data in a table from one or more tables. c) Make table: Creates a new table from a dynase
d) Delete: Deletes specified records from one or more tables.
3. Forms: Enables users to view and enter data in a table.
4. Reports: Provides users with means to specify output layout and what is to be printed.
5. Macros: A set of procedure to automatic frequently performed tasks.
6. Programming module: A powerful tool than macros to automate the database operations further.

Data Organization in a Database

Fields: Character or logical combination of characters.
Records: Collection of related fields that represent a single entity.
Tables: A collection of related records.
Database: Highest in data records.

Field Data Types

Text: Alphanumeric letters, numbers, space and functions.
Number: Numeric numbers can be manipulated mathematically.
Memo: Made of alphanumeric data up to 64000 characters.
Date/ Time: Identify a field as either a date or time.
Currency: Identify numeric values that are in decimal or fraction.
Auto number: Numeric value u wish MS-Access to automatically increment values in a field.
Yes/ No: Logical field where entry is either a yes or no using a check box.
Object Linking and Embedding (OLE): Used for graphical interface applications for inserting graphical objects.

Field Properties

1. Field size: Allows user to set the number of characters in a field.
2. Format: Determines how information appears on screen and when printed.
3. Decimal places: Used for number or currency fields, and to specify the number of decimal places.
4. Input Mask: Automatically formats field entry into specified forma
5. Caption: A more descriptive name for a field to be used in a table.
6. Default value: A value that will automatically appear in datasheet if nothing is entered.
7. Validation rule: Logical expression that restricts the value to be entered in a field.
8. Validation text: Message that appears when the validation rule is violated.
9. Required: Determines if an entry must be made in a field before you proceed to the next field.
10. Allow zero length: Allows the users to proceed without making any entry in fields set as zero length.
11. Indexed: Facilitates the organization of records for easy search.
12. Primary key: Enforces uniqueness in a table so that one record isn’t entered twice.
13. Index: Used to speed up search and sort operations in a table.
14. Foreign Key: A key in a child table which is a primary key in a parent table.

Ways of Protecting Information System from Unauthorized Access

Use of passwords
User and group permission
Data encryption
User level security

Data integrity Constrains

Rules governing entering, changing and deletion of data and records in a database.

1. Entity integrity: Rules governing the composition of primary key.

ü Cannot contain a null value, it must be unique- No zero length

ü No duplicate- indexed

ü Input mask

ü Caption

2. Referential integrity: Governs the nature of records in a one to many relationship between tables in the database.

-All foreign keys in child tables must have a matching field in a parent table.

a) Restricted database- the system deletes or updates a parent record if there are no matching records. A parent record has a primary key and a child record has a foreign key of the relationship in the second table.
b) Cascades database- deletes or updates all matching child records when the parent record is deleted or updated.
3. Domain integrity: Ensures no field takes on a value outside the range of valid values.

Format
Validation rule
Validation text
Indexed

Terms used in Database

1. Normalization: This is the process of dividing information into independent tables to avoid repletion of data entries.
2. Query language: Special language used to write query statements.
3. Data redundancy: duplication of data.
4. Data inconsistency: When one piece of information in a record doesn’t concur with the other piece in a different file.

Types of Controls used in Database

1. Bound Control: One whose source of data is a field in a table or a query.
2. Unbound Control: A control that is not connected to any data source.

Query Criteria

Relational operations: >, <, <=, >=, <>, and =.
Wildcards: *(asterisk) and #.
Logical operators: AND, OR and NOT.
LIKE and BETWEEN: relate or display values within a range.

Considerations for a Database Relationship

Field of similar data types
Field content
Primary key

DESKTOP PUBLISHING (DTP)

Definition

This is the production of publication work within the computer framework of art and design

Purpose of Desktop Publication

Graphic design
Page layout design
Printing

Application areas Desktop Publication

1. Designing text and images
2. Production of publication
3. Creating illustrations
4. Editing text and graphic
5. Composing templates

Types of Desktop Publishing Software

Graphical based software

They are used to develop, edit and format graphical objects. Examples of graphical based software are: Adobe Photoshop, Corel Draw, Harvard Graphics e.t.c

Layout based software

Examples are Adobe PageMaker, MS-Publisher.

PageMaker Screen Layout

1. Pasteboard: A large blank area where you place text and objects before arranging them on printable area.
2. Printable area: Area surrounded by margins on the pasteboard.
3. Master Pages: They are used to design the general layout that needs to be applied in all other pages of publication.
4. Rules: Help the user to manually create ruler guides which are non print extensions, and also to measure publication size.
5. Control Palette: Shortcut toolbar mainly having text and paragraph formatting command icons.
6. Toolbox: A set of buttons that contain various tools used to create and manipulate publications.

The buttons are;

Pointer- Used to select, move and resize text blocks and graphics.
Hand- Used to scroll the page and preview it.
Text- Used to type, select and edit text.
Line- used to draw straight lines in any direction.
Rotating- used to select and rotate objects.
Constrained line- Used to draw horizontal and vertical lines.
Cropping: Used to trim imported graphics.
Rectangular frame- used to create a rectangular placeholder for text and graphics.
Zoom- used to magnify or reduce an area of a page.

Ellipsis frame- used to create an oval or circular placeholder for text or graphics.
Polygon: used to draw basic polygons, triangles and stars.
Rectangle- Used to draw squares and rectangles.
Ellipsis- Used to draw circles and elipses.

Terms used in Desktop Publishing

Tracking: Changing the visual denseness or openness of characters in a line
Kerning: Fixing particular pairs of letters that are either too close or too far from each other.
Cropping: Trimming graphics.

Non Printing Guides in PageMaker

1. Ruler guides: They are used to measure a publication size.
2. Column guides: They help on to divide a page into columns that make the publication more organized.
3. Margin guides: Used in the development of the printable area of your publication.

Layering

The process of placing objects, text and graphical objects on one another.

Importance of Layering

To have presentable levels

Advantages of PageMaker over Word Processor

The use has control over the desktop
Master pages are used to set a common layout which may be repeated on all the pages of the publication
There is a wide range of templates available e.g. brochures, posters e.t.c

INTERNET AND E-MAIL

Definitions of Internet and Intranet

Internet: This is an interconnection of many large computer networks to enable different computers world wide to communicate.

Intranet: Interconnection of computers within an organization to form a network.

Importance of Internet

Research activities
News and information dissemination
Leisure
Communication
Business transactions

Internet Connectivity Requirements

ü Data terminal equipment: processor, host computer and transmit data on networks e.g. mobile phones, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA).

ü Transmission media: physical (wired) or wireless pathway.

ü Telecommunication lines: fiber optic cables.

ü Wireless telecommunications like the GSM use GPRS.

ü Satellite transmission

ü Internet Service Providers (ISPs): Companies that offer internet services to end users at a fee.

ü Software: Help to facilitate you access to internet- Internet Protocol (IP/ TCP), browsers (Mozilla, Opera, Internet Explorer), Email (Ms-Outlook, Express, Eudora, Yahoo Mail e.t.c)

ü Modem: Special digital to analog interface card that is changes digital data to analog so as to be transmitted and on receiving end the data is changed from analog to digital form for computer to understand

Protocols

A set of rules that governs how two computers can send and receive data on the network. Types of

protocols are:

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): Governs how data is transferred from one computer to the next.
Internet Protocol (IP): Determines the addressing system on the internet.

Types of Internet Connection

1. Analog:ISP ancholes.
2. Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN): Dial up faster than analog.
3. Broadband/ Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)/ Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line

(SDSL): Faster than dial up.

Internet Architecture

Global System for

Mobile Communication

GSM

Public Service Telephone Network

PSTN

VPN

Telephone

Virtual Private Network

Based Station

Network

GPRS

network

WAP

Internet

General Packet Radio

Service

Wide Area Protocol

WWW

GPRS device using

GSM Air

Interface

Internet Services

TCP/ IP required for

Each IP gate

Gateway to reach

External IP network

1. E-mail: Electronic exchange of letters, data and graphics on the interne
2. E-learning: Learning through interacting with special programs on the computer.
3. E-commerce: Buying and selling of goods and services on the interne
4. Video conferencing: Use of computer, digital camera and audio capturing equipment and communication network to enable people in different locations to talk to one another.
5. Instant messaging: Allow two or more people communicate directly e.g. Yahoo! Messenger, Google talk, IzzyTalk.
6. News group
7. Searching: Google, Opera Mini, Yahoo, Excite, Alta Vista.
8. World Wide Web (www): Vast virtual space on internet where information pages called websites is installed.

Website: Group of related web pages or other resources located on a web server.
Web portal: It offers specialized services like search, email, sports updates, financial news and links to selected websites.
Blog: Website containing information that can be easily updated. It acts as resume diary and may be used for business, advocacy and campaigns.
Multimedia: contains photos, movies, music, web TV, and internet radio.

Terms used in accessing the internet

1. Uniform Resource Locater (URL): Address given to every resource on the internet which specifies the files or data and its location.
2. Log in:
3. Sign up:
4. Surf/ browser: Process of accessing internet resources.
5. Hyperlinks: Text or picture on an electronic document especially web pages that causes other web pages to open when link is clicked.

6. Search engine: program that searches document for specified keywords anad returns a list of document where keywords are found.
7. Downloading: Process of transferring information from host computer network to the local storage.
8. Uploading: Process of transferring information from a local storage to a remote computer on network.
9. Computer Network: This is a collection of independent entities that are arranged in such a manner so as to exchange data, information or resources all interconnected with a computer.

E-mail Facilities

1. Mails

Checking
Compose
Send
Forward

2. File attachment
3. Online meeting
4. Telephone messaging
5. Contact management

Advantages of Emails over Letters

They are cheaper per individual message
They are faster
One can attach any kind of file
More safer than a letter

Precautions when setting an email system

Install, use and regularly update antivirus software to reduce virus infection.
Have a mail filtering system to track unsolicited mails.
Install firewalls to block unauthorized internet traffic.
Use passwords to allow only authorized users.

Email Address Parts

Example: josedeororah@ovi.com
Josedeororah- Username
@- Separates username from host
Ovi- Host computer on network
.com- Identifies the type institution or domain.

Web Address Parts

Example: http://www.pioneershomepage.com
http- protocol that transfers hypertext.
www- Internet (web) server
pioneershomepage.com- Domain

DATA SECURITY AND CONTROLS

Data and Information Security involves

ü Protection of data and information against unauthorized access.

ü Denial of data and information to unauthorized access.

ü Provision of data and information to authorized users.

Data Security Core Principles

1.	Confidentiality
2.	Integrity	CIA
3.	Availability

Security Threats and Control Measures

1. Virus

Destructive program that installs itself in the computer

Types of Viruses

1. Boot sector: It destroys the booting information on storage devices.
2. File: It attaches themselves to files.
3. Hoax: They are spread through e-mails.
4. Trojan: It performs undesirable activities in the background.
5. Worms: They stick in the computer memory.
6. Backdoors: Trojan/ worm that allow hidden access to computer files.

Sources of Viruses

Contacts with contaminated system
Pirated software
Infected proprietary software
Freeware and shareware
Updates of software distributed

Symptoms of viruses

Quizzical messages appearing on the screen
Unfamiliar graphics
Keys on keyboard changing
Program taking longer to load
File access taking longer to load
Less memory available is unusual
File programs disappearing mysteriously.
Disk access seem extensive for simple tasks

Control Measures against viruses

Install the latest version of antivirus
Avoid foreign disks
Scanning mails before opening

2. Unauthorized Access

Types

1. Eavesdropping: Tapping into communication channels to get information.
2. Surveillance: Gathering information and use it for illegal purpose
3. Espionage: Spying to get information to use it to counter or finish another computer.

Control Measures against Unauthorized Access

Data encryption during transmission
Reinforce check access points
Enforce network security measures
Keep the computer room closed when nobody is using it
Fingerprint identification strategies

3. Computer Error and Accidental Access

Occur as a result of people experimenting with features which they’re not familiar with or make a mistake by printing sensitive reports and unsuspecting give them to unauthorized person.

Control Measures

Give various file access privileges
Set up comprehensive error recovery strategy in the organization

4. Theft

Control measures

Employ guards
Burglar proofing
Reinforce weak access points
Install backup storages preferably out of the computer room

5. Computer Crimes
1. Trespass: Gaining access to information without permission.
2. Cracking: Guess work till one discovers weakness in security.
3. Hacking: Intentional breaking of codes and passwords to gain access.
4. Tapping: Sending an intelligent program to the host computer to get information.
5. Piracy: Making illegal copies of copyrighted software.
6. Fraud: Use of computers to cheat people with the intention of gaining money or information.
7. Sabotage: Illegal destruction of data and information with the aim of crippling service delivery or causing great loss to an organization.
8. Alteration: Illegal changing of data and information without permission with the aim of gaining or

misinforming the authorized users.

Control measures against piracy

Make software cheap enough to increase affordability.
User license and certificates to identify originals.
Set installation passwords to deter illegal installation.

Detection and Protection against Computer Crimes

a) Audit trial: Careful study of an information system in order to establish or find out all weakness in the system that could lead to security threats and weak access points.
b) Data encryption: Transforming data in a way that only the sender and receiver can understand.
c) Log files: Special system files that keep records of events on the use of the computer and resources in the information system.
d) Firewalls: Software that filters data and information exchanged between different networks by enforcing the host network access control policy.

Rules in selection of a good password

A good password should be at least six characters long, including both letters and numbers.
It should not be easy for somebody to know.
It should be easy to remember.

Reason for Information System failure

1. Hardware failure due to improper use.
2. Unstable power supply as a result of brownout or blackout and vandalism
3. Network breakdown
4. Natural disasters like floods, etc.
5. Program failure or crash

Difficulties in detection and prevention of computer crimes

Crime right be complex
It’s not easy to find clear trail of evidence leading to the guilty party e.g. no fingerprints.
There are no witnesses.
Few people in management and law enforcement know enough about to prevent crimes.

Causes of Data Loss

Attack by malicious programs like viruses
Data manipulation- alteration and deleting ( sabotage)
Piracy: illegal copying of copyright protected data and information

Data Protection Measures

ü Encryption

ü Enforcing data and information access control policies on all employees and outsides

ü Reinforce computer room security

ü Assign user accounts in a networked environment

ü Install firewalls: They act as security buffers or wall between private network and other networks

ü Install security and antivirus software, which should be updated regularly to protect the computer against malicious programs.

ü Put in place disaster recovery plan

ü Avoid downloading programs, games, screen savers and themes you are not sure of

ü Enable write protection on removable disks.

ü Protect the computer against brownouts or blackouts which may cause physical damage or data loss by using surge protectors and UPS.

Concerns related to collection and use of private and confidential data are:

ü Spreading information without the owners consent or awareness

ü Spreading inaccurate information

ü Eavesdropping and taping of information from a communication line

ü Secretly recording and reporting user activities by using normal recording devices, spyware and copiers

Laws governing Piracy and Confidentiality

1. No secret databases e.g. in government or private organizations
2. Right to individual access
3. Right of consent- information for one purpose cannot be used for other purpose without owners consen
4. Right to correct- individual corrects or amends records of his or her information.
5. Assurance of reliability and proper use- Data must be reliable.

Laws governing protection of Information

1. Data and information should be kept secure against loss or exposure.
2. Data and information should not be longer than necessary.

3. Data and information should be accurate and up to date.
4. Data and information should not be transferred to other counties without owners’ permission.
5. Data and information should be collected and kept for specified lawful process.

DATA REPRESENTATION IN A COMPUTER

In this topic we will focus on the classification of computers according to their functionality:

1. Analog
2. Digital
3. Analog

In digital computers, the user input is first converted then transmitted as electrical pulses called periodic that can be represented by two distinct states ON and OFF. The ON state may be represented by a “1” and OFF state by a “0”. The sequence of the two states results to an electrical signal that the computer can understand.

Digital Signal Analog signal

In order for data to be exchanged via network the data is first converted to analog signals during transmission (modulation) then the analog signals are converted to digital (demodulation).

Three Signal parameters in a periodic

Amplitude (A): The maximum value attained by a pulse in a wave.
Frequency (f): Number of cycles made by the wave in one second.
Periodic time (T): Time taken by signal to complete one cycle

Concept of data representation

Data representation in electric circuits

High voltage (ON) is represented as “1” while a low voltage (OFF) is interpreted as “0”.

Data representation in magnetic media

The presence of magnetic field in one direction is (1) while absence of magnetic field is (0).

Data representation in optical media

The presence of light is (1) while absence is interpreted as (0)

Reasons for use of binary digital technology

1. It is the only language the computer can understand.
2. Devices that use binary technology use less energy, are more reliable and are small in size than analog devices

Bits, bytes, nibble, word, word length

Bit: Binary unit/ Basic unit of data and information in a digital computer.
Byte: A collection of eight bits.
Nibble: four bits or half a byte.
Word: Combination of logical characters.
Word length: Number of bits of in each word of a computer.

Types of Data Representation

Number system and their representation

Decimal number system

Consists of 10 digit ranging from 0 – 9. It is written as base10. In decimal number system the magnitude of a number is evaluated using three parameters:

ü Absolute value- magnitude of a digit in a number line

ü Place value/ position value-

ü Base value

Binary number system

Use two digits “0 and 1”. It is written as base2.

Octal number system

It consists of eight digits ranging from 0 to 7. It is written as base8.

Hexadecimal number system

It consists of sixteen digits ranging from 0 to 9 then letters A to F. A= 10,B= 11 and so on.

Reasons for using Octal and Hexadecimal number system

ü A single octal/ hexadecimal digit encodes more than one binary digit. This is automatic data compression, hence saves space on storage media.

ü Instead of transacting long digits of 0’s and 1’s between devices, the data can be encoded sa octal or hexadecimal to improve transmission efficiency.

Base Conversion

Decimal to binary

Divide by 2 noting the remainder from bottom. For fractional part multiply by 2 while noting the remainder from top.

Example

Convert the decimal number 7.562510 into its binary equivalent

Solution

Convert the two parts separately

Integral part

2 7

2 3 R 1

2 1 R 1

0 R 1 7 is equivalent to 1112

Fractional part

Read this digits

0.5625 x 2 = 1.125

0.125 x 2 = 0.250

0.250 x 2 = 0.500

0.500 x 2 = 1.000

Since the product of the last step of the fractional part is zero. We stop here.

0.5625 x 2 = 0.10012

7.5625 = 111.10012

Binary to decimal:

The integral part

First write the place values starting from the right hand side. Write each digit under its place value.

Multiply each digit under its corresponding place value i.e. 2^ (from 0, 1). Add up the products. The answer will be the decimal number in base 10. The fractional part

Multiply each digit under its corresponding place value i.e. 2^ (from -1).

Decimal to octal

Divide by 8 noting the remainder from bottom. For fractional part multiply by 8 while noting the remainder from top. The answer is to base 8.

Octal to decimal

The method is similar to converting binary to decimal but using 8 instead of 2.

Binary to octal

Divide the binary numbers in pairs of three from the right side. Then multiply each digit by its place

value i.e. 2^. The answer is to base 8.

Octal to Binary Divide each digit by 2. Decimal to Hexadecimal

Just like the process done in converting decimal to binary but using 16. The answer is to base 16.

Hexadecimal to decimal

Like binary to decimal conversion but using 16^. The answer is to Base 10.

Binary to Hexadecimal

Divide into four parts, then multiply each digit by the place value of 2^, answer to base 16.

Hexadecimal to Binary

Divide each digit by 2. Answer to base 2.

Symbolic Representation using Coding Schemes

Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)

This is a 4 bit code scheme applied in calculators and microwaves because it makes it easier

to process and display individual numbers on the LCD screen. Standard BCD is an enhanced BCD in an 8 bit representation scheme and can represent non-numeric characters. Only 64 or (24) characters can be represented.

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

A 7 bit code scheme that only represents 128 characters (28).

Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)

An 8 bit digit character coding scheme used primarily in IBM systems. A total of 256 or (28)

characters can be represented.

Binary Arithmetic Operations

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) performs subtraction by process called (complementation). For multiplication and division the ALU uses a method called (shifting) before adding the bits. Representation of signed binary numbers

Both positive and negative numbers can be represented in the computer memory during processing.

Various methods are used to represent negative numbers in the computer:

1. One’s Complement (1c Method)

The binary bits representing the negative number are negated that in the number are changed to 0’s and vice versa. Example; -1710

-17 can be represented in binary as a negative as follows

Solution

1710 100012

Therefore -17 011102 (One’s Complement)

2. Two’s Complement (2c Method)

The negative number is represented into binary, then complemented as in 1c method but a (1) is added to the least significant digit of the complement value. Example; -1710

Solution

1710 100012

Therefore -1710 011102

01110

+ 1

011112

3. Signed Magnitude

In decimal numbers, signed number has a prefix “+” for a positive number and (-) for negative number may be represented by prefixing a digit ‘1’ to the number while a positive number may be represented by prefixing a ‘0’ ie.

1710 100012 (unsigned)

-1710 To indicate it’s a negative number we add an extra bit (1) 100012

+1710 To indicate the positive number we add an extra bit (0)100012

Advantages of Two’s Complement

There are no two ways of representing a zero as in 1c method and signed magnitude.

Effective addition and subtraction can be done even with numbers that are represented with a sign bit.

Binary Arithmetic

Binary Addition

Binary addition rules

A+B 0+0	SUM 0	CARRY 0
0+1	1	0
1+0	1	0
1+1	0	1
1+1+1	1	1

Binary Subtractions

A-B	DIFFERENCE	BORROW
0-0	0	0

Rules

0-1	1	1
1-1	1	0
1-1	0	0

Subtracting Using One’s Complement

Question: Get the difference in 7-4 using Ones complement.

2	4 0
2	4 0
	1 1

Solution

Rewrite the problem as 7+ (-4)

Convert the absolute value of 4 to 8 bit equivalent ie.

000000012

Take the one’s complement of 000000012 ie 111111102 which is the binary representation of –

410

Add the binary equivalent of 7 to 1c of 4 ie.

2 2	7 3	1 1
	1	1

00000111

+11111110 (1)000001012

Looking at the difference of two binary numbers, you will observe that

1. Has an overflow bit
2. The results shows that the difference between the two numbers is 000001012. This isn’t true! We know it should be 000001102.

00000101

000001102

Subtracting using Two’s Complement

Question: Using 2’c Method work out 710 – 410 in binary form.

Solution

Convert 410 to binary equivalent ie. 000000012

One’s complement of 000000012 is 111111102

Two’s complement of 111111102 + 1 = 111111112

Add the 2’c to the binary equivalent of 710

11111111

+00000111 (1)000001102

000001102

DATA PROCESSING

Definition

This is the process of transforming data into a meaningful output i.e. information.

Data Processing Cycle

Data Collection

Data Output

Data Input

Processing

Data collection/ Information gathering/ Fact Finding

Methods involved in data collection are; interviews, questionnaires, observation or direct data capture. Stages involved

i. Data creation: the process of putting together facts in an organized forma ii. Data transmission: converting the collected data to something meaningful.

iii. Data preparation: conversion of data from source document to machine readable form.

iv. Media conversion:
v. Input validation: check and remove errors
vi. Sorting: arranging data in an organized forma

Data Input

This is the process where the collected data is converted from human readable form to machine readable form.

Data Processing

This is the actual transformation of input data by the control processing unit (CPU) to a more meaningful output or information.

Data Output

This is the final activity of data processing cycle which produces the information. Ways of data dissemination

Electronic presentation over media or television
Distribution of hard copies
Broadcasting the message over the internet
Mobile phones

Description of Errors in Data Processing

Types of Data Processing Errors

Transcription errors

Errors that are made during data entry. Types of transcription errors are;

a) Misreading errors-Occur as a result of incorrect reading of source document by the user like typing S instead of 5.
b) Transposition errors– Occurs as a result of incorrect arrangement of characters or incorrect order of characters. Example, instead of typing 567, typing 576.

Computational errors

Result from an arithmetic operation that doesn’t produce the required output. Types;

a) Overflow errors– Occur from a calculation that is too large to be stored in allocated memory space.
b) Truncation errors– result from real number that has a long fractional part which cannot fit in

the allocated memory. Example 0.75535322 0.755 (truncated to four digits)

c) Rounding errors– from raising or lowering a digit in a real number to the required rounded number. Example 7.56 7.6

Algorithm or Logical errors

Result from logarithmic design.

Data Integrity

The accuracy and completeness of data intended in a computer or received from the information

system. Data integrity is determined by;

1. Accuracy: whether the data is true or false.
2. Timeliness: This relays the availability of data in time or whether it is already outdated.
3. Relevance: Consider whether the expected output meets the processing cycle requirements, the daily operations and the decision making.
4. Audibility (Verifiability): Ability of the user to check the accuracy and completeness of information.

Minimizing threats to data integrity

Using error detection and correction software when transmitting data.
Using devices that capture data directly from source e.g. cameras
Controlling the access to data by enforcing security measures.
Back-up data preferably on external storage media.
Design user interface that minimize chances of invalid data entry.

Data Processing Methods

1. Manual data processing
2. Mechanical data processing
3. Electronic data processing

Factors determining the Methods of Data Processing

Size and type of business
Timing aspects
Link between applications

Computer Files

Definition: A collection of related records that give a complete set of information about a certain data

item.

Advantages of a computer files

Information takes less time than manual system
Enhances integrity and reduces item duplication
Offers faster data access and retrieval
It’s much easier to update and modify easier

Elements of a Computer File

ü Character- any single entry

ü Field- a single character or a collection of character that represent a single piece of data

ü Records- A collection of related fields that represent a single entity

ü File

Ways of viewing a file

1. Logical: the file is viewed in terms of its content and the processing to be carried upon.
2. Physical: the file is viewed in terms of its appearance and how processing is made possible.

Types of Computer Files

1. Master: Main permanent or semi permanent file containing record of particular item.
2. Transaction: Input output file holding incoming and outgoing data and also updates master file.
3. Reference: Permanent or semi-permanent used for look up purposes and it contains static records.
4. Sort: File created from existing transaction/ master file.
5. Back up: Duplicate existing files to supplement the operational files incase of any loss reason.
6. Report: They contain extracted records from master file.

File Processing Methods

ü Updating: Changing data in master file to reflect the current status.

ü Reference: Happens when it is made to particular records to ascertain what is contained there in but doesn’t alter the content.

ü Sorting: Entails arranging of file contents into a predetermined sequence of the key field

which occupy the same position.

ü Merging: Process of combining the contents of master file from a file.

ü Matching: Input files records are matched or compared to ensure that records exist in both files.

ü Summarizing: Records of interest from the file are accumulated to form a record in an output file.

ü Searching: Entails looking for the record of interest from the file.

File Updating

ü Hit rate: Used to describe the rate of processing of a master file in terms of its active records

ü Volatility: Frequency with which records are added to the file or deleted from. If the frequency is high then the file is said to be “volatile” otherwise “static”.

ü Size: Refers to the amount of data stored in the file. Its expressed in terms of the total number of records in the file.

File Organization Methods

Sequential file organization

Records are stored and accessed in a particular order sorted using a key field. The key field is used to

search for particular record. Searching commences from the beginning of file and proceed to the tail of the file till the record is reached e.g. in magnetic tapes.

Advantages

Simple to understand the approach
Easy to organize, maintain and understand
In expensive input output media and devises are used

Disadvantages

Entire file must be accessed even when the activity rate is very low.
Random enquiries are impossible to handle.
Data redundancy is typically high.

Random or direct file organization

Records are stored randomly but accessed directly. A record key is issued to determine where the record is stored on storage media e.g. in magnetic and optical disks.

Advantages

Records are quickly accessed
File update is easily achieved

Disadvantages

Data may be accidentally erased or overwritten unless precaution taken
Expensive hardware and software resources are required
Relative complexity of programming
System design around is complex and costly

Serial file organization

Records are laid out contiguously one after the other in no particular sequence. The records are stored one after another in the same order they come into the file and there exists no relationship between contiguous records e.g. magnetic tapes.

Indexed sequential file organization

It is similar to sequential method only that an index is used to enable the computer to locate individual records on the storage media e.g. magnetic disks.

Advantages

Resources can be accessed sequentially or randomly
Records are not duplicated
Accessing of records can be fast if done randomly

Disadvantages

Storage media is rather expensive
Accessing records sequentially is time consuming
Processing records sequentially introduce redundancy

Elements of Data Processing Modes

1. Online: Data is processed immediately received. The computer is connected to data input unit via communication link and stores the results.

Application

Banking
Stock exchange
Stock control

Water/electricity billing

Advantages

Files are maintained up to date.
Information is readily available for current decisions.
Files enquiries are possible through terminals (workstations).

Disadvantages

Systems are complex to develop.
Costly in terms of hardware, software, storage media e.t.c.

2. Real-time: Process incoming data as soon it occurs, updating transaction file and giving immediate results.

Application

Air reservation
Hotel reservation
Chemical plant processing

Advantages

Information is readily available for instant decision making.
Provides immediate control.
Fast and reliable information.

Disadvantages

Requires complex and expensive operating system.
Aren’t easy to develop.
Require Front End Processors (FEPs) to relieve the central processor.

3. Distributed: Divides processing task to two or more computers on separate sites connected by data transmission media.

Application- Banks where customers can be served from different branches but information

is updated at head branch.

Advantages

Less risk to system breakdown.
Incase of data loss, only a small portion of data is lost.
Reduces the load on the host computer hence faster processing.

Disadvantages

Requires more expensive CPUs.
Operating system is complex and more difficult to operate.

4. Timesharing: Terminals are connected to the central computer are given access to the CPU

apparently the same time.

Application

Bureau
Companies
Learning institutions

Advantages

Better services to users, for information/ output are fast.
File enquiries possible since files are held online.
User interaction possible through terminals.

Disadvantages

User has no control over the central computer.
Not reliable with regard to data security. Response time is slow where there are many tasks.

5. Batch: Data is accumulated as a group (batch) over a specified period of time then processed

Application

Payroll processing

Advantages

Simple to develop
Timing reports is not a necessity

Unit cost of processing is low

Disadvantages

Time lag between origination of transaction and the information available
Late information is not suitable in situations when instant decisions are required.
Difficult to provide the desire priority schedule

6. Multiprocessing: Different processors are connected to the main processor like in banks to update transactions made.
7. Multitasking/ multiprogrammining: Capable of handling more than one task but the processes one at a time.

Advantages

Increase productivity of computer reducing CPU idle time
Reduces incidence of peripheral bound operations

Disadvantages

Requires more expensive CPUs
More sophisticated software is required to maintain data integrity.

8. Interactive: Continuous communication between the user and the computer.

Advantages of Electronic Processing

1. Quick processing especially where all required data is available
2. Availability of data and information digitally
3. Distance between entities that are processing data is made non-significant
4. Support for information sharing and collaboration

Disadvantages of Electronic information Processing

1. Security of data can be compromised during storage or while in transept on networks if appropriate measures are not taken
2. Lack of legal framework in many countries that should support electronic processing activities
3. Lack of ICT skills among many knowledge workers to support electronic data processing

ELEMENTARY PROGRAMMING PRINCIPLES

Program: A set of instructions

Programming: The process of developing computer instructions used to solve a particular task. Programming language: Special list of symbols that can be translated into machine readable form by a computer when in a particular sequence or order.

Terms used in Programming

Source program: Program code that programmers enter in the program editor window that is not yet translated into machine readable.

Object code: Program code that is in machine readable form

Translator: Language processor that converts source program into object code.

Assembler: Translates assembly language into machine language that computer can understand. Interpreter: Translates source program line by line allowing CPU to execute one line before translating

Compiler: Translates the entire source program into object code.

Encapsulation: Process of having data and functions that operate on the data within an object.

Interpreter	Compiler
Translates source program one statement at a time	Translate entire source code at once for execution
Translates program code each time it is run hence slower the compiling	Object code can be saved on a storage media and run as required hence executed faster

Levels of Programming

Low Level

They were easy, understandable and hardware oriented hence not portable.

1. First Generation Language (1st GLs)/ Machine Language: they are written using binary logic.
2. Second Generation Language (2nd GLs)/ Assembly Language: used MNEMONICS

(symbolic operation codes, shortened two or three words)

High Level

They are very close to human language and are machine independent, hence they are portable

1. 3rd GLs (Structured procedural): Pascal, Formula Translator (Fortran), COBOL,

BASIC, Ada.

2. 4th GLs: They present programmers with programming tools. Examples; Visual Basic, Visual Delphi, Visual COBOL.
3. 5th GLs: They depict human like intelligence- PROLOG, MERCURY, LISP and OCCAM.
4. Object Oriented Programs (OOP): Simula, C++, Java and Small Talk.
5. Web scripting: Java, php (hypertext preprocessor), Visual Basic Scrip

Advantages and Disadvantages of Low and High Level

Advantages and Disadvantages of Low Level

Advantages

1. Easily understood by the CPU

2. Processed faster
3. Stable and hard to crash

Disadvantages

1. Difficult and cumbersome to use and learn
2. Require highly trained personnel
3. Debugging is difficult
4. Machine dependent

Advantages and Disadvantages of High Level

Advantages

1. They are portable
2. Friendly and easy to use and learn
3. Flexible enhancing the creativity of programmers
4. Debugging is easier

Disadvantages

1. Easily crash

Program Development Stages

1. Problem recognition
2. Problem definition
3. Program design
4. Program coding
5. Program testing and debugging
6. Implementation and maintenance

Problem recognition

Reasons for development of a computerized program:

Problem or undesirable situation that prevents an individual from achieving their goals.
Opportunity to improve the current system.
A new directive, given by the management requiring a change in status quo.

Problem analysis

Determining or defining the likely input, processing activities and the expected output.

Program Design

Actual development of program’s processing or problem solving logic called the algorithm.

Program Coding

Process of converting a designed model into its equivalent program using programming language.

Program Testing and Debugging

Correcting errors in the program being developed and making sure it meets the requirements. Types of errors:

a) Syntax errors: Arise from the improper use of language rules e.g. punctuation and spelling.
b) Logic errors: They are not detectable by translator but halt the program when running i

Method of Error Detection

1. Desk checking (dry run): correction is done on papers.
2. Debugging utilities: errors are corrected before execution.
3. Test data: trial runs by programmers.

Reasons for testing the system before implementation

1. Ensure that all the system programs are error free

2. Guarantee that the end user can successfully interact with the system
3. Establish whether components of the system interface correctly
4. Determine the ruggedness of the system
5. Ensure that operations group has adequate group has documentation and instructions to operate the system properly

Implementation and Maintenance

Implementation: Actual delivery and installation of the new program ready for use. Review and maintenance

Program Documentation

Writing of support materials explaining how program can be used by users, installed by experts by operations and modified by programmers:

1. User oriented- enables the user to use the program easily and quickly.
2. Operator oriented: help to install and maintain the program.
3. Programmer oriented: provide necessary technical information for future modification of programmers.

Benefits of program documentation

Help during future modification of a program
Help other programmers to understand the code statement
User learns how to use the program quickly
Help in installing and maintaining the program.

Algorithm Development

Pseudocode

Guidelines for designing a good Pseudocode

1. The statement must be short, clear and reliable
2. The statements must not have more than one meaning i.e. should be unambiguous
3. The Pseudocode lines should be clearly outlined and indented clearly
4. A Pseudocode should show clearly the start and stop of executable statements and the control structures (to be discussed later in the section).
5. The input, output and processing statements should be clearly stated using keywords like PRINT, READ, INPUT etc.

Program Flowcharts

Common symbols used in drawing program flowcharts are:

Start/ Stop

Input/

output

Process

Decisio n

Ellipse: denotes the beginning and end of the program algorithm. Parallelogram: used to denote an input or output operation.

Rectangle: Indicates that a processing or data transformation is taking place.

Rhombus: Used to specify a condition. A condition must evaluate to a Boolean value (True or false) for the program to execute the next instructions.

Connect or

Connector: Used as a connecting point or interface for arrows coming fro different directions

Arrow: Used to indicate the direction of flow of the program logic.

Advantages of Flowcharts

Gives programmer good visual reference of program function.
Serves as a program or system document.
It is easy to trace through from the start to find the action resulting

Program Control Structure

Blocks of statement that determines how statements are to be executed; sequence, selection and iteration.

Sequence

Computer read instructions from a program file stretching from the first top lines and proceding document one-by-one to the end- sequential program execution.

Selection

Execution of statement depends on a condition that returns true or false. There are four types

IF…THEN

Only one IF option is available. All others are ignored during program execution. General format: IF <condition> THEN

Statement; END IF

IF…THEN…ELSE

Only two Ifs are the available option. The general format: IF <condition> THEN

Statement; ELSE

Statement; END IF

Nested IF selection

There two or more If options and statements to be conditioned to make a selection. General format; IF <condition> THEN

Statement

ELSE

IF <condition> THEN Statement

ELSE Statement

END IF END IF

Case Selection

An alteration to Nested If especially where there are several options to choose from. The flowchart not different from Nested IF.

CASE X OF

Label 1: statement 1

Label 2: statement 2

Label 3: statement 3

Label n: statement n- 1

ELSE Statement n

END CASE

Iteration/ Looping

Repetition designed to execute the same block of code again and again till a certain condition if fulfilled.

The WHILE…DO loop

General format

Pseudocode Flowchart

While <condition> Do

Statement

End while

Condition

Statements

Yes

End Loop

The REPEAT…UNTIL loop

General format

Pseudocode Flowchart

Repeat

Statement

Until <condition>

Statements

Condition

Yes

End Loop

The FOR loop

General Format

1. Format for the FOR loop that counts from the lower limit

FOR loop variable= Lower limit To Upper limit DO Statements

End FOR

2. Format for the FOR loop that counts from the upper limit down to the lower limit

FOR loop variable= Lower limit Down to Lower limit Do

Statements

End For

Flowchart extract for a FOR loop that counts upwards

Loop variable= Lower limit

Lower limit= Loop variable + 1

Condit ion?

Yes

Statement

Flowchart extract for a FOR loop that counts downwards

Loop variable= Upper

Limit

Upper Limit= Loop variable + 1

Condit ion?

Yes

Statement

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

Definition of System Development

Organization of components which interact in a given environment and within a specified boundary to achieve collective goals and objectives that are emergent.

Description of a system

A system is described as either hard or soft system

Soft System

Their boundaries may be fluid or keep on changing.
Their goals and objectives usually conflict and may not be captured clearly because they are human based.
It is difficult to precisely define exact measure of performance for them. Examples: sales tracking and predicting systems, political system,

Hard systems

They are systems whose goals and objectives are clearly defined and the outcome from the system process are predictable and can be modeled accurately.

Characteristics of Systems

1. Holistic thinking: Combination of various components to create a complex whole.
2. Subsystems: A system doesn’t exist in solitude but may be a component of a large system.
3. Boundary and environment: An external element whose changes in attitudes, behavior and property affect respectively.
4. Processor: Transform or processes data from one state to another.
5. System entropy: The decaying or becoming useless because of the improvement in technology, new management policies or the change in user requirements.
6. Inputs and outputs: The system communicates to its environment by receiving inputs and giving outputs.
7. Open and Close: The open system receives input from and gives output to the environment while the closed system uses input as its own benefit thus building itself from the outpu
8. Purpose: The objectives that a system is supposed to achieve enable system developers to measure the performance of a system during its operation.
9. Control: This is the method by which the system adapts to changes in the environment in order to give the expected output or to perform to the expected level.

Input

System Processes

Output

System Processes

Control Feedback

Signal

Control

Information System

An arrangement of people, data processes and information that works together to support and improve the day to day operation in a business and decision making. Purpose:

Supporting information processing task e.g. data collection, processing and communication.
Helping in decision making by collecting operational data, analyzing it and generating reports to be used in supporting decision making process i.e. online analytic process.
Enable information sharing

Reasons to develop a new system

New opportunities to improve quality of internal processes and service delivery in an organization.
Problems that prevent an organization from meeting its goals.
Directives or new requirements by the government, management or an external influence.

The Role of an Information System Analyst

1. Responsible for identifying an organization’s needs and problems.
2. Reviewing the existing system and making recommendations on how to improve or implement an alternative system.
3. Working hand in hand with programmers to construct a computerized system.
4. Coordinating training of the new system users and owners.

Theories of system development

1. Traditional approach: Relies mostly on the skills and experience of individual staff members carrying out the project.
2. Rapid Application Development (RAD): Quick implementation of the new information system.
3. Structured approach: System developers define a set of procedures to be followed when developing a system.

Stages of System Development

1. Problem recognition and definition (Problem analysis)

The system analyst needs to carry out a special study to establish the cost and benefits of a new system i.e. a feasibility study. The feasibility of a system is assessed in four ways:

1. Operational feasibility: Establishes the extend to which the users are comfortable with the proposed system.
2. Schedule feasibility: Whether development of proposed system will be accomplished within the

available time.

3. Technical feasibility: Whether the available technology is sufficient or can be upgraded.
4. Economical feasibility: The effective cost i.e. cost and benefit of proposed system.

2. Information Gathering/ Fact finding

Studying available documentation

Advantages

One has the necessary material.

Disadvantages

Slow method
If wrong data was entered wrong information will be collected.

Interviews

Guidelines:

ü Interviewee must be informed in good time and the topic of discussion communicated before to allow for adequate preparation.

ü Avoid personal biases in your questions.

ü Be careful about body language and proxemics.

Types of Interviews

Structured: Questions have been already organized or prepared and spaces for the answers/

responses.

Unstructured: Questions are not written or prepared.

Advantages

Non-verbal communication can be used.
Questions can be rephrased instantly for clarification and to probe the interviewee further.
Gives adequate opportunity for the interviewer.
Interviewer is accessible to first hand information.

Disadvantages

It is difficult to organize interviews and they are time consuming.
Interviewee may not fully open up on some issues that may be personal or sensitive.
They are expensive to conduct.

Automated Methods

The uses of data capture devices like cameras, scanners and camcorders.

Advantages

The method is accurate.
Fast.

Disadvantages

Expensive equipment required.

Questionnaire

It is a special purpose document that allows a person to collect information and opinions from the people who receive and respond to it.

Application

When limited amount of information is required from a large number of people.
People you need to gather information from are vastly dispersed.

Advantages

Since they are filled and returned in primary more sincere responses are possible.
Respondent can fill the questionnaire at their own pace.

Disadvantages

Good ones are difficult to prepare.
The respondent may not fully understand the questions because of ambiguity of language hence giving erroneous responses.
Time consuming in analyzing.

Observation

Advantages

Difficult concept for non-technical staff to explain can be observed.
Helps analysts become acquainted with the operational personnel.
Helps the analyst acquire know how needed to assist that have been recommended.
Can correct “hazy” understanding/ erroneous impressions.

Disadvantages

The person being interviewed can alter behavior leading to wrong requirement being observed.
The need to be on-site consumes a lot of time.
The method cannot give information about past activities and problems.

3. System Classification

Deterministic system: system whose output is precisely known by their inputs like the computer system.
Probalistic system: Output can only be predicted but not precise like in business and economics.
Cybernetics system: Self system which adapts to the environment and regulate their own behavior by accessing the feedback e.g. in human beings, plants.

4. Requirement Specification

Output Specification

Activities that entail generation of reports used to facilitate decision making. Factors to consider;

Target audience.
Frequency of report generation.
Quality and format of output.

Input Specification

Content and volume of input.
Mode and device of input selection.
Layout and information sequence

File / data store specification

The key attribute/ field
Type of data
Length of each field
Back up and recovery strategies

Hardware and software specification

Economic factors e.g. prices
Operational factors e.g. reliability, upgradability, compatibility with existing resources
User-friendliness

5. System Construction

The coding, installing and testing modules and their components e.g. Input, output by

Using high-level structure language like PASCAL, COBOL e.t.c.
Fourth Generation languages- Visual Basic, Visual COBOL, Visual Delphi e.t.c.
Customizing the standard packages.
Testing

6. System Design

Development of flowcharts, data flow diagrams, structured charts e.tc.

7. System Implementation

The activities involved during this stage are: Installing the system, testing, converting from old system to the new system and training the users.

File creation and convention: Setting up of master files to be used to support the new system.

Training the staff

Convert staff of user department on the effectiveness of the new system
Remove fear of change from them
Enabling staff cope with processing task of the new system

Methods used in training: documentations, film shows, manual reference, group discussions and visits

Changeover

The process of changing over from old system to the new system.

1. Direct Changeover: The new system commences live operations and immediately the old system is abandoned.

Advantages

Cheap method

Disadvantages

Places the organization in a do or die situation
Extremely risky

2. Parallel Changeover: Operations of the old system and the new system are run alongside each other

Advantages

Provides a method of training in the new system
Personnel become familiar with the new system

Disadvantages

Costly to run two systems
Cross checking is difficult
Requires more staff hence more training is required

3. Phased Changeover: Implementation is done only on part of the new system at one time or step by step.

Advantages

Allows the system to be implemented quickly
Less costly
Failure of the new system is limited
Cause minimal description

Disadvantages

Problems on assuming that the final sphere is implemented and converted

8. System Review and Maintenance

Adjustment and enhancement or correction of errors after the system has been implemented. Reviewing includes going through the specification and testing the system after implementation to find out whether it still meets the original specifications.

System Documentation

1. Reports on fact-finding
2. Requirement specification
3. System and module flowcharts
4. Table/ file structure description
5. Sample test data and expected output
6. Output reports.

INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKING AND DATA COMMUNICATION

Computer Network: Collection of computers linked together using transmission media for the purpose of communication and resource sharing.

Terms used in Networking

1. Data signal- Voltage level in the circuit which represent flow of data.
2. Multiplexing- Process of sending multiple signals over same media.
3. Demultiplexing- Process of separating multiple signals at receiving poin
4. Bandwidth- Maximum amount of data a transmission medium can carry at one time.
5. Baseband signal- Analog signal send over transmission medium using a particular frequency.
6. Baseband width- Digital signal generated and applied to transmission medium directly

without modulation.

7. Attenuation- Decrease in magnitude and energy as signal progressively moves along a transmission medium.
8. Repeater station- Receive signals, clean, amplify them for transmission.

Modes of Communication

1. Simplex- Communication in only one direction e.g. television and radio broadcasting
2. Half duplex- Communication in both directions, one at a time e.g. Walkie Talkie
3. Full duplex- Communication in both directions simultaneously.

Types of Computer Network

1. Local Area Network (LAN)- Network that spans a relatively small geographical area e.g. a building, a school etc.
2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) – Covers a metropolitan are like a town or a city of typically a radius of between 5 to 50Km or MAN is made up of many LAN’s in a metropolitan area.
3. Wide Area Network (WAN) – Covers a large geographical area like continent or the world.

Server: This is computer dedicated to serving requests for resources from other computers(workstations) on network.

Advantages of LAN

1. Enables many users share expensive resources like printers and data.
2. Enables communication- sending messages and open chat sessions.
3. Capable of transmitting data very fast.

Purpose of Networking

1. Resource sharing– File sharing, mail exchange, sending faxes, schedule meetings and print documents leading to less wastage of time and enhances greater productivity.

2. Remote communication-faster data transmission from different geographical site. Problems that faced workers.

ü Roaming of officers who by virtue of their work cover long distance away from their work place.

ü Time wastages in accessing organization information.

Remote communication is the process of transmission of data signals between communications devices located at different geographical locations. Components of remote communication are:

Remote Client- Computer that tries to access resources from another

computer on network.

Remote host- Computer being accessed on network

3. Distributed processing facilities– Def. Process of running databases or programs on different

computers which are on the same network. The advantages:

(i) Failure of central computer doesn’t affect the operations of the other terminals. (ii) Processing load shared is equally distributed hence no wastage.

4. Cost effectiveness– Although the initial installation cost is high it cuts down most expenses and adds value to service delivery. Advantages

(i) Daily communication- paperless communication environment. (ii) Reduces transport cost for executive meetings.

(iii) Resource sharing e.g. printers, fax machine, optical drives, files and applications.

5. Reliability (i) Transfer of data with minimum errors from destination

(ii) Easy recovery incase of computer breakdown.

Limitations of Networking

1. Security issues- Data is prone to more illegal access threat in the network
2. High initial cost for software and hardware.
3. Moral and cultural effect- chartrooms and pornography.
4. Spread of terrorism and drug trafficking.
5. Overeliance on network thus network failure may halt the system or bring down the organization.

Elements of Networking

A. Data Communication Media
1. Bounded (cabled) Media

Two line open cable

Insulator between the two wire help reduce interline interference. They capture environmental frequencies e.g. radio waves hence causing noise in the transmission medium/pathway.

Insulator

Wire

Conductor

Twisted pair cable–

Wires are in a double helix manner. They transmit both voice and signal data. Types

(i) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cables- Don’t have a shied that prevents electromagnetic interference (EMI) or “electronoise” from the environment.

(ii) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cables

Advantages

Used in the telephone systems
Cheap installation equipments
Cheap due to mass production of telephone

Disadvantages

Suffer a high attenuation rate.
Sensitive to EMI and eavesdropping
Low data transmission but more than
two line

Coaxial cables

Has a central copper core surrounded by a dielectric material (insulator) that is then surrounded by a hollow mesh conductor covered by a shield. The braid (mesh conductor) is made of copper/ aluminum and serves as the ground for the carrier wire. The braid protects radio and electromagnetic interference. The thinner the conductor determines the attenuation rate. Thinner have a high attenuation rate. Used in network blockade- A link that connects two separate LAN’s

(ii) Thin coaxial cables (Thinnet)- has no dielectric insulator

(iii) Thick coaxial cables (Thicket)- has two dielectric insulators.

Copper core

Core insulator Aluminum foil Braided shielding

Outer layering

(b) Thicknet

Advantages

Stable even under high loads
Large bandwidth than twisted pair
Carry voice, data and video signals simultaneously
Resistant to radio and EMI than twisted pair cables.

Disadvantages

Thicket is hard to work with
Are relatively expensive to buy and install compared to twisted pare

Fiber optic cable

Electronic signals from source are converted to light signals the propagated along the fiber cable by a Light Emitting Diode (LED) at the transmitter then at the receiving end a photosensitive device used to convert light signals back to electric signals. Components:

(i) Core- Central part and is made of a hollow transparent plastic glass.

(ii) Cladding- Single protection layer surrounding the core. (iv) Buffer- Surrounds the cladding, strengthening the cable. (v) Jacket- Outer casing

Types of optical fiber cables:

(i) Multimode: Has a very narrow center core hence have low attenuation rate as light takes only one path in its suitable for long distance

(ii) Single mode: Has a thicker core hence allow several light rays






	Jacket

Cladding

Light rays

Advantages

Core

Cladding

Immune to EMI and eavesdropping.
Fast and support high bandwidth.
Large distance can be covered- low attenuation
Used in hazardous places- Don’t generate electric signals.
Smaller and lighter than copper- Ideal for space limited situation

Disadvantages

Difficult installation since it must be carefully be handled
Expensive connectivity devices and media are required
Relatively complex to configure
Difficult and expensive to repair

A. Unbounded (Wireless) Media

Microwave Transmission

Line of sight

Have a high frequency of 3 GHz to 4 GHz. It suitable for point to point transmission (line of sight): Signal is directed through a focused beam from transmitter to receiver.

Advantages

It is less prone to transmission errors.
It is capable of operating on both digital and analog data
Operates at a high speed.

Disadvantages

Signals affected by atmospheric conductors e.g. lightening
Additional numbers of repeaters are added after every few kilometers.

Satellite Transmission

Satellite in space

Uplink

Downlink

Receiving earth station

Transmitter earth station

A satellite transmission system has three main components:

1. The transmitter earth station- sets up an uplink in order to transmit data.
2. A satellite (geostationary) – receives, amplifies and transmits the signal to receiving earth station via a downlink frequency.
3. Receiving earth station- receives signals on the other side of the globe from the satellite

Satellite footprint: Area on earth where line of site can easily be located. Transmission of signals to many recipients’ earth stations forms a point to multipoint transmission.

Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT): This technology refers to very small satellite dish used in radio, data and TV communications. It enables direct access to satellite communication instead of having to go through satellite owned or licensed satellite gateway.

Advantages

Has a high band width.
Earth station can be installed on a customer property than layering extensive cables.
Cheap since cost is not dependent on the distance.

Disadvantages

Expensive to install ground stations.
Heavy rains or bad weather increases loss of signals.
Any station can receive the signals.

Radio Communication

(i) High Frequency (HF) – Propagated by directing it to ionosphere on earth. Then the ionosphere will reflect back to earth surface and the receiver will pick it up.

(ii) Very High Frequency (VHF) – Transmitted over the earths surface. Stationeries are place strategically to maintain the line of sight from one another.

(iii) Ultra-High Frequency (UHF)- It is the same as VHF but require smaller aerial because

they can be made to follow even narrow and direct path to the receiver than VHF

(iv) Bluetooth– Enables people to use hand-held communication devices e.g. phones PDA’s

to access the internet. Network Bluetooth enabled devices is called a wireless personal are

network (WPAN) or piconet.

Infrared Transmission

Infrared transceivers must be within the line of sight in the same room because unlike radio signals they cannot penetrate objects.

Advantages of Wireless Media

Flexible in operations compared to wired.
Span a large geographical area.
Can take place in satellite even in remote areas.

Disadvantages of wireless Media

Relatively difficult to establish or configure.
High initial cost.

Communication Devices for Bounded (Wired) Media

1. Network Interface Card (NIC): Creates a physical link between computer and transmission media.
2. Modems and Codec: Modem (Modular demodulator) is a device that converts digital

to analog signals when sending data over a transmission media then converts the analog signals to digital at the receiving point. Codec converts analog signals to digital form for transmission via a digital medium.

3. Hubs (Concentrators): Connects computers on the network and relay signals from

one computer to another on the same network using protocols.

4. Bridge: Determines selectively the appropriate network segment for which a message is meant for delivery through address filtering thus dividing a busy network into segments reducing network traffics.
5. Repeaters: Receive signals from one segment of the network, cleans it to remove any distortion then send it to another segment.
6. Routers: Interconnects different networks and directs transfer of data packets from source to destination depending on the network address.
7. Router: Communication device that combines the functionality of a bridge and the

router.

8. Gateway: Any device that can be configured to provide access to a Wide Area

Network (WAN) or the internet.

9. Switches: Unlike the hub, a switch forwards a packet directly to the address node without broadcasting

NB Node- Data terminal equipment e.g. workstation.

Wireless (Unbounded) Communication Devices

1. Access points (AP): Entry point into a bounded network for people who have wireless network devices like PDAs, laptops and computers with wireless links.
2. Wireless antennae: Detects signals in the surroundings.
3. Personal computer memory card international association (PCMCIA): Add-on card inserted in devices e.g. PDA or laptops in order to enable wireless communication between devices and wired network server. Mostly used in LAN connection.

Network Software

Classifications of Network Software

a) Network operating system
b) Network protocols

Network operating system

Network operating system is specially designed to optimize the network computer ability to respond

to services request. Its functions are:

(i.) Provide access to network resources e.g. printers and folders.

(ii.) Enables nodes on network to communicate with each other more efficiently.

(iii.) Support interprocess communication i.e. enables various process on the network communicate.

(iv.) Respond to request from application program running one network.

(v.) Support network services e.g. network cards, drivers and protocols. (vi.) Implementing network security features.

Functions of network Administrators

(i.) Secure the network against unauthorized access

(ii.) Track network usage and keeps a log of all people who have used the network. (iii.) Ensures inter-operatability between various systems on the network.

(iv.) Performance monitoring to ensure maximum throughput on the network. Examples of networking operating systems are:

Windows NT,/2000 /2003
UNIX
Linux
Novell Netware.

Network Protocols

They are a set of rules and procedures that govern communication between two different two devices

or people.

Concept behind network protocols

In order to transmit data over the network it has to be broken into discrete systematic steps. Each step has its own rule and procedures i.e. protocols that must be coordinated so that there are no conflicts or incomplete operations. Achieved through protocol layering .Network protocols are designed after the Open System Interprocess (OSI) model. The open system interconnection model is not a protocol as such but is meant to help designers to come up with high quality layered protocols.

	Layer	Function
7.	Application layer	User application run here and generate request for data transmission or open received files.
6.	Presentation layer	Adds formatting, display and encryption on information to data being presented.
5.	Session layer	Sets up data transmission session between two communication devices.
4.	Transport layer	Manages data transfer over the network to ensure reliability.
3.	Network layer	Address information is added to the data packet and routed to destination.
2.	Data link layer	Adds error checking information and prepares data for going into the physical connections.
1.	Physical layer	Data packets are finally transmitted via the network and through transmission media in form of bits.

Network Topologies

This refers to the way in which computers her devices have been arranged or how data is passed from one computer to another in the network.

Classifications of Network Topologies

1. Logical topology
2. Physical topology

Logical / Signal Topology

Mainly concerned with the way data passes from one device to the next on the computer network.. Examples of signal topology are Ethernet and Token ring topologies.

a) Ethernet topology: All the workstations or computers adhere to the network media and can only send data when none of the others are sending data.
b) Token ring: There is a special package for data called a token that goes around the network and only the computer whose address is on the data held in the token will take up the token to read the data then release the token.

Physical Topology

Bus Topology.

All the devices on the network are connected to a central cable called the bus r the backbone. Each

end of the cable is connected to a terminator to avoid signal from bouncing back and fourth on the cable causing signal distortion. The network address of computers on the network is called the medium access control (MAC) address.

Advantages of bus topology are:

It is to install.
It is less costly because doesn’t require a complete cable length per computer.

The disadvantages of bus topologies are:

Failure of central cable brings the whole network down.
Only one node can transmit message at a time.
Difficult to troubleshoot

Star Topology

All the devices are connected to the central hub (concentrator).

Computer

Central computer

Computer

Advantages of Star topology

Easy to configure.
If one node fails it doesn’t affect the other nodes.
It is easy to expand this topology.
Allows the centralization of key network resources.

Disadvantages

It requires more cables to install hence it is more expensive.
Failure of the central hub puts the entire network at a stand still.
Installing this type of network is time consuming.

Ring Topology

All the components in this topology are connected to a single transmission cable forming a ring styled connection of computers

Computer

Advantages of Ring topology

Data transmission is fast.
They use a short length cable.
Ring topology is simple to install.

Disadvantages of the ring topology

Modification may be difficult because adding or removing a device can disrupt the entire network
Troubleshooting can be difficult.
If one site fails it affects the entire network.

Mesh Topology

Device in this topology are connected with repeating (redundant) cables between the workstations. Each node is connected to one another.

Advantages of Mesh Topology

It is easier to troubleshoot.

Disadvantages

Expensive: Costly to provide the redundant cables.
Difficult to install and maintain.

Tree/Hierarchical Topology

All the nodes are connected in form of a tree with nodes as leaves and links as branches. The branches are connected to one another by the means of devices called hubs.

Advantages of Hierarchical topology

If the node below the main node fails, the network does not fail.

Disadvantages

If the top node fails the entire network fails because it controls the other nodes.
Expensive to install since it is complex.

Printer

Hub

Bus/backbone

Network Security

Classification of Network Security

(i.) Share level security

(ii.) User level security

Share level Security

Mostly the share level security is use in the peer to peer networks. Used to decide on which resource to share. It is provided by most desktop operating systems like Windows 9X.

User level Security

Applied in server based networks. A network administrator assigns accounts to users hence each user must provide a unique name and password in order to access the network resources. It is found in Microsoft Windows NT, 4.0/2000/2003, UNIX, Novell Netware, Linux Fedora etc.

APPLICATION AREAS OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)

Application areas of Information and Communication

Technology Retail systems Stock control

Computers enables the user to manage his or her stock more efficiently by helping to track what is in stock and what needs recording.

Transaction handling at the electronic point of sale terminal

(EPOS)

EPOS is a computer terminal that is used in retail stores to input and output data at the point where sales are transacted e.g. supermarkets and wholesales. Other additional equipments required are: The barcode reader (wand): passed over items mar code.

Monitor: Enables the user to interact with the system

Receipt printer: Produces the receipt based on the customers purchase.

Advantages of EPOS are:

Accuracy: Correct prices are used at the check out counter. Faster: Since data entry is not manual

Financial Systems

Payroll systems

This system helps an organization to process accurately information of employees including gross pay and deductions and getting their net pay.

Accounting systems

(i.) Customer order entry and billing: Subsystem records incoming customer orders authorizes delivery of items or services and produce invoice for customers whoi don’t pay in advance

(ii.) Inventory management: Keeps track of items in stock and help the management to determine which item to reorder.

(iii.) General ledger account: Keep track of how much a business makes and its worthiness by summarizing the financial transactions producing a report called balance sheet.

(iv.) Accounts payable: Keeps track of the amount the business sows other organizations like the tax organizations, suppliers and transporters.

(v.) Accounts receivable: Keeps track or records the amount owed by the customers.

Banking Systems

(i.) Processing customers’ transactions: Computers are used in banks to record deposits, withdraws and calculating interest on savings and loans.

(ii.) Cheque clearing and processing: The use of magnetic Ink-Character Recognition (MICR) details of the cheque is automatically entered into the computer for the cheque process. The special characters on the cheques includes the bank in which the cheque is drawn from, the customer accounts number the cheque number and the cheque amount.

(iii.) The electronic fund transfer: Use of Information Communication Technology to move

money. Used especially with credit cards and the ATM cards.

Reservation systems

These systems are also called online enquiries. The concept used in reservation systems is the

application of distributed network systems. Applications of reservation systems:

(i.) Hotel booking: Booking and reservations rooms in a hotel are made from a remote terminal connected to a centralized computer database or via the internet using the hotels website.

(ii.) Airline booking: All the flights and passenger records are stored in a centralized database.

Travel agents from all over the world can access each data via communication lines. Likewise the agents book in clients where tickets have not been bought.

(iii.) Car rentals

Education Systems

1. Computer Aided Instruction (CAI): The process of using computers to learn, drill and practice particular education principles.
2. Computer Aided Learning (CAL): This is meant to drill the learner and present particular education materials the way a teacher does in class.
3. E-learning: Lessons and lectures are presented from a central site like a website the transacted to remote conference terminals or displayed on television screens.
4. Computer Aided Simulation: It refers to the science of representing behavior of a real life situation by using computerized models.

Communication Systems

(i) Fax: During the process of sending the fax the document is scanned then converted into analog form then transmitted. The receiver fax converts it into the original softcopy the it prints the document.

(ii) Radio communication: Computers are used to:

Record and manage radio programmes for broadcasting.
Manage radio transmission and took performance.
Create slides, simulated objects and sound effects when preparing electronic and printed media advertisements.
Downloading information from the internet like international news.

(iii) Television sets

Ceefax (teletext):This refers to the computerized service where news and other information are provided on television screens to subscribers using an add-on card. It involves simplex transmission
Videotext (view data)

(iv) Video conferencing: Use of computers, digital camera (camcorder), audio capturing equipments and communication network to enable people from different locations to see and talk to one another.

(v) Telecommuting: Situation where an employee work at home using a computer connected to workplace network.

Advantages

Reduces transport cost.
Gives people the option of flex time.
Saves costs.
Reduces pollution and congestions inroads.

Disadvantages

Lack of discipline.
Work quality may suffer.
Few opportunities for brainstorming with colleagues.
Disappear of direct supervision.

(vi) Internet

World Wide Web: This is the collection of webpages, which may be made of text, images, animations, sounds and video held on web servers.
E-mail: Electronic sending and receiving of messages, data, files or graphics in the internet.

Industrial systems

(i) CAM and CAD

ü Computer Aided Design (CAD): Refers to the integration of computers and graphics to aid in the design and drafting process. Examples of software are: Softpan, Autocad and Archicad.

ü Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM): It refers to the use of computers to control machines in the manufacturing process e.g. Delta.

(ii) Industrial simulation: Allows activities that would otherwise be expensive and dangerous to real life situation to be put under test. The Non Destructive Testing (NDT) can be used to test motors and other machines with the use of computers.

(iii) Process control: Computers are used to contol ongoing physical process like regulating temperature, pressure and fluid flow.

Scientific and Research Systems

(i) Weather forecasting: Analyzing, predicting, processing weather patterns through the

use of Geographical Information System (GIS) and Geographical Positioning System

(GPS).

(ii) Medical research: Diagnosing, Keeping of patients’ records, inventory control. Expert systems that emulate the reasoning of a human expert in a narrow field of

specialization.

(iii) Military and space exploration e.g. the National Aeronautics and Space

Administration (NASA).

Library Systems

(i) Lending system: Information system that manages the issuarance and the return of the borrowed reading materials.

(ii) Inventory control: Manages the stock by checking for books currently in the shelves and those on high demands for purpose of adding more.

(iii) Cataloging: A catalog refers to the collection of cards with information about each book or reference materials found in the library. Electronic cataloging is updated constantly when new reference materials are required.

Entertainment Systems

(i) Games: Games are now found on the Digital videos disks (DVDs) and three- dimensional (3D) games are now possible on personal computers.

(ii) Music and video: Video compact disks (VCDs) and Digital versatile disks (DVDs) have become a common feature in the music industry. In music industry computers are used in recording, synthesizing, editing and adding special effects on music. In video

industry, computers are used to produce high simulated and animated movies, generate scenes and actors.

Transportation Systems

(i) Automobile traffic control: controlling traffic lights in road junctions.

(ii) Air traffic control: Computers are used to monitor air traffic movement, take off and landing of aircrafts.

(iii) Shipping control: Controlling and guiding paths taken by spaceships and water vessels as they travel to distant land using the Global Positioning System (GPS).

Home Use

(i) Preparing domestic budgets. (ii) Entertainment.

(iii) Research.

(iv) Education.

Office Expert System

This is a system capable of simulating decisions making process and intelligent problems solution

just like a human expert.

Marketing

(i) Electronic commerce (e-commerce): Transactions are carried out directly without physical interaction between the buyer and the seller.

(ii) Electronic presentation

(iii) Advertising

Virtual/ Artificial Reality/ Cyberspace/ Virtual Works/ Virtual

Environment

Condition in which a person is psychologically immersed in an artificial environment generated

by a computer system: Requirements

Head mounted display (HMD)/ Headgear: made up of two tiny display screens and sound systems that channel images and sound from the source to the eye and early presenting a stereo three dimensional (3D) sound effect in the virtual world.
Gloves: Allows the user to navigate through the virtual world and interact with virtual objects. They have sensors that collect data about the movement of the hands and relays the data into the system
Body suit: Worn during virtual reality session and iis made of condux
VR software

Applications

(i) Training in medicine, military education

(ii) Entertainment

(iii) Simulation

(iv) Study of human anatomy

(v) Exploring landscape, underneath

(vi) Crime scene reconstruction

Law Enforcement

Biometric analysis: fingerprints and facial identification.
Use of video camera e.g. in banks
Development of strong military bases which have international coordination by use of a computer radar system
Jet fighters are computerized with correct control centers.

Teleworking

A situation where an employee works usually at home using at home using a computer connected to work place.

Advantages

Reduces travel expenses due to reduction of unnecessary travel to work.
Gives people the option of flextime giving them the option of working long hours part time.
Saves cost if people work from home.
Reduces pollution and congestion as a result of fewer people commuting to work.

Disadvantages

People who lack discipline may not do work, where as others may overwork.
Work quality may suffer if employees take the attitude “no one sees me doing the job so it doesn’t matter.
Fewer opportunities of brain storming with colleagues.
Direct supervision disappears when people work from home.

Application of computers in radio communications

ü Record and manage radio programs

ü Automate running of selected programs

ü Create slides, simulate objects and sound effects to prepare adverts

IMPACT OF ICT ON SOCIETY

Issues Resulting from the use of ICT

Effects on employment

Job creation: New opportunities; computers operators, programmers, network

administration, information technology and information science managers, database administrators, software developers, system analyst etc.

Job replacement: Clerical and repetitive tasks that require a large number of employees

have been made redundant. Computer illiterate are replaced.

Displacement: Loosing job, displacement of employees from another place or department when computer skills are required.

Automated Production

Advantages

Increases efficiency due to balancing of workload and production capacity.
Improved customer service: Adequate and high quality goods are produced in time.
Efficient utilization of resources

Disadvantages

High initial cost of setting up automated systems
Automated production may lead to unemployment

Issues of Workers Health

Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI): Injuries resulting from wrist, hand, arm, mode strain,

tendonitis and neck strains due to forced repetitive movement. The cure for RSI is by resting, sitting in a relaxed position and changing typing techniques.

Eyestrains and headaches: Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) is characterized by eyestrains, headaches, double vision and other problems caused by improper use of monitors. The solution for this is good resolution, antiglare filters, adjusting brightness.
Stress
Isolation
Electromagnetic emissions: Computer users are advised to use low emission device to avoid expressing thermals to excess emission.
Radiation from the VDU causes birth defects, blindness, cancer, miscarriage and sterility.
Computer chip toxin: workers are exposed to toxic chemicals in chip manufacturing industries that may pose health problems similar to those from the VDU.

Environment pollution: Huge garbage dumps of dead computer parts, printers, ink, tonner cartridges, monitors and other computer accessories are disposed in landfills causing environmental pollution. Nickel-cadmium laptop batteries that contain toxic cadmium which when buried in a landfill can leak into underground water tables and attachment areas.

Cultural Effects

Flaming: writing online messages that use derogatory, obscene or dirty language.
Pornographic material
Computer crimes: hacking, eavesdropping, piracy etc.
ICT have erased people’s integrity by using computers as a tool to accomplice their vices e.g. forge certificates, passports and other document.

Breakthrough in ICT

It has changed lifestyles in health care, education, communication, research, commerce, art and design, entertainment, transport etc.

Evolution of Computer Systems

1. Rapid evolution in computer hardware and software.

ü Computers will become more intelligent

ü Software will b e more versatile and easier to use

ü Cheaper and more powerful computers which will have faster processor

ü Industries will become more automated

ü More application software will be available because of high speed, large available memory for programs

ü Education will have to gear itself to training students to computer assisted services rather

than teaching them physically

ü Smaller size in computers

ü Operating systems that will handle real time data analysis and objects oriented will be developed

ü Will have improved user interface that offers user easier and more intrusive access to

information.

2.Artificial Intelligence (AI):

This is a branch of computer science that is concerned with the development of machines that emulate human like qualities as learning, communication, seeing and hearing.

Applications

Expert System: Software designed to make a computer operate at a level of a human

expert on a specific narrow area of specialization. Examples are;

ü Mycin- blood and meningitis

ü Prospectors- Predicting mineral deposit in certain geographical site

ü Delta- Repair diesel electric locomotive

ü Xcon

Components of artificial intelligence are;

Knowledge base: Expert system’s database of knowledge about a particular subject.

It contains relevant facts, beliefs, assumption and procedures for solving particular problems.

Inference engine: Software that controls the search for knowledge in the knowledge

base , procedures and conclusions.

User interface: Display screen that enables the user to interact with the system.

Natural language programming:

Artificial neural network: use of electronic devices and software to enable the neurological structure of human basic. Essential attributes;

ü The neurodes can be trained to distinguish between what constitutes a signal and what doesn’t.

ü They are capable of recognizing patterns in large amount of data that are

too complex for human beings.

Robotics: Computer controlled device that emulates human beings in carrying out tasks that would otherwise be dangerous and different.

Merits

A robot can work on repetitive task without getting bored or tied.
Can work on dangerous areas unlike human beings
Increased production because they are capable of working at a high speed
Leads to less operating expenses since less personnel is required

Demerits

Lead to job replacement
Expensive to install

3. Expanded superhighway

Involves integration of cabled and wired technologies for the purpose of data and information transmission.

CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Computer Operator

Entering data into the computer for processing
Keeping up to date records (log files) of all information processing activities.

Computer Technician

Troubleshooting computer hardware software related problems
Assembling and upgrading computers and their components
Ensuring that all computer related accessories e.g. printers, storage media, modems are in good working conditions
Help hardware engineers in designing and creating some computer components e.g. motherboard, storage devices

System Analyst

Attributes/ Qualities of a good system analyst
Good problem solving skills and creativity: experience in problem solving
Good communication skills
Must have business knowledge
Technical knowledge in hardware, software and processing

Responsibilities

Reviewing the current manual system and making recommendations on how to replace it
Preparing system specification
Working with programmers to construct and test the system
Preparing instruction manual
Coordinating training for users of the new system

Computer Programmer

Writes in-house application programs/ system programs
Customize commercial application packages to suite the organization needs
Test, install, debug and maintain programs developed

Software Engineers

Develop system and application software
Develop user and technical documents for the new software
3. Maintaining and updating software to meet day to day requirement while overcoming challenges

Computer Engineers

Design and develop computer components such as storage devices, motherboard and other components
Determining the electrical power requirements of each computer component
Re-engineer computer components to enhance its functionality and efficiency
Design and develop engineers and manufacturing computer controlled devices such as

robots

Information Software Manager

Making sure that all tasks in the IT department are done correctly and online in order to

support business planning, control and design making process

Providing budgets for the department
Keeping the department inventory records up to date
Managing human resources within the department

Database Administrator (DBA)

Designing and developing database application for the organization
Setting up security measures needed to control access to data and information
Keeping the database up to date by adding new records, modifying and editing
Computer Trainer
Training people how to use computer and other application programs

Computer Trainer

Developing training reference materials
Guide learners on how to acquire knowledge through carrying out research
Advising learners on the best career opportunities in the broad field of ICT
Preparing learners for ICT examination

Web Administrator/ Webmaster

Developing and testing websites
Maintain, updating and modifying information on website to meet new demands
Monitoring access and use of internet connection by enforcing security measures
Downloading information vital for the organization

Computer graphics designing and typesetting

Designing graphical objects and professional publication

Network Administration

Set-up a computer network
Maintaining and enforce security measures on the network
Monitoring the use of network resources
Maintaining and troubleshooting network related problems

Computer Sales Representatives

Analyzing customer needs
Advertising them accordingly

Characteristics of a good computer sales representative

Must be confident
Be persuasive
Proficient in business communication

Further Education Opportunities

Universities

Public universities: They are established by state through the award of charter run by state appointed management term.
Private universities: They are self-sponsored institutions set-up by individuals, churches or Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

Research Institutions

Polytechnics: Offer diploma and certificate courses
2. Colleges: Offer diploma, certificate and craft courses.

Teachers' Resources

SCHEME OF WORK FORM TWO C..R.E. TERM ONE TO THREE

October 5, 2025 Maverick John Leave a comment

		SCHEME OF WORK FORM TWO C..R.E. TERM ONE 2011
WK NO	L/ NO	TOPIC/ SUBTOPIC	LESSON / SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES	TEACHING / LEARNING ACTIVITIES	*RESOURCES*	REFS	REMARKS
1	1	OLD TESTAMENT PROPHECIES ABOUT THE MESSIAH Nathan’s prophecy.	By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to: Give the meaning of word Messiah. Explain Nathan’s prophecy about the coming of the Messiah.	Q/A: meaning of a prophecy, Messiah. Bible Reading: 2 Sam 7:3-17. Discussion on inferences drawn from the reading.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 1-3
	2	Isaiah’s prophecy.	Describe the Messianic prophecy as made by Isaiah. State attributes of Messiah as postulated by Isaiah.	Bible reading: Isaiah 7:10-16,61:1-2,9:1-7. Oral questions; Discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 3-4
	3	Jeremiah’s prophecy. & Micah’s prophecy.	Explain Jeremiah’s and Micah’s prophecies about the coming of the Messiah.	Jeremiah 23:5-6, Micah 5:1-5. Oral questions leading to the character of the new perfect king.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 4-5
2	1, 2	The Psalmist prophecy & The suffering servant.	Explain the Psalmist prophecy & the teachings about the suffering servant.	Psalms 41:9,110:1-2. Observations from the readings. Discussion on depiction of the suffering servant of Yahweh who brings sufferings to an end.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 5-7
	3	THE CONCEPT OF THE MESSIAH IN THE NEW TESTAMENT Life and Ministry of Jesus as the Messiah.	Explain Jesus’ fulfillment of old testament prophecies about the coming of the Messiah. Explain Jewish expectations about the Messiah.	Give examples in the Gospel where Jesus is referred to as the Messiah. Brief bible reading. Brief discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 7-8
3	1	Fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies in the New Testament.	Highlight references in the New Testament that are fulfillment of the Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah.	Bible reading. Q/A & detailed discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 8-9
	2	Fulfillment of Isaiah’s prophecy.	Describe Jesus’ humiliation as foretold by Isaiah.	Bible reading : Luke 23;1-35 Discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 9-10
	3	The role of John the Baptist.	Explain the role of John the Baptist as the link between the Old and New Testament. Identify persons and institutions that play the role of John the Baptist in the contemporary society.	Probing questions; Expositions; Narrations; Discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages10-11
4	1	John’s message of repentance.	Highlight teachings about Messiah as postulated by John the Baptist.	Narrations; Discussion.		KLB BK II Pages 11-12
	2	THE INFANCY AND EARLY LIFE OF JESUS. Annunciation of the birth of John the Baptist.	Explain the role of John the Baptist as proclaimed by Angel Gabriel.	Q/A: Christian and traditional views of barrenness. Bible reading Luke 1:13. Observations: the role of John as elucidated by Angel Gabriel.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 15-17
	3	The annunciation of Birth of Jesus.	Explain the principal role that God intended the Messiah to perform.	Bible reading: Luke 1:26-38. Discussion: Angelic message about the Messiah through whom Yahweh will save mankind from sin.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 17-19
5	1	Mary’s visit to Elizabeth: The Magnificat.	Identify ideas drawn from Mary’s response to Elizabeth in form of the magnificat.	Luke 1:39-56. Brief observations from the reading.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 19-20
	2	The birth of John the Baptist: The Benedictus.	Identify ideas drawn from the Benedictus.	Luke 1:57-80. Observations from the reading.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 20-21
	3	The birth of Jesus.	Describe conditions surrounding the birth of Jesus and their symbolic meanings.	Luke 2:1-20. Deductions from the reading. Discussion: symbolic meaning of a manger, shepherds, clothes, angels’ voices.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 21-23
6	1	The dedication of Jesus.	Explain the meaning of the name Jesus. Describe the important incidents that took place during consecration of Jesus.	Luke 2:21-40. Brief discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 23-24
	2	Boy Jesus at the temple.	Explain the significance of Jesus’ experience in His Father’s House.	Luke 2: 41-52. Malachi 3:1. Q/A: importance of the temple to Jews. Discussion on fulfillment of Malachi’s prophecy.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 25-27
	3	CAT.
7	1	JOHN THE BAPTIST AND JESUS. Teachings of John the Baptist.	Outline the teachings of John the Baptist.	Bible reading: Luke 3:1-20. Q/A and discussion on John’s teachings and the relevance of the teachings to Christian daily life.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 28-30
	2	Relevance of teachings of John the Baptist today.	Explain the relevance of teachings of John the Baptist today.	Probing questions ; Discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 30-31
	3	The baptism of Jesus.	Suggest reasons why John baptized Jesus. Explain the significance of the voice from heaven.	Bible reading Luke 3: 21-22. Q/A and discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 31-32
8	1	Relevance of Jesus’ baptism.	Discuss the relevance of Jesus baptism.	Probing questions ; Discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Page 34-35
	2	The temptations of Jesus.	Outline the three ways in which Jesus was tempted.	Oral questions: Bible reading Luke 4:1-13. Narrations.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 32-34
	3	Relevance of Jesus’ temptations.	Explain the relevance of Jesus’ temptations to our lives.	Probing questions; Discussion.		KLB BK II Pages 35-36
9	1	JESUS IN GALILEE. Jesus’ rejection at Nazareth.	Explain why Jesus was rejected at Nazareth.	Luke 4:14-30. Narration: Jesus in the synagogue. Discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 39-40
9	2	Jesus in Capernaum.	Describe Jesus’ healing miracles in Capernaum.	Luke 4:31-44. Narrations: Jesus’ miracles. Q/A and discussion:	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 40-42
	3	Relevance of Jesus’ working of miracles.	Outline lessons learnt by Christians from Jesus’ working of miracles.	Probing questions; Discussion.	The Bible.	Page 42.
10	1	Jesus’ first disciples.	Define a disciple. Describe Jesus’ calling of the first disciples. Outline lessons that Christians learn from the calling of disciples.	Luke 5:1-11. Narration: Discussion on qualities of true discipleship.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 42-45
	2	Jesus’ opposition by the Pharisees.	State qualities and characteristics of Pharisees.	Narrations; Probing questions; Discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 46-47
	3	Jesus’ opposition by the Scribes and Sadducees.	State qualities and characteristics of Scribes and Sadducees.	Bible reading: selected verses. Discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 47-48
11	1	Why Jesus faced opposition. Relevance of Jesus’ opposition.	Give reasons why the Pharisees and Scribes opposed Jesus. Identify lessons we learn from Jesus’ opposition.	Bible reading: Luke 5: 33-9. Narrations and discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 48-51
	2	THE SERMON ON THE PLAIN The twelve disciples.	List down the names of the twelve disciples. Highlight teachings derived from the choosing of the apostles. State qualities of true discipleship according to Jesus.	Luke 6:12-16. Q/A: meaning of a disciple, an apostle. Brief discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 52-53
	3	The sermon on the plain.	Analyze the components of the Sermon on the plain. Outline the relevance of the sermon on the plain to Christians.	Luke 6:20-49. Narrations; Detailed discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 55-57
12-13		END OF TERM ONE TEST

		SCHEME OF WORK FORM TWO C..R.E. TERM TWO 2011
WK NO	L/ NO	TOPIC/ SUBTOPIC	LESSON / SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES	TEACHING / LEARNING ACTIVITIES	*RESOURCES*	REFS	REMARKS
1	1	SOME WORKS AND TEACHINGS OF JESUS. The healing of the Centurion’s servant.	Define the term compassion. Explain the mission of Jesus to both the Jews and the Gentiles.	Bible reading; Luke 7:1-10. Narration. Discussion: Jesus’ mission for both Jews and Gentiles.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 60-61
	2	Lessons from the healing of the Centurion’s servant.	Analyze lessons learnt from the healing of the centurion’s servant.	Probing questions; Discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 61-62
	3	The raising of the widow’s son in Nain.	Outline lessons learnt from the raising of the widow’s son in Nain.	Bible reading; Luke 7: 11-7. Q/A& brief discussion. Narration of the raising of the widow’s son in Nain.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 62-63
2	1	Assurance to the John the Baptist.	Evaluate Jesus’ tribute to John. Relate Jesus’ assurance to John to Christians’ lives.	Q/A review the role of John the Baptist. Oral questions and explanations on relevance of Jesus’ assurance to John. Luke 7:18-35.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 64-65
	2	The forgiveness of the sinful woman.	Narrate the forgiveness of the sinful woman. Identify the role of women in Jesus’ ministry. Relate forgiveness of the sinful woman to our lives today.	Bible reading; Luke 7:36,8:3 Q/A: inferences from the reading. Brief discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 65-66
	3	JESUS’ TEACHINGS IN PARABLES. Reasons for teaching in parables. The parable of the sower.	Define the term parable. Suggest reasons why Jesus taught in parables. Narrate the parable of the sower.	Exposition; Bible reading: Luke 8: 4-15; Narrations; Discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 67-69
3	1	The parable of a lamp under a bowl.	Outline the teachings derived from the parable of a lamp under a bowl.	Luke 8:16 –18. Brief discussion on the parable.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Page 70
	2	Jesus’ true family	Identify members of Christ’s kingdom. Contrast Christians’ earthly commitments from the divine role.	Q/A the mission of Christ. Luke 8: 19-21. Discuss Christianity as family of Christ.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 70-71
	3	Significance of parables of Jesus.	Explain the significance of parables of Jesus as used in His teachings.	Short informal lecture & Q/A.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 71-72
4	1	THE MIGHTY WORKS OF JESUS Nature miracles.	Describe Jesus’ authoritative works over nature.	Bible reading: Luke 8:10-17; 26-39 Discussion on calming of storm and healing of the demoniac.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 72-74
4	2	Jesus’ raising of the dead.	Describe Jesus’ authoritative works over nature.	Bible reading: Luke 8:40-56 Discussion on raising of Jairus’ daughter.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 75-76
4	3	Relevance of Jesus’ miracles to Christians.	Explain the elevance of Jesus’ miracles to Christians.	Probing questions and discussion; Exposition.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 76-77
5	1	JESUS & THE TWELVE DISCIPLES. Commissioning of the disciples.	Describe the mission of disciples. Apply the mission of disciples to Christian life today.	Luke 9:1-9. Discussion: disciples’ tasks, challenges and relevance to us.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 78-79
	2	Jesus feeds the five thousand.	Narrate Jesus’ feeding of the five thousand. Outline lessons learnt from the miracle of feeding of the five thousand.	Luke9: 10-17. Narration; Analysis of the reading.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 79-81
	3	Jesus’ identity and destiny.	Explain the nature of Jesus’ Messiahship.	Luke 9:18-27. Q/A review Jews’ expectations about Messiah. Discussion: identity and destiny of Jesus and their significance.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 81-82
6	1	The transfiguration.	Define transfiguration. Explain significance of the transfiguration.	Luke 9:28-39 Narration of Jesus’ transfiguration. Discussion: purpose of the transfiguration.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 82-84
	2	Jesus’ teaching on faith and humility.	Identify problems and difficulties faced by disciples in their apostolic mission. Evaluate faith and humility as strongholds for Christians today.	Luke 9: 37-50. Oral questions leading to identifying disciples’ problems and difficulties. Teacher’s explanations.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 84-86
	3	SOME MAJOR TEACHINGS OF JESUS. The duties and privileges of Discipleship.	Identify privileges that a Christian is entitled to and the duties a Christian is expected to perform.	Luke 9:51-62 Analysis of duties and privileges of discipleship.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 90-91
7	1	The mission of the 72 disciples.	Explain the mission of the 72 disciples and its relevance on Christian life.	Luke10: 1-24. Highlight the instructions given to the disciples by Jesus.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 91-94
7	2,3	CAT & MID-TERM BREAK
8	1	Commitment to Christ. The parable of the Good Samaritan.	Explain the concept of commitment to Christ. Highlight qualities of a committed Christian as depicted in the parable.	Luke 10:25-31 Narration of the parable. Discussion: Qualities of a committed Christian.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 94-95
8	2	Jesus visits Martha and Mary.	Identify the role of women in discipleship.	Luke 10:38-42 Narration of the visit. Q/A: deduce teachings of the visit.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 96-97
8	3	Jesus’ teaching on prayer.	Give reasons why we pray. Highlight the petitions in Our Lord’s Prayer.	Recite our Lord’s prayer. Luke 11:1-13 Elaborate discussion on the petitions in Our Lord’s prayer.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 97-99
9	1	Jesus’ use of God’s power to overcome evil and unclean spirit.	Discuss Jesus use of God’s power to overcome evil and unclean spirit.	Luke 11:14-23, 24-28 Discussion: Jesus’ counter reactions.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 99-101
	2	Jesus’ teachings on the light of the body.	Outline lessons learnt from Jesus’ teaching on the light of the body.	Luke 11:33-36 Observations from the reading.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 101-2
	3	Jesus’ teachings on fearless confession without hypocrisy.	Define the terms confession and hypocrisy. Highlight Jesus’ criticism of hypocrisy of Pharisees and teachers of the law.	Luke 11:37-54,12:1-3 Discussion: Jesus’ teaching on hypocrisy.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 102-3
10	1	Jesus’ teachings on material possessions.	Outline Jesus’ teachings on material possessions.	Luke 12:13-34 Q/A: observations from the reading.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 104-6
10	2,3	Jesus’ teachings on watchfulness and readiness.	Describe Jesus’ teaching on watchfulness and readiness. Explain the relevance of Jesus’ teaching on watchfulness and readiness to Christians.	Luke 12:35-59 Q/A and explanations.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 106-8
11	1	THE GROWTH OF THE KINGDOM OF GOD. Call to repentance.	Outline Jesus’ teachings on repentance. Apply these teachings to Christian life.	Luke 13:1-5 Narrations & discussion.	The Bible.	KLB 109-110
	2	The parable of the unfruitful fig tree.	Explain the significance of a Christian fruitful life.	Luke 13: 6-9 Brief discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 110-1
	3	Jesus heals on a Sabbath.	Explain establishment of the kingdom of God through Jesus’ work of liberation.	Luke 13:10-17 Narration & analysis.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 111-2
12	1	The parable of the mustard seed. & The parable of the yeast.	Illustrate the growth of the kingdom of God with germination of a mustard seed and rising of dough.	Luke 13:18-19 Narrations & brief discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Page 112
12	2 3	The narrow door. & The cost of discipleship	Illustrate the kingdom of God with a master’s narrow door. Explain the real cost of discipleship.	Luke 13:22-30 Narrations & brief discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 112-3
13		END OF TERM TWO EXAMS
SCHEME OF WORK FORM TWO C..R.E. TERM THREE 2011
WK NO	L/ NO	TOPIC/ SUBTOPIC	LESSON / SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES	TEACHING / LEARNING ACTIVITIES	*RESOURCES*	REFS	REMARKS
1	1	Jesus anticipates His rejection at Jerusalem.	Outline lessons learnt from Jesus anticipated rejection at Jerusalem.	Luke 13:31-35 Discussion: relevance of Jesus’ anticipated rejection to Christians.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 113-4
	2	Jesus heals a sick man on a Sabbath. & The parable of the great feast.	Relate Jesus’ healing on a Sabbath to Christian life. Outline the role of the poor and underprivileged in the kingdom of God.	Luke 14:1-5, 15-24 Discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 114-5
	3	Retrieving the lost.	Narrate parables relating to retrieving the lost.	Luke 14:4-7, 8-10, 15: 11-32 Narrations & inferences. Assignment.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 117-9
2	1	The parable of the lost son.	Explain the relevance of the parable of the lost son to Christians.	Luke 115: 11-32 Narrations & inferences. Assignment.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 119-121

2	2	JESUS’ TEACHINGS ON WEALTH & POVERTY. The parable of the shrewd manager.	Explain the relevance of the parable to Christians.		Bible reading: Luke 16:1-13 and make inferences therefrom.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 123-4
2	3	The rich man & Lazarus.	Illustrate social responsibilities that accompany wealth.		Q/A: biblical contexts where the rich and / or the poor are mentioned. Luke 16:19-31 Discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 124-6
3	1	Relevance of Jesus’ teaching on wealth and poverty.	Explain relevance of Jesus’ teaching on wealth and poverty to Christians.		Probing questions; Discussion.		KLB BK II Pages 126-7
	2	The power of faith.	Outline the significance of faith to Christian life.		Luke 17:1-37 Detailed discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 128-131
	3	Persistence in prayer.	Identify lessons learnt from parables relating to persistence in prayer.		Luke 18:1-14 Narrations & inferences from the readings.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 132-4
4	1	The way of salvation.	Define the term salvation. Describe the process of salvation.		Q/A: Luke 18:15-19,19:1-27 Narrations & detailed discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 134-8
4	2	Relevance of Jesus’ teaching on salvation	Explain the relevance of Jesus’ teaching on salvation to Christians.		Probing questions; Discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 139-140
	3	JESUS TEACHES IN JERUSALEM. Jesus triumphant entry into Jerusalem.	Explain Jesus’ dramatic and humble ride on a donkey as he entered into Jerusalem. Outline lessons learnt by Christians from Jesus’ entry into Jerusalem.		Luke 19:28-40 Detailed discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 142-5
5	1	The cleansing of the temple.	Explain the significance of Jesus’ weeping over Jerusalem; and cleansing of the temple. Outline lessons learnt by Christians from the cleansing of the temple.		Luke 19: 41:48, 45:49. Detailed explanations.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 145-7
	2	Jesus’ conflicts with Jewish leaders. Questions about Jesus’ authority.	Explain the cause of Jesus’ conflict with leaders. Outline the significance of Jesus’ authority from God to Christians.		Luke 20:1-8 Inferences from the reading.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 147-8
	3	The parable of the tenants.	Relate persecution and rejection of Jesus to Christian life.		Luke 9: 18 Q/A: review reasons for Jesus’ use of parables. Narration of the parable. Derive teachings from the parable.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 149-150
6	1	Paying of taxes to Caesar.	Outline Jesus’ teachings on paying of taxes and the reasons for the teachings.		Luke 9:19-26 Q/A: derive teachings from the bible reading.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 150-1
	2	The question about resurrection.	Highlight the significance of Jesus’ death and resurrection to Christian life.		Luke9: 27- 40 Explain resurrection as a configuration of life after death.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 151-2
	3	The question about Messiah.	Explain the question about Messiah as a key event of resurrection and exaltation of Jesus that will follow His death.		Luke9: 41-44 Oral questions & brief discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 152-152
7	1	Jesus warns against the teachers of the Law.	Describe the hypocritical and exploitative nature of teachers of the Law. Explain the position of Christians in safeguarding against the tendency to seek personal recognition.		Luke 9:45-47 Detailed discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 149-150
7	2	The dignity of the poor.	Appreciate that God’s image is stamped on every human being, rich or poor.		Luke 21:1-4 Q/A: incidences where Jesus identified with the poor and upheld their dignity. Brief discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 153-4
	3	C.A.T.
8	1	Jesus’ teaching about eschatology. The prophecy on destruction of the Jerusalem temple. Destruction of Jerusalem city.	Explain significance of the prophecy on destruction of the Jerusalem temple and destruction of Jerusalem city.		Luke 21:5-6 21:20-24 Exposition & explanations.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 154-5
	2	The signs of the end of the times.	Highlight the signs of the end of the times.		Q/A & discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 155-6
	3	Significance of eschatological teachings.	Identify prevalent signs of end times.		Q/A: current signs of end times.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 157-8
9	1	THE PASSION, DEATH & RESURRECTION OF JESUS. The Last Supper.		Describe the preparation and partaking of the last supper. Identify the new meaning of the Passover.	Luke 22:14-23 Brief discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 162-3
	2	Peter’s denial of Jesus predicted.		Identify the implications of Peter’s denial of Jesus to Christian life.	Luke 22:31-34 Brief discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 164-5
	3	Significance of the Lord’s Supper to Christians.		Identify the important role of the Lord’s supper to Christians.	Q/A & explanations.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Page 165
10	1	Prayer on the Mount of Olives.		Explain the concept “cup” as referred to by Jesus.	Luke 22:39-46 Q/A: messianic mission. Discussion: significance of Jesus prayer.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Page 166
	2	The betrayal and arrest of Jesus.		Describe the betrayal and arrest of Jesus. Suggest why Judas Iscariot betrayed Jesus. Explain Jesus’ rejection of the role of a political Messiah. Outline lessons learnt from Judas’ character.	Luke 22:47-53 Q/A & discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 166-7
	3	The denial of Jesus by Peter.		Suggest reasons why Peter denied Jesus. Explain the relevance of Peter’ denial and subsequent repentance to Christians.	Luke 22:54-65 Narration, Q/A & explanations.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 167-8
11	1	The trial of Jesus.		Describe the trial of Jesus before the council of Sanhedrin, Pilate and Herod. Identify charges leveled against Jesus.	Luke 22:66 23:1-25. Probing questions to examine validity of the charges levelled against Jesus. Brief discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 168-9
	2	Pilate’s Judgment.		Define treason and blasphemy. Suggest reasons why Pilate agreed to have Jesus crucified.	Luke 23:13-25 Teacher exposes the meanings. Discussion: Jesus’ innocence in spite of the Judgment.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Page 170
	3	Jesus’ Crucifixion.		Describe the crucifixion of Jesus.	Luke 23:26-43 Narrations & inferences from the readings.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 170-3
12	1	The death and burial of Jesus.		Describe the extraordinary happenings preceding Jesus’ death. Identify the meanings of darkness and tearing of the curtain. Recognize the role of women in the resurrection story.	Luke 23:44-56 Narrations & detailed discussion. Q/A: role of women in Jesus’ ministry, burial and resurrection story.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 173-5
12	2	The resurrection of Jesus.		Define the term resurrection. Discuss testimonies confirmed that Jesus rose bon the third day. Explain the significance of Jesus’ death and resurrection to Christian life.	Luke 24:1-49 Elaborate discussion: testimony by the women, disciples on the way to Emmaus, appearance of Jesus to disciples.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 175-8
12	3	Ascension of Jesus.		Describe Jesus’ ascension. Outline the significance of Jesus’ ascension to Christians.	Luke 24:50-53 Q/A & Discussion.	The Bible.	KLB BK II Pages 178-181
		SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT TEST

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CRE FORM 2 WORK (SIMPLIFIED NOTES)

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CHAPTER ONE

THE OLD TESTAMENT PROPHECIES ABOUT THE COMING OF THE MESSIAH

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

By the end of this topic, the learner should be able to:-

Explain the Old Testament prophecies about the coming of the Messiah.
Explain the concept of the Messiah in the New Testament
Explain the role of John the Baptist as a link between the Old and the New Testament.

PROPHECIES CONCERNING THE MESSIAH IN THE

OLD TESTAMENT

Messiah is a Hebrew word which means “anointed”. It is used in the Old Testament to refer to Kings and priests in Israel because God chose them to serve Him.

Moses was commanded by God to anoint Aaron’s sons to be priests.

Prophecy is a prediction of what will happen in the future

Messianic Prophecies are those predictions that were made by prophets to describe the coming of a righteous king who would rule Israel according to the will of God.

The Messianic Prophecies are:-

Nathan’s prophecy to Kind David
Prophet Isaiah’s teachings
The suffering Servants of the Lord/Yahweh
Jeremiah’s teachings
Micah’s prophecy
The Psalmist’s prophecy

NATHAN’S PROPHECY

2^nd Samuel 7: 3-17

Nathan delivered God’s message to David concerning his Kingdom

The 1^st prophecy was that David was not to build God a temple because God did not want to be confined to a house built by human hands.
The 2^nd prophecy was that David’s son would build God a temple
The 3^rd prophecy talked about the establishment of an everlasting David Kingdom. This was fulfilled in the person of Jesus through His teachings. In the prophecy, we note that:-
- God would ensure that the Kingdom of David lasts forever
- an heir from David’s lineage would always be raised up to seat on the throne
- The king would deliver or save the people of Israel from their enemies. Israel would live in peace
- God would always support such a king
- God would keep the kingdom strong for David’s son
- God would make David’s name great and bless his descendants forever
- God would give Israel their own land

ISAIAH’S PROPHECY

Isaiah 7: 10-16, 9: 1-7, 61: 1-2

Prophet Isaiah made the prophecy about Immanuel. Isaiah had gone to King Ahaz of Judah to give him a sign of assurance that God would be with him in the threat he faced from Syria and Israel. Syria and Israel had joined forces to attack Judah. King Ahaz was told to trust in God for deliverance from the enemy. The sign was a prophecy which stated:-

“Behold, a young woman (virgin) shall conceive and bear a son, and shall call him Immanuel (God with us)”

This prophecy looks forward to the restoration of Davidic Kingdom under a righteous descendant of David. The king was to have supernatural titles such as:

Wonderful counselor
Mighty God
Eternal Father of Everlasting Father
Prince of Peace

The future ruler will have a great kingdom to rule. He would rule according to God’s will and this will continue until the end of time

The character of the Messiah is:-

He has the spirit of God
He has been sent to preach the Good News to the poor
He has been sent to bring liberty or freedom to the captives
He has come to proclaim the year of favor from God

JEREMIAH’S PROPHECY

Jeremiah 23: 5-6

Jeremiah talks of a righteous king, a descendant of David who would:-

Rule wisely
Do what is right and just
Ensure that Judah is safe from all her enemies and Israel lives in peace
Be called “The Lord Our Salvation.”

The perfect king would rule in accordance to God’s will and on behalf of God. There would be no sorrow, injustice or fear.

MICAH’S PROPHECY

Micah 5:1-5

Micah says the following about the Messiah

The messianic king will come from Bethlehem
He will lead his people with the authority and strength of God
He will bring the people of Israel peace to fulfill the promises God made to King David

THE PSALMIST’S PROPHECY

Psalms 41: 9, 110: 1-2

The Psalmist (authors of the book of Psalms) talks of the Messiah being betrayed by a close friend, whom he trusted and shared his food.

We see this being fulfilled when Judas Iscariot betrayed Jesus just after eating last supper together.

The book also talks about the Messiah being commanded to seat at the right hand of God by God and his enemies being delivered to him.

Jesus said He will be at the right hand of God.

THE SUFFERING SERVANT

Isaiah 53

Prophet Isaiah talks about the suffering servant of God with the following characteristics

The servant will succeed in his work and will be highly honored
This success and honor will surprise many who have witnessed his suffering
The servant is despised, rejected and ignored by those who are with him.
He has nothing attractive. He is very ordinary and simple
He is harshly treated, arrested, sentenced to death and killed.
His body is buried with the bodies of rich men
He endures all that is done to him in humble silence
He accepts the suffering which should have been received by others for their sins.
Through his suffering, human beings are reconciled to God.
It was the will of God that the servant should suffer
His death is sacrifice to bring forgiveness of sins

THE CONCEPT OF THE MESSIAH IN THE NEW TESTAMENT

Examples of references from the New Testament that refer to Jesus the Messiah

During the birth of Jesus, the wise men from the East came to Jerusalem asking for the king of the Jews whose been born so that they could worship him. (Mathew 2:2)
Herod asked the Chief Priest and the Scribes where the Christ was to be born (Mathew 2:3)
After feeding of the five thousand by Jesus, we are told that when Jesus perceived the crowd was to take Him by force and make Him “King”, He withdrew from them to avoid such crowning (John 6:15)
When Jesus asked His disciples whom they thought He was, Simon Peter answered, “The Christ of God”. (Luke 9: 20)
During Jesus’ triumphant entry into Jerusalem, the crowd acclaimed Him as a king by singing and praising God saying “Blessed is the King who comes in the name of the Lord.”
During the trial of Jesus before the Jewish Religious Council called the “Sanhedrin”, He was asked: “If you are the Christ, tell us” (Luke 22:67)

WAYS IN WHICH JESUS FULFILLED THE OLD TESTAMENT PROPHECIES CONCERNING THE MESSIAH

Joseph was from the lineage of David, as it had been prophesied. (Luke 1: 26-27)
During the annunciation of Jesus’ birth, Angel Gabriel told Mary that Jesus would be given David’s throne and rule forever (Luke 1:32)
Angel Gabriel told Joseph that Mary’s son would be called Immanuel. (Mathew 1:18-25, Isaiah 7: 14)
Jesus was conceived through the power of the Holy Spirit and not by human intervention (Luke 1:35)
Jesus was born in Bethlehem, the birth place of David (Luke 2:5)
The blind beggar of Jericho referred to Jesus as the Son of David (Luke 18: 38)
Simeon in the Temple refers to Jesus as being able to bring salvation to the whole world. (Luke 2: 29-32)
Jesus, during his teachings in the Synagogue in Nazareth quoted from Isaiah 61: 1-2 to affirm that He was the Messiah that Isaiah had talked about. (Luke 4: 18-19)
The works of Jesus (for example raising the dead, casting out demons, healing) is a fulfillment of Isaiah’s prophecy of a messiah who would work miracles.
The passion and death of Jesus relates to Isaiah’s prophecy of a suffering servant. (Luke 23: 1-35)

THE ROLE OF JOHN THE BAPTIST

Isaiah 40: 3-5, Malachi 3:1, 4:5-6, Luke 7: 20-35

John the Baptist prepared the way for the coming of Jesus Christ
He announced that God’s reign was near

He acted as a link between the Old Testament and the New Testament

He preached about forgiveness and repentance as a way of preparing people for the messiah
He introduced Jesus to his disciples as the Messiah
He baptized people with water to prepared them for Jesus who would baptize them with fire and Holy Spirit

THE JEWISH EXPECTATION OF THE MESSIAH
They expected a political leader who would overthrow their colonial rulers (Romans)
The Messiah would rule the world from Jerusalem and receive homage from all the nations of the earth. That is, Jerusalem would a new political centre of the world

The Messianic Kingdom would be a temporary Jewish Kingdom, like the Roman kingdom, but more powerful

The establishment of the kingdom would be preceded by cosmic signs
The messiah would be a descendant of David (royal family)
He would come after the return of Elijah

He would not associate with the poor, sinners and Gentiles (non-Jews)
He would uphold Judaism

He would perform miracles
The Messianic kingdom would be accomplished through God’s judgment on Israel’s enemies.

CHAPTER TWO

THE INFANCY AND THE EARLY LIFE OF JESUS

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

By the end of this topic the learner should be able to:-

Describe the annunciation of the birth of Jesus and John the Baptist
Explain the birth of John the Baptist
Explain the birth of Jesus
Describe the dedication of Jesus
Explain the boy Jesus at the temple

THE ANNUNCIATION
1. THE BIRTH OF JOHN IS ANNOUNCED

Luke 1: 5-25

The birth of John was announced by Angel Gabriel during the reign of King Herod the Great who ruled in Judea

Zechariah (the name meaning God has remembered) John’s father, came from a priestly family of Abidjan of the Levites. He and John’s mother, Elizabeth (the name meaning God has sworn) was an old couple. Elizabeth was barren.

Angel Gabriel appeared to Zachariah as he was performing his priestly duty.

The angel told him that God has heard his prayers and that his wife was going to have a baby whom they shall name John (the name meaning God is gracious). The angel said the following about John:-

He will be great in the sight of the Lord
He will be happily received by both Zachariah and other people
He will be a He was not to drink any wine or strong drink
He will be filled with the Holy Spirit from the time of birth
He will bring back many of the people of Israel to the Lord
He will go ahead of the Lord, strong and mighty like prophet Elijah
He will get the Lord’s people ready for Him
He will bring fathers and children together and turn disobedient people back to the way of thinking of the righteous.

Zachariah, due to his old age, could not believe the Lord’s message. The angel told him that he will be dump until all is fulfilled.

When the people who were waiting for him outside the temple saw him, they knew he had seen a vision in the Temple. He could not speak. His wife conceived and for five months stayed indoors.

THE BIRTH OF JESUS IS ANNOUNCED

Luke 1: 26-38

Angel Gabriel was sent to go to a town in Galilee called Nazareth to deliver a message to a young woman (Mary). Mary was bestridden to Joseph, a descendant of David.

The angel assured Mary not to be afraid and told her that she will have a child whom she shall name Jesus.

Jesus would be great and would be called the son of the most high God
God will make Him a king like His ancestor David.
Jesus was going to be an everlasting king and his kingdom would have no end.

Mary asked how that can happen and she knew no man (she was a virgin). The angle told her that she will conceive through the power of the Holy Spirit. The angel also told her that her relative, Elizabeth, whom it was said cannot have a child, was six months pregnant.

Mary believed and submitted herself to God’s will.

MARY VISITS ELIZABETH

Luke 1:39-56

Mary went to visit her cousin Elizabeth after the angel left. As soon as Mary greeted Elizabeth, the baby in Elizabeth’s womb leapt with joy.

The Holy Spirit filled Elizabeth and she realized that Mary was going to have a baby who will be the Messiah. She told Mary that Mary was blessed among all women.

Mary replied in form of a hymn that is commonly known as the Magnificat

Main points on the Magnificat are:-

God comes to the help, not of the rich and the powerful, but of the poor and the simple.
God humbles the proud and exalts the lowly
God fills the hungry with good things and send the rich away empty handed
God keeps his promise, the one He made to the ancestors of Israel.

Mary stayed with Elizabeth for about three months then left.

THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST

Luke 1: 57-80

Elizabeth had her child and one week after during circumcision told her neighbors that the child’s name was John. The neighbors and relatives thought that the child will be called Zachariah after his father, but the mother insisted on John.

So they went and asked Zachariah. Zachariah asked for a writing tablet and wrote John as the child’s name. Soon after Zachariah was able to speak again the neighbors were afraid and news spread far.

Zachariah was filled with the Holy Spirit and sang an hymn that is commonly known as the Benedictus

Contents of the Benedictus

Zachariah praises God for remembering the promises He made to Israelites’ ancestors of sending a Messiah.
He says God would rescue them from their enemies
He acknowledges the role of John as being the forerunner of Jesus
He says that John would go ahead and prepare the way for Christ. He will be telling people that they will be saved and have their sins forgiven.

THE BIRTH OF JESUS

Luke 2:1-20

Joseph and Mary went from Nazareth in Galilee to Bethlehem in Judea, the birth place of King David.

This was because Augustus Caesar, the emperor at the time, had ordered a census to determine payment of taxes and those eligible for military recruitment. People were supposed to be counted from their original home area.

While in Bethlehem, the time came for Mary to have her child. Jesus was born in a stable where Joseph and Mary had settled for the night. There was no place available to rest for all rooms were booked.

Mary wrapped Him in swaddling clothes and laid Him in a manger.

An angel of God appeared to some shepherds who were spending the night in the field taking care of their flocks. They were terrified but the angel assured them. He told them that their savior is born that day in David’s town. He told them that they will find him wrapped in strips of cloth and laying in a manger.

Suddenly, a group of other angels appeared singing praise to God.

After the angels message, the shepherds went to visit the baby. They found Him in a manger as they had been told by the angels.

They told those around what they angel had told them. They were surprised. The shepherds then left praising God for all that they had heard and seen.

THE DEDICATION OF JESUS

Luke 2: 21-40

On the eighth day of Jesus’ birth, He was named and then taken to the temple in Jerusalem for purification and dedication. According to Jewish customs, mother was unclean after birth and needed to be purified. Dedication of male first born sons to God was also done as per tradition. Jesus was also circumcised on that day.

In Jerusalem, there was a man named Simeon. He was God fearing and was waiting for Israel to be saved. The Holy Spirit had assured him that he will not die until he sees the promised Messiah.

Simeon was led by the spirit into the Temple. When Mary and Joseph brought Jesus, Simeon took the child in his arms and gave thanks to God. He said the following about Jesus:-

Jesus will bring salvation to the people.
He will reveal God’s will to the Gentiles
Jesus was God’s choice for the destruction and the salvation of many in Israel
Many people will speak against Him
Sorrow will break His Mother due to His suffering

In the Temple, there was also an 84 year old prophetess named Anna. She had been widowed after seven years. She spent all her days in the temple praying and fasting.

She prophesied that Jesus would set the people free

Mary and Joseph went back to Nazareth in Galilee. Jesus grew to maturity and filled with wisdom and God’s favor was with Him.

THE BOY JESUS AT THE TEMPLE

Luke 2: 41-52

Jesus’ parents went to the Temple for the Passover Festival as they have done every year. This time, Jesus was twelve years old. The parents started going back home after the festival but then realized that Jesus was neither with them nor among their relatives.

They searched for Him the whole day but they did not find Him. So they went back to Jerusalem. On the third day, they found Him in the Temple, sitting with the Jewish teachers, listening to them and asking questions. All who heard Him were amazed at His intelligent answers. His parents, when they saw Him, they told Him that they had been terribly worried trying to find Him.

Jesus asked why they had to look for Him. He asked them “Don’t you know that I had to be in My Father’s house?”

The parents did not understand Him. So Jesus went back with them to Nazareth where He was obedient to them. He grew both in body and wisdom gaining favor with God and people.

CHAPTER THREE

JOHN THE BAPTIST AND JESUS

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

By the end of this topic, the learner should be able to:-

Outline the teachings of John the Baptist
Apply the teachings of John the Baptist in daily life.
Describe the baptism and temptation of Jesus
Explain the relevance of baptism and temptation of Jesus to Christians today

THE PREACHING OF JOHN THE BAPTIST

Luke 3: 1-20

John the Baptist started his preaching during the reign of Emperor Tiberius Caesar, and Pontius Pilate was the governor of Judea and Herod Antipas the ruler of Galilee.

The following teachings can be drawn from John the Baptist’s preaching.

He preached a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins

John the Baptist urged his listeners to have total change of heart and confess their sins so that God would forgive them.

His baptism was in preparation for those who would be ready to be baptized with fire and Holy Spirit.

He warned people about God’s judgment

John rebuked his listeners. He told them to repent or face God’s judgment. They should not just cling on to being blessed Abraham’s descendants. God can turn stones to make Abraham’s descendants. They should hence repent or perish.

He announced the coming of the Messiah as judge

John’s listeners began to wonder whether he was a Messiah. John however told them that one was coming who is greater than Him. Who will baptize them with Holy Spirit? And will bring God’s judgment for those who have ignored God’s laws.

He preached social justice

John taught the following on justice and responsibility

Those who have, should share with those who do not have
He emphasized the need for firmness and honesty in their dealings. For example, tax collectors were advised not to collect more than what be required of them.
Soldiers were advised not to take things from others forcefully nor accuse people falsely
He condemned King Herod’s immoral behavior including marrying his own brothers wife, Herodias.

He was later put in prison by Herod Antipas for his fearless condemnation of the marriage.

THE RELEVANCE OF JOHN’S TEACHINGS ON OUR DAILY LIFE

It challenges Christians to be fair, honest and jut in their dealings with other people
It teaches that Christians should avoid being hypocritical in their society

It challenges Christians to know that God will judge us for our wrong doing.

It challenges Christians to repent their sins sincerely, seek for forgiveness and be baptized
John challenges Christians to make the world a better place to live in by avoiding corruption, immorality and hypocrisy at all levels in society.

THE BAPTISM OF JESUS

Luke 3: 21-22

Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist in River Jordan. John was baptizing other people and Jesus came and got baptized as well.

As Jesus prayed during baptism, heaven was opened, and the Holy Spirit came down upon Him in bodily form like a dove.

\a voice came from heaven saying “you are my own dear son, I am pleased with you”

Possible reasons why Jesus got baptized

Jesus wanted to confirm and show His approval of John’s ministry.
He saw it as God’s plan for saving humankind

He saw it as the last act of preparing those who were ready to receive the Messiah in person

He saw it as a way of fulfilling Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah
He wanted to identify Himself with the sinful humankind
It showed His acceptance of the work of salvation which was to be completed through His suffering

Baptism provided an opportunity for the manifestation of the Holy Trinity, that is God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit

Note: – the voice from heaven was a confirmation to Jesus that He was God’s Son and that God

Was with Him and approved His mission

-The Holy Spirit descending showed that the Holy Spirit will give Jesus courage and

Guidance in the work He was about to start.

THE TEMPTATIONS OF JESUS

Luke 4: 1-13

Soon after Jesus was baptized, He was led by the Spirit into the wilderness where He was tested by the devil. Jesus stayed in the wilderness for 40 days eating nothing. He was hungry when it was over.

Jesus was tempted in three ways. These are:-

He was told by the devil to turn stones into bread if indeed He was the son of God.

Jesus answered and said that the scripture says that man cannot live by bread alone but by every word that comes from God.

The devil took Him to a high mountain and showed Him all the kingdoms of the world. He told Jesus that he will give Him all that power and wealth. The devil said these have been given to him and that he can give them to whoever he chooses. All will belong to Jesus if Jesus were to worship him.

Jesus answered and told the devil that the scripture says that we should worship the Lord our God and serve Him only.

Then the devil took Jesus to Jerusalem and set Him on the highest point of the Temple. He told Him that if indeed He was the Son of God, He should throw Himself down from. This is because the scripture says God will order his angels to take good care of Him and the angels will hold Him up with their hands so that not even Jesus’ feet will be hurt on the stones.

Jesus answered that the scripture says that one should not put the Lord your God to test.

THE RELEVANCE OF BAPTISM AND TEMPTATIONS OF JESUS TO CHRISTIANS TODAY
The relevance of Jesus’ baptism
Baptism qualifies the new convert to become a member of a Christian denomination
Through baptism, Christians identify themselves with Jesus Christ and all that He stands for

Through baptism, Christians receive the power of the Holy Spirit

Baptism unites Christians as members of the Body of Christ which is the Church. Therefore all barriers of race, creed, gender and class are broken
It is a symbol of death and resurrection. One dies to sin and rises to new life.
Through baptism, one is considered a child of God

Baptism effects complete forgiveness of sins
Baptism prepares Christians for the Kingdom of God

Relevance of Jesus’ temptations
Since Jesus was tempted, He fully understood our difficulties when we are tempted and is ready to help us
We learn that God does not tempt us beyond our strength

Since Jesus was tempted, Christians too must also expect to be tempted

Through temptations and trials, our faith is strengthened
Christians should turn to the Bible for guidance when tempted
We should seek the Holy Spirit as it will enable us to conquer the devil

BOOK TITLE:

GOD MEETS US IN JESUS CHRIST-ST LUKE’S GOSPEL

SECTION TWO

THE GALILEAN MINISTRY

CHAPTER FOUR

JESUS BEGINS HIS WORK IN GALILEE

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

By the end of this topic, the learner should be able to:-

Explain why Jesus was rejected at Nazareth
Describe and appreciate the healing at Capernaum
Describe the call of the first disciples
Explain why Jesus faced opposition from the Pharisees and the Scribes

JESUS’ MINISTRY IN GALILEE AND HIS REJECTION AT NAZARETH

Luke 4: 14-30

After Jesus’ temptation, Jesus went back to Galilee. He taught in the Synagogues and was praised by everyone.

Synagogue is a place where Jews worship God on every Sabbath day.

On the Sabbath day, Jesus went to the Synagogue in Nazareth where He was brought up. He was handed the book of Prophet Isaiah to read. He opened and read where it is written “the Spirit of God is upon me, because He has chosen me to bring good news to the poor. He has sent me to proclaim liberty to the captives and recovery of sight to the blind, to set free the oppressed and to proclaim the year of the Lord has come when the Lord will save His people.”

Jesus handed over the scripture to the attendant and went and sat down. All eyes were fixed on Him. Jesus said to them that that day, that part of the scripture as was being read has come to pass.

They were all well impressed with Him and marveled at His eloquence. However, when they realized that He was claiming to be the expected Messiah, they became hostile to Him. They asked around whether He is not the son of Joseph.

Jesus responded by telling them that a prophet is never accepted by his own people. He went on to give examples of non-Israelites who had received God’s favor during prophets Elijah and Elisha’s time. This made His listeners even more hostile that they tried to kill Him by throwing Him down a cliff.

Reasons why Jesus was rejected at Nazareth

Jesus had claimed that the prophecy of Isaiah has been fulfilled in Himself and that He was the Messiah the anointed one of God, whom they had been longing for
Jesus did not perform the kind of miracles He had performed in Capernaum. These include healing the sick, restoring sight to the blind, casting out demons from those possessed and even raising the dead

He accused the listeners that their forefathers had rejected God’s prophets by persecuting them

Jesus had told the audience that the good news was first offered to the Jews but they had rejected it, so it would be made available to the Gentiles.

JESUS HEALS IN CAPERNAUM

Luke 4: 31-44

Jesus heals a man with an evil spirit

Jesus went to Capernaum, a town in Galilee, where He taught the people on the Sabbath. The people were all amazed with the way He taught because He spoke with authority.

In the Synagogue, there was a man with an evil spirit (demon) in him. The demon in him made him scream out in loud voice asking Jesus what He wanted with them. They recognized Jesus as being from Nazareth and asked Him what He wanted with them and whether He was there to destroy them. They also said that they knew who Jesus was and that He was God’s holy messenger.

Jesus ordered the spirit to be quiet and come out of the man.

The demon threw the man down in front of the people and left him without doing him any harm.

The people were all amazed and asked one another what kind of words Jesus used. Just with authority and power Jesus gives orders to the evil spirit and they come out. Report about Jesus spread in the region

Jesus healed Simon’s mother-in law

After Jesus left the Synagogue, He went to Simon’s house. Simon’s mother-in law was suffering from a fever and Jesus was asked to heal her. Jesus commanded the fever to leave her and she was healed immediately.

In the evening of the same day, Jesus carried out another healing. People suffering from various diseases and demon possession were brought to Him. He healed and exorcised demons from those who were possessed. The people wanted to keep Jesus in that are but Jesus informed them that the Good News of God’s Kingdom was meant for all people.

LESSONS THAT CHRISTIANS LEARN FROM JESUS’ HEALING IN CAPERNAUM

Jesus is the Son of God
Jesus came to establish the Kingdom of God and destroy the kingdom of Satan.

Jesus has power over evil spirits or demons.

Faith and prayer are necessary for healing
Jesus came to save human beings from the slavery of sin

JESUS CALLS THE FIRST DISCIPLES

Luke 5: 1-11

A disciple is a follower or a learner.

Jesus chose disciples from among the many people who followed Him to listen to His teachings. These were to continue with His teachings

One day Jesus was standing on the shores of Lake Gennesaret (also called the Sea of Tiberius or Sea of Galilee) from where He taught the word of God to the people.

Jesus saw two boats on the beach. The fishermen had left them and were washing the nets.

Jesus got into one of the boats which belonged to Simon. He sat in the boat and taught the crowd. When He had finished teaching, He asked Simon to cast the net into the sea for a catch.

Simon said that they had worked all night and took nothing but, at Jesus’ word, he will let the nets down.

Then Simon and his partners John and James, the sons of Zebedee let down their nets and caught such a large number of fish that the nets almost broke.

Simon Peter was deeply moved by the miraculous catch of fish. He fell on his knees before Jesus and urged Him to go away from him for he was a sinful person.

James and John too were amazed at the miraculous catch of fish.

Jesus told Simon not to be afraid for from that time on, he would be catching men. This meant he was going to be one of the disciples of Jesus and will be winning people to the Kingdom of God.

The three me, left everything and followed Jesus. There was also Andrew, Simon’s brother.

LESSONS THAT CHRISTIANS LEARN FROM THE CALL OF THE FIRST DISCIPLES

Christians learn that:-

God still calls people today to serve Him in various capacities
God can choose anybody to serve Him regardless of their status in society

Those called by God are expected to be humble

Christians should trust in God
Those who are called should repent their sins
God can intervene in peoples’ lives through miracles

Christians should work together as a team
There is hope for those who follow Jesus

God reveals Himself to people in everyday activities
Christians’ vocation may require renunciation of family ties and occupation

JESUS FACES OPPOSITION

Luke 5: 12-6:11

Jesus was mainly opposed in His preaching and teachings about Good News by the Jewish religious leaders. These were:-

The Pharisees
The Scribes and
The Sadducees

THE PHARISEES

The word Pharisee means separated.

It applied to Jewish religious group which had separated themselves from the common people. They also called themselves the “righteous” implying that they had a close relationship with God.

Characteristics of the Pharisees

They believed in the Law of Moses and accepted the first five books of the Bible as God inspired
They upheld and insisted on observance of the oral traditions of the elders

They believed in the teachings of the prophets and other writings of the Old Testament

They stressed on the external observance of the Law and neglected the inner righteousness
They had a duty together with the scribes to pass on the religious traditions of the Jews from generation to generation
They believed in the existence of angels and regarded them as intermediaries between God and human beings

They believed in the existence of demons and Satan
They believed in and waited for the Messiah of God

They believed in the resurrection of the dead
They believed in the judgment of God for all humankind at the end of time
Politically, they were strong nationalists who resisted all foreign influences and power.

THE SCRIBES

The word Scribe means a writer

Originally, the Scribes specific work was to make new, exact copies of the handwritten manuscripts of the Jewish scriptures

They were either drawn from the Pharisees or Sadducees. They were accepted as experts in the content and application of the law

They were called Rabbi (teacher)

They were represented in the Sanhedrin (the Jewish Religious Council)

They ran Rabbinical Schools where the Jewish male youth went to learn the Mosaic Law at the age of 13 years.

THE SADDUCEES

These were a wealthy and influential group who were members of the Jerusalem Priesthood.

The Chief Priests were drawn from the Sadducees.

They believed only in the divine authority of the Law of Moses and the Pentateuch. They regarded all other books of the Old Testament as not divinely inspired and therefore rejected them.

They rejected the Pharisees’ belief in:-

Resurrection of the dead
Last judgment
Coming of the Messiah and
Angels and Demons

They also rejected the oral traditions of the Pharisees

They represented the majority of the members of the Sanhedrin

They were hated by the poor unlike the Pharisees who were popular and respected by them

They were enemies with the Pharisees mainly on religious matters. They however, joined together to oppose Jesus.

REASONS WHY THE SCRIBES, THE PHARISEES AND THE SADDUCEES OPPOSED JESUS

Jesus’ claim to have power to forgive sin
Jesus’ association with tax collectors and sinners
Jesus’ attitude towards the Sabbath
Jesus’ failure to observe the law of fasting
The popularity of Jesus

LESSONS THAT CHRISTIANS LEARN FROM JESUS’ OPPOSITION

Christians should not condemn those who are different from them
Church leaders should make rules that promote the development or growth of the Church

Christians should be ready to assist the needy regardless of the opposition they may face in the processes.

CHAPTER FIVE

THE SERMON ON THE PLAIN

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

By the end of this topic, the learner should be able to:-

Explain the choosing of the twelve disciples
Identify Jesus’ teachings on qualities of true discipleship
Explain Jesus’ teachings on the Sermon on the Plain and apply the teachings to daily life

THE CHOOSING OF THE TWELVE DISCIPLES

Luke 6:12-16

After Jesus was condemned by the Pharisees at the Synagogue for healing a man with paralyzed hand on a Sabbath day, He went up to a hill to pray. He spent the whole night praying there. The next day, He called His disciples to Him and chose twelve of them, whom He named apostles.

Apostles means one who is sent or missionaries

Jesus’ Apostles are those that witness His resurrection and accompanied Him throughout His ministry

The apostles are:

Simon (whom He named Peter)
Andrew Simon’s brother

James

John brothers
Philip
Bartholomew

Mathew
Thomas

James son of Alphas
Simon the Zealot
Judas son of James

Judas Iscariot

LESSONS THAT CHRISTIANS LEARN FROM JESUS CHOOSING OF THE 12 APOSTLES

Christians must willingly carry on with Jesus’ work of spreading the Good News through preaching, healing, community services etc
We should always remember to consult with God in all our undertakings. That is through prayers, retreats, bible studies

Evangelization is a continuous process. Christians have a duty to witness for Christ

Christians should undertake training in various aspects of Christian ministry in order to carry out Jesus’ work effectively.

JESUS’ TEACHING ON THE QUALITIES OF TRUE DISCIPLESHIP

Luke 6: 20-49

True disciples, according to Jesus, should have the following qualities

Perseverance in the face of persecution
Unwavering faith in Jesus

Love for enemies

Obedience to Jesus’ teachings
Implementers of Jesus’ teachings
They were to be generous

They were to exercise self-criticism before judging others
The disciples were to show compassion to others

THE SERMON ON THE PLAIN

Luke 6: 17-49

After selecting the 12 apostles, Jesus delivered a sermon to the disciples and crowds that followed Him. The purpose of the sermon was to teach the crowd the meaning of true discipleship and to prepare the disciples for their mission of spreading the good news. The sermon on the plain is divided into the following areas:-

Blessings and woes
Love of enemies

Judging others

Evidence of good/true discipleship
Hearing and doing

BLESSINGS AND WOES

Luke 6:17-26

These are also referred to as Beatitudes in other version

Jesus has a message for the poor, the rich, those who hunger, those who are full, those who weep and those who laugh.

The beatitudes are:-

Happy are those who know they are spiritually poor; the Kingdom of heaven belongs to them
Happy are those who mourn; God will comfort them

Happy are those who are humble; they will receive what God has promised them

Happy are those whose greatest desire is to do what God requires; God will satisfy them fully
Happy are those who are merciful to others; God will be merciful to them
Happy are the pure in heart; they will see God

Happy are those who work for peace; God will call them His children
Happy are those who are persecuted because they do what God requires; the Kingdom of heaven belongs to them

Happy are you when people insult you and persecute you and tell all kinds of evil lies against you because you are Jesus’ followers. Be happy and glad, for a great reward is kept for you in heaven.

Teachings from the beatitudes

Jesus promises blessings to those who accept to be His followers
He announces curses for those who reject the condition for the discipleship

Discipleship entails
- an unconditional love even for enemies,
- Doing good without expecting any returns.
- Showing mercy for others,
- Praying for those who mistreat you.

God loves us unconditionally despite our sinfulness
When we show love to our enemies, we exhibit God’s love in us
Discipleship requires acknowledging one’s shortcomings and avoiding criticizing others

True disciple is one whose faith is evident in good actions

LOVE OF ENEMIES

Luke 6: 27-36

Jesus taught His disciples the following concerning love of enemies:-

To love their enemies and do good to those who hate them
To bless those who curse them and pray for those that mistreats them
If someone strikes them on one cheek, they should turn to them the other cheek as well.
If someone took their cloak, they should not stop them from taking their tunic as well
They are to give to anyone who asks them
If anyone takes what belongs to them, they should not demand it back
They should do to others what they would want them to do to them
He warned them not to love only those who love them, not to do good to only those are good to them, not to lend only those that they expect repayment.
They should instead love their enemies, do good to them, and lend to them without expecting to get anything back
Their reward will be great and they will be sons of the Most High who is kind to the ungrateful and wicked.
They should be merciful just as their father is merciful

JUDGING OTHERS

Luke 6: 37-42

Jesus taught His disciples the following on judging others:-

Do not judge, and you will not be judged
Do not condemn and you will not be condemned

To forgive and they will be forgiven

To give and it will be given to them in good measure
Not to look at the speck in their brother’s eyes and pay no attention to the plank in their own eyes.
He also warned through a parable that a student cannot be above his teacher nor can a blind man lead another blind man.

EVIDENCE OF GOOD DISCIPLESHIP

Luke 6: 43-45

Jesus used the image of a tree and its fruit to demonstrate that a good person is known by his/her actions.

The good man brings good things out of the good stored up in his heart, and the evil man brings evil things out of the evil stored up in his heart.

He concludes by saying that out of the abundance of one’s heart, the mouth speaketh.

HEARING AND DOING

Luke 6: 46-49

Jesus cautioned those who called Him Lord, Lord and yet they do not do what He says. He says those who put His words into practice are like a wise man who builds his house upon the rock. When flood struck, the house is not shaken,

But that that hears His words and not put them into practice is like a man who builds his house without a foundation. The moment torrent stuck, the house collapses.

Hence Christians should build a firm foundation in Jesus to overcome any temptation

RELEVANCE OF THE SERMON ON THE PLAIN TO CHRISTIANS

The teachings of Jesus in the Sermon on the plain are relevant to Christians in the following ways:-

The goal of a Christian should be to inherit the Kingdom of God. any tribulations and trials a Christian encounters should be a preparation for the kingdom
Christians should love their enemies. Jesus forgave those who crucified Him
Christians should examine themselves before passing judgment on others
Christians should be steadfast in faith as this can protect one from succumbing to temptations
A Christian should be willing to hear God’s word and proclaim it.
A Christian should promote peace. Jesus taught that we should turn the other cheek when we are hit
Christians should be generous

CHAPTER SIX

SOME WORKS AND TEACHINGS OF JESUS

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

By the end of this topic, the learner should be able to:-

Explain and appreciate Jesus’ works of compassion
Emulate Jesus example by showing compassion to others

Narrate the parables of Jesus

Relate the significance of the parable to daily life
Describe the mighty works of Jesus
Explain the significance of the teaching from the mighty works of Jesus to Christians today.

JESUS’ WORKS OF COMPASSION

THE HEALING OF THE CENTURION’S SERVANT

Luke 7:1-10

After Jesus came from the hill where He gave the Sermon on the Plain, He went back to Capernaum.

A Roman Officer (a Centurion) there had a servant who was very sick and about to die the servant was dear to the Centurion.

When the officer heard about Jesus, he sent some Jewish elders to ask Him to come and heal his servant.

The elders went to Jesus and begged Him to go and heal the servant. This was because the Centurion was good to the people and had even built a Synagogue for them.

Jesus agreed and went with them to the Centurion’s house. When He was about to reach there, the Centurion sent messengers to ask Him not to come into his place.

He said that he was not worthy to go before Jesus and neither did he deserve to have Jesus come into his house.

He asked Jesus to just give the order and his servant will get well. He said even him, he had authority to command his junior officers and even his servants to do his will and they obey

Jesus was surprised when He heard this; He turned around to the crowd following Him and told them He had never found faith like this, not even in Israel.

The messengers went back to the officer’s house and found the servant well.

LESSONS THAT CHRISTIANS LEARN

Just like the Centurion believed that Jesus’ word could heal, so should Christians believe in Jesus’ power and Lordship
Christians should know that Jesus has power to heal all forms of illnesses

Just as the Centurion had great love for his servant, Christian employers should treat their workers with compassion

Christianity is a universal religion, regardless of race, tribe, gender and creed
The Centurion humbled himself despite his status, hence leaders should humble themselves and seek God’s help
Christians should show compassion to the needy just as Jesus was compassionate to the Centurion’s servant and healed him.

THE RAISING OF THE WIDOW’S SON IN NAIN

Luke 7: 11-17

Jesus went to a town called Nain in Galilee accompanied by His disciples and a large crowd. Just as He arrived at the gate of the town, a funeral procession was coming out. The dead man was the only son of a woman who was a widow, and a large crowd from the town was with her.

When the Lord saw her, His heart was filled with pity for her, and He told her not to cry. Jesus then walked over and touched the coffin, and the men carrying it stopped.

He then commanded the dead man by saying

“Young man! Get up, I tell you!”

The dead man sat up and began to talk and Jesus gave him back to his mother.

The people were filled with fear and praised God by saying that a great prophet had appeared among them and that God had come to save His people.

This news about Jesus went out through all the country and the surrounding territory.

LESSONS FROM THE RAISING OF THE WIDOW’S SON

Jesus has power over death. This gives hope to Christians that even when they die, they will rise again to life with Jesus in heaven
Jesus is a great prophet. He is a fulfillment of the prophecies of the Old Testament

Jesus empathizes with the suffering. He saw a widow weeping and pitied her.

Traditional laws should not hinder a Christian from performing acts of compassion. Jesus touched the coffin of the dead son although by doing this, He broke the Jewish ceremonial law.

ASSURANCE TO JOHN THE BAPTIST

Luke 7: 18-35

John sent out two of his disciples to go to Jesus and ask Him whether He was the one he (John) heard was going to come or whether they should expect someone else.

The disciples went to Jesus and asked Him the question, but at the same time, Jesus cured many people of their sicknesses, diseases and evil spirits, and gave sight to many blind people.

Jesus answered John’s messengers by telling them to go back and tell John what they had seen and heard.

After the disciples of John had gone, Jesus paid tribute to John. He acknowledged that John was the greatest of all the prophets.

He went on to portray John as His forerunner. He described him as a man of strong character who could not be swayed like a person who lived in luxury like a prince in a palace.

The Pharisees and Scribes had disregarded John and even refused to be baptized by him.

THE FORGIVENESS OF THE SINFUL WOMAN

Luke 7: 36- 8:3

Simon, a Pharisee, had invited Jesus to have dinner with him at his house. In the same town, there was a sinful woman (prostitute) when she heard where Jesus was, she came with perfumed oil.

She stood behind Jesus, crying, wetting His feet with her tears and then drying them using her hair. She kissed them and poured perfume on them.

Simon wondered if indeed Jesus was a prophet because he believed Jesus would have known that the woman was sinful and would have stopped her from touching Him.

Jesus, who knew Simon’s thoughts, gave him an analogy (story) of two men who owed money to a money lender. One owed 500 silver coins and another 50 coins. Since neither could pay, the money lender forgave them both by cancelling their debts.

Jesus asked which of the two men would love the money lender more. Simon said the one who owed him more.

Jesus hence said that since the woman had great sins, she loved Jesus more and had even showed so by her actions

Therefore, those who are forgiven more, shows more love, but those who are forgiven little, shows only a little love.

Jesus told the woman that her sins have been forgiven.

Those sitting at the table wondered who Jesus was as He forgives even sin.

Jesus later travelled through towns together with His 12 disciples and women who had been healed of evil spirits and diseases.

These were Mary (Magdalene), Joanna and Susanna and many other women who used their own resources to help Jesus and his disciples.

JESUS TEACHES IN PARABLE

A parable is a short story or description which teaches something or answers some questions

Reasons why Jesus used Parables

To avoid open confrontation with the Pharisees.
To confuse the Pharisees so that they will not be able to accuse Him

To separate true disciples from onlookers

To explain unfamiliar messages in a language that His hearers could understand
To provoke His listeners into thinking critically
To make His listeners understand issues from different point of view

To be able to explain the nature and growth of the kingdom of God to His listeners

Note: write all the parables used by Jesus

THE PARABLE OF THE SOWER

Luke 8: 4-15

A great crowd had gathered before Jesus and He told them this parable

Once, there was a man who went out to sow as he scattered the seeds in the field, some of it fell:-

Along the foot path, where it was stepped on, and the birds ate them up.
Some of it fell on rocky ground, and when the plants sprouted, they dried up because the soil had no moisture.
Some of the seed fell among thorny bushes, which grew up with the plants and chocked them.
And some seeds fell in good soil; the plants grew and produced corn, a hundred grains each.

Jesus explains the parable of the sower

The disciples asked Jesus the meaning of the parable and He gave out the following:-

The seeds that fell along the foot path stand for those who hear the word of God but Devil come and take the message away from their hearts in order to keep them from believing and being saved.
The seeds that fell on rocky ground stand for those who hear the message and receive it gladly. But it does not sink deep into them, they believe only for a while but when temptations come, they fall away.
The seeds that fell among thorny bushes stand for those who hear, but the worries and riches and pleasures of this life crowd in and choke them, and their fruits never ripens
The seeds that fell in good soil stand for those who hear the message and retain it in a good and obedient heart, and they persist until they bear fruit.

LESSONS THAT CHRISTIANS LEARN FROM THE PARABLE OF THE SOWER

Christians should not despair for there is a good harvest at the end
Christians should not allow such things as worries, riches and pleasures of life to pre-occupy their mind as one may never have room to listen and internalize God’s word.

THE PARABLE OF A LAMP UNDER A BOWL

Luke 8: 16-118

In this parable, Jesus taught that no one can light a lamp and cover it with a bowl or hide it under a bed. Instead, they put it on a stand to illuminate a room.

In this parable, Jesus is the light and the disciples are those on home the light shines

The disciples had a duty to pass on what they had learnt from Jesus to other people and not to keep it to themselves. He advised the disciples to listen to Him carefully and hear correctly.

Jesus also cautioned the disciples that their mission involved giving in order to receive. If they did not preach God’s word and bear fruit, they would lose even the little measure of spiritual knowledge that had been given to them.

JESUS’ TRUE FAMILY

Luke 8: 19-21

Jesus’ mother and brothers came to him, but were unable to join Him because of the crowd. Someone said to Jesus that His mother and brothers were standing outside and wanted to see Him.

Jesus responded by saying that His mother and brothers are those who hear and head to God’s word

Jesus wanted the people to understand the divine nature of His work. He was the son of God and those who heeded His teachings were therefore closer to Him than human relations.

THE MIGHTY WORKS OF JESUS

The works of Jesus are called miracles.

Miracles are extraordinary events that seem to go against the laws of nature

The miracles of Jesus can be divided into four groups:-

Nature miracles for example, the calming of the storm
Raising of the dead for example raising of Jairus’ daughter

Healing miracles for example the healing of the Centurion servant

Exorcism/casting out evil spirits for example the Gerasene Demoniac

THE CALMING OF THE STORM

Luke 8: 22-25

One day Jesus got into a boat with His disciples and asked that they go to the other side of the lake.

As they were sailing, Jesus fell asleep. Suddenly a strong wind blew down on the lake and the boat began to fill with water. The disciples were afraid that they would drown

They woke Jesus and asked Him to save them before their boat capsized. Jesus rebuked the winds and waves. They died down and there was great calm. Jesus asked the disciples where their faith was.

But the disciples were amazed and afraid and asked one another who Jesus was as He even gives order to the winds and waves and they obey Him.

LESSONS THAT CHRISTIANS LEARN FROM JESUS’ CALMING OF THE STORM

Christians should depend on Jesus to help them overcome temptations
Christians learn not to give up their faith in the face of persecution. They should trust in Jesus who would deliver them from the persecution they face.

Christians should have complete faith in Jesus so as to be able to overcome all problems in their lives

THE HEALING OF THE GERASENE DEMONIAC

Luke 8: 26-39

Jesus and His disciples sailed on over to the territory of Gerasa, which is across the lake from Galilee. As Jesus stepped ashore, He was met by a man from the town who had demons in him. The man was naked and lived in the caves for burial.

When he saw Jesus, he cried loudly then threw himself down at Jesus feet. He shouted out Jesus’ name and called Him Son of the Most High God. He asked Jesus what He wanted with him and begged Jesus not to punish him.

Jesus asked the man what his name was. The man said legion which implied that he had many demons. Legion stands for 2000 to 6000 soldiers in a battlefield.

The demons begged Jesus not to send them into the abyss. Abyss is a deep immeasurable space-infinite. It is a hole so deep or a space so great that it cannot be measured.

The demons had seized the man many times and even though he was imprisoned by chains, he would break the chains and be driven by the demons into the desert.

The demons begged Jesus to send them into a large herd of pigs that were grazing nearby. They went out of the man and into the pigs. The whole herd rushed to the cliff and threw themselves into the lake where they drowned.

The men taking care of the pigs ran off and spread the news in the town. People came and found Jesus with the demon possessed man who was now well and sited at Jesus’ feet.

The people in the town asked Jesus to go away because they were afraid. Jesus got into the boat and left.

The man begged Jesus to allow him to go with them but Jesus sent him away and asked him to go back home and tell what God had done for him.

LESSONS THAT CHRISTIANS LEARN FROM THE HEALING OF THE GERASENE DEMONIAC

Christians learn to constantly fight against powers of evil.
Christians learn that Jesus’ power conquers evil

God will not allow a person’s tribulations to defeat their faith

Christians should put more value to human life than on material thins

THE RAISING OF JAIRUS’ DAUGHTER

Luke 8: 40-56

When Jesus returned the other side of the lake, the people welcomed Him.

Jairus, an official in the local Synagogue, arrived. He threw himself down at Jesus’ feet and begged Him to go to his home and heal his twelve year old daughter who was dying.

While Jesus was on His way, a messenger from Jairus house came and told Jairus that his daughter had died and told him not to bother Jesus anymore.

Jesus heard the messenger and told Jairus not to be afraid but to only believe and his daughter will be well.

When Jesus arrived at the house, He did not allow anyone to go in with Him except Peter, John and James and the child’s father and mother.

The people were mourning for the child but Jesus told them not to cry, the child was not dead as she was only sleeping

The people laughed at Him because they knew that she was dead.

Jesus took the child by the hand and commanded her to get up. Life returned to the girl and she got up at ones. Jesus ordered her parents who were astonished, to give her something to eat and instructed them not to tell anyone what had happened.

THE HEALING OF THE WOMAN WITH THE FLOW OF BLOOD

Luke 8: 43-48

While Jesus was heading to Jairus home, the people were crowding Him from every side. Among them, was a woman who had suffered severe bleeding for twelve years? She had spent all she had on doctors but no one had been able to cure her.

She came up behind Jesus and touched the edge of his cloak and her bleeding stopped at once.

Jesus asked who had touched Him. Everyone denied it and Peter went ahead and told Him that people were all around Him and crowding Him.

Jesus said that someone had touched Him as He knew it when power went out of Him.

The woman, who knew that she had been found out, came trembling and threw herself at Jesus’ feet

She told Him why she had touched Him and how she had been healed.

Jesus called her His daughter and told her to go in peace for her faith had made her well.

THE TEACHINGS ABOUT JESUS FROM HIS MIRACLES

They show Jesus’ compassion to those suffering
They show Jesus as the Lord of life

They show that Jesus is the Son of God and that He is the promised Messiah of the Old Testament

They affirm that Jesus came to save the world from sin.
They show that Jesus is universal savior. He healed both the Jews and the Gentiles, men, women, adults and the young.
They are manifestation of God’s love and concern for His people through Jesus Christ

They evoke faith that is through Jesus Christ, God’s work of creation and salvation continues.
They are an integral part of Jesus’ teachings. They suppliant His teachings of preaching the word.

They were performed as a response to an affirmation of faith on the part of those who were in need.
Through healing, Jesus showed His concern for total well being of humankind. This included physical, spiritual and mental aspects

CHAPTER SEVEN

JESUS AND THE TWELVE DISCIPLES

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

By the end of this topic, the learner should be able to:

Outline the roles and responsibilities Jesus gave His 12 disciples during their commissioning
Explain Jesus’ feeding of five thousand people
Identify who Jesus is and His destiny
Describe the transfiguration of Jesus
Explain Jesus’ teachings on faith and humility

THE COMMISSIONING OF THE TWELVE DISCIPLES

Luke 9: 1-9

Jesus called His 12 disciples together and gave them power and authority to drive out all demons and cure diseases.

Then He sent them out to preach the Kingdom of God and to heal the sick.

He told them not to carry anything for their journey such as food, money, an extra shirt or a bag.

He told them where they will be welcomed; they should stay in that house until they leave the town.

Where they will not be welcomed or faced rejection, they were to make gesture of shaking the dust off their feet. This was to act as a warning to them of impending judgment day.

Herod heard of the mighty works the disciples of Jesus were doing and he was perplexed. He wondered about the true identity of Jesus. Some people thought that John the Baptist had been raised from the dead while others thought that Elijah had returned. He wished to meet Jesus in person.

JESUS FEEDS THE FIVE THOUSANDS

Luke 9: 10-17

The disciples of Jesus came back from their mission and reported to Jesus what they had done. Jesus took His followers to a quiet place in Bethsaida to rest. However, they were followed by the multitude that was keen to listen to Him.

Jesus turned and preached to them about the kingdom of God and healed the sick.

When it reached evening, the disciples came to Jesus and asked Him to send the people away so that they (the people) could go to the villages and find food and lodging.

Jesus instead told the disciples to give them something to eat.

The disciples told Jesus that all they had was five loaves and two fish and asked whether they should go to the market and buy food for the crowd. There were about 5,000 men.

Jesus told the disciples to make the people sit down in groups of about 50 each

After this, Jesus took the five loaves and two fish, looked up to heaven, thanked God for them, broke them, and gave them to the disciples to distribute to the people.

They all ate and 12 baskets were left over.

LESSONS LEARNT FROM JESUS’ FEEDING OF 5,000 PEOPLE

Jesus was not only concerned with spiritual food which was attained through preaching the word but also with people’s physical needs. Christians should not only preach the gospel but also cater for people’s social and economic needs.
The feeding of 5,000 people was foretaste of the Messianic banquet prophesied by prophet Isaiah. (Isaiah 25:6)

Jesus’ prayer, points to the spiritual feeding of the Church in the celebration of the Eucharist. This is seen in the way Jesus took the bread and broke it during the last supper

Jesus had divine power.

THE PERSON OF JESUS AND HIS DESTINY

Luke 9: 18-27

One day, when Jesus was praying alone, the disciples came to Him. Jesus asked them what the people said He is.

The disciples told Him that some people said that He was John the Baptist; others said that He was Elijah while others said that He was one of the prophets of long ago and has come back to life.

Jesus then asked the disciples who they say He is.

Peter said that He was God’s Messiah.

Jesus told them not to tell anyone and then He went ahead and gave them the nature of His Messiahship. He told them that the Son of Man would suffer, be rejected by the elders, the Chief Priests and the teachers of the law. He will be put to death but three days later, He will be raised to life.

Jesus also told them that anyone who wanted to come to Him must forget themselves, take up their cross and follow Him.

He said anyone who wanted to save his life will lose it but anyone who lost his life for Jesus’ sake, will save it.

He said that one does not gain anything if they win the whole world but they are themselves lost or defeated.

He said that if people are ashamed of Him and His teachings, then He will be ashamed of them when He comes in His glory and the glory of God and that of the Holy angels.

THE TRANSFIGURATION

Luke 9: 28-37

Transfiguration may refer to change of form or transformation of body into heavenly glory

About a week after Jesus spoke of His death and suffering, He took Peter, John and James with Him and went up a hill to pray.

While He was praying, His face changed its appearance, His clothes became dazzling white.

Suddenly, two men were there talking with Him. They were Moses and Elijah. They appeared in heavenly glory and talked with Jesus about the way in which He would soon fulfill God’s purpose by dying in Jerusalem.

Peter and his companions were sound asleep, but they woke up and saw Jesus’ glory and the two men who were standing with Him.

Peter told Jesus that it was good that they were around and that they will make three tents. One for Jesus, one for Moses and one for Elijah

While Peter was still speaking, a cloud appeared and covered them with its shadow. The disciples were afraid as the cloud came over them. A voice said from the cloud

“This is my son, whom I have chosen-listen to Him”

When the voice stopped, Jesus was left alone. The disciples kept quiet about all that they had seen

THE SIGNIFICANCE/PURPOSE OF THE TRANSFIGURATION

The voice from Heaven confirmed ones more that Jesus was the true Son of God, and that He was doing God’s will
To strengthen the faith of the apostles, so that they would continue with His work after His death

Moses represented the Law, while Elijah represented the Prophets. Their appearance signified that they were handing over. This showed that Jesus was the fulfillment of the Old Testament law and prophecy

The cloud was a symbol of God’s presence
Jesus’ mission was no longer a secret.
The transfiguration marked the onset of His passion which would lead to His death.

JESUS’ TEACHING ON FAITH AND HUMILITY

Luke 9: 37-50

THE HEALING OF A BOY WITH AN EVIL SPIRIT

The next day after transfiguration, Jesus took the three disciples he was with (Peter, John and James) down from the hill.

A man from the crowd asked Jesus t heal his son who was being attacked by spirits throwing him down and foam forms in his mouth. The man said that he had asked his disciples to heal him but they were defeated. Jesus questioned the faith of the disciples. He also asked them for how long must He stay with them. He then asked the man to bring the boy.

The demon knocked the boy and threw him down as he was coming. Jesus gave a command to the evil spirit, healed the boy and gave him back to his father.

The people were amazed.

BOOK TITLE:

GOD MEETS US IN JESUS CHRIST-ST LUKE’S GOSPEL

SECTION THREE

THE JOURNEY TO JERUSALEM

CHAPTER EIGHT

SOME MAJOR TEACHINGS OF JESUS

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

By the end of this topic, the learner should be able to:

Explain the duties and privileges of discipleship
Explain what it means to be a committed follower of Jesus by
1. Describing the parable of the Good Samaritan
2. Describing Jesus’ visit to Mary and Martha

Explaining Jesus’ teaching on prayer

Explain Jesus’ teachings on how to use God’s power to overcome evil
Explain Jesus’ teachings on hypocrisy, wealth and watchfulness

INTRODUTION

After the Galilean Ministry, Jesus made up His mind and set out on His way to Jerusalem. The Journey to Jerusalem was important to Jesus because it is at this city that He would be rejected and killed by Jewish religious authorities.

On His way to Jerusalem, Jesus went through towns and villages teaching on matters of discipleship, the Kingdom of God, Wealth and Poverty. He also healed the sick. His teachings encourage His disciples to grow in faith.

THE DUTIES AND PRIVILEGES OF A DISCIPLESHIP

Luke 9: 51-62

During Jesus journey to Jerusalem, people continued to follow Him. Some of them became His disciples. Jesus gave those who volunteered to follow Him some conditions.

One person was eager to follow Jesus and said: “I will follow you wherever you go”

Jesus responded and said; “Foxes have holes, birds of the air have nests; but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay His head.”

By saying this, Jesus made it clear that following Jesus means accepting homelessness and enduing hardship because Jesus did not have a permanent dwelling place.

Jesus invited another man to follow Him but he requested to be allowed to fulfill his family obligation of ‘burying his brother’

Jesus response to him was: “leave the dead to buy their own dead; but as for you, go and proclaim the Kingdom of God”

In telling him this, Jesus meant that family obligation must be set aside in order for ne to proclaim the kingdom of God.

A third person declared his willingness to follow Jesus but still felt he had an obligation to bid his family farewell first.

Jesus responded by telling him “No one who put his hands to plough and looks back is fit for the Kingdom of God.”

This meant that Jesus demands on unwavering committed to follow Him and cutting family ties or occupation.

LESSONS LEARNT ON DUTIES AND PRIVILEGES OF DISCIPLESHIP

As a Christian, following Jesus implies meeting certain conditions. These are:
As a disciple one is in self denial of certain privileges such as comfort of homes and works and must also be ready to suffer.
To be a disciple, one ought to put all their resources both financial and intellectual to missionary work
To be a disciple, one has to be a committed to spreading the gospel of Jesus
Disciples of Jesus should be loyal to Him and not be distracted by anything else.

THE MISSION OF THE SEVENTY TWO

Luke 10: 1-24

At the start of the journey to Jerusalem, Jesus chose 72 disciples and sent them on a mission to preach and heal. This number (72) indicates that the mission of Jesus is for the whole world.

In His instructions, Jesus informed the 72 that the task was enormous, since there were many people waiting to hear the good news but the disciples were few.

The task was challenging because they would not be well received by all, and they would be totally dependent on the hospitality of those they would meet in the villages. Jesus gave them the following instructions:

They were not to curry money, food or clothing. They were to depend totally on the hospitality of the local people.
They were to preach peace in the house they entered.
They were to heal the sick and preach the kingdom of God.
They were to shake off dust from their feet where they are rejected.

If they people continually rejected Jesus, they would face severe judgment, worse than that of Sodom and Gomorrah.

After their mission, the disciples returned and reported their success to Jesus. They reported that: They were able to drive out demons in the mighty names of Jesus.

Jesus responded: “I saw Satan fall like lighting from heaven.”

Jesus meant that the kingdom of Satan w being defeated by God. He cautioned the disciples against placing too much importance in their power over demons, but rather they should be glad they are members of the Kingdom of Heaven.

Jesus rejoices at seeing the power of God in the work of the disciples. He gives thanks to God for revealing Himself to the lowly and not the rich, to the simple and not the proud.

He closes the prayer by expressing the privileges of the disciples witnessing the presence of the Messiah. They had witnessed the manifestation of the Kingdom.

THE RELEVANCE OF JESUS TEACHING ON DISCIPLESHIP TO CHRISTIANS

Christians should continue to evangelize and ensure that the gospel reaches all people.
Christians should not tire in evangelizing even in the face of hospitality or resistance. He encourages His disciples to bless those who rejected their mission.
Christians have a duty to take care of the servants of God.
Christians should be involved in the healing ministry of Jesus in all its dimensions, such as exorcism, deliverance, medical care, restoration of relationships and pastoral care.
Christians have the assurance of God’s power to overcome evil.
Christians should be cautious of their ability to cast out evil spirits; they should be humble and acknowledge God’s power in their actions.

A COMMITTED FOLLOWER OF JESUS

Luke 10: 25-11:1-13

Committed means dedication and devotion to certain responsibility. A committed person is one who feels obliged to perform his / her duties seriously

The stories of the Good Samaritan, Jesus visits to Mary and Martha and Jesus’ teaching of prayer are used to explain what it means to be a committed follower of Jesus.

THE PARABLE OF THE GOOD SAMARITAN

Luke 10: 25-37

A teacher of the law came to Jesus to test His understanding of the Mosaic Law. He asked Jesus, “What must I do to receive everlasting life”

Jesus responded by asking him what the law says and his interpretation of it.

The teacher said that the law said that one should love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your strength, and with your entire mind, and love your neighbor as you love yourself.

Jesus told him he was right and then told him to go and do the same so as to receive eternal life.

The teacher of the law was puzzled about who a neighbor was.

To explain the concept of a neighbor, Jesus told the story of the Good Samaritan.

‘A man was attacked while on his way to Jericho. A Levite and a priest passed him and did not help.

According to Jewish law, it was forbidden for priests and Levites to come into contact with blood or a corpse because this rendered them unclean.

A Samaritan passed by and stepped to help the wounded man. He bandaged the wounds of the victim and took him to an inn and met all the expenses.

Jesus told the law teacher to behave like the Good Samaritan and help those in need.

LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE PARABLE OF THE GOOD SAMARITAN

From this story, a committed follower of Jesus is:-

One who understands the law and obeys it
One who understands that a neighbor is anybody who requires help regardless of their social status?
One who uses the resources selflessly to help the needy
One who is not restricted by cultural and religious practices in responding to a needy situation
One who is compassionate, kind and generous
One who shows solidarity with the suffering, this includes identifying with the needy and being ready to experience their suffering.

JESUS VISIT MARTHA AND MARY

Luke 10: 38-42

On his way to Jerusalem, Jesus visited Martha and Mary who were sisters in their house.

While Martha was busy with preparing a meal, Mary sat at the feet of Jesus listening to His teachings

Martha complained to Jesus that Mary had left her to do all the work.

Jesus answered her by saying “Martha, Martha! You are worried and troubled over so many things. But just one is needed, Mary has chosen the right thing, and it will not be taken away from her.”

LESSONS LEARNT BY CHRISTIANS FROM JESUS’ VISIT TO MARY AND MARTHA

Women are encouraged to participate in Christian ministry at all levels just as Mary did
A committed follower should create time to read and listen to the word of God. They should attend church services.
They should ensure that the worries and commitment of daily life do not override their commitment to God’s word.
Pastors/ priests should make pastoral visits to the homes of their members.
Christians should support the servants of God in their ministry by providing material support.

JESUS’ TEACHING ON PRAYER

Luke 11: 1-3

Prayer is a way of talking to and with God

Reasons why people pray

To honor God
To request for favors
To offer thanksgiving
To confess and seek forgiveness for wrong doing.
To seek God’s protection
To intercede on behalf of others

Prayers express a variety of human feelings and attitudes relating to humankind and their relationship with God. Such sentiments are love, adoration, praise, faith, trust, repentance, respect, thanksgiving and silent communication

Prayer can be offered by an individual or a group of people.

Jesus prayed often during His life and ministry. He usually retreated to a quiet place and prayed.

One day, when Jesus was out praying, His disciples were watching Him. When He had finished, the disciples asked Him: “Lord, teach us to pray, as John taught His disciples.”

In response, Jesus taught them the following prayer which is commonly known as the Lord’s Prayer.

Note: read Luke 11:2-4 and write the Lord’s Prayer

EXPLANATION OF THE LORD’S PRAYER

The Lord’s Prayer has six petitions which are explained as follows:-

Jesus addressed God as “Father”

When Jesus addressed God as Father, He showed His unique and intimate relationship with God. Committed Christians should establish an intimate relationship with God by addressing God as their Father.

Honoring God’s Holy Name- Hallowed be thy name:

Jesus honored His Father by accepting His Life and Ministry. A Christian should give God full glory, honor and praises.

Declaring the Kingdom of God-The Kingdom Come

God’s Kingdom is the rule of God in the hearts of people. The petition asks God to establish His rule/peace in peoples’ hearts.

Asking God to provide for our daily need. –Give us each day our daily bread

This petition means that God can be trusted to provide for our individual needs. We should ask God for our daily needs in order to admit that we depend on Him.

Asking God to forgive our sins as we forgive others-Forgive us our sins, for us we forgive everyone who is indebted to us.

We trust God to forgive us. For all the wrongs we commit. God will forgive us if we also forgive others.

Jesus acted as an example for Christians on forgiveness. He prayed to His Father to forgive those who crucified Him as they did not know what they were doing.

Pleading with God not to bring temptation-And lead us not into temptation

This petition implies that God might allow people to a time of trial or temptations. However, when we are faced with trials, God will provide us with victory over satanic temptations.

Prayer gives us strength, courage and will to face challenges.

After teaching His disciples the Lord’s Prayer, Jesus went on to give further teaching on Prayer. He gives an incident of a person who goes to a friend at midnight to ask for bread to entertain an unexpected visitor. The friend did not want to wake up; nevertheless, he did wake up and gave the man everything he needed.

In this story, Jesus taught His disciples hospitality, and the need to be concerned with the well being of others. The incident also teaches us the need to persist in prayer.

Jesus taught that God answers prayers. He encourages His disciples to “Ask and it will be given to you; seek and you will find: Knock and the door will be opened to you”

Jesus emphasizing that Christians should pray at all time without seizing for God will grant their requests.

Jesus concludes His teachings on prayer by comparing how an earthly father treats his children with hoe God responds to those who pray to Him. If earthly fathers could give good things to their children, God will give us much more, including the Holy Spirit, if we ask Him.

THE USE GOD’S POWER TO OVERCOME EVI

Luke 11:14-36

JESUS AND BEELZEBUB

Luke 11: 14-23

Jesus was driving out a demon that was mute. When the demon left, the man who had been mute spoke, and the crowd was amazed.

However, some doubted His power and said; “It is Beelzebub, the chief demon, who gives Him the power to drive them out” other people wanting to trap Jesus, asked Him to perform a miracle to prove He was using God’s power to drive out demons. Jesus knew what they were thinking. In response, Jesus used three arguments to counter the accusations:

Satan cannot fight against himself

Any country or family that divides itself in group that fights each other will not last for long. He said such a family will fall apart. If Satan’s Kingdom has groups fighting each other, it cannot last.

The question on the power of other exorcists

He also reminded them that, their own followers were driving out demons. He wondered what power their exorcists were using.

If He was using the power of Beelzebub, then why the other exorcists not facing similar accusations.

He then told them that it was by mean of God’s power that He drove out demons and this proved that the Kingdom of God had come to them.

THE RETURN OF THE UNCLEAN SPIRIT

Luke 11: 24-28

Jesus explained that when an evil spirit is cursed out, it travels across the country looking for a place to rest. If it fails to get someone to posses, it returns to its original place and finding the place unoccupied, brings along seven other spirits which are worse than itself., when this happens, the person becomes worse than He or she was before.

When Jesus taught and advanced these arguments lauded his mother for bridging Him to life and nursing Him. She was commending Jesus for His great power to drive out demons. In response, Jesus advised that it was valuable to hear and obey God’s word.

THE SIGN OF JONAH

Luke 11: 29-32

The Jews demanded a greater miracle to prove that Jesus was the Messiah; Jesus described them as evil because they had failed to accept and acknowledge God’s presence in the mighty works He had performed. He told them that no miracle will be given except the one of Jonah who was a “sign for the people of Nineveh”

God had sent Jonah to the Ninevites to proclaim His judgment because of their sins. The Ninevites heeded Jonah’s warning, repented and escaped judgment.

Likewise, Jesus who was greater than Jonah had a message of Judgment because of the peoples’ unbelieving nature. If they did not repent, they will face punishment from God.

Likewise, the queen of Sheba, a non-Jew, came from the South listen to the Wisdom of Solomon. Jesus is greater than Solomon and if the people do not listen to His message, the queen of Sheba will bear testimony against them. This means that if the Jews refused to listen to Jesus, the Gentiles will receive God’s salvation.

THE LIGHT OF THE BODY

Luke 11: 33-36

Jesus also taught about the light of the body. He said that no one lights a lamp, and then hides it. Instead, it is put on a lamp stand to provide light for people.

The eye is like a lamp of the body, when one’s eye is okay, the whole body is full of light. If the eyes are poor, the whole body will be in darkness. This light is the word of God. The Jews who receive it are supposed to be transformed by it so as to transform others.

What lessons do Christians learn from Jesus teaching on the use of God’s power to overcome evil?

Jesus has power to drive out demons. His power is stronger than that of Beelzebub, the Chief Demon.
God’s power is greater than Satan’s
When a demon possessed person is healed, he or she should be filled with the Holy Spirit to avoid repossession.
Christians are called the light of the world as Jesus is. They should transmit God’s message to everybody with courage.
They are also called listen and accept God’s word so that when the day of judgment comes, they will be saved
Christians should be like the Ninevites who believed Jonah’s word and repented, and the queen of Sheba who believed that Solomon’s wisdom was from God.
Christians should believe in Jesus’ teachings

JESUS’ TEACHING ON HYPOCRISY, WEALTH, AND WATCHFULNESS

LUKE 11: 37-12:59

FEARLESS CONFESSION WITHOUT HYPOCRISY

Hypocrisy means being insincere, dishonest or pretending

Confession refer to act of a person admitting that they have done wrong or committed a mistake and then asking to be forgiven.

Honesty refers to a state of being sincere, trustworthy and upright. An honest person is fair and just in character and behavior.

Jesus attacks the hypocrisy of the Pharisees and the teachers of the law

Luke 11: 37-54, 12: 1-3

What warnings did Jesus highlight on the hypocrisy of the Pharisees?

Jesus was invited to a Pharisees house to eat with Him; the Pharisees noticed that He ate without washing His hands. Jesus used this incident to teach the disciples on the hypocrisy of the Pharisees.

The washing of hands, cups and dishes was done ceremoniously. There were rules that were to be followed on how the washing was to be done. The Pharisees observed the rules strictly. According to them, to omit a single rule was very wrong and called for punishment. Jesus responded by informing them that, it was more important to pay attention to issues of charity than to external appearances.
Jesus criticized the Pharisees on their tithing habits. They paid one tenth of the seasoning herbs such as mint and rue which was meant to support the work of the priests and Levites. While it was important to do this, they neglected justice and the love of God
He also criticized them, because they loved their reserved seats in the Synagogues and to be greeted with respect in market places. Though going to the temple was a noble thing the Pharisees concerns on the outward appearance and desire to be noticed as righteous people was wrong.
Jesus also criticized the teachers of the law or the scribes. The Scribes were experts of the Mosaic Law and had all information on what a person was expected to do and what they were not allowed to do. But they had failed in their primary duty of making the people understand the true interpretation of the law of God.
Jesus accused the teachers of the lay of behaving like their ancestors who persecuted and killed God’s prophets. Likewise, Jesus anticipates His own martyrs- like death in the hands of the religious leaders

Fearless confession without hypocrisy

Luke 12: 8-12

Jesus encouraged His disciples not to fear those who kills the body but cannot afterwards do anything worse. But rather, they were to fear God who is able to destroy both the body and the soul. They were to be ready to stand for Jesus and confess their loyalty to Him publicly without faring the consequences. Those who would witness the name of Jesus to the world, Jesus in turn will be proud of them and the angels. Even if they will be taken before authorities and were accused of speaking in the name of Jesus, they were not to worry because the Holy Spirit would guide them on what to say. He went on to state that, every sin is forgivable except the sin against the Holy Spirit.

MATERIAL POSSESSION

Luke 12: 13-34

Jesus taught the correct attitude towards material possessions. He demonstrated this by telling the parable of the Rich Fool

The rich man had harvested a good crop from his land. He realized that his barns were not big enough to take in the entire harvested crop. He therefore decided to pull down the old barns so that he could build bigger ones. He would then store the crop in the new barns and he was aware that it would take care of him for a long time. He would then tell himself “take life easy, eat, drink and enjoy yourself.”

Unfortunately, he did not live to enjoy his wealth because that same night, God told him “You fool! This very night you will have to give up your life then who will get all these things you have kept for yourself?”

Jesus taught this parable to teach that we should not put our trust in material wealth but in God who controls our lives.

Jesus went on to teach His disciples that they were not to worry about the food they needed to stay alive or the clothes they need for their bodies. They were not to be preoccupied with what they will eat or drink because God in heaven knows that they need these things.

Jesus gave the example of birds of the air and the wild flowers. The birds do not plant seeds or gather a harvest, yet God feeds them and takes care of them.

The wild flowers do not work or make clothes for themselves, yet not “even King Solomon with all his wealth had clothes as beautiful as one of the flowers.”

God looks after birds and flowers. He will in turn take greater care of His people who are more important than birds or flowers. It is more important to be concerned about God’s Kingdom than personal needs. If we concentrate more on material possessions, we are likely to forget God.

Jesus does not condemn material possession. What He condemns is how it is possessed and used. The rich should give part of their wealth in alms. By so doing, they are rendering services to God.

WATCHFULNESS AND READINESS

Luke 12: 35-59

To be watchful is to be alert, attentive and being on the lookout.

Readiness implies a state of preparedness, eagerness and willingness.

Jesus used several illustrations to show how important it was to be ready and watchful.

Watchful servants

Jesus gave an example of the watchful servants who stayed ready waiting for the master’s return from a wedding feast by being properly dressed and with their lamps lit.

In the same way, the disciples of Jesus were to be watchful and ready for Jesus’ return. When the master finds them ready, he will wait upon them.

We should always be ready because the “Son of Man” will come at an hour when you are not expecting Him. This refers to His second coming on the Day of Judgment.

The Faithful or Unfaithful servants

In this parable, Jesus explains that the faithful and wise servant is the one that the master will find acting responsibly.

The master has put him in charge of other servants and to run the household.

When the master returns unexpectedly and finds him doing what is right, he will be happy and promote him to be in charge of his property.

If the servant behaves irresponsibly and mistreats the other servants, then the master will punish him surely. The disciples should always be prepared so that when God comes, He will find them ready and doing what is right.

Jesus, the cause of Division

Jesus’ coming in the world was in two fold. It brought unity and division. It distinguished faith from doubt. It may even have caused division among members of the same family.

These divisions came as a result of people rejecting Jesus yet His ultimate goal was to establish a kingdom of peace.

The disciples were cautioned to watch out for the divisions that would arise as a result of their loyalty to Jesus.

Understanding the signs

A watchful person identifies the signs of the weather. For example, when there are clouds, we know that it is likely to rain. When the south wind blows, we know that it is going to be hot.

Just as people can predict the weather, they should also be watchful for signs of the Kingdom of God, present in the person of Jesus and make a positive response towards Him.

Making peace

If someone brings a lawsuit against you, this should act as a sign that this person will take you to court. As a watchful person, you will do your best to settle the dispute with the person before getting to the court. If you are not watchful, you will be taken before a judge and you could eventually end up in jail.

In view of the present times, a person should be as wise before God as an offender before a magistrate. This means that a person should make peace with God now before the Day of Judgment

WHAT LESSONS DO CHRISTIANS LEARN FROM JESUS TEACHINGS ON WATCHFULNESS AND READINESS?

They should follow God’s commandments and the teachings of Jesus. They should accept Jesus as Lord and savior.
They should accept suffering on account of their faith in Jesus Christ.
They should confess their sons and seek forgiveness.
They should act responsibly and be ready for the second coming of Jesus by providing services to God and other people.
They should be committed followers of Jesus by accepting His baptism
They should continue with preaching the gospel especially to those who have not heard it.
They should be able to identify the signs of God’s presence among Christians.

CHAPTER NINE

THE KINGDOM OF GOD

Specific objectives

By the end of this topic, the learner should be able to:

Explain and apply the teachings of the Kingdom of God to daily life.
Explain and appreciate the spiritual teaching given by Jesus through the parable of the feast.
Narrate the parable of the lost sheep
Explain and apply the parable and teaching in daily Christian life.

THE GROWTH OF THE KINGDOM OF GOD

Luke 13: 1-35

INTRODUCTION

The term Kingdom of God refers to God’s authority or rule over His people and the world He created.

God’s Kingdom was present in the Life and Ministry of Jesus. It was manifested in His teachings, miracles and casting out of demons. With the coming of Jesus, the kingdom of Satan had been defeated and God’s Kingdom had been established.

This chapter shall discuss teachings about the Kingdom of God, for example, the parables of the Mustard Seed, the Yeast and the Great Feast.

The kingdom of God continues to spread today through the work of the Church. Those who accept the teachings of Jesus belong to God’s Kingdom

THE CALL TO REPENTANCE

Luke 13: 1-5

Repentance means making resolution to turn away from doing wrong. A repentant person turns away from sins and asks for forgiveness from God. Everybody is a sinner and he/she needs to repent and ask for God’s forgiveness.

Some people who were with Jesus told Him that Pilate had killed some Galileans when they were offering sacrifices to God. Jesus responded by informing them that the fact these people were killed did not mean that they were worse sinners than other Galileans. He used this incident to tell the audience that if they do not turn from their sins, they will all die just as those killed by Pilate.

Jesus also informed His audience of the eighteen people who were killed in Siloam when the tower fell on them. He pointed out that this did not mean that they were worse sinners than others.

The two illustrations are given to stress the need to turn away from sin. Those who died were not necessarily guilty or sinners.

Jesus expects His disciples to repent to avoid judgment and in order to inherit God’s Kingdom.

THE PARABLE OF THE UNFRUITFUL FIG TREE

Luke 13: 6-9

Jesus told His audience the parable of a fig tree. A man had a fig tree that grew in his vineyard. For three years, he went looking for figs from the tree but there was none. The man told his gardener to cut it down as it was unproductive. The gardener pleaded with the master not cut it down but to give it a chance for more years. The gardener promised to dig around the fig tree and put some fertilizer. He told the farmer to cut the tree down if it does not yield fruits in the following year.

The unproductive fig tree represents people who do not listen to Jesus’ teachings, especially the Jewish people at the time of Jesus.

God gives people another chance to repent in the same way the master gave the fig tree another chance to reproduce fruit.

Jesus is the gardener who pleads for us before God.

JESUS HEALS A CRIPPLED WOMAN ON A SABBATH

Luke 13:- 10-17

One day, Jesus was teaching in a Synagogue. There was a woman who had an evil spirit that had kept her sick for eighteen years. She was bent over and could not straighten herself.

When Jesus saw her, He called out and said, “Woman, you are free from your illness.” Jesus placed His hands on her and she was healed. She straitened herself up and praised God.

The official of the Synagogue was annoyed that Jesus was healing on a Sabbath.

Jesus observed that the same Jews who were hostile to Him for healing on the Sabbath untied their donkey or oxen and fed them on that day. Jesus emphasized on human life saying it was more important than animal life or even observing the Sabbath.

Jesus came to set people free from the bondage of sickness and Satan. Jesus’ work of liberation is continuous and had to be performed even on a Sabbath. Jesus was teaching the leaders that human life was more important than animal life.

THE PARABLE OF THE MUSTARD SEED

Luke 13: 18-19

Jesus compared the growth of the Kingdom of God to a mustard seed. He said that when a man plants a mustard seed in the field, it grows and becomes a tree and birds make nests in its branches.

The mustard seed is very small. When planted, it grows into a big tree and ones planted; it grows fast and is difficult to control. It attracts many birds, which like to eat its small black seeds.

The growth of God’s Kingdom may have a small and humble beginning. Ones God’s Kingdom is established; it grows and spreads to all corners of the earth. The Kingdom of God attracts many people.

THE PARABLE OF THE YEAST

Luke 13: 20-21

To show that the Kingdom of God grows secretly, Jesus told the parable of the yeast. He compared the Kingdom of God to a woman who takes some yeast and mixes it with flour until the whole batch of dough rises.

God’s Kingdom grows secretly and in a way that only God knows. The Kingdom of God has small beginnings but eventually grows, spreads and reaches many people.

THE NARROW DOOR

Luke 13: 22-30

Jesus went through towns and villages teaching people. A person asked Him whether just a few people would be saved. Jesus response was that His followers should make every effort to go through the narrow door. This means that to participate in the banquet of the Kingdom of God, people must repent their sins.

The narrow door is the one that leads Jesus’ flowers to the Kingdom of God. His followers should make sure they enter through this door before the owner of the house locks it up. The narrow door will not remain open forever. Those who succeed in entering through the narrow door will have the privilege to sit down at the feast of the Kingdom of God. Those who try to enter the door when it is closed will be disappointed and are likely to suffer.

Those who wish to follow Jesus must make the right decision to repent in time. People from all corners of the earth are invited to enter the Kingdom of God through the narrow door.

Christian should heed Jesus’ call to enter the Kingdom of God through repentance.

JESUS ANTICIPATES HIS REJECTION

Luke 13: 31-35

Jesus was advised by some Pharisees to go elsewhere because Herod wanted to kill Him. Jesus told them to inform Herod that He would continue on His Journey to Jerusalem, healing the sick and driving out demons. He had to travel to Jerusalem, the appointed place of His death.

Jesus lamented over Jerusalem because of her rejection of God’s messengers. God would abandon Jerusalem for rejecting Jesus.

Jerusalem was a religious centre for Jews and a seat of authority. The city would be the site of Jesus’ death. Jerusalem would eventually acknowledge Jesus as the Messiah who brings salvation to Israel and to the rest of the world.

GREAT FEAST OF ALL WHO ARE PREPARED
JESUS HEALS A SICK MAN

Luke 14: 1-6

Jesus was invited to the house of the leading Pharisee for a meal on a Sabbath. While in the house, a man whose limbs were swollen came to Jesus for healing. The Pharisees watched Him closely to see what He would do.

Jesus asked the Pharisees whether or not the law allowed healing on the Sabbath. The Pharisees did not answer. Jesus reminded that if they had a son or an ox that fell in a well on a Sabbath; they would pull them out. He went ahead and healed the man.

Jesus had to bring salvation to the sick man through healing. Jesus had healed the sick man even on a Sabbath because healing is one way through which He established the Kingdom of God.

THE INVITED GUESTS

Luke 14: 7-14

Jesus was in the house of a leading Pharisee. He observed that some invited guests were choosing the best places at the table.

He taught the disciples that when invited, they should not take seats of honor. The seats of honor may have been reserved for more important guests than themselves. This would bring embarrassment to a guest who would have to give his/her seat to the honorable guest.

He taught that when invited, one should take the lowest place. The host may notice you and elevate you to the seats of honor. Such an act would bring honor to an invited guest.

Jesus also advised that one should not only invite one’s relatives, friends, neighbors or rich for they are likely to invite them back. One should rather invite those who are least likely to invite them to their houses such as the poor, the crippled, the lame and the blind.

Jesus taught about humility and hospitality. Those who humble themselves will be elevated. Those who elevate themselves will be humbled. The Kingdom of God belongs to those who humble themselves.

THE PARABLE OF THE GREAT FEAST

Luke 14: 15-24

Jesus told the parable of the Great Feast in response to a man’s observation, “How happy are those who will sit down at the feast in the Kingdom of God.”

Jesus told of a man who held a feast and invited some important people to attend it.

When the feast was ready, the host sent his servants to inform the invited guests that the feast was ready. The invited guests could not attend the feast as they had important commitments.

The first man said he had bought a field and had to go and look after it.
The second one said he had bought seven pairs of oxen and he was going to try them out.
Another one said he had just married.

The host was furious for this let down. He was determined to go on with the feast.

He sent his servants to the streets and alleys of the town to invite the poor, the crippled and the blind. The room was still not full.

The host sent his servants again to the country roads and lanes to call more people for the feast until the room was full.

Jesus showed that the Kingdom God is like a great feast. The Pharisees, the Scribes and the Jewish people were the first to be invited but, they ignored Jesus.

Those first invited may never enter the Kingdom God.

God’s Kingdom is for all, Jews and Gentiles.

Following Jesus means sacrificing those things we consider important to us.

Those who never expected to be at dinner are invited such as the poor, the crippled and the blind, these represents the Gentiles whom the Jews despised.

THE COST OF DISCIPLESHIP

Luke 14: 25-35

Jesus emphasized that entering the Kingdom of God demanded committed discipleship. To be a disciple of Jesus one has to:

Love Jesus more than he loves his father, his mother, his wife, his children, his brothers, his sisters and himself as well.
One must be ready to suffer for the sake of following Jesus.
Following Jesus requires careful thought, planning and detailed preparations. Jesus compares true discipleship to the planning required in building a tower or engaging in a military operation.
- In building a tower, He says the owner will sit down and establish the cost first before building it. Otherwise, if he lays down the foundation and fails to finish it up, he will be ridiculed.
- A king with 10,000 men intending to go to war with another king with 20,000 men will ask for terms of peace if he discovers he’s not able to win.
Give up everything
Jesus disciples are expected to maintain their zeal in following Jesus. They should bring flavor and healing to others in the same way salt is used to flavor and preserve food.

RETRIEVING THE LOST

Luke 15: 1-32

The Pharisees and teachers of the law noticed that many tax collectors came to listen to Jesus’ teachings. They started grumbling and said that Jesus welcomes outcasts and even eats with them. Jesus knew their thoughts. He responded by telling them three parables about those that were lost.

THE PARABLE OF THE LOST SHEEP

Like 15: 1-7

Jesus told them that if one of them had a hundred sheep. And one of them got lost, the most likely thing to happen will be to go leave the 99 sheep and go in search of the lost one.

When he gets the lost sheep, he puts it on his shoulders and carries it back home where he invites friends and neighbors to celebrate the finding of the lost sheep.

Jesus said that the same way, “there will be more joy in heaven over one sinner who repents than over ninety nine respectable people who do not need to repent.

God is a shepherded and takes care of all His people. He does not want any of His people to be lost. God searches for those lost in sin until He finds them. When one sinner repents, God is overjoyed and rejoices.

THE PARABLE OF THE LOST COIN

Luke 15: 8-10

A woman lost one of her ten silver coins. The coin was precious to her. She made every effort to search for it until she found it.

She lit a lamp and swept the whole house until she found it.

On finding the precious coin, she invited her friends and neighbors to celebrate.

God and angels in heaven are overjoyed when one sinner repents.

Jesus, the light of the world, makes every effort to seek the sinners until He finds them.

The lost are precious in God’s sight.

THE PARABLE OF THE LOST SON

Luke 15: 11-32

A father had two sons. The younger son demanded his share of inheritance. The father granted him his request.

He left home for a far country where he squandered all his inheritance. A severe famine arose. Nobody was ready to share with him anything, including his friends. He ended up getting employed a pig herder and was so desperate that he ate the food that the pigs ate.

While looking after the pigs, he realized his mistake and decided to go back to seek his father’s forgiveness. He noted that his father’s servants had more than they could eat.

When he got home, his father received him with forgiveness and there was great celebration. He ordered the servants to dress him with the best clothes available. He killed the prize of a calf.

The father needed to celebrate, for his son was lost but now he had been found.

The elder son was jealous and unhappy with what his father did to his younger brother.

The father explained that everything he had belongs to the older son. The celebration was however, necessary because his brother was alive and had come back home.

God’s Kingdom brings joy and happiness to those that are lost and ready to repent their sins.

God is ready to forgive us when we repent our sins.

There is joy and happiness in heaven when one sinner repents.

APPLICATIONS OF THE PARABLES OF THE LOST SHEEP, LOST COIN AND LOST SON TO OUR DAILY LIFE

God loves all His children including outcasts and sinners
God is ready to forgive every sinner.
There is no sin that God cannot forgive.
Jesus taught that both the righteous and the unrighteous require God’s forgiveness.
The disciples of Jesus should not be complacent in their faith. They should always seek God’s guidance.
Confession of sin is a condition of entering the Kingdom of God. Christians should confess their sins and acknowledge that Jesus saves repentant sinners.

CHAPTER TEN

WEALTH, POVERTY, FAITH AND PRAYER

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

By the end of this topic, the learner should be able to:-

Explain and appreciate Jesus teaching on wealth and poverty
Apply the teaching of Jesus proper attitude towards wealth
Explain Jesus teachings on the power of faith
Explain and appreciate Jesus teachings on prayer and persistence
Develop a sense of persistence in prayer and learn to pursue goals as a Christian
Explain and appreciate Jesus teachings on the way to salvation
Appreciate the teachings of Jesus on the need for repentance

JESUS TEACHINGS ON WEALTH AND POVERTY

Luke 16: 1-32

THE PARABLE OF THE SHREWD MANAGER

Luke 16:1-13

Jesus taught that there was ones a rich man who employed a servant to manage his property.

The rich man got word that his manager was misusing his resources. So he called the manager and told him to turn in his account records. He intended to sack him.

When the shrewd manager realized that his master was going to sack him due to his dishonesty, he asked the debtors to change the accounts they owed to their master to smaller amounts. He did this to make friends with a few people who would give him a place to stay after he was sacked.

The master praised the manager for doing such a shrewd thing. Jesus also praised the shrewd manager.

The manager is praised not because of hi dishonesty but because he acted promptly and with great presence of mind in a moment of crisis.

Jesus is encouraging His disciples and His audience to make prompt and critical decisions about following him.

Jesus taught that we should use worldly wealth to gain friends so that when it’s gone one will be welcomed in the eternal home. This means sharing ones wealth with the poor.

Jesus also taught His disciples the need to be host in small and big issues.

He also reminded them that it was not possible to serve “both God and money”

The Pharisees, who valued honor and wealth as means to high social positions, were astonished by Jesus’ teachings. Jesus taught them that God does not value wealth and honor.

Jesus emphasized the importance of observing the Law of Moses. He cautions the Pharisees against allowing divorce because it encourages adultery, which was against the law.

THE RICH MAN AND LAZARUS

Luke 16: 19-31

Jesus told His a story about a rich man who was dressed in the most expensive clothes and lived in luxury.

At his gate, there was a poor man called Lazarus. Lazarus ate food that dropped from the rich man’s table. He also had sores which dogs came and licked.

When both Lazarus and the rich man died, Lazarus was taken by the angels to heaven and sat beside Abraham.

The rich man went to hell and was in great pain. He pleaded with Abraham to send Lazarus to dip his finger in water to cool his tongue.

Abraham denied him his request. He reminded him that while he was alive, he had all the good things while Lazarus had nothing.

The rich man pleaded further with Abraham to send Lazarus to his brothers to warn them so that they could live a righteous life and not suffer the way he was suffering in hell.

Abraham denied, He told him that his brothers have Moses and prophets to warn them; hence they should listen to them.

RELEVANCE OF JESUS TEACHINGS ON WEALTH & POVERTY TO CHRISTIANS

It is the duty of Christians to be concerned about the poor in our churches and communities.
The rich should share their wealth with the needy.
Jesus does not condemn wealth but rather our attitude towards wealth. If we love wealth, more than God, it will be difficult for us to inherit God’s Kingdom
Christians should seek spiritual wealth more than material wealth.
The poor should also accept themselves as they are God’s children.

THE POWER OF FAITH

Luke 17: 1-37

Faith is a complete trust or confidence in somebody or something.

For a Christian, faith is the absolute trust in the truthfulness of God’s promises.

JESUS TEACHING ON SIN

Luke 17: 1-4

Jesus taught His disciples that people are likely to commit sin. However, it was wrong for a person to cause another one to commit sin. Such persons are warned that it would be better if millstones were tied round their neck and were thrown into the sea than for them to cause those who are weak in faith to fall.

Jesus also taught His disciples to forgive those who wrong them consistently even if it is seven times in a day.

JESUS’ TEACHING ON FAITH

Luke 17: 5-6

The apostles asked Jesus to increase their faith. Jesus responded by telling them that if they had faith as big as a mustard seed, they could command a mulberry tree to uproot itself and be planted in the sea.

The mustard seed is the smallest in the world hence an equivalent faith is able to do great things.

JESUS’ TEACHINGS ON DUTIES OF A SERVANT

Luke 17: 7-10

Jesus also explained about our attitude to the service we give to God because of the faith we have. Just as a servant will perform his duty to his master diligently without expecting a thank you and would only rest after he has ensured that there is no work left, is the same way we should approach our service to God.

The disciples were to understand that they were servants to God; hence they should not expect thanks from God for performing God given duties and responsibilities.

JESUS HEALS TEN LEPERS

Luke: 17: 11-19

Jesus was on His way to Jerusalem when He met ten lepers

The lepers requested Jesus to heal them

Jesus asked them to go to the priests for examination.

On their way to the priest, one of the lepers realized he was healed.

He came back praising God and thanked Jesus for healing him.

The healed leper was a Samaritan. Samaritans and Jews were hostile to each other

Jesus acknowledged that the Samaritan had faith in Him and His work. His faith had made him well.

THE COMING OF THE KINGDOM

Luke 17: 20-37

God’s Kingdom refers to God’s rule in people’s hearts and in the world.

The Pharisees wanted Jesus to tell them when the Kingdom of God would come.

Jesus told them that the Kingdom of God was present in Him. Those who accepted Jesus and His teachings had received the Kingdom.

The Pharisees lacked faith to see that the Kingdom of God was present in Jesus

Jesus also told His disciples that a time would come when they would wish to see one of the days of the Son of Man (i.e. the Day of the Lord or the Day of Judgment)

Jesus said that this day will come like lightning flashes across the sky from one end to the other for all to see.

However, before then, Jesus will be rejected just as it was in the time of Noah and Lot when people went on with their daily activities without heeding or noticing the dangers that awaited them.

Jesus taught His disciples that they would require strong faith to overcome the trials that they were likely to experience.

They must put their complete faith in God even to the extent of giving up life itself.

Jesus explained that the day of the Son of Man would bring separation. Those who accept Him will experience deliverance and separation from loved ones, those who reject Jesus will be left behind.

SIGNIFICANCE OF FAITH TO CHRISTIAN LIFE

God expects Christians to have absolute faith in Him
Christians should have faith in Jesus so that they can inherit eternal life.
Christians need to have strong faith so that they can strengthen others, especially those with weak faith.
Christians need strong faith to b able to forgive others and to serve God
Faith in Jesus makes the impossible possible.

PERSISTENCE IN PRAYER

Luke 18: 1-14

THE PARABLE OF THE WIDOW AND THE UNJUST JUDGE

Luke 18: 1-8

Jesus told His disciples that in a certain town there was a judge who did not fear God or respect people. In the same town, there was a widow who kept going to the judge to plead for her rights. She wanted the judge to help her against her opponents but the judge kept on refusing. The widow was persistent and kept on going to the judge.

Eventually the judge helped her as he said if he failed; she will keep on coming and finally wears him out.

Jesus told the disciples this parable to teach them the need for persisting in prayer. The Unjust Judge did not help the widow because he feared God, but, because the woman was persistent.

The parable also taught the disciples to pray with courage.

THE PARABLE OF THE PHARISEE AND THE TAX COLLECTOR

Luke 18:9-14

Jesus told this parable to the Pharisees who were sure of their goodness and despised others.

Both a Pharisee and a Tax Collector went to the Temple to pray.

The Pharisee offered a long prayer. He boosted about his religious achievements

The Tax Collector offered a short prayer. He acknowledged that he was a sinner and pleaded with God to forgive him.

Jesus told the disciples that the tax collector and not the Pharisee was in the right relationship with God

The Pharisee was condemned because of his pride and putting trust in his religious achievements and not God.

The tax collector was commended because of his trust in God and his humble way in the way he prayed.

LESSONS CHRISTIANS LEARN FROM THE TWO PARABLES

Prayer should be addressed to God
Disciples of Jesus should acknowledge that they are sinners and seek forgiveness
We should approach God in humility
We should avoid spiritual pride and self righteousness
Christians should also honestly confess their sins as they pray.

THE WAY TO SALVATION

Luke 18: 15-19: 1-27

Salvation ordinarily means being reserved from a life-threatening situation

In Christian understanding, salvation refers to the process of being delivered from sin and its consequences. Those who are saved are assured of eternal life.

Jesus used the following incidents to illustrate the correct attitude to salvation.

JESUS BLESSES LITTLE CHILDREN

Luke 18: 15-17

Some people brought their children to Jesus so that He could bless them

The disciples scolded them for doing so.

Jesus called the children to Him and blessed them.

Jesus taught His disciples that they must humble themselves like children in order to enter the Kingdom of God.

The Kingdom of God belongs to those who are simple, humble, innocent and trusting like children.

THE RICH MAN

Luke 18: 18-30

A rich man came to Jesus wanting to know what he must do to receive eternal life.

Jesus reminded him of the importance of keeping the commandments.

The rich man explained that he had kept the commandment since he was a young person.

Jesus advised the rich man to sell everything he had, give it to the poor, and then follow Him.

He was not able to give up his wealth and follow Jesus

Jesus taught that wealth can hinder the rich from receiving salvation. He said that it was much easier for a Carmel to pass through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to go to heaven.

The disciples equated riches to God’s blessings. The rich were thought to have been blessed by God because of their obedience to the law.

The disciples were puzzled by Jesus’ teachings because they had left everything to follow Him.

Jesus acknowledged the disciples sacrifice and emphasized that such people would receive salvation in the present life and the life to come.

JESUS SPEAKS A THIRD TIME ABOUT HIS DEATH

Luke 18: 31-34

Jesus took His disciples aside. He told them they were going to Jerusalem where everything written about Him was going to happen.

He was going to be handed over to the Gentiles who would make fun of Him, insult Him, spit on Him, whip and kill Him. He would then rise to life three days later.

The disciples did not understand what Jesus was saying

Luke 9: 43-45 9: 21-

JESUS HEALS A BLIND BEGGAR

Luke 18: 35-43

Jesus was near Jericho when a blind beggar called out to Him to have pity on him.

The crowd tried to blind beggar from being heard as he shouted to Him to have pity on him.

The blind beggar was bold, persistent in his effort to capture the attention of Jesus.

Jesus stopped and asked him what he wanted. The blind beggar responded by saying that he wanted to see again

Jesus told him to see as his faith had healed him

The beggar was joyful when his sight was restored, he followed Jesus giving thanks and praising God.

JESUS AND ZACCHAEUS

Luke 19: 1-9

As Jesus was on His way to Jericho, Zacchaeus, a tax collector, was eager to see Him. He climbed a Sycamore tree so that he could see Jesus. He was a little man. Jesus ordered him to climb down when He reached the tree. He told him that he will stay at his house.

Zacchaeus was overjoyed and welcomed Jesus to his house. The people who witnessed this grumbled that Jesus had gone as a guest to the home of a sinner.

Zacchaeus stood and told Jesus that he was going to give half of his wealth to the poor. He also declared that he would pay back four times as much to anybody he had cheated.

Jesus was pleased with him and declared that salvation had come to his house as he was also a descendant of Abraham. Jesus stated that the Son of Man had come to seek and save the lost.

THE PARABLE OF THE GOLD COINS

Luke 19:11-27

Jesus told His listeners as He was approaching Jerusalem, the parable of the Gold Coins

He said that there was a high-ranking man, who was going to a far country to be made king and come back after. Before he went, he called his ten servants and gave each a gold coin. He asked them to trade with the gold coins.

His own people hated him and sent massagers after him saying that they did not want him to be their king.

When he returned, he called the ten servants and asked them how they had used the gold coin.

The first one had earned ten gold coins with the one he had been given, the second one had earned five gold coins.

The two servants were commended for working hard and for making profits. The master increased their responsibilities.

The third servant ignored his master’s instructions. He did not trade with the gold coins; instead, he hid it in a handkerchief

His master was annoyed with him. He condemned him. He took away the one gold coin he had and gave it to the servant who had the ten gold coins.

God expects us to use opportunities He has given us for His service. We should give an account of how we have used the abilities and skills He has given us.

THE RELEVANCE OF JESUS TEACHING ON SALVATION TO CHRISTIANS

To receive eternal life, Christians should be like children
Christians need to have strong faith for them to enter the Kingdom of God
They should repent and seek for God’s forgiveness so as to receive salvation
Christians also learn that wealth should not be a barrier to receiving salvation
Wealth should be used to serve the needy.
Christians will give an account of how they have used their talents and abilities.

BOOK TITLE:

GOD MEETS US IN JESUS CHRIST-ST LUKE’S GOSPEL

SECTION FOUR

THE JERUSALEM MINISTRY

CHAPTER ELEVEN

JESUS TEACHES IN JERUSALEM

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

By the end of this topic, learners should be able to:-

Describe the triumphant entry of Jesus into Jerusalem
Desire to be humble and promote peace in society.
Explain the cleansing of the Temple
Develop respect and honor for God’s places of worship
Explain Jesus’ conflict with the Jewish leaders
Explain Jesus’ teaching about eschatology

JESUS’ TRIUMPHANT ENTRY INTO JERUSALEM

Luke 19: 28-40

Jesus approached Jerusalem passing through Beth phage, Bethany and Mount of Olives. He sent two disciples ahead and gave them instructions.

They were to go the village ahead and there they will find a Colt (a young donkey) which had never been ridden on tied up. They were to untie it and bring it to Him. If someone were to ask them why they were untying the Colt, they should tell him/her that the Master needs it.

The disciples found everything as they were told. As they were untying the Colt, the owner asked why they were untying the Colt. In reply, they said that the master needed it.

They took the Colt to Jesus, put cloak over it and then helped Jesus to climb on it. As he rode on, people spread their cloaks on the road.

As he came near Jerusalem, the large crowd of His disciples began to thank God and praise Him in loud voices for all the great things they had seen. They shouted “God bless the king who comes in the name of the Lord! Peace in heaven and glory to God.”

Some Pharisees in the crowd asked Jesus to command His disciples to be quiet. Jesus, however, replied and told them that if the people were to keep quiet, then the stones will start shouting.

Significance of Jesus entry into Jerusalem

Young donkey (Colt) that had never been ridden on showed that the Messiah was sacred and pure. It also showed that although Jesus was triumphant and victorious, He was also humble. It showed He came for peace.
Spreading of cloaks on the road, shouts of acclamation and joy showed that the people accepted Him as King, the promised Messiah.
Jesus reply to the Pharisees who objected the loud voices, showed that Jesus mission was no longer a secret.

LESSONS THAT CHRISTIANS LEARN FROM JESUS TRIUMPHANT ENTRY IN JERUSALEM

Christians should prepare and be ready to receive Jesus in their lives like the crowds that escorted Him to Jerusalem.
They should emulate Jesus and be channels of peace in their communities
Christians should be humble like Jesus in their service to others
Church leaders should be servants of their followers. They should not use their positions of authority to intimidate people.
Christians should expect opposition and resistance as they evangelize, but they should not give up hope.
Christians should thank and praise God for His intervention in their lives as the crowds that followed Jesus.
Christians should be bold as they witness to Jesus like the crowds that followed Jesus and declared Him King.

THE CLEANSING OF THE TEMPLE

Luke 19: 41-48

JESUS WEEPS OVER JERUSALEM

Luke 19: 41-44

Jerusalem, which means a city of peace, had failed to recognize Jesus. It was going to reject Jesus. As a consequence, Jesus weeps over its eminent destruction by the Romans.

Jesus told them that a time will come when their enemies will surround them with barricades, blockade them and attack them from every side. They will be completely destroyed-everyone within the walls of Jerusalem.

This was all because of their failure to recognize the Messiah who had come to save them.

JESUS CLEANSES THE TEMPLE

Luke 19: 45-47

Jesus went to the Temple and protested against the buying and selling that was going on there. The Temple authorities had allowed a market in the court of the Temple. There was exchange of currency, buying and selling of animals needed for sacrifice. These gave ample opportunity for making excessive profits.

Jesus drove out the traders saying that it is written in the scriptures that the Temple shall be a house of prayers but yet the people had turned it into a hideout of thieves. For this reason, the Temple would be destroyed.

LESSONS THAT CHRISTIANS LEARN FROM THE CLEANSING OF THE TEMPLE

Christians should respect the house of God and use it appropriately
Christian leaders should avoid exploiting members through asking for excessive contributions
They should pay more attention to inward righteousness than external observance of rituals
Christians should have the courage like Jesus to condemn evil practices by leaders in Church and society

JESUS’ CONFLICTS WITH THE JEWISH LEADERS

Luke 19: 47-48, 20: 1-47, 21: 1-4

THE QUESTION ABOUT JESUS’ AUTHORITY

Luke 20: 1-8

One day when Jesus was in the Temple teaching, Chief Priest, Scribes and elders came to Him. They demanded to know through whose authority He taught. They wanted to know to which group He belonged. Was He a Priest or a Scribe, was His authority from God.

Jesus answered them with a question. He asked them whether John’s right to baptize people came from God or from human beings.

The leaders were not willing to answer either way. This is because if they said John’s baptism was from heaven, this would imply that Jesus’ authority was from God for John was a prophet and Jesus’ messenger. If they denied, they would be condemned by the people. They hence answered and said they did not know.

Jesus on the other hand, told them that He will also not tell them from whose authority He’s teaching on. His answer implied that His own authority was from the same source John’s authority is: God.

THE PARABLE OF THE TENANTS

Luke 20: 9-18

Jesus told the parable of the vineyard in response to the question about His authority by the religions leaders. He says:

There was ones a man who planted a vineyard, let it out to tenants, and then left home for a long time. When the time for harvest came, he sent one of his servants to the tenants to receive from them his share of the harvest. The tenants beat the servant and sent him back without a thing.

The owner sent another slave, who was also beaten by the tenants. They treated him shamelessly and sent him back with nothing. He sent a third servant whom the tenants wounded and threw him out.

The owner wondered what to do. He then sent his own son whom he thought they will respect. But when the tenants saw him, they identified him as the owner’s son and then decided to kill him so that his property will be theirs.

Jesus wondered then the owner will do. He said that the owner will come and destroy those tenants and give the vineyard to others.

Jesus then ended by quoting a verse from the book of Psalm. He said that the very stone that the builders rejected turned out to be the corner stone.

MEANING OF THE PARABLE

The parable is about the rejection of Jesus by the Jewish religious leaders.

God is the owner of the vineyard. The vineyard is Israel, and the tenants are the Jewish leaders.

The servants that were beaten up represent the prophets, God’s messengers

Jesus is the son referred to in the story. Hence Jesus is the son of God and His authority comes from God.

The death of the son anticipates Jesus’ death

The quotation in Psalm shows that the stone which the builders rejected is Jesus Himself.

PAYING TAXES TO CAESAR

Luke 20: 19-26

The scribes and Chief Priests were annoyed after listening to the parable of the Tenants. They felt that Jesus was attacking them they wanted to arrest Him but they were afraid of the people. They looked for an opportunity that will hand Jesus to the Roman authority. They bribed some men t pretend that they were sincere so as to trap Jesus with questions.

The men praised Jesus for His work and status and then asked Him a trick question on whether it was right (lawful) to pay taxes to Caesar.

Jesus saw through their trick. He asked them to show Him a silver coin. He then asked whose face and image was on the coin.

They said the Emperor’s. So Jesus told them to give to Caesar what belongs to Caesar and to give God what belongs to God.

They had hoped that Jesus would trap Himself. If He would have told them not to pay tax, then they would have accused Him of treason and hand Him to the Roman Authority. If He would have agreed with the payment of tax, then the people would have seen Him as a collaborator with the Roman authority.

THE QUESTION ABOUT THE RESURRECTION

Luke 20: 27-40

The Sadducees; who did not believe in the resurrection of the dead and only recognized the first five books of the Bible, asked Jesus a question to trap Him.

The question concerned the Law of Moses which stated that if a man died childless, then his brother would marry the widow so that they could bear sons to maintain family name. They said ones there were seven brothers, the eldest married a woman but died before getting children. The rest also married the same woman but died childless. So they asked Jesus on the day of resurrection, whose wife she would be among the seven brothers.

Jesus told them that men and women of this world marry but those that will be worthy to rise from death, will not marry. They will be like angels, children of God and would not die. He told them that Moses proved the existence of resurrection on the burning bush when God referred to Himself as the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. This meant He was the God of the living, not the dead.

Some of the teachers of the law praised him for the answer and dare not to ask Him any more questions.

THE QUESTION ABOUT THE MESSIAH

Luke 20: 41-44

Jesus asked His opponent how can it be that the Messiah is the descendant of David. He then quoted a verse from the book of Psalm which suggests that there is more to the Messiah than being from the lineage of David.

In the quote, David said, “The Lord said to my Lord, sit at the right hand, till I make your enemies your footstool.”

The first ‘Lord’ referred to God and the second one to the Messiah.

If David called the Messiah his Lord, then the Messiah was a lot more than just being the descendant of David.

JESUS WARNS AGAINST THE TEACHERS OF THE LAW

Luke 20: 45-47

Jesus addressed His disciples and warned them to beware of hypocrisy and exploitative nature of the Teachers of the Law. THE Pharisees craved for special respect which was presented in the following forms:-

Being greeted with respect in market places.
Seeking places of honor in the Synagogues and banquets
Making long prayers which were intended to make them be recognized for their self righteousness.
Taking advantage of widows and robbing them of their property.

Jesus said there punishment will be worst.

Today, Christians are expected to live upright lives and apply the gospel value of love, justice, honesty and humility in their work and relationship with others.

THE WIDOW’S OFFERING

Luke 21: 1-4

Jesus was in the temple when He observed people giving their offering and putting them into the temple treasury. He saw rich people dropping their gifts and He also saw a very poor widow dropping in two little copper coins.

Jesus praised the poor widow. He said that she put in more than all the others. This is because others offered their gifts from what they had to spare of their riches, but the poor widow, as poor as she was, gave all she had to live on.

The story defends dignity of the poor. Their contributions given in t true sacrifice are to be highly honored.

JESUS’ TEACHING ON ESCHATOLOGY

The term eschatology is derived from two Greek words eschatus and logos which mean end and study.

Eschatology is therefore the study of the “last things” such as death, judgment, life after death and the end of the world.

THE PROPHECY OF THE DESTRUCTION OF THE JERUSALEM TEMPLE

Luke 21: 5-6

Some of the disciples marveled about the beauty of the temple. They said it looked beautiful, it had fine stones and gifts offered to God.

Jesus foretold about the destruction of the Temple. He told the disciples that all that they were seeing a time will come when not a single stone will be left in its place, everything will be thrown down.

THE SIGNS OF THE END TIMES

Luke 21: 7-9

The disciples wondered when the destruction of the Temple would take place. This led Jesus into talking about the signs of the end of times. The following could be the signs:-

People will come claiming to be Jesus, the Messiah, and the Son of God.
There will be wars and revolutions
Countries will fight each other, Kingdoms will attack one another
There will be natural calamities like earthquakes, famines, plagues
Strange and celestial beings would come from the sky.
Jesus’ disciples would be arrested, persecuted and imprisoned.
The disciples would be betrayed to the authorities by close relatives (brothers, friends) and even put to death.
The disciples would be hated on Jesus’ account

The disciples were not however supposed to worry. They were told to stand firm and they’ll be saved.

THE DESTRUCTION OF JERUSALEM

Luke 21: 20-24

Jesus told the people that when they shall see Jerusalem surrounded by armies, they should know that it will soon be destroyed. Then, those who are out of the city should not come in and those who are in the city should leave.

These will be the days of punishment to fulfill the sacrifice

Jesus then sympathized with woman who will be pregnant and mothers with little children and said it will be terrible for them

He said that some people will be killed while others will be exiled. The heathen (people who did not know God) will trample over Jerusalem until their time is up.

THE COMING OF THE SON OF MAN

Luke 21: 25-28

Jesus taught His disciples that before the coming of the Son of Man, who will appear in a cloud with great power and glory, the following shall happen:-

Disruption in the sky and in the sea. (strange things will be happening to the sun, the moon and the stars)
All countries will be in despair on earth. They will be afraid of the roar of the sea and the raging tides.
People would faint from fear as they witnessed the signs.

Jesus, however, told them not to fear when these things happen. They should stand firm and face it courageously. If they endured these experiences, they had hope of attaining salvation.

Jesus is the Son of Man prophesied in the book of Daniel who will come down to earth after receiving royal power from God. His coming means the coming of the “Kingdom of God”, in which Jesus, the Messiah will rule in God’s name.

THE PARABLE OF THE FIG TREE

Luke 21: 29-33

Jesus told the disciples the parable of the fig tree to explain the reality of His coming. The fig tree shades all its leaves during winter. During spring, it comes back to life and is a sign that summer is near.

In the same way, before the coming of Jesus, there will be signs of the end of times as mentioned.

The parable of the fig tree is also a sign of encouragement to Jesus’ followers not to lose hope.

Jesus said that all these will happen before the people living now have died. He said that heaven and earth will pass away, but His words will never pass away.

THE NEED TO BE WATCHFUL

Luke 21: 34-38

Jesus concludes His teachings on end times by encouraging His disciples. He told them to be on their guard. Not to let themselves to be occupied with too much feasting and drinking and other worries of this world. They should be careful that the coming of the Son of Man may not catch them unawares. They were therefore to keep alert by praying which will give them ‘strength’ to go safely through all these things that will happen and stand before the Son of Man.

Jesus kept on teaching in the Temple in the morning as people came to listen to Him. In the evening, He went out and spent the night on Mount Olives.

THE RELEVANCE OF JESUS TEACHING ON ESCHATOLOGY TO CHRISTIANS

Jesus teaches that the end of the world will come.
His teachings assures Christians that there is life after death for Christ will return for those who are faithful to Him
Encourages Christians to be watchful, prayerful and hopeful despite experiences of trials and tribulations. Jesus will deliver them
Ensures Christians of protection from evil and eventual salvation
Encourages Christians to live righteous lives, avoiding immoral behavior because only the righteous will inherit God’s Kingdom.
Shows the importance of standing firm in ones faith. This way, they will not be swayed by false prophets with their false declarations on the return of the Messiah.

CHAPTER TWELVE

THE PASSION, DEATH & RESURRECTION OF JESUS

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

By the end of this topic, the learner should be able to:-

Discuss the Lord’s Supper and appreciate its meaning to Christians today
Describe the events that took place at Mount Olives
Explain the events that took place between the arrest and the burial of Jesus
Describe the resurrection of Jesus
Explain and relate the significance of teaching on the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus to daily life
Appreciate the saving work of Jesus

THE LAST SUPPER

THE PLOT AGAINST JESUS

Luke 22: 1-6

The Jewish leaders were determined to have Jesus arrested for they were convinced that He was inciting people against them.

They managed to get one of Jesus’ disciples, Judas Iscariot to betray Him.

Judas was a member of the party of Zealots who wanted political changes

Judas was paid a certain sum of money

He looked for a way of betraying Jesus without the knowledge of the people.

THE LORD’S SUPPER
1. Preparation Luke 22: 7-13

To prepare for the Last Supper, Jesus sent Peter and John to make the necessary arrangements.

He told them to go into the city, where they would meet a man carrying a jar of water. The man would show them a room where they could make the preparations.

The disciples found the man without difficult and arranged for the Passover meal.

Note: the careful planning indicates the central importance of the occasion for Jesus. He regarded it as an anticipation of the great victory feast when God’s rule could only be achieved by sacrificing His body and shedding His blood in death

The Last Supper Luke 22: 14-23

The time came for Jesus and His disciples to eat the Passover meal. They gathered in the Upper Room.

During supper, Jesus took a cup of wine, gave thanks, and passed it round to the disciples for them to drink.

Again, He took the bread, gave thanks, broke it and gave them to eat.

He commanded the disciples to do that in remembrance of Him

Meaning of the Passover at the time of Jesus

The bread represented His body which would be broken for His followers on the cross.
The wine represented the blood of Jesus which would be shed on the cross for the salvation of the human race
The cup represented God’s new covenant with His people.
This is a fulfillment of Jeremiahs prophecy. He prophesized a new covenant which would be written in people’s hearts and not on the stone tablets like the Mosaic Covenant.
Jesus is the new sacrificial lamb replacing the old Passover lambs that were sacrificed on the night of the Exodus
Jesus also foretold of His betrayal. He announced that one of His disciples would betray Him.
Jesus’ death and resurrection would bring salvation to humanity

AN ARGUMENT ABOUT GREATNESS

Luke 22: 24-30

The disciples quarreled among themselves about who was to be regarded as the greatest among them.

Jesus rejects worldly authority that is given on the basis of wealth or fame

Authority among His disciples will be determined on the basis of humble service.

The lead leader was expected therefore to act for the good of the community, not to have more honor than the youngest or the servant

PREDICTION OF PETER’S DENIAL OF JESUS

Luke 22: 31-38

Jesus predicted that Satan had received permission to test the faith of all the disciples

Jesus prayed for Peter’s faith not to fail

Jesus told Simon that he would deny Him three times before the cock crows

Peter was expected to strengthen the faith of the other disciples

The disciples would encounter hostility in their evangelism

PRAYER ON MOUNT OLIVES

Luke 22:39-46

After celebrating the Last Supper, Jesus and His disciples went to the Mount Olives

When He arrived there, He told His disciples to pray that they will not enter into temptation

Then He went on from them about a stone throw away and knelt down and prayed.

He prayed that God’s will be done concerning the (cup) suffering He would undergo

Angel from Heaven appeared to Him and strengthened Him. He prayed even more in great anguish. His sweat was like drops of blood falling to the ground.

After the prayer, He went back to His disciples and found them asleep. He asked them why they were sleeping. He then told them to pray that they may not fall into temptation.

b.THE BETRAYAL AND ARREST OF JESUS

Luke 22: 45-53

Judas Iscariot appeared in the garden accompanied by a large crowd, the Chief Priest, elders and Temple Guards

Judas identified Jesus by kissing Him. Jesus, who knew what he did, asked him that it was with a kiss that he betrays the Son of Man.

The disciples wanted to use swords to defend Jesus. One of them even struck the High Priest’s slave and cut off his right ear. Jesus however healed the man and stopped His disciples.

Then Jesus asked the Chief Priest and those accompanying him why they had to come to Him with swords and clubs as though He was an outlaw.

He told them that He had been with them in the Temple everyday and yet they did not arrest Him.

He told them that was their time, a time when the power of darkness rules.

They arrested Jesus and took Him away into the house of the High Priest.

THE DENIAL OF JESUS BY PETER

Luke 22: 54-65

After Jesus was arrested that night and taken to the Chief Priests house, Peter followed Him at a distance. A maid and two other people identified Peter as one of the disciples of Jesus. Peter denied all the accusations

Just as Jesus had predicted, the cock crowed and Peter remembered what he had done.

Jesus turned and looked at Peter and Peter remembered what Jesus had predicted. Peter went out and wept bitterly.

Possible reasons why Peter denied Jesus

Human weakness. He lacked the moral courage to stand by Jesus during His suffering
He was afraid of being arrested
He was an impulsive person as portrayed in the gospel meaning that he acts on the spur of the moment

LESSONS THAT CHRISTIANS LEARN FROM PETER’S ACT

Christians should be remorseful and should repent when they sin. Jesus is always ready to forgive and accept them back
Human beings are weak by nature. Therefore Christian should depend on God’s strength to make the right decisions in different situations
Christians should stand firm in their faith in Jesus no matter what the circumstance are

b.THE TRIALS OF JESUS

Luke 22: 66-23: 1-25

The trial at the Council of Sanhedrin

Luke 22: 66-71

Jesus was taken to the Sanhedrin (Jewish Council of elders drawn from Pharisees, Scribes and Sadducees) in the morning.

The Council asked Jesus if He was the Messiah

Jesus refused to say either yes or not. Instead, He spoke of the coming of the Son of Man in triumph.

Jesus was then asked whether He was the Son of God.

He replied and told them that they say that He is.

This was interpreted to mean Jesus was admitting that He was the Son of God. This was considered as blasphemy or disrespect of God.

The penalty for blasphemy was death; Jesus was hence condemned to die for claiming to be the Son of God.

The trial before Pilate

Luke 23: 1-5

Since the Sanhedrin could not carry out the death sentence, they took Jesus to the Roman governor, Pilate.

They accused Jesus of inciting the people to revolt, forbidding payment of taxes and claiming to be a King in rebellion to Roman Authority

They could not accuse Him of blasphemy. This charge would not be accepted under Roman law.

Note: by taking Jesus to Pilate, the Jewish religious leaders wanted the Roman authority to take responsibility for Jesus’ death.

The trial before Herod

Luke 23: 6-12

When Pilate heard that Jesus had started His ministry in Galilee, he knew that Jesus was from there, so he sent Jesus to Herod who was in Jerusalem at the time. Herod was the ruler in Galilee.

Herod was pleased to see Jesus since he had heard a lot about Him. He was hoping to see Jesus perform some miracles. Herod asked Jesus any questions but Jesus made no answer.

Chief Priests and the teachers of the law stepped forward and made accusations against Jesus.

Herod and his soldiers mocked Jesus and treated Him with contempt. Then they put a fine robe on Him and sent Him back to Pilate.

Pilate Judgment

Luke 23: 13-25

Jesus was brought to Pilate a second time. Pilate reiterated that he found Jesus not guilty of any crime. He opted to have whipped and then release Him.

The Chief Priest prevailed upon Pilate who passed a sentence of death on Jesus on the grounds of high treason

Jesus was to die by fructification. This was the punishment of high treason according to Roman laws

The Jewish leaders asked that Barnabas, a criminal, be released instead of Jesus.

Possible reasons why Pilate agreed to have Jesus crucified

He was afraid of Jewish revolt
He did not want to be disloyal to Roman Emperor after learning that Jesus had been accused of treason
He washed his hands. This meant that he absolved himself from Jesus’ crucifixion. This is because he had found no evidence of His guilt. His wife had also cautioned him about Jesus’ innocence.

THE CRUCIFIXION OF JESUS

Luke 23: 26-43

Jesus was given the crossbeam to carry to His crucifixion site.

Simon of Cyrene helped Him carry it.

A group of women followed Jesus and wept over His plight.

Jesus asked them to weep over themselves and their children

Jesus eventually arrived at Golgotha, and was nailed to the cross

Two criminals were crucified on either of His sides.

After His crucifixion, the soldiers cast lots to divide His garments

The soldiers, Jewish leaders and one of the thieves, mocked Jesus for His claim to be the royal Messiah.

Jesus is mocked with a challenge to save Himself

One of the criminals crucified with Jesus, usually referred to as the repented thief acknowledged Jesus as the Messiah and admitted the justness of his own condemnation

Jesus told the repentant thief that they’ll be in paradise together on that day.

Above Jesus’ cross was written “This is the King of the Jews”

THE DEATH AND BURIAL OF JESUS

Luke 23: 44-56

The death of Jesus

The death of Jesus was preceded by extraordinary happenings.

Darkness covered the land for three hours. This darkness symbolized that evil was at its climax when the Son of God hung on the cross. However, after darkness, there is evidence that God is in control not Satan.

The curtains of the Temple tore into two. This symbolized the end of Judaism and the beginning of Christianity, the universal religion

Jesus then died after crying “Father into thy hands I commit my spirit” this prayer is from the book of Psalm 31:5. It showed Jesus’ total commitment to God.

On seeing Jesus die, the Roman Centurion who was present testified to Jesus’ innocence. As a gentile, he recognized Jesus’ Lordship.

The burial of Jesus

Joseph of Arimathea, a rich and righteous member of the Sanhedrin, asked Pilate to allow him burry Jesus.

He wrapped Jesus’ body in linen sheet, and placed it in a tomb that had never been used before.

Joseph could have been a secret disciple of Jesus. He recognized His Lordship by his act.

This burial signified the fulfilled Isaiah’s prophecy concerning the suffering servant of Yahweh who was buried in a rich man’s tomb.

A group of women followed Joseph and saw where he buried Jesus

They went back home to prepare spices with which to wash Jesus’ body after the Sabbath.

THE RESURRECTION

Luke 24: 1-49

THE WITNESS TO THE RISEN CHRIST

The resurrection refers to the events of Jesus’ rising from the dead.

Jesus resurrection took place on the 3^rd day, that is, the Sunday morning after He was crucified on Friday afternoon.

TESTIMONY OF THE HOLY WOMEN

Luke 24: 1-12

On that Sunday morning, Mary Magdalene, Salome and Mary the Mother of Jesus went to the tomb planning to prepare Jesus’ body for proper burial with the spices they had prepared.

On arrival, they found the stone covering the tomb had been rolled away.

The tomb was also empty

As the women stood there puzzled, two men in “dazzling clothes”, confirmed that Jesus had risen as He had prophesized

When the women learnt of Jesus’ resurrection, they broke the news to the apostles and all the others.

The apostles rejected the women’s testimony.

Peter ran to the tomb and found it empty.

THE DISCIPLES ON THE WAY TO EMMAUS

Luke 24: 13-32

Jesus appeared to disciples who were on their way to Emmaus

They were discussing Jesus’ suffering, death and empty tomb.

They regarded Jesus’ death as a tragedy; for they had hoped He would liberate the Jews from Roman rule.

Jesus explained to them the scriptures, which say the Messiah would suffer to reach His Glory

They invited Jesus to dine with them.

They recognized who Jesus was at the breaking of the bread. Jesus then vanished

The disciples went and told the eleven apostles about their encounter with the risen Christ.

APPEARANCE OF JESUS TO THE DISCIPLES

Luke 24: 24-33

Bas the disciples of Emmaus narrated their encounter with Jesus to the apostles; Jesus papered to them.

The apostles were frightened and thought that they had seen a ghost.

Jesus asked them to confirm that He had risen by touching His body

He then asked them for some food and they gave Him some fish which He ate.

He explained to them His mission through telling them the prophecies about Him in the Law of Moses, prophets and Psalm

Jesus brought His disciples a new understanding of His mission, suffering, death and resurrection.

He also commissioned His disciples to be His witnesses by proclaiming repentance and forgiveness of sins.

He also told them to stay in the city until He sends them the Holy Spirit

ASCENSION OF JESUS

Luke 24: 50-53

Ascension is derived from the word ‘Ascend’ which means going up.

From Jerusalem, Jesus led His disciples to Bethany.

He raised His hands, blessed the disciples and was lifted up to heaven.

The disciples returned and witnessed Jesus’ ascension with joy

They continued to go to the temple to pray to God, waiting for the Holy Spirit Jesus had promised them.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF JESUS’ PASSION, DEATH AND RESURRECTION TO CHRISTIAN LIFE

Through resurrection

Jesus was given new powers to conquer sin and death. In the same way, Christians who have faith in God are assured of overcoming physical death
Human beings were reconciled to God through Christ. The broken relationship between God and Human beings is restored through the forgiveness of past sins.
Christians are given hope for eternal life
Christians start living a new life in Christ. (2^nd Corinthians 5: 17 “therefore, if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation; the old has passed away, behold, the new has come”)
New understanding of who Jesus was and His Messianic mission was brought out
The disciples received the promise of the Holy Spirit. This was only possible through Jesus’’ resurrection.

Teachers' Resources

CRE GRADE 1 NOTES- NEW CBC PDF

October 5, 2025 Maverick John Leave a comment

MYSELF
My name (1samuel3:10)
1. God knows me by ___________(name, head)
2. I am a _______________(boy, girl)
3. I am ____________ years old
4. God ___________me(loves, hate)
5. God called __________ four times(Jesus, Samuel)
6. Samuel was a ____________ when he was called by God( man, boy)
7. Samuel __________ god(obeyed, ignored)
8. God called Samuel by his _____________(name, appearance)
Parts of the body (genesis1:26-27, isaiah64:8)
1. God created man on the ___________ day(6, 2, 1)
2. God created man in his own _____________(image, body)
3. God made my
4. Eyes to ____________
5. Nose to ___________ and _____________
6. Legs to ____________
7. Mouth to ___________ and ___________
8. Hands to _____________
9. Fingers to ___________ and ____________
10. Ears to _____________
(Smell, see, hear, talk/eat, walk, touch, work, breath, write)
Care of parts of the body (mathew9:27-33)
1. We must take c_r_ of our bodies
2. We take care of our teeth by ___________ them(wash, brush)

C.R.E GRADE ONE TERM 1 ____
____
3. We must drink _______ water(boiled, cold)
4. Be ____________ when crossing the road(careless, careful)
5. Jesus made the _________ to see(hungry, blind)
6. Peter and _____ healed the lame man at the beautiful gate (James, john)
7. Jesus healed the __________(dead, sick)
My thoughts and feelings(psalms35:27-28, 89:1, 94:9-11
1. We use our ________ to think(head, mind)
2. When we are hurt we feel _________(happy, sad)
3. When we wrong our friends we should say ________(sorry, thankyou)
4. We should thank __________ for our good thoughts(God, angels)
5. God want us to ________ other people(love, hate)
UNIT 2
MEMBERS OF THE FAMILY (GENESIS37:3-5, 12:14-25, EXODUS20:12)
1. A male parent is my ____________(mother, father)
2. A female parent is my ____________(mother, father)
3. A family is made up of father, mother and ___________(teachers, children)
4. My sisters and brothers are my __________(parents, siblings)
5. ________ are gifts from God(teachers, children)
6. God has given us our p_r_nts
How to relate with my family (1john3:12, exodus20:12, ephesians6:1-3,
genesis45:1-4)
1. My parents ________ for my school fees(ask, pay)
2. When I am _______ my parents take care of me(sick, healthy)
3. __________ had twelve sons(Jacob, Isaac)
4. Another name of Jacob was ____________(Egypt, Israel)
5. Jacob loves _______ most than the other sons(Joseph, Isaac)
6. Joseph was sent to his brothers to take __________(food, clothes)
7. The brothers of Joseph sold him to ____________(Egypt, Israel)

____
8. Joseph was sold for ___ silver coins (20, 30, 10)
The holy bible as a guide in our daily lives (psalms 119:105, Mathew 22:37-46)
1. We __________ to God through the bible
2. God _________ through the bible
3. The bible is the _________ of God
4. God want us to ____________ the bible to know His word
5. God’s word is a _______ to guide us
6. Read your bible ________
(care, guides, read, tell, light, speak, holy, everyday)
Handling the bible
1. We should take good ________ of the bible(help, care)
2. We should keep the holy bible__________(clean , dirty)
3. C_v_r your bible
4. Carry the bible when going to _______(school, church)
5. Read your bible e_v_r_d_y
UNIT 3: THE HOLY BIBLE
The holy bible as God’s written message (1samuel:1-4, 2timothy3:16-17)
1. The word of God is written in the _________(English aid, holy bible)
2. The holy book of God is called the ________(bible, note book)
3. Through the bible, God ____ to people(whisper, speak)
4. The bible has ______ books(27, 66)
5. The bible is divided in to ________(2, 4, 1)
6. New testament and _________ testament
7. New testament has __________ books and old testament has _________
books
8. The first book in the new testament is ___________ and the last book is
____________
FREE CBC RESOURCES FOR ALL GRADES & PRE-SCHOOL LEVELS
____
9. The first book in the old testament is ______________ and the last book is
__________
10. (Mathew, Malachi, Genesis, Revelation)
11. The bible was written by ______(men, God)
UNIT4: JESUS CHRIST AS GOD’S GREATEST GIFT TO US
(JOHN3:16,MATHEW1:18-24)
1. ___________ Is the greatest gift to us( food, Jesus)
2. God gave us the gift so that we can be ________ our sins(forgiven, reminded)
3. Jesus was born in _____________(hospital, manger)
4. The __________ told Mary that she would be the mother to the
savor(shepherd, angel)
5. Joseph was the father of _____________(Isaac, Jesus)
6. Giving to others(2corinthians9:7)
7. _________ and ____________ are some of the gifts we receive
8. __________ gave Jesus to us as a gift(God, angels)
9. When we are giving gifts we should be ___________(sad, cheerful)
10. Jesus came to __________ us from sins(save, hate)
11. _________ and ____________ are bad gifts(sweets, beer, cigarettes)
12. We should not receive gifts from __________(strangers, neighbors)
13. We get gifts because we are ____________(obedient, disobedient)
Visit of the wise men to baby Jesus (mathew2:1-12)
1. When a baby is born everybody is _________(happy, sad)
2. When a baby is born people bring _______(gifts, books)
3. Jesus was born in ______(Bethlehem, Egypt)
4. When Jesus was born He was visited by _______________ wise men(2, 3, 4)
5. The wise men came from the far _______________(east, north, south)
6. The wise men were led by the __________(sun, star)
7. The wise men visited king ______(David, Herod)
8. The wise men brought Jesus gifts of
FREE CBC RESOURCES FOR ALL GRADES & PRE-SCHOOL LEVELS
____
9. G_ _ d
10. Fra_ _ki_cense
11. My__h
12. __________ and _______ were the parents of Jesus
Importance of Christians (luke1:26-38, 2:1-20)
1. Christians celebrate ________ all over the world(Jamhuri day, Christmas)
2. The birth day of Jesus is celebrated in the month of ________(November,
December)
3. During Christmas, Christians celebrate the _________ of jesus(birth, death)
4. On25 December people go to ______ worship(hotel, church)
5. When Jesus was born __ sang songs of praises(joseph and Mary, angels)
6. On the day of Christmas people ______(rejoice, cry)
7. God gave Hannah a baby boy called________
8. Hannah and _______ took the baby to the temple when he was a boy (Penina,
Elikana)
9. Samuel used to help the priest ___in the church(Paul, Eli)
10. Hannah __________ God for a baby boy(abused, thanked)
Thanking God for His gift (Ephesians 5:20, corinthians9:15)
1. _____________ made the world(God, man)
2. God made the world in ____________ days
3. Plants were made by ___________
4. Plant were made on the ________ day
5. Draw and name three things God created
6. God made the sun to give light during the ___________(day, night)
7. Moon and stars give light during the ____________(day, night)
UNIT 6: PRAYER
We talk to God through __________
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Through prayers we
Thank God
We repent our sins
Ask for our needs
Ask God to protect us
The Lord’s Prayer
“Our father in heaven”
1. Our father lives in ________(hell, heaven)
2. The name of God is ______________(big, holly)
3. We tell God to _________ our sins(forgive, take)
4. God can only forgive when we ________________ other people(fight,
forgive)
5. When we wrong God we should ___________(hide, repent)
6. __________ taught his disciples how to pray
7. The Lord’s prayer is written in the ___________(bible, dictionary)
UNIT 7: OBEDIENCE
Meaning of obedience (samuel16:22, psalms 128:1)
1. __________ is doing what we are to do(obedience, disobedience)
2. David was the son of ________(Samuel, Jesse)
3. King ____ sent for David(Solomon, Saul)
4. David____________ and came to live with the king(obeyed, disobeyed)
5. The young David was good at ________(singing, reading)
6. __________ was the best friend of David(Daniel, Jonathan)
7. God want us to be __________(rude, obedient)
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Jesus Christ obeyed (john 4:34, luke2:51-52)
1. _______ and __________ were the parents of Jesus
2. Jesus ___________ his parents(obeyed, disobeyed)
3. The father of Jesus worked as a ________(carpenter, shopkeeper)
4. Jesus went to the _________ with his parents(temple, school)
5. Jesus and his parents went into the temple in ____________(Nazareth,
Jerusalem)
6. God sent His son to __________ his people(save, punish)
7. Name four things a carpenter makes
8. _______________
_______________
_______________
______________
Honoring parents (exodus20:13, ephesians6:1-3, colossians3:20)
1. We should ________ our parent(abuse, obey)
2. _________ people show respect(abusing, greeting)
3. Saying _________ shows respect (thank you, sorry) when we wrong others
Rules at home and in school (roman13:1)
1. Things that we must do at home and in school are called_________(rules,
charts)
2. List four things you do in the morning before you go to school
3. ______________
______________
______________
______________
at school we must obey our ____________(parents, teachers)
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4. In school, teachers teaches us how to
5. Do the correct classwork
6. Come to school early
7. Be tidy and clean
8. Avoid fighting
9. Help each other
10. Jesus Christ was _________(obedient, disobedient)
11. God is _______ when we obey(happy, angry)
UNIT8: WORK
Activities of Jesus Christ (John5:17, mathew13:53-58)
1. Reading and writing is one way of ________(resting, working)
2. __________ worked when He made the earth(man, God)
3. When Jesus was on earth He performed__________(magic, miracles)
4. Jesus______ the sick(hated, healed)
5. Jesus ________ the hungry(fed, healed)
6. Jesus taught his disciples how to __________(pray, read)
7. We should ____ like jesus(sleep, work)the bible says lazy people should not
________(eat, sleep)
Duties of a child at home and at school (exodus2:16-19, genesis37:12-14)
1. __________ was the father of Joseph(Isaac, Jacob)
2. Joseph had __________ brothers(10, 11)
3. Joseph’s brothers helped their father to look after ______(sheep and goats,
people)
4. Moses helped_____ daughter of Jethro(one, seven)
5. Moses gave ________ to the animals(water, grass)
6. It is good to help our _________ at school
Being a faithful servant (mathew25:14-30)
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1. The master had _________ servants(2,3, 1)
2. The first servant was given ________ coins and took back __________
3. The second servant was given __________ coins and took back __________
4. The third servant was given __________ coins and took back __________
5. The third servant was _______________(lazy, hardworking)
6. The master was __________ with the first and the second servant (happy,
angry)
7. God was _________ with the third servant(happy, unhappy)
8. God does not like ___________ people(good, lazy)
9. When we work hard _________ blesses us (God, Angels)
UNIT NINE
Jesus Christ the son of God
The early life of Jesus at home (Luke 2: 511)
1. The parents of Jesus were ____________________ and __________________
2. Jesus and his parents lived in_____________________
3. The father of jesus worked as a_______________________
4. A carpenter makes _______ ___________ _________ and _________
5. Jesus was ________________ to his parents
6. Jesus healed the mother-in-law of _______________
Nazareth, obedient, carpenter, Mary, beds, chairs, Simon peter, joseph, stools, table
Jesus in the temple (Luke 2: 41-49)
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____
1. The parents of Jesus went to __________________ emery year to pray and
worship
2. Jesus was taken to the temple at the age of ____________ years
3. The _____________ is the house of God
4. Jesus looked for jesus for_______________ days
5. Jesus home was in_________________
Temple, twelve, Jerusalem, Nazareth, three
Baptism of Jesus (Mathew 3: 13-17)
1. Jesus was baptized in river __________________
2. Jesus was baptized by __________________ the Baptist
3. The spirit of God came in form of__________________
4. When we are baptized we get a new ______________
5. People can be baptized when they are ____________ or young
6. When people are baptized their sins are_________________
Name, John, old, forgiven, Jordan , dove
The first followers of Jesus (john 1:35-42, Mathew 4:18-22, Luke 5:1-18)
1. The followers of Jesus were called___________________
2. Jesus called his first disciples from the lake of ___________
3. _____________ and ______________ were the first disciples of jesus
4. ____________ and ______________ were sons of Zebedee
5. The four men worked as___________________
6. Jesus told these men that he would make them ______________ of men
7. Andrew, Peter, John and James fished in lake ______________
John and James, disciples, Peter and Andrew, fishermen, galilee, fishers
Choosing the twelve (mark 3:13, Mathew 9:9-13, john 1:43-50, Luke 22:39-46)
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Jesus had ________ disciples
James, Mark, Peter, John, Cain, Mathew, Philip, Paul, Solomon, Thomas, Judas,
Isaac, Moses, Andrew, Thaddeus, Batholomew
Choose and list down the twelve disciples of jesus
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The disciples helped jesus to spread good news
Jesus visits Simonpeter’s home
Luke 4:38-40
1. Jesus had a friend called Simon_________
2. __________ healed Simon peter mother in law
3. Jesus healed the ________________
4. When we are sick we go to the ____________
5. Simon peter’s mother in law was suffering from _________
6. A _________________ treats sick people
Fever, Peter, Sick, Doctor, Hospital, Jesus
Jesus Christ plead
Mark 1:35-39, luke22:39-46
1. ________________ is talking to God
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2. Jesus prayed ______________ times
3. ___________ taught the disciples how to pray
4. You should ____________ before eating
5. We ask God to _________________ our sins
6. Jesus prayed to God on mount ___________
7. In prayers Jesus asked God to _______________ him
8. Jesus prayed to overcome _________________
9. God sent _________________ to encourage jesus
Pray, Satan, Jesus, Forgive, an Angel, Prayer, Many
Jesus Christ forgives
Mark 2:1-12, Mathew 6:12
1. When we _____________ other people, jesus forgives us
2. Jesus healed the _____________ man
3. Jesus healed the man and forgave him his _____________
4. The man was brought to jesus by his _____________
5. _____________ of law complained when jesus forgave the sick
6. The sick man was suffering from _____________
Friends, Sick, Forgives, Teachers, Paralysis, Sins
UNIT TEN
ACEPTANCE AND TRUST
Visit to our homes
Hebrew 13: 1-2
1. People who come to our homes are called____________
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2. We should _____________ people who come to visit us
3. Mother and Mary were the sisters of _____________
4. Lazarus and his sisters lived in _____________
Lazarus, Bethany, visitors, welcome
Differences and similarities in family members
1st Corinthians 12:4-26, Philippians 2:1-5, Mathew 7:12
1. Jack and Joseph are similar because they are both_____________
2. (boys, girls)
3. Josephine and Damaris are _____________(boys, girls)
4. _____________ has given us different gifts (man, God)
5. Draw the members of the family
ACCEPTING MEMBERS OF MY FAMILY
Philippians 4:13
1. Father and mother are my _____________(teachers, family)
2. _____________ is a male parent (father, mother)
3. _____________ is a female parent (mother, brother)
4. My sisters and my brothers are my _____________(children, siblings)
5. Accepting one another make God _____________(sad, happy)
6. We should care for one another_____________(true, false)
Being trusted by others
1. To be honest is to always tell the _____________
2. When we are _____________people will like us
3. _____________is happy when we are honest
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4. When I find a pen in class I should give it to the _____________
5. When we are honest we do not _____________
Honest, Truth, Teacher, God, Steal
Trusting God and others
2nd cor 1:9b, psalms 40:3-5, 118:8-9, deut 10:20
1. God is our father in _____________ (heaven, hell)
2. God keeps his _____________ to us
3. When we keep our promise others_____________
4. When we _____________ we trust in God
5. _____________ want us to trust one another
6. The bible says happy are those who trust in God
Promise, God, Satan, Pray, Trust
UNIT 11
CONCERN AND SHARING
Sharing
 When we share with those who do not have, we are _____________
 There is more joy in _____________ than receiving
 Name the pictures (spotlight book 1 page 65)
Blessed, Taking, Giving
The little boy who shared his food (john 6:8-13)
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1. Jesus fed _____________ people with _____________ fish and _____________
loaves of bread
2. A _____________ had the food that Jesus prayed for
3. Before they started eating Jesus _____________ for the food
4. We should _____________ what we have with others
5. After everybody ate enough, _____________ baskets remained
6. Write down three things we share with others
7. ——————–
8. ——————–
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Five, two, boy, prayed, share, twelve
The story of Tabithaacts 9:36-42)
1. Tabitha lived in a town called _____________
2. Another name of Tabitha is _____________
3. Tabitha means_____________
4. A person who needs your help is _____________
5. Tabitha made _____________ for the poor
6. Tabitha was a very_____________ woman
7. _____________ prayed for Tabitha and started living
Lion, deer, dorcas, needy, clothes, kind, Paul, peter
Jesus Christ concern for others (Luke8:40-42, 49-56)
1. _____________ had a sick girl
2. Jairus daughter was _____________ years old
3. Jesus told the father that the girl was only_____________
4. Jairus daughter was brought back to life by_____________
5. Jesus raised the _____________ back to life
Sick, dead, peter, Jesus, crying, sleeping, Stephen, Jairus, 10, 12, 11
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____
UNIT 12
FRIENDS
Names of my friends
1. Jesus tells us to _____________ our friends
2. _____________ loves little children
3. Jesus is our best _____________
4. A good friend is always ready to _____________
5. List down five names of your friends
6. ——————–
7. ——————–
8. ——————-
9. ——————–
10. ——————–
Love, Jesus, friend, help
Friends at home (Luke 11:5-8, job 6:14)
1. Joseph had_____________ brothers
2. Friends play _____________
3. Joseph was sold by his _____________
4. Joseph was sold in _____________
5. Joseph worked as a _____________ in Egypt
6. Joseph _____________ his brothers
7. The brothers went to Egypt to buy _____________draw and Colour members of your
family
Together, Brothers, Sisters, Nazareth, Egypt, Clothes, Food, Bit, Forgave, Slave, 6, 10, 12
GOD AS OUR FATHER
James 2:23b, john15:13-15, 1st john 5:1-5, psalms 25:14
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____
1. God is our father in _____________
2. People who are _____________ to others are friends to God
3. When we obey our parents God is _____________
4. The man who was sick at the pool of Bethzatha in Jerusalem was sick for
_____________ years
5. The sick man was healed by _____________
6. _____________ was a great friend of God
Heaven, Kind, Happy, Six, 38, Paul, Peter, Jesus, Abraham
UNIT 13
JESUS CHRIST THE SON OF GOD (LUKE22:14-20)
Meaning of Easter
1. We celebrate for the death of Jesus during ____________
2. Jesus died for our ________________
3. During Easter we go to ___________
4. Jesus rose from death on ____________
5. Jesus died on the ____________
6. Before Jesus died he shared a meal with his _____________
7. The wine was a sign of ___________
8. The bread was a sign of ______________
Easter, sins, church, third, cross disciples, blood, and body
Jesus Christ the friend of children (Mathew 19:13-15, john15:14)
1. ___________ is a friend of children
2. When parents brought children to Jesus his __________chased them away
3. Jesus blessed the children by placing _________on them
4. “Let the children come to me”, who said these words?
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____
5. Jesus ________all children
Jesus, Satan, disciples, hands, loves
The death and resurrection of Jesus Christ (mark15:33-47, 16:1-8)
1. Jesus died at a place called _____________
2. Jesus died on the ____________
3. Jesus was nailed between __________ thieves
4. Jesus died on a ____________
5. Jesus rose from dead on ___________
6. ___________was to put spices on Jesus’ body
7. Jesus was buried in a __________
8. _____________ of Arimathea buried the body of Jesus
9. __________ told the women that Jesus had risen
10. Jesus is __________ today
Alive, dead, women, men, joseph, an angel, disciples, Friday, mom day, Sunday, two,
Calvary
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CRE FORM ONE NOTES, REVISION QUESTIONS & ANSWERS IN PDF

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FORM ONE NOTES

INTRODUCTION TO CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

THE IMPORTANCE OF LEARNING CRE

Definition of Christian Religious Education (CRE)

Christian Religious Education is the study of God’s revelation to human beings through scriptures, the persons of Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit.

Why do schools study CRE?

There are many reasons why schools study CRE. Some of the reasons are to:

a) Enable you to develop a personal relationship with God.
a) Help you to acquire basic principles of Christian living.
b) Help you to develop a sense of self-respect and respect for others.
c) Help you to develop positive attitudes and values, which help you to cope with challenges of life.
d) Contribute to the moral and spiritual development of students.
e) Help you to contribute positively to the transformation of an individual and the society as whole.
f) Help you to identify answers to situations of life, including death and Eternal life.
g) Help learners to identify answers to life’s questions.
h) Promotes international consciousness.
i) Help you to understand yourself.
j) Promote cultural integration.
k) Enable you to acquire a better understanding of God.
l) Unite people.
m) Guide you in choosing a career
n) Help you to appreciate African religious heritage and other religions.
o) Promote living values such as honesty concern for others, kindness, love and unity.

THE BIBLE

The Bible is the sacred book containing God’s revelation to people. It is the inspired word of God. It is the book through which God communicates with His people.

The Bible as the word of God

The Bible is the word of God because:

a) The written scripture contain God’s word.
b) Through the Bible God communicates his will to humans.
c) It contains word written by inspired authors such as the prophets who were sent by God.
d) God himself took part in the writing of the Bible. E.g. God is believed to have written the Ten Commandments
e) It contains the history of salvation realized through Jesus Christ.
f) The Word gives revelation to mysteries.
g) The Bible contains a message of hope and reconciliation.
h) It reveals that God controlled what was being written and what He inte-nded the writers to pass to the people.

The Bible as a library

The Bible is referred to as a library since it is a collection of inspired scri-ptures or books. The Bible contains 66 books. The Bible is divided into the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament contains 39 books while the New Testament contains 27 books. However, the Ro-man Catholic Church accepts 7 additional books referred to as Apocrypha or Deutero or canonical books. The word Apocrypha means hidden or secret. They are Esdras (1, 2), Tobit, Judith, Ecclesiaticus, Baarch and

Maccabees.

Why the Bible is a library

Several studies show that:

a) The Bible contains (66) book just like a library has many books. The Bible is a collection of books arranged in series.
b) The Bible is a reference book for Christians. The authors of the Bible had a special spiritual guidance; hence each book was written for a pur-pose.
c) The books were written at different times in history.
d) The Bible has literary works.
e) The Books written contain different topics.
f) The Bible has different books written by different authors.
g) The books of the Bible were written under different situations and cir-cumstances.

THE BIBLE: MAJOR DIVISIONS AND ITS BOOKS

Major divisions of the Bible

The bible is divided into two major divisions. These are the Old Testame-nt with (39 Books) and the New Testament with (27 Books). The word Testament means covenant or agreement with God.

The Old Testament books are divided into:

Books of the law or the Pentateuch or Torah.
Historical books.
Poetic Books
Prophetic books.

Law books or the Pentateuch or Torah

The books of law are (i) Genesis (ii) Exodus (iii) Leviticus (iv) Numbers (v) Deuteronomy.

Moses wrote these books. They contain the law of God as it was given to the people of Israel through Moses. They also contain the history of the Israelites from creation to the time they entered the Promised Land. The author Moses is regarded as a lawgiver, teacher and prophet.

Historical books

There are the 12 consecutive books from (i) Joshua (ii) Judges (iii) Ruth (iv) 1, 2 Samuel (v) 1, 2 Kings (vi)1, 2 Chronicles (vii) Ezra (viii) Nehemiah (ix) Esther. These 12 books record the history of the Israelites.

They also contain information about the life and achievements of some prophets, for example, the life history of Elisha and Elijah.

Exercise 1 – Go through the 12 books and check page by page the names of other prophets.

Poetic Books

The books are poetic in nature. The poetic books contain wise sayings, songs, and prayers. The poetic books are (1) Psalms which was written by David (ii) Proverbs (iii) Ecclesiastes (iv) Song of Solomon written by Solomon and (v) Job.

Prophetic books

These are divided into major and minor prophets. A prophet is a messe-nger of God, or God’s spokesperson. A prophet is a mouthpiece of God. Prophets pass information and messages from God to the people. They are messengers from God. Their messages from God concern the future.

Five Major Prophetic Books

The major prophetic books are by (i) Isaiah (ii) Jeremiah (iii) Lamentations (iv) Ezekiel and (v) Daniel. The books are named after the prophets who prophesied and probably wrote them. Jeremiah wrote lamentations. These prophets are called Major Prophets because they cover a longer period of time. Their prophe-cies are long, and they prophesied over a long period of time.
Minor Prophets. There are 12 books of (1) Hosea (2 Joel (3) Amos (4) Obadiah (5) Jonah (6) Micah (7) Nahum (8) Habakkuk (9) Zephaniah (10) Haggai (11) Zechariah and (12) Malachi. These books are by Minor Prophets who are said to have prophesied over a shorter period of time if you compare them with the Major Prophets.

New Testament books are:

Biographical books or Gospels.
Historical books (Acts of the Apostles).
The Epistles.
Apocalyptic or Prophetic book
a) Biographical book or Gospels

Gospel means Good News. The disciples of Jesus wrote the biographical books. They contain information about the birth, life, ministry, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The biographical books are four. (i) Mathew – Written by Mathew (ii) Mark – Written by Mark (iii) Luke – Written by Luke, the doctor and (iv) John – written by John (the beloved disciple of Jesus Christ)

b) Historical books

There is one historical book, which is the Acts of the Apostles. Luke, the writer of the St. Luke’s Gospel, wrote it. The book of Acts tells us the history of the early church.

c) The Epistles

There are two Epistles: Pauline Epistles and General Epistles. Pauline Epistles are letters written by Paul. They are 13 letters that Paul wrote to (1) Romans (2,3) 1, 2 Corinthians (4) Galatians (5) Ephesians (6) Philip-pines (7) Colossians (8, 9) 1, 2 Thessalonians (10, 11) 1, 2 Timothy (12) Titus and (13) Philemon.

General Epistles are letters written to the church by other people. The letters are 8 in number. They (1) Hebrews (2) James (3,4) 1, 2 Peter (5,6,7) 1, 2, 3, John and (8) Jude

d) Apocalyptic or Prophetic book

This is the book of Revelation. It is the last book in the New Testament. It is different from other books. This is because it is prophetic of things to come. It is about the future. It was written by John the beloved disciple of Jesus Christ.

MAJOR BIBLE TRANSLATIONS FROM THE ORIGINAL LAN-GUAGES TO LOCAL LANGUAGES

These books of the Bible are accepted as the Canon of the Bible. The term Canon means Standard or guidance or rule. Translation means expression of books by words and pictures, poems and songs from one language to another. The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew, the langua-ge of the Israelites. Then between 250 – 100 BC, it was translated to the Greek language. The Greek translation of the Bible was known as Septua-gint. This term refers to 70 translators. The Jews in dispersion or Diaspora used this translation. These were the Jews living outside Palestine.

Between 386 – 420 A.D. Jerome, a great Christian Scholar, translated the entire bible from Greek into Latin, the language of the Romans. This tran-slation was called Vulgate. Christians used the Latin translation of the Bible up to the 16th century. During the reformation in the 16th Century, Christians were encouraged to use their own native languages in worship. From that time, the Bible was translated into English and German. As Christianity spread to different parts of the world, there was the need for

translations of the Holy Bible into various languages. In 1804, the British formed the Foreign Bible Society, which translated the Bible into many languages.

Johann Ludwig Krapf translated the New Testament into Kiswahili. This was the first Bible translation in East Africa. Since that time, the Bible Society of Kenya has translated the Bible into other languages such

as Kikuyu in 1951, Kikamba in 1956, Kimeru in 1964, Kalenjin in 1968, and Luhya in 1974. By 1980 the Bible had been translated into 29 Kenyan languages. To date (2010) the Bible has been translated into 42 languages of Kenya.

Translation and versions used in Kenya today

Besides bible translation into several languages, there are many English translation versions, which are commonly used in Kenya. These are (i) King James Version (ii) Jerusalem Bible (iii) New International

version (iv) English Bible (v) The Authorized Version (vi) Good News (vii) Revised Standard Version (viii) New King James Version (ix) Amplified Bible (x) The living Bible (xi) The African Bible (xii) Common Bible (xiii) Today’s English Bible (xiv) American version among others.

Writing of the Bible

By 2010, the Bible Society of Kenya had translated the Bible into 42 Kenyan languages. The need to read the Bible led to writing of Bible reading materials to teach literacy in local languages. Those who wrote

the Bible used different styles, and figures of speech to make their message vivid and clear. Several literary forms were used in the writing of the Bible.

These are:

Poetry in Psalms

Activity

a) Read Psalms and notice the poetry used by David when he wrote psalms
b) Read Job. Notice the rhythm of the words
c) Turn to your English textbook – the Integrated English. Read topic 4 on sound and pattern in poetry.
d) Read any Psalm and any verse from Job. What do you notice?

Other literary forms that are used in the Bible are:

i) Prose in Leviticus, which is a Legislative text
ii) Wise sayings in Proverbs

iii) Prophetic speeches by Jeremiah

iv) Prayers by Nehemiah
v) Love Songs, for example, the Songs of Solomon
vi) Letters. Here see Pauline Epistles (Romans)

vii) Gospels, for example, Mark’s Gospel

viii) Religious events, for example, Exodus

ix) Narratives, for example, Genesis
x) Philosophical essays, for example, the book of Job. Here note the use of metaphors and similes in philosophical essays.

The effects of Bible translations on African languages

Bible translations:

i) Increased and deepened African faith in God.
ii) Led to increased literacy. After Africans acquired literacy skills, they read the Bible and improved their literacy skills. Christian missionaries established schools in order to teach literacy that helped African to read the Bible.
ii) Made it easy for missionaries to spread the gospel to the African communities.

iii) Increased the demand for the Bible. This led to writing of Books and setting up of printing presses in African countries.

iv) Made it easy for the expansion of the church i.e. more people became Christians.
v) Led to the emergence of independent churches and schools.
vi) The missionaries and colonialists learnt the African languages.

vii) The African converts realized that the missionaries were unfair to them. There was for example a different treatment of African by White missionaries. This was inequality of races, which was and is even now against Christian teachings.

viii) Helped Africans to re-discover their cultural identity. For example the use of African instruments, dressings, and practice of polygamy, which David and other kings in the Old Testament did.

ix) Led to the writings and spread of African languages. The missionaries learnt local languages.
x) Improved communications between missionaries and the local people because they could understand each other.
xi) Increased printing of reading materials

The effects of Bible translations on Africans communities

After the first Bible translations, there were immediate effects or influences on some communities. For example, some community leaders did not agree with the Christian teachings. Some wanted to retain aspects of their African religion. As a result, some communities who disagreed with Bible translations established their own Christian denominations in order to preach the Bible, as they understood it. This was the emergence of independent churches. Some African communities built independent schools where their children could learn how to read and write without being forced to practice all the Christian teachings.

Review questions

1) What is the importance of reading the Bible?

2) How is the Bible used in society today?

3) How does the Kenya Government use the Bible today?

4) Name the major divisions of the Bible in both the New Testament and the Old Testament

5) What are the effects of Bible translation on African languages?

6) Why is the Bible referred to as (a) a Library and (b) the Word of God

7) What is the meaning of the term inspiration?

Study activities

Read the Bible quotations given above.
Carry out role plays e.g. the sacrifice of Isaac by Abraham.
Visit old people in your community and ask them about African religious traditional practices.

CREATION AND THE FALL OF MAN (GENESIS 1-3, 6-9, 11)

INTRODUCTION

In this topic, you shall learn about creation and the fall of man. This information is in Genesis.

BIBLICAL ACCOUNTS OF CREATION AND THEIR MEANINGS

The book of Genesis begins with two creation stories. The first creation story is in Genesis chapter one. The second creation story is in Genesis chapter two.

The two creation stories

The first creation story is in Genesis chapter one. The second creation story is in Genesis chapter two. This story is like a song or poem. It’s written, “Let there be…” and “God saw that it was good … to separate,” and “there was evening and morning on …” Each creation is taken as a day. The creation took place in the following order. It is orderly:

1st day – God created day and night (Light and darkness)

2nd day – The Heavens (sky)

3rd day – The Earth, Water / Sea, Vegetation (Plants, trees, grass)

4th day – Sun, Moon and Stars

5thday – Birds, Sea Creatures

6th day – Animals, Livestock, Man was the last creation (human beings)

7th day – God rested and blessed the 7th day and made it holy.

In this creation story, we see God creating things in an orderly manner, day after day until the 6th day. It was last in the first account.

God created man from dust and breathed into his nostrils before anything else is mentioned. God then put man in the Garden of Eden, which He had made for him so that man could till and keep it. The garden was planted eastward in Eden. Out of the ground, God made every tree to grow. In the middle of the garden, there was the tree of knowledge of good and evil. Man was given the responsibility of tilling and conserving the garden. Man was commanded to eat of every tree in the garden except the tree of

knowledge of good and evil. A river flowed from the garden and then it separated into four tributaries. God saw that man should not be alone hence He made him a helper/mate; a woman from one of the man’s ribs. Man was also given the responsibility of naming all the animals in the garden. There is mention of God resting after work

Differences between the two creation stories

FIRST ACCOUNT

SECOND ACCOUNT

Mentions what was created on which day. Each creation takes a day.

-This story is like a song or a poem. It’s written, “Let there be…” and “God saw that it was good … to separate”, and “there was evening and morning…”

-It is orderly.

-Mentions what was created on which day.

-Rivers and garden are not me-ntioned.

-Man and woman were created together.

-No mention of the knowledge.

-Marriage is for procreation.

-Sun, moon, stars, sky are mentioned

-God rested on the seventh day hence the Sabbath day

-doesn’t mention the daily activities of GOD

-The story is in prose. For example “… and God said … and it was evening…”

-Not orderly was last in the first account

-Doesn’t’ mention what was created on which day

-Mentions rivers, and garden for tilling

-Woman was created from ribs of man

-Mention of the knowledge

-Marriage is for companionship

-Sun, moon, stars, sky are not mentioned

-Mention of resting after work but Sabbath day is not mentioned

Similarities between the two accounts of creation

In both creation accounts:

a) Men and women are created by God and are given special references. Man and woman are special to God.
b) God rested after creation.
c) God provided the source of food.
d) God is portrayed as the sole creator of the universe and everything in it.
e) Man is given the responsibility of controlling animals, birds and plants that God created

Activity

Find out the differences between the two creation stories and write them down. Now compare them with my answer.

ATTRIBUTES OF GOD FROM THE BIBLICAL CREATION ACCOUNTS

The creation stories tell us that God is:

(i) The sole creator and the only source of life

(ii) Immortal and Eternal

(iii) He is self existent

(iv) God of order

(v) Source of goodness and true happiness

(vi) Holy, merciful and just

(vii) Provider and sustainer of the universe and all that is in it

(viii) All knowing (Omniscient)

(ix) All powerful (Omnipotent)

(x) Everywhere (Omnipresent)

(xi) A personal God.

(xii) He has a mind and a will

(xiii) Moral God. He is interested in the behaviour of man and woman. He commands her/him to do the right things.

TRADITIONAL AFRICAN UNDERSTANDING OF CREATION

Traditional African view of creation is brought out through traditional stories of creation (Myths). The Agikuyu, Akamba, Gusii and other Kenyan communities have stories explaining their origin. These stories

give each community a sense of belonging, and identity. The stories explain the mysteries of life. These stories have common characteristics or teachings.

Thus all African communities believe that God: –

(i) Is the chief architect of the world

(ii) Existed from the very beginning of time.

(iii) Created everything out of nothing.

(iv) Provides for the needs of human beings.

(v) Was disobeyed by human beings who had lived in eternal bliss. This bliss came to an end when human beings disobeyed God.

(vi) The African communities had different names to describe God. God was not known as God but as the Creator of everything that existed on earth and skies. He was Mumbi and “Mungai” to Gikuyu. He was master of the universe. The Kamba called Him …Ngai wa Matu. They believed that God continues to create through human beings.

Examples of African creation stories

The Kamba believed that God created man and woman then tossed them to the earth.
The Bukusu say that God the creator (Were Khakaba) created the world alone.
First God created heaven then created two assistants, Mukhaba and Murumwa. Were the God made the sun, moon, stars, a big red cock which crows whenever it thunders, the rains, the rainbow, mountains, rivers, lakes, streams and all the other things on earth.
Created a woman for the man.
Created plants, animals, birds and other creatures.
Creation work took six days. On the seventh day Were rested.

Activity

Ask your parents about your community creation story.

THE TEACHINGS FROM THE BIBLICAL CREATION ACCOUNTS

God is responsible for all creation. He is the sole creator. God’s creation was good. Everything He created God said it was good. It was without flaws and mistakes. God is the provider. God created everything that man needs. He also created food for all animals and other creatures. God is orderly.
Man has a special place in God’s creation. Man was made as the keeper of God creation. Man is a co-creator and keeper of God’s creation since he was made in the image and likeness of God. Man was comma-nded to work.

III. A woman was made from the man’s flesh. She joins man in marriage and they become one flesh. God ordains marriage. Human beings were created to socialize.

Sin is a result of man and woman disobedience of God.

Responsibilities given to human beings by God in the Genesis stories of creation

After creating man and then woman, God asked man to:

Reproduce and multiply.
Rule over the rest of His creations.
Be in charge of the fish, birds, and all the animals.
Cultivate the garden and guard it.
Eat from the fruits of the garden except from the tree of knowledge of good and evil.
Name the animals.
Subdue the earth
Transform the creation that God has provided human beings with
Use creation – forests, rivers, mountains with responsibility and respect.
Be a steward of God’s creation
Engineer God’s creation by creating things from the creation
Dominate the earth

Group work

Work in twos or threes and answer these questions.

How does man fulfill the command to subdue and fill the earth?
How is man a co – creator with God?

BIBLICAL TEACHING: THE FALL OF MAN, ORIGIN OF SIN AND THE CONSEQUENCES

Introduction

Man and woman fell from the Garden of Eden. This experience is expla-ined in genesis chapter 3 verse 4; chapter 6 verse 9 and chapter 11. In these verses, the Bible is teaching about sin, which made Adam and

Eve fall.

Sin is defined as iniquity, and guilt. It is to miss a mark, to transgress. Sin is a rebellion or an offence against God. Sin originated with the disobedience of Adam and Eve. They had been commanded not to eat of the fruits of the tree of knowledge of good and evil – the tree in the middle of the Garden of Eden. But Adam and Eve ate the fruit after being deceived by the serpent.

Man had the power to resist temptation but instead he yielded. Genesis Chapter 3 verse 6 states that man wanted to be wise and thought how wonderful it would be to become wise…” hence sin arises from the lack of knowledge of God, from the denial of trust of God.

The consequences of sin

After sinning, we the human race and sinners:

1) Replaced friendship with God with fear of God.

2) Lost innocence. What had been innocent and good became shameful. Adam and Eve became ashamed of their nakedness, something they had never felt before they sinned against God.

3) Lost good relationship with God. The good relationship between God and man was betrayed. Human beings – were alienated from God. “The Lord God sent him out of the Garden of Eden…”

4) Damaged the perfect relationship between man and woman. The Lord said to the woman “You will have desire for your husband, yet you will be subject to him”.

5) Pain became part of human experience. “I will greatly multiply your pain in child bearing”.

6) Man began toiling and struggling to meet his needs… “You will have to work hard and sweat to make the soil produce anything”

7) The home of man, and the earth itself was placed under a curse. “Cursed is the ground because of you.”

Enmity between man and wild animals emerged.

9) Man began to die. Death sentence is passed upon all men. “You will return to the ground… you are dust”

10) Man began to hate. Man developed murderous feelings in his heart, for example Cain killed Abel, his younger brother.

11) Man changed and became prone to sin.

12) Life span of man was reduced (see Gen. 6:3) “I will not allow people to live forever, they will live no longer than 120 years”

13) Man’s language was confused by God after the flood (read Gen.11: 7)

14) Sin led to embarrassment, mistrust, suffering, pain, pride, arrogance and death.

Summary

Disobedience of God by Adam and Eve brought serious sin consequences to human beings. Sin brings sadness and suffering to man even today.

Activity

In groups of two or three, discuss the origin and consequences of sin.

CONCEPT OF EVIL

Introduction

In this lesson, we shall discuss the concept of evil as told by the traditi-onal African religion and the biblical writings. We shall study similarities and differences of evil from the two religions.

What is evil?

In the traditional African society, evil was an offence against God, spirits and ancestors. It was also viewed as an offence against another person or community. Evil was also a misfortune that can befall an individual or a community.

What are the causes of evil?

Many of the traditional African societies do not associate God with evil. God is not the creator of evil. Some communities believe that evil is an external power that exists on its own. Thus in the traditional African society, evil was understood or explained as something mysterious that was caused by several people and things. These were:

a) Evil spirits
b) Ancestral spirits – due to disobedience to them
c) Some animals like the chameleon are sources of evil. The Akamba believed that chameleons brought evil. Other communities believed that if an owl cries near one’s homestead, it is a sign of evil.
d) People with mystical powers for example magic, sorcery, and witchcraft are evils
e) If a member of a community breaks a taboo by disobedience, this action may bring evil spirits.
f) The spirits of the dead; cause evil; if they are not remembered or respected. Evil spirits cause harm and violence.

Consequences of evil in traditional African society

These were many and ranged from (a) Barrenness (b) Drought (c) Epidemics (d) Madness (e) Sickness (f) Death (g) Drowning (h) Burning in a house (i) War (j) Physically and mentally handicapped children (l) Rebellious children

GOD’S PLAN OF SALVATION

After the fall of man, God took steps to heal the damaged situation and relationship between Him and Adam and Eve.

GOD:

Provided clothing of skin to Adam and Eve.
Looked for Adam and Eve since they were hiding from His presence.
Provided Adam and Eve with the knowledge to find different foods.
Declared enmity between man and the snake.
Hinted at the ultimate victory of man when He said that the seed of the woman would crush the snake or serpent’s head. The serpent would attack the heel of man and woman.

All through the Old Testament, and the New Testament, we see God’s plan of salvation being manifested. For instance, GOD chose and separated Abraham from other communities. The children of

Israel led by Moses (were delivered) from Egypt,. God sent prophets to teach and warn the Israelites of the dangers of sin. Finally God sent his only son Jesus Christ to die on the cross to save human kind.

SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AFRICAN VIEW OF EVIL AND BIBLICAL CONCEPT OF SIN

Similarities

Both the Biblical and traditional African view or agree that

1) God is supreme. God is neither the creator nor author of evil

2) Sin comes from the disobedience of God by human beings

3) Evil and misfortune are God’s curse to man (Biblical) while the traditional African society sees evil as curses by ancestors, and elders. Both curses lead to misfortunes.

4) The result of sin and evil is human sufferings

5) Sin and evil lead to man being separated from God

6) God is the guardian of law and order

7) Human beings have the ability to overcome evil

Differences

1) Biblical account emphasizes personal nature of sin while in the African concept; sin is more social and communal

2) Biblical account attributes evil to disobedience while African concept attributes evil not only to disobediences but other external forces.

3) Biblical accounts offer a message of hope to overcome evil while African concept doesn’t offer a solution to sin and evil.

4) Traditional African concept all forms of suffering as a result of sin while in the Bible suffering is not always a result of sin.

Review questions

1) Explain the differences between the two creation stories

2) State the traditional African view of creation

3) Explain how human beings continue with the work of creation

4) What is the origin of sin and evil according to traditional African society?

5) Give three consequences of sin as stated in Genesis

6) State the consequences of evil according to African traditional societies

7) Trace God’s plan of salvation of human kind

Compare biblical and traditional African understanding of evil and sin.

9) What does the command “Subdue the earth” in Genesis 1 verse 28 mean?

FAITH AND GOD PROMISES TO ABRAHAM

BACKGROUND TO THE CALL OF ABRAHAM (Genesis 11:24-32, 12)

Introduction

The background to the call of Abraham is found in the first book of the bible. This is Genesis which is a Greek word meaning “Beginning”. The relationship between Adam and God was good but after Adam disobeyed GOD, their relationship changed because of sin by Eve and Adam. After sometime, God repaired this relationship by calling Abraham and offering salvation.

Background

-Abraham lived with his father Terah at a place called Ur. Abraham’s father lived among people who worshiped many gods. One of the god’s whom people of Ur worshipped was the moon. This worship of many gods is referred to as polytheism.

-The family of Terah moved from Ur to Haran. While at Haran, God called Abraham at 75 years old. He was told to…. “Leave your country, your relatives and your father’s home and go to a land that I am going to show you”. Abraham obeyed God’s call. He left Haran for a land that was unknown to him. He took his property his wife Sarah and his nephew lot. At the time of the call of Abraham, he was known as Abram and his wife Sarai. God changed their names to Abraham and Sarah. Abraham means Father of many nations while Sarah means mother of nations.

-On arrival in Canaan, he travelled and came to a place called Schechem. God appeared to him once more. Abraham built an altar for the lord at this place. Altars are places of worship. They were regarded as holy and were manifestations of God’s presence. An altar was made of stones.

-After sometime, he separated with his nephew Lot due to their servants having strife over water for their livestock. Abraham left Canaan due to feminine. He went to Egypt.

Activity

Where did Lot settle?
Read GENESIS, chapter 11 (24 – 32) and chapter 12 (1 – 9)

FAITH AND GOD’S PROMISES TO ABRAHAM (HEBREWS 11: 1 – 6)

THE MEANING OF FAITH

-Faith is a strong belief, a complete trust or confidence in someone or something. It is also a firm belief, which is not based on any scientific or logical proof. Faith in God is an attitude of complete trust in God.

It is not based on concrete or tangible objects. Faith is manifested in the ways of life of a believer.

-Abraham is an example of someone who had faith in God. He showed his faith in action in several ways.

HOW ABRAHAM DEMONSTRATED HIS FAITH IN GOD
Although Abraham was old, he left Haran to go to a strange unknown land of Canaan.
After he settled in Canaan, Abraham was assured by God of his protection and was given other promises such as he will get a son, and Abraham believed God. Sarah gave birth to a son when she was

90 years old and Abraham was around 120 years old. This was as the lord had promised Abraham.

The son was named Isaac that means “laughter” – because Sarah had laughed when she was told that she would have a child in her old age. The child Isaac was circumcised when he was eight (8) days old.
Abraham was told by God to circumcise all males in his household including himself. He obeyed.
When Abraham was asked to sacrifice his son Isaac to God, he was ready to do so.
Abraham believed that God would fulfill all the promises he had given to him
Abraham demonstrated his faith by building altars
GOD’S PROMISES TO ABRAHAM (GENESIS 12:2-3, 15:1-21, 21, 17:1-8, 17:15-18)

A promise is giving an assurance of something to someone. The promises God gave to Abraham were that:

God told him he would give him a land. His descendants would be given the land of Canaan to dwell in
His name would be made famous
His descendants will be many. Abraham would be made a great nation.
God would protect him
He was promised a son of their own
God would bless him
God would bless those who bless him and curse those who curse him
Abraham was promised that he would die in peace and in an old age
His descendants would be strangers in a foreign land but afterwards would come out with great possessions.
THE RELEVANCE OF THE PROMISES MADE BY GOD TO ABRAHAM TO CHRISTIANS TODAY (Gen. 12: 2 – 3, 15: 1 – 21, 21:1 – 7, 17: 15 – 18)

God called Abraham from idol worship in the same way God continues to call people to serve him.

1) Through Abraham, God had a plan to restore the relationship between man and God

2) Christians receive the promises of blessings from God through Abraham (Gods promises to Abraham fulfilled through Christians)

3) As Abraham left his own people, Christians should leave their sinful lives and put their whole trust in God.

4) Abraham is seen as the descendant not only of the Israelites but also of Christians

5) Christians have faith that God fulfils promises to them as he did to Abraham

6) Christians are assured of God’s protection

7) Through God’s dealing with Abraham, God shows that he values a personal relationship with human kind.

Through Jesus Christ Christians enter into an everlasting covenant with God. Just like Abraham entered into a covenant with God.

9) The promise to Abraham of Canaan Promised Land is to Christians the hope for new land – heaven

10) God continues to make promises to those who believe him

11) Abraham is the ancestor (Father) of all believers)

DEFINE THE TERM COVENANT
Definition.

A covenant is a solemn agreement between two persons or two groups of people. An agreement is between two separated parties. It’s a pact, a treaty. When it is a covenant, it conveys a union or partnership.

Characteristics / components of a covenant

There are components or features that must be in a covenant. A covenant must have a ceremony, sign, witnesses, promises/vows/oaths, obligations / consequences, and participants. A covenant establishes a sacrificial bond between the parties involved. There are obligations or rules by which the parties must abide by, adhere to and observe in order to keep the covenant. A covenant is an agreement and if it is broken, there are consequences for breaking it. In the Bible, there are many covenants.

iii. Examples of covenants in the Bible

Adamic covenant – Agreement between God and Adam
Noahlic Covenant – God’s covenant with Noah where God promised to preserve life of man and not to destroy it with water. The sign of the covenant is the rainbow. In Gen 9 verse 3, GOD told Noah, “Everything that lives and moves will be food for you…Just as I gave you the green plants, I now give you everything. Verse 4 says, “But you must not eat meat that has its lifeblood still in it”
Abrahamic covenant – Gods covenant with Abraham. He promised to fulfill promises He gave to Abraham. These promises were: (1) Increase numbers of descendant of Abraham. He will be father of many nations, (2) Be GOD of his descendants (3) Abraham will have a son an heir, (4) Given land of Canaan and other lands from the river of Egypt to River Euphrates, and all for heirs of Abraham (Gen. 15: 17 – 18) (5) Circum-cision of all males at 8 days after birth even none Israelites living in their land (6) Covenant with Isaac
Mosaic Covenant – is a covenant between the Israelites and GOD. Moses led Israel to Mt. Sinai. God promised to be their God. Israelites were given the law written by GOD in “tablets of stone, with law and commands I have written for…. instruction”. (Read exodus 23).
Davidic Covenant – covenant between David and God – God promised him that his dynasty would rule forever.
Messianic Covenant – new covenant between Christians and God through Jesus Christ.
God’s covenant with Abraham and its importance (Genesis 15:1-19)

The covenant was established after God appeared to Abraham in a vision. During the visitation of God, Abraham was 100 years old and Sarah 90 years. He was promised a son. Abraham wanted assurance from God. God told him to bring him the following items for sacrifice.

Items for sacrifice

Three (3) years olds: heifer, goat, ram and a dove and a pigeon.

Abraham then cut these animals into two halves and placed them opposite each other.

The birds were not split.

After it was dark, smoking fire and a flaming torch suddenly appeared and passed between the pieces of animals.

Towards evening, Abraham fell into a deep sleep. While he slept the Lord appeared to him and told him that:

His descendants will be strangers in a foreign land and be slaves for 400 years. But they will come out of this land with a lot of wealth and God will punish the nation that will enslave Israelites.

He, Abraham will live up to a ripe age, and die in peace. Then the Lord made a covenant with Abraham and promised to give him and his descendants the land of Canaan. God himself passed through the sacrifi-ces and bound himself to keep the promises.

f) IMPORTANCE OF THE COVENANT BETWEEN GOD AND ABRAHAM (GEN. 15: 1- 19)

God bound himself in a personal relationship with a human being

As God passed through the meat, he showed Abraham he would always protect him. This passed on to the descendants of Abraham

This covenant between God and Abraham begins a lasting relationship between God and all the nations of the earth.

Throughout this covenant God was initiating his plan of salvation for human kind

The promises made to Abraham were fulfilled in New Testament blood of the lamb – death of Jesus Christ

It emphasized the importance of faith followed by obedience that Abraham shared.

g) COVENANTS IN MODERN LIFE AND THEIR IMPORTANCE

Modern covenants are (a) Marriage (b) Baptism (c) Oath of loyalty and (d) Ordination of clergy

Marriage ceremony: In marriage, the bride, bridegroom and their fami-lies come together. When the two families come together a relationship is developed. They make an agreement and both sides are seriously involved in the ceremony, whether the marriage is civil or religious. During the marriage ceremony the couple makes vows/promises to each other, before a priest/ pastor and the congregation. Two officials witness these agree-ments. Rings are exchanged as a sign of a lasting relationship. A certifi-cate is given in some cases as a testimony (sign) of this agreement. There is eating and drinking.

Baptism: In a Christian baptism, a covenant is entered into between the believer and God. The believer makes vows before God. The priest and the whole congregation witness this agreement. In some churches, a card is issued to the person who has been baptized as a sign of Christian mem-bership. The baptized can now take the Holy Communion, which is a Christian Ceremony. But when an infant is baptized, parents take the vows on behalf of the child.

Loyalty /oath: Leaders in public service for example the president, ministers, Members of Parliament, and chief officers are sworn in before they take over their new responsibilities. They swear (take an oath) and promise to carry out their duties firmly and without fear or favour.

Ordination of the clergy: Church leaders, nuns and priests take oaths and make vows to God and to the congregation in a ceremony attended by worshippers.

The importance of modern day covenants

They bind different groups
They act as a security
They strengthen relationships
They unite people together
They create loyalty
They create peace, harmony and bring a sense of permanence

h) THE TESTING OF ABRAHAM’S FAITH (GEN. 22: 1 – 18)

God tested Abraham’s faith by asking him to go and sacrifice his only son Isaac. This was the son he loved so much. He was to travel to Mount Moniah. On reaching Mt. Moriah, he built an altar, and arranged wood on it. He tied up his son Isaac and placed him on the altar on top of the wood. He lifted a knife to kill him. “But the Angel of the Lord called out to him from heaven. Abraham! Abraham! Do not lay a hand on the boy…Do not do anything to him. Now I know you that you fear God, because you have not withheld from me your son, your only son” (v 11-12). Abraham had obedient reverence for God became he did not keep back his only son from God. God provided a ram for sacrifice. He named the mountain “the Lord provided” God was pleased with Abraham and promised him blessings, many descendants’ victory, and protection.

Activity

Read Genesis 12:1 – 9, 15:1 – 6, 17:23 – 24, 21:1 – 7, 22:1-19

IMPORTANCE OF FAITH IN CHRISTIAN LIFE TODAY

A Christian today is acceptable to God through his faith in God through Jesus Christ. Without faith it is impossible to please God.
A Christian can only serve God if he has faith in him. Faith enables a Christian to serve God
Faith enables a Christian to accomplish what appears to be impossible
Through faith, Christians are able to trust God to fulfill his promises to them
Faith is the foundation of the Christians salvation
Faith in God gives a Christian the power to overcome all temptations.
Christians should expect to have their faith tested just like Abraham was.
Faith enables Christians to patiently wait on God’s promises
Christians through faith in God help the poor, make right decisions and are able to understand and know God better.

JEWISH AND AFRICAN PRACTICES OF CIRCUMCISION

IMPORTANCE OF CIRCUMCISION TO ABRAHAM AND HIS DESCENDANTS (GEN. 17: 1 – 16)

The rite of circumcision was started by Abraham and has been practiced by the Jews up to the present times.

In the Old Testament, it was important because:

(i) Through circumcision: God assured Abraham that he would fulfill His promises to him.

(ii) Circumcision was a sign that Abraham and his descendants had entered into a covenant with God. It was an outward sign of inner faith.

(iii) Circumcision was a mark of identity for the Jews

(iv) It was a sign of obedience to God

(v) It was an acceptance of God as the only true God and their willingness to remain faithful to him

In the New Testament

(vi) Circumcision doesn’t qualify one to be a child of God. One is accepted as a Christian without circumcision as long as they have faith in God.

(vii) A true descendant of Abraham is the Christian who truly believes in God and lives according to His will regardless of colour, race or creed.

CIRCUMCISION IN AFRICAN COMMUNITIES

Circumcision is one of the rites of passage among the African people. It marks the transition from one stage to another. Many ethnic communities in Kenya still practice the rite of circumcision. During circumcision ceremonies, prayers are offered to God for the well being of the initiates (those who are being circumcised) and the prosperity of the whole community. Initiates learn secrets of their community and society. They are taught myths, origin, religious beliefs, and sex education. In some

communities, initiates are given new names or ornaments to signify their new status.

JEWISH AND AFRICAN PRACTICES OF CIRCUMCISION

Similarities

In both Jewish and African communities, circumcision: (a) is a mark of identity (b) provided a sense of belonging (c) was observed as a religious experience (d) was compulsory (e) was a tradition passed from one generation to another (f) is a time for shedding blood (g) was a time for offering prayers to God for the well being of the initiates (h) was a time for giving gifts (i) was a ceremony for initiation (j) was a time for giving the initiates names (k) took place in sacred places.

Differences

In Jewish community,

Circumcision was a rite for boys while in African society it was for both boys and girls. But it was for boys in a few communities.
Boys were circumcised when aged 8 days while in the African society; it was between 15 to 25 years old.

iii. Circumcision was for boy’s organ while in African societies several forms of initiation were done, for example, removal of teeth, and body piercing among others.

Circumcision was a command from God while for the African communities it was in obedience to customary law where ancestors were invoked to protect the initiates.

Among the African societies

Circumcision was a rite of passage from childhood to adulthood while for the Jews it was not.
The initiates were given specialized education while the Jews were not.

vii. The initiates were grouped into age groups, and were secluded from the community while among the Jews it was not so.

viii. The rite of circumcision according to seasons while the Jews once a child is born, they are circumcised on the 8th day.

After circumcision, the initiates were allowed to marry, enter a warrior group, own property but for the Jews the initiate was still a child.

Revision questions

1.Explain why Abraham is referred to as the father of faith

Give five actions from the life of Abraham that shows his faith to God
List some of the promises God gave to Abraham
Compare and contrast the Jewish and traditional African practice of circumcision
What is the importance of faith to Christians?
State the elements of a covenant
Give examples of covenants in the bible and the modern society
Discuss the circumstances that led God to enter into a covenant relationship with Abraham.

SINAI COVENANT

THE CALL OF MOSES

One day, Moses was looking after or tending the flock of Jethro his father-in-law. Jethro was a priest of Midian. When Moses came to mount Horeb, the mountain of God, the angel of the Lord appeared to him in flames of fire from within a bush. Moses saw that although the bush was on fire, it was not burning.

Moses went over to the burning bush to look. God called him out within the bush… “Moses! Moses!” He replied, “Here I am”. God then told Moses not to come closer and to take off his sandals for the place where he was standing was a holy ground.

God introduced himself as the God of his father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob. God then said he had seen the misery and sufferings of the Israelites in Egypt. He had heard their cry. God had come down to rescue Israelites from the hand of Egyptians. God was to take them to their home, the land of the Canaanites, a land flowing with milk and honey.

God told Moses that He was sending him to go to Pharaoh and bring out the Israelites, the people of God, from Egypt. Moses resisted the call. He asked God “Who am I, that is should go to Pharaoh and bring the Israe-lites out of Egypt?” God promised to be with him. God said to Moses… Say to the Israelites… the Lord. The God of their fathers, God of Abraham, God of Isaac and God of Jacob has sent me to you.

Moses was told to assemble the elders of Israel and inform them that God was going to deliver them from Egypt. Moses was then to go to the king of Egypt with the elders. He was to tell the king “the Lord, the God of the Hebrews has met with us. (EXODUS 3:1 – 22)

God’s sign to Moses

Moses was given several signs by God In case the people of Israel did not believe in him.

a) First sign was his staff turning into a snake when he threw it down. When he touched the snake’s tail it turned into his staff
b) Second sign was God asked Moses to put his hand inside his cloak and it was as white as a snow – leprous. He was asked to put it back into his cloak and it was restored.
c) Moses further complained that he was a stammerer. God then appoi-nted Aaron, his brother, as his spokesman.

Reasons Moses gave against the call

He felt unworthy of the call.
He wondered who he was to tell the Israelites that God had sent him
Moses said that he was a stammerer so he let God choose a spokesperson.

Moses however heeded to the call and went back to Egypt together with his family. God promised to be with him and perform signs before Phara-oh.

What does the name Moses mean?

It means drawn out of water.

What did Moses learn about God from his Calling?

Moses learnt that:

God is caring, merciful and concerned about the welfare of his people – Israelites.
God is transcendent – he is beyond human understanding. He cannot be limited to time and space.
God chooses whomever he wills to carry out his plans. He chose Abraham an old man, a moon worshipper and now Moses, a murderer, a fugitive and a stammerer.
God expects total obedience and faith from those that He chooses
God is powerful, eternal and omnipresent
God is holy.
God is a God of history, which means He is concerned with His people’s welfare.
God is mysterious – He manifested Himself in the burning bush that was not being consumed.

How did God prepare Moses to be the future leader of Israelites?

His life was spared when he was rescued by Pharaoh’s daughter
He was nursed by his own mother who taught him about Yahweh and his own true identity
Life in the wilderness hardened him to be bold and to persevere hardships
He learnt to be patient, keen, and responsible as a shepherd
He acquired leadership skills while living at pharaoh’s palace
He learnt literacy and numeracy skills (Educational skills) at the palace.
He was not a stranger to Pharaoh hence he could approach him freely.

THE TEN PLAGUES EXODUS 7:14-11:10

During the call of Moses at Mount Sinai, God gave Moses a rod with which he could perform mighty signs before the Israelites and before Pharaoh. Aaron was to be his spokesman. Moses and Aaron gathered the Israelite elders and leaders to tell them what God had said to them. After Moses had performed the miracles that God had showed him; the Israelite leaders believed him.

They then approached Pharaoh so that he may release the Israelites. However instead of releasing the Israelites, Pharaoh became crueler. He gave Israelites harder work.

When Pharaoh refused to release Israelites, God instructed Moses to bring ten plagues upon Egypt.

These plagues brought; great trouble and suffering to Israelites.

Ten plagues

1) The plague of blood (Exodus 7: 14 – 25)

Moses and Aaron used the rod. They struck the waters of the river as God instructed them. All the water in the rivers, canals, and pools in Egypt turned into blood. All the fish died and there was no water to drink. This situation lasted for seven days. However Pharaoh’s heart was hardened. He did not release the Israelites.

2) The plague of frogs (Exodus 8:1 – 15)

God then sent Moses to tell Pharaoh that if he refused to release the Israelites the whole land would be covered with frogs. At the command of Moses, Aaron held out the rod of Moses and frogs covered the whole land. On seeing this, Pharaoh pleaded with Moses and Aaron to pray to the Lord to get rid of the frogs and he would release them. They prayed and all the frogs died. Pharaoh, however, changed his mind and refused to release the Israelites.

3) Plague of gnats (Exodus 8:16 – 19)

The lord instructed Moses to tell Aaron to strike the ground and Aaron did so and all the dust in Egypt turned into gnats or small flies that bites. The magicians of Egypt could perform the first two plagues.

They could not bring the plague of gnats. Egyptians acknowledged that the presence of gnats or small flies that bites was God’s work. But even with this information, Pharaoh still refused to release the Israelites.

4) Plague of flies (Exodus 8:20 – 32)

The Lord warned Pharaoh through Moses once more. He was told that God would send swarms of flies to the Egyptian houses. The Israelites houses would be spared. Even after bringing the plague of flies, Pharaoh’s heart hardened even more

5) Death of cattle (Exodus 8:1 – 7)

A plague of disease befell the Egyptian cattle. Not a single Israelites’ animal died. Pharaoh was not moved; and he refused to let Jews go home.

6) Plague of boils (Exodus 9:8 – 12)

Moses threw ashes into the air as God had instructed. This produced boils, which became open sores on the skin of the Egyptians. Unmoved by the suffering of his people, Pharaoh still refused to let the Israelites leave.

7) Plague of hail (Exodus 9:13 – 35)

Moses raised his rod and there was a hailstorm with lighting and thunder. The people, animals and plants that were struck by the lightning died. Pharaoh then promised to let the Israelites go but as soon as Moses prayed for the hailstorm to stop, pharaoh hardened his heart and refused to let the Israelites leave.

8) Plague of Locusts (Exodus 19:1 – 20)

Locusts covered the whole land and ate all the crops in the fields. The locusts ate all that had not been destroyed by the hailstorm. When Moses prayed to God, for locusts to leave; Pharaoh hardened his heart and refu-sed to let the Israelites leave.

9) Plague of darkness (Exodus 10: 21 – 29)

God then instructed Moses to stretch out his hand to heaven. There was total darkness in Egypt for three days. But there was light where the Israe-lites they were living. Pharaoh remained unmoved and would not release the Israelites out of Egypt.

10) Death of Egyptian first-born males (Exodus 11: 1 – 31).

After the plague of darkness, God sent Moses once more to Pharaoh. He was told that this time even his family would be affected. The Lord would kill all the first-born Egyptian sons and first-born male animals at mid-night. This plague occurred during the night of Passover. Pharaoh was moved and allowed Israelites to leave Egypt.

What do the plagues tell us about God’s attributes?

GOD:

Empowers His people to perform miracles and to do His work
Is Almighty and more powerful than the Egyptian gods.
Is determined to fulfil His plans.
Is a God of justice. He protects the oppressed.
Gives everyone a chance to repent. Notice that each time Pharaoh promised to release the Israelites; God relieved the Egyptians from the plagues.
Fulfils His promises – He had promised Abraham to deliver his descen-dants from foreign lands.
Expects total obedience and faith.
Communicates His will through natural events.
Is caring and loving.

PASSOVER (EXODUS 12:1-30, 19, 20, 34)

The tenth plague is called the Passover. It happened on the fourteenth day of the month. The Israelites were to offer one-year-old lamb per family. If a family was too small, they were to share the lamb with their neighbours. If a lamb was not available, a one-year-old goat could also be used. They were told to:

Slaughter the lamb/goat; smear some of the blood on the sides and tops of the door- frames of their houses.
Roast the meat and eat it with bitter herbs and unleavened bread (bread without yeast). If there were any leftovers they were to burn them with fire.
Eat in a hurry while fully dressed and having packed their belongings. They were told to borrow silver, clothings, jewellery, and gold from the Egyptians.
That on the same night, the ‘angel of death’ would kill every first born both males and animals in the houses without blood.
The angel of death would pass over the houses with blood sparing them. The blood was a sign to indicate this is a house of Israelites. When the Lord sees the blood, He will pass over that house (V.13)
The Israelites were told to celebrate / commemorate from generation to generation the Passover as a festival to the Lord.
The Israelites were not allowed to come out of their houses on the night of Passover.
At midnight, the Lord struck down all firstborn in Egypt from Phara-oh’s household to the firstborn of the prisoners and firstborn of livestock.
There was loud wailing over Egypt. Every house had someone dead.

Significance of items used during the Passover

1) Roasted Meat – this is the easiest method of preparing food since the Israelites were to leave in a short time.

2) Bitter herbs – was a reminder of the suffering and hardships and slavery experienced in Egypt.

3) Eating while standing. Deliverance was near, hence the need to leave in a hurry.

4) Eating while fully dressed with their stuff at hand. This signified a quick deliverance; hence Israelites should be ready to leave Egypt at once.

5) Eating unleavened bread – the bread was to be eaten and none left over hence there was no need to add yeast for preservation.

6) Collecting Jewellery – God had promised Abraham that after slavery for four hundred and thirty years, his descendants shall be freed with great possessions.

7) Remaining indoors – for security from death. Anyone outside was killed.

Blood on doorposts – a sign for deliverance. The angel of death would pass over doors with blood.

THE EXODUS

Introduction

Exodus means movement of a large number of people.

Crossing the Red Sea

During the night of the Passover, Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron and told them to leave, to go and worship their Lord. All the Israelites, their flocks and herds were urged to leave in a hurry. Pharaoh took his chariot army and followed the Israelites and found them camped by the Red Sea.

God led the Israelites over the desert towards the Red Sea. Moses took the body (bones) of Joseph, as Joseph had requested the Israelites to do. “When God rescues you, you must carry my body with you from this place” (Ex 13 vs. 19)

During the day the Lord went in front of them in a pillar of cloud (angel of God) to show them the way, and during the night the lord went in front in a pillar of fire to give them light, so that they could travel night and day. This pillar of cloud led the Israelites by day and night.

The Egyptian army followed Israelites and caught up with them by the Red Sea where they had camped.

Moses asked the scared Israelites to move near the sea.

God told Moses to lift up his stick, and hold it over the sea. The waters of the Red Sea divided and the Israelites crossed the sea on dry ground with walls of water on both sides. The angel of God, and the pillar of cloud (who had been in front of the army of Israel) moved behind the Israelites and provided light to them as they cross.

The Egyptians army pursued Israelites. The pillar of cloud made it dark for Egyptians who could not see where they were going. Just before daylight, the Lord looked at the Egyptians from the pillar of cloud and fire and God threw the army of the Egyptians into confusion. Moses was asked by the Lord to stretch out his hand. He did so and waters returned to its normal level drowning Egyptian army and their horses.

God protected the Israelites during the Exodus by:

1) Making them cross the red sea on dry ground.

2) Providing water in the wilderness.

3) Providing manna and quails.

4) Defeating Amalekites – their enemies.

5) Protecting them from snakes and diseases in the wilderness.

Provision of water in the wilderness

Israelites travelled in the desert for three days without water. The water, which they found at Marah was bitter and could not be drunk. They called the place ‘Marah’ meaning ‘bitter’. This made them complain. Moses prayed to the Lord.

The Lord showed Moses a piece of wood. Moses threw it into the water and it became fit to drink. God continued providing Israelites with water.

Again the Israelites lacked water and complained bitterly (Ex.17:1 – 9). God instructed Moses to strike a rock and water came out of it. Moses called that place ‘Massah’ – which means ‘testing ‘and ‘Meribah’ – meaning ‘rebellion’. This was because the Israelites quarreled and tested God.

Provision of manna and quails (EX 16:1 – 35)

As the Israelites were travelling through the desert, they ran out of food. They were hungry and complained to Moses. Their complaints displeased the Lord for they often told Moses they wished he had let them die in Egypt instead of dying in the wilderness. This showed that the Israelites did not trust God to provide for them.

In the morning, they were given Manna, which is a Hebrew word for the type of bread given to Israelites by God. The bread looked like wafers or flakes and tasted like coriander seed.

In the evening, GOD provided Israelites with quail’s meat. The provision of manna and quails (meat) lasted for 40 years.

On the 6th day of each week, God gave them food for two days one for the 6th day and the other for the 7th day (Sabbath).

DEFEAT OF THE AMALEKITES (Exodus 17: 8 – 16)

Challenges faced by the Israelites during the Exodus

During the Exodus, the Israelites faced the challenge of the Amalekites. These were desert Nomads who attacked the Israelites in the wilderness. When the Amalekite army came against Israelites, Moses ordered Joshua to gather men and fight.

God promised to destroy the Amalekites forever. During the battle, Moses held up his rod. And each time he raised his hands with the rod, the Amalekites were defeated. When he brought his hands down, the Israe-lites were defeated. Because of this, Aaron and Hur supported Moses’ hands until the Amalekites were defeated.

In the wilderness God protected the Israelites form snakebites. He also used a cloud to protect the Israelites from the scorching heat during the day. At night, the pillar of fire provided warmth to protect them from the harsh cold of the wilderness.

The importance of the exodus in the history of the Israelites

The exodus showed Israelites that:

1) God loves and tolerates His people.

2) God did not abandon the Israelites despite their lack of faith.

3) God gave the Israelites encouragement through his servant Moses.

4) It was the end of the oppression of Israelites in Egypt.

5) Moses was God’s chosen leader.

MAKING THE SINAI COVENANT (EXODUS 19: 24 1 –

The Sinai covenant

God and Israelites. God had specific instructions on how the Israelites were to prepare to make the new covenant. Before making the covenant, God brought Israelites to the foot of Mt. Sinai and asked Moses to ask them if they were willing to make the covenant with HIM. GOD asked them to enter into a personal relationship as a community with HIM. The Israelites agreed to make a covenant. They agreed to obey all God’s com-mands. God then promised to make them;

i His people

A kingdom of priests

iii. A holy nation

God and Moses. God wanted to confirm that Moses was His true pro-phet. He therefore told Moses that He would come in a thick cloud to meet Israelites. In preparation for God’s coming on Mt. Sinai the

Israelites were to:

Make themselves holy by washing their clothes (garments)
Mark the boundaries on the foot of the mountain to prevent any person or animal from climbing the mountain.

III. To abstain from sexual relations

At Mt Sinai, God manifested His presence in the form of thunder, lightening, earthquake and a thick cloud of smoke that covered the whole mountain. In addition, there was a loud trumpet blast that made the people tremble. Moses climbed the mountain. God gave Moses the Ten Comma-ndments after sealing the covenant.

Sealing of the covenant. The Lord told Moses “Come up the mountain to me, you and Aaron, Nadab, Abibu and 70 of Israel leaders. At a distance bow down in worship, and come alone to me.”

A ceremony was then prepared to seal the covenant. This is how it was sealed:

Moses built an altar at the foot of the mountain.
He set up twelve stones, which represented the twelve tribes of Israel.
He then sent young men to burn sacrifices to the Lord and sacrificed some cattle as fellowship offering and peace offerings to God (EX 24 vs. 5).
Moses took half the blood of animals and poured it in bowls; and the other half he threw against the altar (vs. 6). He then took the book of the covenant, and read it aloud to the Israelites who responded by saying “all that the Lord has spoken we will do; and we shall be obedient”
Moses then took the blood in the bowls and sprinkled it over the people; saying “This is the blood that seals the covenant which the Lord made with you when he gave all these commands.”

Theophany. God’s presence manifested itself in several ways such as:

The burning bush (during the call of Moses)

Pillar of fire and a pillar of cloud – Exodus story

The mighty wind, earthquake, still small voice – story of Elijah

Thunder, lighting, smoking mountain – Exodus of Israelites from the wilderness

These were physical manifestations of God’s presence.

BREAKING THE SINAI COVENANT (Exodus 32:1 – 35; 34:6 –8)

Israelites dishonored their pledge to obey God upon sealing the covenant; Moses went back to talk to God in the mountain. He left Aaron in charge of Israelites’ affairs. He stayed in the mountain for forty days. The lord revealed His glory to Moses at Mt. Sinai and declared His character. ”The Lord the compassionate and glorious God, slow to anger and forgiving wickedness, rebellion and sin (Ex 34:6 –

The Israelites urged Aaron to make them gods that they could see. Aaron agreed. He melted the rings of gold and moulded a bull calf god. Israelites were happy and said “this is our god who took us out of Egypt”. They offered burnt offerings and peace offerings to it and indulged themselves in eating, drinking and sex. By accepting a bull calf as their god, the Israelites expected bull calf of gold to give them the same strength and fertility like the Egyptian gods. Through this act, they broke their cove-nant with God.

When Moses came down from the mountain, he found Israelites worship-ing the gold bull calf. He got annoyed. He threw down the stone tablets he was holding; on which the 10 commandments were written. Moses then took the golden calf, and burnt it into powder and mixed it with water. He then made those worshipping the calf to drink the mixture. Moses ordered those who had sinned to be killed.

RENEWAL OF THE COVENANT (Exodus 34:1 – 14)

The renewal of the covenant came after Moses pleaded with God not to destroy the Israelites after they broke the covenant. God spared the Israe-lites. God agreed to renew the covenant with the Israelites. He gave them several conditions for its renewal.

Conditions for the renewal of the covenant

The Israelites were:

a) To obey God’s commandments
b) Not to make any treaty with those who lived in the land where they were going.
c) To break down their altar, smash their sacred stones and cut down their Asherah (Idols). Not to worship any other god and not to make idols for worship.
d) To keep the feast of unleavened bread (Passover).
e) Not to marry people from other tribes.
f) To rest on the Sabbath day.
g) To sacrifice and offer their best produce and animals to God.

God in turn promised to:

a) Bless them. Protect and preserve the Israelites.
b) Make them prosper so much that the surrounding nations would enquire about their source of wealth and success.

With these conditions, the covenant between God and the Israelites was renewed. From the making and renewal of the covenant, it is clear that:

(i) God expected the Israelites to obey and have faith in Him

(ii) God wanted a personal relationship with Israelites.

(iii) God is the only one to be worshipped.

(iv) God is powerful.

WORSHIPING GOD IN THE WILDERNESS

God’s purpose in delivering the Israelites from Egypt was to worship and offer sacrifices to Him in the wilderness. He also intended to fulfil his promises to Abraham.
Features of worshipping God in the wilderness.

(i) The Israelites: Worshipped God through intermediaries. These were the priests who came from the tribe of Levi.

(ii) The Israelites: Were guided in their worship and in daily living by the Ten Commandments and other ordinances

(iii) The Ark of the Covenant was made in the wilderness. It was God’s dwelling place. It was a special box put into the tabernacle. A tabernacle was a portable tent. The ark symbolized the presence of God and the Isra-elites carried it wherever they went.

(iv) Offerings of farm products or agricultural produce were given to God. These included among other farm products; vegetables, flour, oil and fruits.

(v) Other offerings to God were drinks, and incense. The offerings could be burnt, baked, boiled or roasted.

(vi) There were several Sacrifices. They included:

Burnt offerings (Holocaust) – burning a whole animal completely

Sin offering /atonement – sacrifice offered when one had sinned and wanted to have his sins forgiven.

Peace offering – part of an animal was offered, while the people ate part of the meat.

Gift offering – the best animal was given to God. It was offered as a thanksgiving

Animals such as sheep, goats, bulls and birds were sacrificed to God.

(vii) Festivals and feasts. Israelites observed several festivals and feasts. These included:

Feast of Passover and unleavened bread

Harvest festival – feast of weeks or Pentecost. It marked the celebration of the harvest of wheat.

Feast of gathering / shelters. It was celebrated during the season when the Israelites gathered the fruits from the Orchards.

Feast of tabernacles that was celebrated to remember when the Israelites dwelt in tents.

The Israelites kept the Sabbath day. They worshipped God through singing, worship and dancing.

THE TEN COMMANDMENTS (Exodus. 20: 1 – 17)

The Ten Commandments

While on Mount Sinai, God gave Moses Ten Commandments written on a stone tablet. The first four commandments deal with relationship between man and God. God said:

You shall have no other gods but me.
You shall not make yourself a graven image.
You shall not mention Gods’ name in vain.
Remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy.

The last six commandments give man’s relationship with fellow human beings. God said:

Honor you father and mother that your days may be long on earth.
You shall not kill.
You shall not commit adultery.
You shall not steal.
You shall not bear false witness against your neighbour.
You shall not covet your neighbor’s property.

These are my thoughts. (1) Worshipping God (2) Being faithful to God (3) Resting (4) respecting parental authority (5) love humanity (6) Be faithful to your wife or husband (7) respect other people’s property

(8) Be truthful always (9) be satisfied with what God has given you.

Israelites understand the nature of god

The Israelites had a new and wider revelation about God. Besides GOD being a caring, loving, and a provider, they learnt that:

God is a jealous God. He does not allow the worship of others gods. He alone should be worshipped.
God does not condone evil. He punishes those who cause/engage in it.
God values a personal relationship with his people.
God wants people to live in harmony among them.
God forgives those who repent. He is loving, merciful and compassionate
God is a healer – he healed Israelites in the wilderness when a snake attacked them
God is a God of victory. He defeated the Amalekites, perizzites, and Hittites etc.
God is faithful and can be depended upon.
God is holy, slow to anger, powerful and just.
God demands obedience to His commands.

Revision questions

What are the qualities of Moses as a leader?

b (i). Describe the call of Moses (exodus 3:1-22)

(ii). Why was Moses hesitant to God’s call?

c (i). What is the significance of the items used for the Passover feast (similar to what is the meaning of the Passover meal)

(ii). Compare the Lord’s Supper to the Passover feast

Describe how the Sinai covenant was made
Describe the circumstances that lead to the breaking of the Sinai covenant
How was the broken covenant renewed?
Describe how the Israelites worshipped God in the wilderness
What is the relevance of the Ten Commandments?
What did the Israelites learn about god in the wilderness?

LEADERSHIP IN ISRAEL: DAVID AND SOLOMON

REASONS FOR AND AGAINST KINGSHIP IN ISRAEL

Introduction

Yahweh remained the God of Israel and the sovereign ruler of his people.

Leadership refers to the manner in which a community’s way of life is ruled or controlled. When Israelites settled in Canaan, Judges ruled them for the first 200 years. Some of the judges were (i) Othniel (ii) Ehud (iii) Samson (iv) Deborah (v) Gideon (vi) Shamgar (vii) Samuel (viii). Barak

Duties of judges

Leading Israelites to war against their enemies
Settling disputes among the people
Acting as religious leaders and leading Israelites in worship –
Offering sacrifices on behalf of the people.
Some of the judges acted as God’s prophets
They anointed kings, for example Samuel anointed King David.

Demands for a King in Israel

After Israelites settled in Canaan, the Promised Land, they started demanding for an earthly king to rule over them. These demands for a king rulers were brought about by:

Samuel’s sons Joel and Abijah were corrupt and took bribes. The sons of Samuel, who were judges, lacked his good leadership qualities.
The Israelites wanted a warrior king who could lead them to war against their enemies.

iii. The Israelites wanted to be like the other nations around them who had kings.

The Israelites wanted a human leader whom they could see, approach, and talk to him face to face.
The Israelites wanted security, which could be provided by a stable political government ruled by law and order.
They wanted a government that had a regular army,

vii. They also wanted an established law court system.

Reasons against Kingship in Israel (Samuel 8:10 – 20)

By demanding for a king, the Israelites were seen as rejecting Yahweh – their unseen ruler. Two, there would be danger of hereditary kingship which would lead to oppression / dictatorship. God told Samuel to give Israelites strict warnings against Kingship by explaining how the king would treat them. A king would: –

(a) Recruit Israelites sons forcefully into the army.

(b) Grab peoples land.

(d) Turn people into slaves.

(e) Introduce forced labour.

(f) Force their daughters to work for his wives, sons, and for the royal house in general.

The people of Israel were distinct from other nations. Asking for a king meant rejecting God as their unseen king. Further to this, Israel could become like other nations, which did not worship Yahweh.

Then the covenant with God and the people of Israel would cease.

ACHIEVEMENTS AND FAILURES OF KING SAUL (Israel 13:8 – 14; 15:7 – 25)

Samuel was directed by God to choose and anoint Saul as the king of Israel. Saul was from the tribe of Benjamin. He became the first human king of the nation of Israel. He accomplished several things.

Successes of King Saul

1) He was anointed by God; as king to rule the Israelites

2) He was chosen even though it was not God’s idea for a king over his people.

3) He was a great warrior. He led the Israelites to war and defeated their enemies

Failures of King Saul

1) God told Saul through Samuel to destroy the Amalekites completely. Saul however disobeyed God. He spared the king and the fat livestock. He claimed to have spared the fat animals for sacrifice to God. Because of this disobedience, God rejected Saul as king.

2) The Israelites were faced with many enemies. The worst were the Philistines. It was a custom for the king of Israel to enquire from God whether to go to the battle or not. The priest/prophet gave permission to the king to go to war. When Saul was faced with the dilemma whether to fight or not, Samuel enquired from God. Saul did not wait for permission to go to war from Samuel the priest. He decided to bypass Samuel by offering a sacrifice to God before going to war. This action displeased God because it was not his work to offer sacrifice to God. It was the work of priests.

3) After God rejected Saul as the king of Israel, Samuel was guided by God to go to Bethlehem. He was asked to go to the home of Jesse who had eight (8) sons. In that home, God was to show Samuel the next king of Israel. Samuel would then anoint the chosen son of Jesse. Seven of Jesse’s sons were brought before Samuel one by one. God told Samuel that he had not chosen any of them. When David, a shepherd, was brought before Samuel God said to him ’this is the one – anoint him!” (1 Samuel 16:12).

David was anointed (poured oil on) as the next king of Israel. However he had to wait until Saul died before he could take over kingship.

4) After Samuel anointed David to become the next king of Israel, Saul was jealous and plotted many times to kill him. David was employed to serve Saul. He played the harp, lyre wherever an evil spirit possessed Saul.

5) When Samuel died; the Philistines gathered to fight Israel. Saul was filled with terror. Saul enquired from God whether he should go to war, but did not get an answer. Saul disobeyed God by asking a medium (witch) to consult the dead for him. This act led to the death of Saul together with his son Jonathan in battle.

6) Saul was concerned with what people thought of him than pleasing God. He wanted to please people and not God. He was disobedient with God (1 Samuel 15:24)

Lessons which Christians can learn from King Saul’s failures

1) Value of being patient.

2) Christian should obey God, follow His commands and not be afraid of people.

3) Christian should obey religious leaders placed over them by God.

4) Christian leaders should be humble

5) It is against the teachings of God, against the will of God to consult the spirits of the dead through mediums.

7) Without faith, it is impossible to please God. God desires sincere worship.

9) Political leaders should consult and listen to religious leaders.

10) Christians should not turn against their enemies or rivals. They should not plot to have them destroyed and killed.

IMPORTANCE OF DAVID (1 Samuel 16: 1 – 23, 2 Samuel 6:1 – 15)

David took over kingship of Israel though some people resisted his rule. At first he ruled the house of Judah. Later on the other tribes rallied behind him.

Importance of King David

David became king after the death of Saul. He ruled for over 40 years as king of Judah and Israel.

Achievements of David

1) He was a brilliant military commander

2) He captured the old fortress of Jerusalem from the Jebusites and made it his capital city.

3) He removed the ark of covenant from the house of Abinadab in Shiloh and brought it to Jerusalem.

4) He expressed great faith in God. Through his faith in God, he was able to kill Goliath, the great Philistine warrior.

5) He was a skilled musician and composed marry psalms that were used and are still being used in temple and church worship.

6) David respected the prophets of God and always consulted them whenever he wanted to do anything.

7) He expanded the geographical boundaries of Israel through conquests.

He was a great diplomat and established good political relations with the neighboring kings.

9) He was a shrewd administrator who chose wise elders and counselors to advice him.

10) God promised to establish an everlasting kingdom for David

11) David ruled over Israel, administering law and justice to all people.

12) He took a census of the Israelites and used the information to (a) recruit young men into military service and (2) decide on the policy of taxation.

13) David had remarkable leadership qualities. He was kind. He spared mephibosheth, Saul’s grandson.

14) David was humble. He was ready to accept sins he had committed and repent e.g. he repented after committing adultery with Bathsheba. David as an ancestor of Jesus Christ (2 Samuel 1 – 29, LK 1:26 – 33) David intended to build a splendid temple for God in Jerusalem. He felt it was not fair for the Ark of the Covenant to continue dwelling in a tent while he himself lived in a magnificent palace. To achieve this goal, David consulted Nathan, the prophet on whether to build the temple. The prophet approved the idea. But that night, Nathan received a revelation form God that stated that David was not to build a house (temple) for God. David’s son would build the temple of God (2 Samuel 7:5 – 6). Prophet Nathan gave David God’s message to David. The message was that:

a) His son will build the temple
b) God would give David’s descendants a place to settle
c) God promised to raise up an heir from the house of David to sit on the throne
d) God promised to make David’s name great or famous among all other leaders of the earth.

Reasons why God rejected David’s offer to build him a temple

David had been involved in a lot of wars with the Israelites’ enemies and had thus shed a lot of blood.
God was a God of the people and could not be confined to a house.
It was the will of God to establish the house of David (build David a house) rather than David builds a house for him (God). The human body is the temple of God. God dwells in the hearts of people.
David had grown old. God wanted him to rest.
God had planned that David’s son would build a house for him – a place to house the Ark of the Covenant. King Solomon, David’s son built the temple and fulfilled God’s promises to David. Solomon’s rule was peaceful and prosperous.

The New Testament is a fulfillment of God’s promises to David

1) The gospel writers tell us that Jesus was born in the family of David (Luke 1:26 – 27)

2) The angel of God during the annunciation of the birth of Jesus said that He will be like his ancestor David (Luke 1:32 – 33)

3) Jesus was born in Bethlehem which was also the birthplace of David (Luke 2:4)

4) Bartimaeus the blind man of Jericho hailed Jesus as the son of David

5) During his triumphal entry to Jerusalem, Jesus was hailed by the crowd as the messiah descended from David.

6) In his genealogy, Saint Mathew says that Jesus was a descendant of David (Matt.1: 1)

Failures of King David

Although David had many virtues:

1) He ordered Uriah to be placed at the battle forefront so that he can be killed.

2) Uriah was the husband of Bathsheba. David had committed adultery with her.

3) He took Bathsheba as his wife

LEADERSHIP OF KING DAVID

David showed:

1) Courage and bravery. David was courageous and brave. Modern leaders should be ready to die with and for their subjects.

2) Gratitude – thankful and grateful. David always thanked God for any success or favors he received. Good leaders should be thankful and grateful to God as well as to their fellow human beings.

3) Loyalty. David was loyal to God and to the Israelites. A good leader should be loyal, and never betray his people.

4) Justice. David administered justice to all his subjects without favoring anyone. No tribalism or nepotism. A leader should be fair to all (2 Samuel 8:15).

5) God – fearing, having faith. David was God fearing. He expressed his total trust in God. Modern leaders need to emulate this quality.

6) Humility. A leader should be a humble person. Though David had been appointed as the king, he continued to serve Saul until Saul died. He accepted his failures and asked for forgiveness

7) Kind. David was a kind leader. Leaders should be kind. David spared the life of Saul twice yet Saul wanted to kill him.

8) Wisdom. David was careful when choosing legal advisors to assist him in his rule. He was also wise. He reduced tribal jealousies by choosing Jerusalem; a neutral spot for administrative purposes.

9) Delegation – a shrewd administrator. A good elder should be able to delegate duties. David delegated duties. He involved others in advising, and administering

ACHIEVEMENTS AND FAILURES OF KING SOLOMON (1 KING 3 – 12)

After David died, his son Solomon became the next king. Kingship in Israel was hereditary. Solomon was chosen by David to be his successor. He took over from David at a time of peace and security established by David.

Achievements

1) He made Israel rich by establishing trade with other countries

2) He was a good trader and a successful merchant. He traded in copper, horses, timber, silver and gold. He established international trade with the neighboring countries. For example, he traded with Tyre in cedar and pine logs.

3) He established a well equipped large army for Israel

4) He was a builder. He built a magnificent temple for God in line with God’s promise to David. He also constructed other cities (Megiddo) and a palace for himself.

5) He is remembered for his amazing administrative skills. He had 550 officials in charge of labour force.

6) He was a diplomatic ruler. He established friendly ties with his neigh-bours. This ensured continued peace. For instance he married the daughters of the kings of Egypt, Moab, Eden and Sidon so as to establish strong ties with those nations.

7) He had great wisdom. He judged a difficult case between two women who were claiming ownership of the same child. He composed many wise sayings known as the proverbs of Solomon. He also composed songs like Song of Solomon and Song of Songs and poems in Ecclesiastes.

9) He dedicated the temple of God with great rejoicing.

10) He brought the Ark of the Covenant to the temple of Jerusalem.

Failures of King Solomon

1) He married women from many foreign countries. These actions made Solomon break the Torah as Israelites were not supposed to marry forei-gners. Through these marriages, idol worship started in Israel. This was because he allowed his wives to worship their gods, build temples and altars for them. This led to introduction of idolatry in Israel.

2) Solomon constructed his palace for 13 years. He then built God’s temple for 7 years. This showed that he probably loved himself more than God.

3) He killed his own half brother Adonija on suspicion that he could be a rival to the throne.

4) Solomon lived lavishly, and expensively. He thus burdened the Israelites with high taxes.

5) He used forced labour. This was the same as enslaving the Israelites.

6) He worshipped idols. Solomon’s heart was turned to such other gods as Ashtoreth / ashitarte – goddess of Sidon and Molech – the god of the Ammonites. This was breaking God’s commandments

7) He sold part of Israelite territory to the king of Tyre

He used pagan skills when designing, decorating, and furnishing the temple.

9) He made treaties with other nations in spite of the fact that God had forbidden Israel from making treaties

10) He was extravagant. He used a lot of state wealth to entertain and please his many wives and concubines.

Activity

Many husbands in Kenya practice polygamy. I want you to find out from your neighbours what are the advantages and disadvantages of polygamy. Then write a paper arguing either for polygamy or monogamy.

IMPORTANCE OF THE TEMPLE IN ISRAEL

Definition of a temple

This is a building dedicated to the worship of God. Solomon built the temple as a fulfillment of the promises that God gave to David, that his son would build a house for him.

Importance and uses of a temple

1) It was a centre of worship. Prayers and sacrifices were offered to God from the temple.

2) It symbolized the presence of God among the Israelites.

3) The Ark of the Covenant was kept in the temple as a symbol of God’s presence among his people.

4) The temple acted as a symbol of unity in Israel. Every year all the Israelites had to go to Jerusalem to celebrate such feasts as the Passover, feast of tabernacles’ Day of Atonement. This led to the unity of the Israe-lites.

5) Dedication of children and purification were done in the temple.

6) It was a residence for the priest.

7) It was a business centre where people bought and sold animals needed for sacrifice.

8) The temple acted as a school to the scribes, rabbis and others who studied and interpreted the Mosaic Law.

9) The temple also acted as the judicial court of Israel. Judges worked from the temple

10) It is where religious ceremonies like naming and circumcision of baby boys took place.

11) It was a house of prayer.

Revision questions

Explain the reasons against kingship in Israel 1 Sam 8: 10-20
Explain the importance of David as king of Israel
How did Jesus fulfill the prophecies of Prophet Nathan as a descendant of David? (I.e. areas where Jesus is mentioned as coming from David)
What are the failures of King Solomon?
Which leadership qualities can modern leaders learn from David?

LOYALTY TO GOD – ELIJAH

EFFECTS OF IDOLATRY IN ISRAEL

Introduction

After the death of Solomon, the kingdom of Israel split into two countries. The southern kingdom called Judah ruled by King Rehoboam and the Northern kingdom called Israel led by King Jeroboam. Other kings who ruled these two nations were King Abijah, King Asa of Judah, and king Nadab, Baasha, Elah, Zimri, Omri, and Ahab of Israel. During the time of Elijah King Ahab ruled – Israel.

Factors that led to spread of idolatry in Israel

When Israelites intermarried with other communities, they worshipped their gods. The Bible makes it clear that:

There was a lot of influence by Canaanite religion
There was division /schism of Israel into 2 kingdoms

iii. Ahab’s married the Phoenician princess

Israelites did not destroy all gods after settling in Canaan.

Influence of the local Canaanite religion

Idolatry is the worship of idols. An idol is an image representing a god made using precious materials such as gold, bronze, stone, and hardwood images kept in the places of worship. God had forbidden Israelites from bowing down to images and worshipping idols, intermarrying with non-Israelites, and making treaties. When Israelites settled in Canaan, they forgot God’s commandments. They intermarried and were greatly influ-enced by the local religion.

Israelites changed from being pastoralist to farmers. They therefore worshipped Baal the god of rain, agricultural fertility, and storms. Israelites worshipped Baal, for rain for their crops. The Israelites were also attracted to the visible gods of Canaan as opposed to the invisible Yahweh. This is how idolatry spread in Israel. However some Israelites maintained worship of Yahweh only (monotheistic) while others worshipped Yahweh and Baal (syncretism).

Characteristics of the Canaanite religion

Canaanite religion was:

Polytheistic. They worshipped many gods. The Israelites religion was monotheistic. They worshipped Yahweh and no other God. They abandoned their religion and worshipped many gods like Canaanite.

This influenced the Israelites.

A nature religion. The gods were related with the forces of nature such as rain, sun, storms, drought, famine, wind, water and death.
Ensured continued fertility of land, people, animals
Based on many families of gods. There was
EL – Chief god – who was their father, king, creator
Asherah – wife of El – the goddess of motherhood and fertility
Baal – also referred to as Baal Hadad, son of El and Asherah – the god of rain, agricultural fertility, storms
Astarte – wife of Baal -the goddess of war
Anat – sister of Baal – the goddess of war and love
Maat – the goddess of love
Mot – most feared. The god of drought, famine and death
Free and temple of prostitution. Israelites turned to temple prostitution. Women who wanted to increase vitality of their husbands had sexual relations with the male priests in the Baal temples.
Had many places of worship. One could pray in the temple, under sacred trees, and on top of the hills among others.
Based on offerings and sacrifices of human beings.

Exercise

State differences between Israel and Canaanite religion

Religious schism between Judah and Israel

Schism occurred among the Israelites because there were sharp differences within them. These differences were religious, political and social. After the death of Solomon, the nation of Israel was split. Re-hoboam ruled one group while the other was ruled by Jeroboam. Because of this split, Jeroboam could not go to Jerusalem to worship in the temple. He thus set up other places of worship one at Bethel, and another at Dan. Jeroboam also set up images to represent Yahweh. Though he had no intention of Idol worship, it turned out to be so because he made his sub-jects to offer sacrifices to these golden calves, which he had designed as images representing Yahweh. He also built places of worship on hilltops like the Canaanites. He chose priests from other families in addition to the Levite Family.

Furthermore, he organized religious festivals and feasts in the month of his choice. As it were, they coincided with the Canaanites calendars. He then burnt incense at the altar of idols. Jeroboam therefore started idol worship and gave room for idolatry. Kings who succeeded him followed this idol worship.

King Ahab’s marriage to the Phoenician/Tyre princess

Ahab married Jezebel, the daughter of the King Ethbaal of Sidon (Tyre) to strengthen ties with Tyre/Phoenicia. Queen Jezebel was ambitious, and a strong follower of Baal religion. Ahab allowed her to bring her gods to Israel. She forced Israelites to worship Baal and not Yahweh. She impo-rted 450 prophets of Baal and supported them using public treasury. Ahab built a temple to Baal in Samaria. He also put up an image of goddess – Asherah.

When Israelites settled in Canaan, they did not destroy temples, places of worship, idols, images that they found there. As a result Canaanite’s religious practices influenced Israelites’ worship of Yahweh leading to idolatry.

The effects of idolatry harmed Israelites as:

1) Syncretism developed. This was a process of mixing beliefs and practices from different religions. Israelites worshipped Yahweh and the gods of Canaan.

2) Former places of worship for the Canaanite gods were used as places of worship for Yahweh

3) The Canaanite agricultural calendar was adopted by Israelites

4) Names of the Canaanite gods were used for Yahweh. For example, EL was referred to as Yahweh

5) Parents began naming their children after Baal.

6) Feasts and celebrations were changed to correspond with those of Canaanites when they celebrated their feasts.

7) King Ahab declared worship of Baal as the state religion

Queen Jezebel ordered the destruction of the altars of Yahweh

9) Prophets of Yahweh were killed. Elijah went into hiding.

10) The 450 prophets of Baal were made the officials of the royal court in order to promote and protect Baal religion

11) Israel started to experience long droughts because Yahweh withdrew his blessings. This made Israel worshippers of El

ELIJAH’S FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION AND FALSE RELIGION IN ISRAEL

a) The contest at Mount Carmel (1 King 18:17 – 46). Carmel refers to the vineyard of the Lord. King Ahab brought trouble to Israel because of worshipping the idols of Baal. Elijah told Ahab that the problems

Israel was facing were due to worship of Baal. Elijah requested King Ahab to call a meeting at Mt Carmel. In attendance would be all Israelites, 450 prophets of Baal, and 400 prophets of the goddess Asherah who were supported by Queen Jezebel and Elijah. Elijah told Israelites it was decision time. They had to choose their God. Would it be Yahweh, the God of Israel or Baal the god of Jezebel of Phoenician/Tyre. If it was to be Baal, then they were told to follow him, if they select Yahweh as their God then they were to follow him (1 kings 18 vs. 21).

The choice. Elijah proposed a contest between him and Baal prophets. He asked for two bulls one for him, the other for 450 prophets of Baal. The contest was who can light fire? Yahweh or Baal? He proposed that Baal prophets and himself be given each a bullock. Both shall cut the bull into pieces and put them on wood without lighting fire. The Baal prophets shall pray to their god and Elijah shall pray to the Lord. The one who sends fire to consume the sacrifices… He is God. The people of Israel accepted

Elijah’s proposal

Actions. The prophets of Baal prayed first because they were many. They took the bull, prepared it and prayed to Baal until noon (vs. 26). They prayed louder, and cut themselves with knives and daggers; but there were no answer. The prophets of Baal kept on ranting and raving until evening but there was no answer (vs. 29).

Elijah asked people to gather near him. He prepared the altar of the Lord to repair work. He took 12 stones representing the 12 tribes of Israel (who were named after the 12 sons of Jacob or Israel) and used them to rebuild the altar. He then dug a trench around the altar. This trench could hold 14 litres of water. He placed the wood on the altar; cut the bull into pieces and laid them on the wood. He asked for four barrels of water and poured it on the offering and wood. He poured water on the altar three times until the water overflowed, run around the altar and filled the trenches. Elijah then called on the Lord, “O Lord, the God of Abraham, …prove now that you are the God of Israel and that am your servant and have done all this at your command” (vs. 29).

The Lord sent fire down and it burnt up the sacrifice, wood, stones, and dust and licked up the water that was in the trench. When people saw this, they proclaimed ‘The Lord, is God; the Lord alone is God”.

Elijah asked people to arrest the prophets of Baal, led them down to the river Kishon and killed them. And after this there was rain in Israel (vs.40).

Lessons learnt from Mt. Carmel

Israelites acknowledged that Yahweh is:

Is their only God and that Baal was not God
Is powerful

iii. Is a merciful God

Is a jealous God as He will have no other gods but him
Is a God of justice who punishes idolaters and sinners
Answers prayer

vii. Is a forgiving true God

viii. Protects his servants

b) Elijah’s fight against corruption (1 Kings 21: 1 – 29)

Corruption is defined as dishonesty. It’s a form of injustice when dealing with either an individual or the community for selfish gain and benefit. In a corrupt society people in leadership or with wealth take advantage of the weak, and the poor. The powerful exploit the poor and the powerless by denying them their rights. An example of corruption in Israel is the story of the Naboth’s Vineyard.

Naboth’s vineyard

Ahab wanted Naboth to either sell to him his vineyard or exchange it with another vineyard. Naboth refused to sell his inheritance. Jezebel, on seeing that Ahab was sorrowful told him that she will get him Naboth’s vineyard. Jezebel sent out letters in Ahab’s name to the elders of the city.

She found two witnesses who could bear witness that Naboth had blasp-hemed God and King Ahab.

Witnesses testified that Naboth had blasphemed God. He was stoned to death. God then sent Elijah to meet with Ahab as he went to possess the vineyard of Naboth.

God’s sentence to Ahab

God pronounced to Ahab through Elijah that (1) dogs shall lick his own blood from the place where dogs licked the blood of Naboth (2) His sons shall be killed (3) Dogs shall eat Jezebel by the wall of Jezreel (4) Evil shall be brought upon Ahab’s house.

This was because Ahab had broken these commandments:

The 6th commandment – which forbids murder

The 9th commandment which forbids bearing of false witness. Ahab allowed his wife to bear false witness against Naboth

10th Commandments – you shall not covet your neighbor’s property.

Elijah’s encounter with Yahweh at Mt. Horeb (Mr. Sinai) 1 Kings 19

After killing the prophets of Baal, Elijah was threatened by Jezebel. She vowed to kill him. Elijah ran away to the wilderness. The angel of God fed him with a loaf of bread and a jar of water. After eating and drinking Elijah walked to Mt. Sinai – the holy mountain of God. He stayed there for 40 days and 40 nights. In the mountain God appeared to him.

There was a strong wind, an earthquake, a fire but the Lord was not in them. Then the lord spoke to Elijah in a still small voice. God told Elijah, “Return and anoint Hazael as king of Syria, Jehu as king of Israel, and anoint Elisha as a prophet and your successor.”

Self-assessment question

How can Christians help reduce corruption in Kenya?

Answer

First is to recognize the various forms of corruption like: tribalism, bribery, cheating in business, stealing, misuse of public funds, grabbing public land, robbery with violence and dishonesty

Self-assessment question

How can Christians fight corruption? Christians can fight corruption by:

a). Employing life skills

a) Applying their critical thinking. This is the ability to make appropriate decisions; by weighing in the consequences of actions before taking decisions.
b) Creative thinking and being imaginative. This is the ability to explore new ways of handling issues
c) Decision making which is the ability to make the right choices
d) Assertiveness. This is the ability to express ones opinion with confidence
e) Praying for the corrupt to change their behaviour
f) Setting a good example by acting as a good role model
g) Educating people on the evils of corruption
h) Reporting those who are engaged in corrupt dealings / practices to the relevant authorities.
i) Obeying the laws of the society /country
j) Voting for morally upright leaders.

REASONS WHY ELIJAH FACED DANGER AND HOSTILITY AS A PROPHET OF GOD

It’s not easy for a person to oppose the government and its policies. The person normally faces danger and hatred. Elijah faced hostility from King Ahab, his wife Jezebel and the 450 prophets of Baal. Elijah faced hostility because:

He pronounced a three years drought in Israel, which brought suffe-ring.
He put to death 450 prophets of Baal
He boldly condemned King Ahab for taking away Naboth’s vineyard
He preached at a time when there was idolatry, and Baal was the official religion in Israel
He identified himself with Yahweh in the midst of prosecution of God’s prophets by Jezebel.

Relevance of Elijah’s prophetic mission to Christians today

Lessons Christians learnt from the life of Elijah

1) Elijah was courageous. Church leaders should remain courageous and condemn any form of social injustice

2) Modern Christians learn to remain faithful to God through word and deed even if it would cost them their lives

3) As God helped Elijah in difficult times he will also help the Christians hence they should not despair.

4) Elijah was a man of prayer Christians should pray to God always.

5) Christians should advocate for the rights of the poor and speak out against any form of oppression.

6) Christians should not give false evidence against their neighbours

7) Christians should be persistent like Elijah was in their struggle against injustice

God communicated with Elijah in a still small voice indicating his intimacy with the prophet. This means that God is able to establish an intimate relationship with his faithful.

Review questions

a) Describe the qualities of Elijah that led to his achievements
b) What is schism and syncretism?
c) What are some of the characteristics of Elijah that a modern Christian should strive to emulate?
d) What are the effects of idolatry in Israel today?
e) Describe Elijah’s fight against false religion in Israel
f) Describe Elijah’s fight against corruption 1 kings 21
g) What can Christians learn from the teachings of Elijah?

SELECTED ASPECTS OF AFRICAN RELIGIOUS HERITAGE

Introduction

All Traditional African Communities believe in a Supreme Being who is the origin and sustainer of all things: He is the creator of the university and all that it contains. All Africans agree that nobody has ever seen God. Therefore, nobody can really describe Him, yet through their religious insights, Africans have formulated ideal about the nature of God. These ideas concern His real being and His activities.

“Traditional religion” refers to African culture that existed in the sub – Saharan Africa. African traditional culture had no scriptures or texts because most of it was oral. It was preserved and handed down from generation to generation-through oral traditions; ceremonies; rituals, and leading personalities.

AFRICAN CONCEPT OF GOD, SPIRITS AND ANCESTORS

Africans believed in existence of a supreme being who lived in mountains, clouds and the sky. God was the creator of the universe. In African traditions, religion was integrated in every aspect of life and daily activities. For example, farming activities involved God, spirits and ancestors. People would pray to God, spirits ancestors so as to ask for blessings in order to have a good harvest. Livestock keepers believed that fertility of their animals is a result of the blessings of God. If God was appeased, animals would increase.

Natural phenomena such as thunder, lightning, rain; good harvest, and birth were linked to the Supreme Being and the invisible world. If there were calamities such as drought, disease, famine, and death, it was an indication that God, spirits and ancestors were displeased with humankind. Many communities have invocations uttered throughout the day

Nature or Attributes of god

God is described with many names, which are God’s attributes. These are among others:

a) God is Good – Nearly all-African communities describe God as being good to all people and things. He gives rain, sunshine and life among many other gifts.
b) God is merciful– The Akamba refer to God as “God of pity”, the ‘merciful one’. God shows mercy in times of danger, illness, difficulty or anxiety.
c) God is holy. He is pure, holy and does not make mistakes. Yoruba call him God who is pure, without blemish. The Kikuyu say God is “Possessor of whiteness” and the Bukusu – ‘master whitewash’. African traditions all approach God with reverence, fear, respect and honor. For example when offering sacrifices, they would offer a one-colour animal either white, black, or brown and not a spotted animal.
d) God is powerfule. Omnipotent. God is described as almighty. His power is expressed in natural occurrences like thunder, lighting, earthquakes, rains, and floods.
e) God is all-knowing (Omniscient). God knew all things; nothing can be hidden from him. He discerns hearts.
f) God is all present (Omnipresent).He is present everywhere in the universe
g) God is limitless. God has no limit. He is both very far and very near, beyond and within.
h) God is transcendent .God cannot be exhausted by human imagination. He is unexplainable, beyond human experience and understanding.
i) God is all understanding
j) God is self – existent .He made all things but he himself is not made. He exists on his own. Zulu explain that God is ‘he who is of himself.
k) God is a spirit. He is invisible, and everlasting. Shilluk of Sudan refers to him as ‘great spirit’ ‘the formless spirit.
l) God is everlasting. God is eternal, never changes, and never dies. The Yoruba call him “the mighty immovable rock that never dies.
m) God is God created the creator .The world Kikuyu call him “Mumbi”
n) God is just. Kikuyu refer to God as “Mugai” meaning “divider”. ‘One who shares out.’ God judges fairly, punishes those who do wrong and rewards the good with blessings.
o) God is the provider. All communities acknowledge that God provides them with everything they have. Africans built representation of the power of God. They identified sites, places and things that represented the presence and power of God. For example things like big trees, thick fore-st, high mountains, unique rock formations and large rivers and animals. In these places they built sites, and shrines. Shrines were regarded as holy and people approached them with reverence Spirits. They were believed to exist between God and human beings in the universe. Spirits were diverse and created by God. Some spirits were dead human beings. Spirits were divided into nature, sky, earth and human spirits that were either long dead (ghosts) or recently dead (ancestors).

There were different types of spirits.

These were:

Divinities. These are spirits created by God. They are close to God and act as his agents. They are in charge of natural phenomena like the sun, moon and stars. They are intermediaries between God and ancestral spirits, human beings and other creatures. They reveal God’s plans through diviners and mediums
Human spirits / common spirits. These are inferior to divinities but higher than human kind. They are remains of human beings after their death. These spirits monitor human activities. Human spirits have lost their names and are not longer remembered by the living. They are believed to live in the underworld, undergrounds, in thick bushes, forests, rivers, mountains, lakes, skies, and caves among other places. These spirits can bring harm to the living if disrespected. They appear to people in dreams or in form of shadows. They can also enter or possess a person and cause abnormalities.

Ancestors / living dead

These are spirits of the recently dead. They are remembered by the living when children are named after them. They are actively involved in the lives and activities of the living. Their offerings (food or drink) are poured on the ground for them to receive.

Ancestors are in a period of transition between the living and the higher categories. They are believed to know the problems of the living and therefore consulted constantly. They are also associated with evil such as revenge for burying them without honor, or not following the instructions they gave before they died or failing to pour them libations. When they are happy with the living, they are a source of blessings. Ancestors who did evil things or committed suicide are forgotten and ignored.

Hierarchy of beings

Hierarchy means the order or ranking from the highest to the lowest of created beings. At the top is

Divinities

Ancestors

Human Beings

Animals and Plants

Non-living Things

THE ROLE OF GOD, SPIRITS AND ANCESTORS

God is the creator. The Akamba community believed that God whom they called Mulungu created man and woman. He then tossed them to the earth. The Luhya claim God created them from the black topsoil hence their skin complexion.

God is the source of life and giver of life. Barren women pray to God to ask for children. Human beings depend on God for life, rain, air, and sunshine.

God is the provider. He gave domestic animals to human beings for their use. Domestic animals have many uses such as repayment of dowry, food, and sacrifices to God, payment of a fine by an offender.

Many wild animals are used in folk songs and tales to discourage coward-ice, and laziness

God is a protector of human beings from evil.

God is the giver of moral laws and a judge of people

God offers solutions to man’s problems through mediums, and prophets

God gives power to the specialists such as medicine men, women and priests.

God punishes people for wrongdoing

Wild animals such as hyena are used in folk stories to discourage cowardice. Stories of tortoise illustrate the importance of being slow but sure. Snakes in some communities such as the Luhya were not killed.

The community believed snakes were immortal ancestors coming to visit the living.

Plants were used as food for people and animals. Trees were used for fuel and building materials. Some trees were used as sacred places of worship.

Non-living things such as the rain, rocks, and rivers had a religious importance. Rain is seen as a blessing from God. When rain fails, diviner/rain maker was consulted .Rocks, and mountains were believed to be dwelling places for the living, the dead and the spirits.

The spirits were viewed as neither good nor evil. Human beings feared them. Their roles were many.

They:

I) appeared in dreams especially to diviners, priests, medicine men and women, and rain makers to relay information
ii) Were consulted by religious specialists to find the cause of a problem in a given situation.

iii) Were bad (naughty) spirits, which disturbed people. African commu-nities believed that bad sprits could call out one’s name but on turning there’s no one.

iv) Were manipulated by some human beings to cause harm to others
v) Relayed God’s messages to human beings.
vi) Sometimes possessed a person causing the person to be sent away from the village to the forest, or away from home.
vi) acted as intermediaries between humans,’ divinities and God

Role of ancestors is to: –

1) Appear to families in dreams and visions.

2) Give family instructions .i.e. what should be done.

3) Rebuke those who fail to honor them and warn them of impending punishment

4) Act as mediators between the living and God.

5) Enquire about family affairs as they considered as members of the family

6) Request for sacrifice of an animal which is slaughtered for them

7) Cause illness or mental disturbance to members of a family if they are disregarded or disobeyed.

8) Preserve the culture of a community

9) Welcome those who die to the spirit world.

RESPONSIBILITY OF THE LIVING TOWARDS GOD, SPIRITS, AND ANCESTORS

Responsibilities of living include

Human beings are expected to worship God, spirits and ancestors and show reverence and respect or veneration to God. They are also expected to (i) pray (ii) sing and (iii) dance.

Worship. This is our major responsibility as God expects us to meet and communicate with the spiritual world and God. There are several ways of worshipping God. These include among others:

(a) Sacrifices and offerings.

Sacrifices include shedding of blood of animals and birds. Offerings are in the form of foodstuffs, milk, water and honey. God was worshipped because He is recognized as the absolute owner of life and property. We also worship God in order to (i) invoke Him for special blessings

(ii) Thank Him (iii) express our personal fellowship and communion with God (iv) avert or prevent evil. Evils bring about epidemics, famine, floods, and drought.

(b) Singing and dancing.

Africans worshipped God through singing, dancing, clapping of hands, drumming, and use of musical instruments.

(c) Prayers, invocations and blessings.

Prayers were accompanied with sacrifices or offerings. Community leaders prayed to God, spirits and ancestors.

(d) Invocations are shortened form of prayers e.g. “Help me oh God” ‘Oh great God”. These are prayers at the spur of the moment. They are few words full of meaning and calling for help from God.

(e) Formal blessings. An elder or older person gave blessings. It is believed that the person blessing the other one is doing so on behalf of God.

(f) Venerations.

Africans treated their ancestors with great respect and honor. They for example worshiped ancestors daily. Worshipping included placing food or pouring libation of beer, milk, water and honey for the spirits. As this act was done, they uttered words to accompany the offerings. Libations were done daily by some communities.

(g). Ancestors were honored by:

– Mentioning their names at prayers was offered to God.

– Naming children after them.

-Inviting them to participate in family ceremonies and rituals. For exam-ple during birth, and initiation.

– Maintaining their graves well.

– Giving the dead a decent burial

Communication with spirits

Diviners and mediums talk with ‘spirits”. To do so, they sit quietly in a place; singing, dancing and clapping their hands. As they dance, sit and sing, diviners lose their senses and get possessed by the spirit. The spirits speak give them messages for individuals and communities. Spirits communicate on issues such as:

Lost property
Revealing by name the enemy in the society
Making demands on the living
Giving advice
Giving warnings on impending danger and
Making promises to bless a family or clan. Spirits that possess mediums are not harmful.

There are bad evil spirits harmful to people whom they possess. Some evil spirits cut themselves; others throw themselves into a fire, river, and lake.

Revision questions

a) Explain African beliefs about god (or qualities)
b) Describe the African understanding of the hierarchy of being
c) Describe the role of the ancestors to the living
d) What was the responsibility of the living towards God?
e) Describe the T.A. ways of worshipping God.

AFRICAN MORAL AND CULTURAL VALUES

MEANING OF LIFE AND ITS WHOLENESS IN THE TRADITIO-NAL AFRICAN SOCIETY

Life originates from God and it progress from one stage to another with a certain rhythm each person has to follow. Each stage of life is marked by rites of passage. Life is continuous and unending. Each person is expected to value life and to be responsible. Life involves sharing. It is immoral to be greedy and self centered. People are to be hospitable, warm and caring toward other people. Unity and harmony are to be upheld. Life is viewed as whole only if a person went through all the stages or rites of passage

Life was propagated through bearing children. Life cannot be divided into religious and secular. Every element of life has a religious meaning. Life is communal. Life was celebrated at every stage. Everyone depends on others. Labor was divided. There were duties for men, children and women.

In African traditional society, human life is precious. Murder was condemned harshly. Suicide was considered the worst thing anyone could do. It was seen as a curse on the family. If one died at childhood, it was regarded as abortion. Death did not mark the end of life. Death is referred to as ‘saying goodbye to food”, “sleeping,” “going home”, “being called by the ancestors”.

African concept of a community

A community is a group of people who share a common language, religion, and culture and may live in the same geographical location. This group of people or an ethnic group shares common interests and characte-ristics. For example, African communities:

Share common features and interests

Have the same origin and are likely to be related by blood

Share a common language

Live together and inhabit the same geographical location.

Are divided into smaller units called clans

A clan is made up of people who have the same forefather. A clan is composed of families. A family is made up of members (living or dead) who are related by blood and marriage. Family members therefore include the ancestors and the unborn.

KINSHIP SYSTEM IN AFRICAN COMMUNITIES

Kinship refers to the relationships between people. These can be by blood, marriage or adoption. People that belong to the same kinship system are referred to as kin.

Importance of kinship system and ties

Kinship relationships were and still are important among African communities. This is because these ties:

Provided company. This ensured that people were not lonely.
Provided a sense of belonging which one of the human needs. We all want to belong

Controlled social relationships between people related by blood or marriage.

Promoted mutual responsibility and help
Enhanced a sense of security which is a human need
Regulated marital customs, rules and regulations.

Enabled people to live peacefully and in harmony.
Bind the community together enhancing social cohesion and loyalty to each other

Facilitated care for the disadvantaged members of community.
Ensured that all members of the community are have knowledge of community beliefs and practices
Provided a peaceful way of settling disputes.

Provided mechanisms for proper inheritance of property for example land.

Factors contributing to harmony and mutual responsibility in African communities

Some of them are (1) rites of passage (2) good morals (3) participation in communal activities such as ceremonies, work, leisure activities and worship (4) sharing of property and ideas (5) division of labor.

Tasks were distributed according to one’s age, gender and status. (6) rules/social norms regulated how people grew up; knowing what is wrong and right. Good morals help people to live in peace and harmony

RITES OF PASSAGE

In traditional African society, there were four main stages of life. These were (i) birth and naming (ii) initiation (iii) marriage and (iv) old age and death

Birth and naming

When a woman conceived, and pregnancy was visible, she was treated specially. She wore charms to keep away evil eyes. She ate special food and avoided sexual relations. The family and husband did not expect her to perform heavy task. When she was ready to deliver, midwives helped in delivery. After delivery, the placenta was seen as a sign of fertility hence it was buried in the fertile land such as a banana plantation. Some communities preserved placenta while others threw it into a running stream.

Birth

The arrival of a baby and its sex was announced through ululations or shouts. The placenta was disposed off ceremoniously. The mother was purified and baby protection rites were conducted. Once purified, a mother could wear charms to protect herself and the baby from malicious spirits, sorcery, witchcraft, and evil eyes.

Thanksgiving ceremonies were performed to show gratitude to God. The hair of the mother and child was shaved as a sign of purification and newness of life.

Naming

Naming of babies was carefully chosen. A baby could be named after either a season, weather,

ancestors, place or time of delivery, occasion, experience of mother during delivery, significance events such as war, and drought, personality of the child, and names of heroes and gods. A good example is the name ‘Were’ amongst the Luhya. Twins had special names.

Initiation – the second rite of passage.

There were different types of initiations such as circumcision for boys and clitorisdectomy for girls, excision of teeth and body marks. Initiation rites were important and every individual was expected to go through them or be rendered an outcast. Initiation practices were seen as tests for courage and bravery. They helped the communities when identifying future leaders and warriors.

Initiation was very important in communities where it was practiced. Initiation marked a transition from childhood to adulthood. In this transition, the initiate acquired new rights, new status in life, and privileges. For example the new initiates were allowed to marry, own property, and inherit the father’s property. In addition the initiates received specialized education. They were taught how to behave as adults, warriors, future husbands and parents.

The education brought families, relatives and friends together. This act strengthened kinship ties. It also prepared the initiates to face the difficulties and challenges of adult life. In addition, initiation helped to structure the community. Initiation was programmed to fit an age set; and it marked passage of specific time. Thus each initiation ceremony was held regularly, normally between 16 – 21 years of age. If you calculate, you can see that 16 to 21 years introduced a new age set or group of young people. The age set held power for 16 to 21 years and handed over to the new generation. Initiation was therefore a mark of identity. It gave the initiate a sense of belonging. It bonded the initiates together with the ancestors.

Initiation rituals are not popular today as they were in the past. This is because many communities have undergone social and cultural changes because of modern education. As a result some families take their sons to hospitals to be circumcised to prevent HIV/AIDs and to avoid infections because of unhygienic traditional initiation practices.

Other reasons are (i) urbanization and migration, (ii) individualization (iii) Christians religious values.

These have made some communities abandon some rites e.g. clitoris-dectomy and (iv) some countries have made girl’s circumcision illegal and an issue of human and health rights.

Attitude to birth and naming

There has been a change in attitude to birth and naming. This is because initiation is no longer a community but a family affair. In addition, pregnant women attend antenatal clinics. Majority of pregnant women give birth in hospitals and health centers. Thus a doctor and not a midwife announce the sex of the baby. In modern society, the mother and child are no longer secluded. Lastly most parents prefer western names for their babies.

Marriage was a requirement for all members of the community. It was a source of status in the community. Since a leader had to be married.

Young men and women married after initiation. Marriage was a happy occasion and a source of wealth.

The father gave young initiates some animals for dowry. Fathers of girls received dowry payments, as bride price was mandatory. It was given to the parents of the girl in form of (a) Cows (b) Goats (c) Camels (d) Jewellery (e) Poultry. The young men inherited the father’s property.

Importance of dowry

Dowry unified the community. When young women were married, their parents lost their labor. Dowry payments compensated for this loss. Men paid dowry as a sign of commitment to their wife and parents.

Importance of marriage

Marriage was sacred. It was an ordained by God. Marriage created new social relationships and expanded web of kinships. During the marriage ceremonies the whole community rejoiced, and feasted together. The newly married couple learnt new knowledge and skills. The community and society respected the newly married couple. Children born from this union propagated and ensured continuity of family, and the community

Modern community and marriage

There has been a change in attitude towards marriage. As a result: marriage is no longer seen as sacred and divorce is common. In addition, dowry has been commercialized, as it is no longer seen as important. Some young men do not pay dowry. In fact marriage is no longer seen as a sign of status Children were important in marriage. Barren women were frowned upon. Polygamy solved issues of childlessness. Couples without children can now adopt them from the Child Welfare society.

Divorce

This was very rare. It happened only if the girl (i) was not a virgin (ii) practiced witchcraft (iii) and did not show respect towards her husband.

Old age and death

This is the age of wisdom. Old people were respected. Grey hair was a sign of respect and wisdom. In all culture, the elders were the custodians of the law, norms and regulations. Social and religious specialists were seers, rainmakers, priests, diviners, and medicine men among others

Death

Old age is followed by death. It was seen as a transition into the spiritual life. Besides old age, many cultures believed that death was due to either breaking of the traditional customs and taboos, curses, evil spirits, witchcraft, war, diseases and epidemics. Burial rites were performed in many African communities.

Disposing of the dead body

Several methods were used to dispose the body. These were burials, leaving bodies in the forest, and throwing body to animals or placing the body in an abandoned house. African communities believed that animals carried the spirit of the dead person to the next life. Burial rites were performed by the bereaved. They buried the body with ones person belongings and tools. Thus if a person was a great warrior, he was buried with a war coat. Celebrations accompanied funeral rites.

Funeral songs (dirges) were performed

There was drinking and eating.

Importance of funeral and burial rites

Burial rites created a good relationship between the dead and the living. They were therefore given to appease the world of spirits, express unity in the society, cleanse the remaining relatives and obey the customs of the community. Rituals that were performed depended on the community. Some of the rituals for the dead included.

a) Shaving of heads. Some mourners shaved their hair completely, while others shaved in a specific pattern.
b) Dancing and singing, and giving gifts to the bereaved family
c) Mourning (d) Drum beating (e) Horn blowing 9f) Grave side fires

Here are some questions to make you think about marriages

In your opinion, what has brought changes in modern marriages?
Explain why divorce is rising in Kenya and Africa.
What changes do we see in contemporary marriages?
What has brought about these changes?
What are the major causes of death in Kenya today?

RELIGIOUS SPECIALISTS AND THEIR RELEVANCE IN MODERN SOCIETY

Religious specialists include Medicine men / healers, Herbalists, Diviners, Mediums, Prophets / Seers, Rainmakers, Priests and Elders. Religious specialists were given power by their parents who taught them religious duties. Others received divine call through dreams and visions. A few learnt from experts via apprenticeship. This is learning by observing and practicing what one sees the master teacher doing.

-Roles of the medicine women/men in the Community. Medicine women/men are healers who were and are respected by the community. This is because they were and are able to:

1) Treat and heal the sick

2) Solve serious and complicated chronic illnesses

3) Give medicine in form of powder, herbs, minerals or liquid form and observed patients swallowing, drinking, sniffing, and applying on the skin.

4) Offer prayers and sacrifices to God

5) Give charms to protect individual persons from evil spirits.

6) Perform specialized medical roles in some communities in spite of the fact that we have modern hospitals, counselors and psychologists.

Elders were and still are community leaders. They were not religious specialists but the community gave elders duties, which made them close to religious leaders.

Herbalists and their relevance

Herbalists were synonymous with witch doctors. They cured people through herbs just like the medicine women/men. Communities’ belief: Those herbalists are witchdoctors and possess magical powers. Herbalists continue to be consulted as ‘witch doctors’ or “waganga”. Today herbalists do religious tasks that were traditionally done by diviners.

Diviners were able to find hidden secrets and knowledge; reveal witches and thieves. They communicated with spirits and enhanced the work of healers and medicine people. They worked as medicine people and were healers of people. They used magic powers and predicted future occurre-nces. They used items such as pebbles, water, bones or gourds in divina-tion. They also warned of future calamities. They were mediators between God, ancestors and the people. To be a diviner, one had to be trained. There was a specialized curriculum prepared by diviners.

-Relevance of diviners in modern society. Diviners (‘witchdoctor’ “mganga”) are not popular today and are hardly consulted. But the unfo-rtunate Kenyans consult them who: need a job, promotion, and children. This consultation is secret. Mediums were channels of communication between the living and the spirits of people’s ancestors. The ancestor spirits possessed mediums and through them ancestors gave information and messages to their relatives.

Priests were religious leaders and functionaries. They were intermediaries between people, ancestors, spirits and God. Their work was to make sacrifices and give offerings on behalf of the people. They officiated during planting and harvesting rituals. They offered prayers and blessed the needy.

They cared for the shrines and poured libations to the ancestors. They led the community in public worship. They were political heads and judges. Today, traditional priests are not relevant since most Kenyans follow several religious practices like Christianity, Hindus, Islam and many others. But there are however, a few traditional priests who take care of community shrines.

Prophets / Seers predicted the future. They foretold events such as invasions, wars, drought, and epidemics. They gave advice. They also performed religious duties. They could bless and curse. Religious prophets are common today but traditional prophets are not common.

Rainmakers were responsible for bringing or withholding rain to a community. They interpreted weather conditions. They performed certain rituals like asking God for rains. They were highly respected in the society. Modern science has replaced rainmakers

Meteorological departments have made the rainmakers redundant.

Elders were custodians of community values and secrets. They acted as educators. They gave punishment to offenders of social norms/rules. They acted as counselors and guided the youth on matters of sex and marriage. They helped in maintaining roles for important religious functions, such as rites of passage. They were political leaders in the community. They were negotiators and solved conflicts since they settled family disputes especially agreements concerning land. They were custodians of the traditional values, customs and history of the people.

Relevance

Elders are relevant in modern society. They are referred to as village elders and are recognized by the government of Kenya.

AFRICAN MORAL VALUES

Introduction

African communities were regulated by a strict code of laws and moral values. In this lesson we shall study moral values, which regulated individual members of society as well as the community itself.

What is a cultural value?

These are community practices and beliefs. Each community has cultural values that it accepts and upholds. These cultural values are laws, customs, and forms of behavior, regulations, rules, observances and taboos. The cultural values form a moral code, which regulates the community. For example, if the culture, values private property, it will have laws that forbid theft of property. These laws are cultural values. Cultural values influence the social order and peace. God gives peace and harmony. God is seen as the giver and guardian of the law. Disobedience was and still is regarded as evil, wrong and was and still is punishable by law.

What is a moral value?

Moral values are standards of behavior towards others. They are based on what is valued by the community. Moral values are also positive attitudes. Each community decided what is important to it and what is desirable for its members to practice and uphold.

The moral values that communities observed were many. They included amongst others:

Hospitality and Love for self and others. This is the habit of welcoming all people, treating oneself and others well. Members of the community were taught how to be hospitable to visitors, strangers and how to assist the needy.
Honesty. This is developing good habits like telling the truth, Loyalty, Respect, Co – operation with all.
Obedience to parents, elders, community leaders and elders. Cultural regulations were followed and adhered to leading
Caring for others. This is being responsible to members of the community
Developing social moral behavior like Humility, Sharing, Responsibility, Chastity, Integrity, Tolerance, Perseverance, and Courtesy
Working Hard. Do chores. These were according to sex, age and social-economic status.
Cooperation. Members cooperated and worked together with others.

Moral values were learnt in the process of socialization. Leisure activities helped in acquisition of moral values. Learning moral values was a lifelong process. The most valued behavior was obedience.

Children were to obey their parents; wives obey their husbands; community obeys their leaders, and elders.

Learning to obey was a lifelong process. An obedient person was respected and rewarded.

-Misconducts. There were taboos that the community observed. Failure to obey community laws resulted in punishments. The community did not allow stealing of livestock. Domestic animals were the most valued private property. Individuals owned livestock while land ownership was communal. There were many forms of punishment for stealing livestock and committing other crimes. For example

Payment of heavy fines to replace stolen livestock
Being beaten in a sack
Thrown down a hill
Cast out of community. Thieves and murders built their homes at the outskirts of the community.

They were not allowed to interact anymore with the members of the community.

Being covered with dry banana leaves and then set on fire.

CONTINUITY AND CHANGE

Formal education introduced the western way of life. Employment and trade forced Africans to leave their villages to look for employment and markets in towns. These actions led to urbanization and pluralism. As a result different communities came to towns and lived together.

Paid employment.

Workers were paid by money. The concept of money changed community life. Individualism ownership of money replaced communalism

Land used to be communal.

There was plenty of land for everyone. But changes were brought by modern life. For example, health improved and people lived longer. There were fewer deaths and population increased. With money, there was an expansion of trade. Individuals started buying land with money instead of clearing forests.

Modern life changed the concept of land. Individual started owning land.

The colonial governments introduced policies about land ownership in different African countries. In communities where education was accepted and money economy took over from livestock economy, communal land disappeared.

Parents did not have land for inheritance. As a result, people moved and bought land away from their ancestral birthplaces. This resulted in both migrations and immigrations.

Property.

Traditionally property included land, cattle (Livestock), women/ wives, and children. In African traditional culture, this property belonged to men or the first-born son in paternal societies. In maternal communities, it belonged to wives and daughters.

Today property or wealth is in different forms such as money, buildings, vehicles, land, shares, stock, jewels, insurance, and others. Women, men and children own property. Because of this, the status of a person is measured by property.

Dowry – Bride price / bride wealth

In African societies, bride price was very important. It was given in various forms. For example cows, animals skin, and camels. Today dowry is commercialized. It’s mainly in form of cash money. This has made marriage costly for the poor. Some young people are staying together without a formal wedding in church or in the community. Others do not want to pay dowry. Young couples are living together in what is called – come – we – stay arrangements.

Health Medicine

In traditional society, Illness was caused by witchcraft, sorcery, bad omen, or curses. Diviners, herbalists, and healers treated the sick people.

Today bacteria, viruses, or environmental factors, cause illnesses. These are treated by nurses, and doctors; in hospitals and health centers. There is however a craze for herbalists. The communities are consulting herbalists and are taking herbal tea, and medicine

Dress

Mode of dressing varied between countries. It was dependent on the type of climate. African communities were clothes made from skins or hides, leaves of bananas and trees. Women wore beads, and necklaces for decoration.

Modern mode of dressing is a mixture of African, Asian and European wear. There are clothes for men, women, and unisex. African and western ornaments are worn for beauty and style.

Worship.

Worship is an important activity in African communities. There are different forms of worship, which are done in various places. Those who were converted to Islam worship in Mosques. Those converted to Hinduism worship in temples. Christians worship in churches. The few traditional African communities continue to worship their ancestors in shrines. These are very few. But a few groups are turning back to traditional worship and reviving worship of ancestors and spirits, and their traditional God. For example “Mungiki” a cult in Kenya, made up of young people, worship the traditional Ngai and practice traditional culture.

Traditional religions have many offerings such as foodstuffs and sacrifices such as goats, cows, and sheep and chicken. Human sacrifice has been discarded.

It is illegal, and it is murder. In the news, we have heard of cases of body parts being stolen from a dead body in mortuary probably for religious rituals. This is illegal and a criminal offence.

Modern offerings in most religious institutions consist of money.

Death changes immediately the status of families.

Mothers and fathers become widows and widowers. Children become orphans. Many parents, wives and husbands have died because of HIV / AIDS, road accidents, diseases and other modern calamities. They have left orphans, widows and widowers.

Orphans used to be looked after by grandmothers, brothers and uncles. Today government, churches, charities, NGOs, well-wishers, and guardians, the elder sibling looks after orphans. Some orphan sisters and brothers drop out of school to look after the rest. Some orphans have ended up in the streets because there is no one to look after them Widows. Traditionally brothers inherited widows. However, widow inheritance is being discouraged to prevent HIV / AIDS. But on the other hand, a widow is encouraged to remarry as society has become individualistic and no longer assists community members as an obligation.

Widowers are not inherited and many of them remarry soon after the death of their wives.

Old age.

In traditional African communities, old people were respected. But now old age is not respected. The aged are seen as a burden to their children. This is because the need medical care, food, and other forms of care to meet their needs. Most of them are neglected and mistreated. In traditional communities, children took care of their aged parents. Today some children care for their parents.

Fortunately, churches have set up homes for the aged. An example is “Nyumba za wazee”. A few old people can look after themselves since they have pension schemes, life insurance policies, and income generating projects, investments and bank deposits. They can care for themselves.

Revision questions

a) What is the significance of the kingship system?
b) Outline and explain factors contributing to harmony and mutual responsibility in the traditional African society
c) What was the purpose of the bride wealth in the traditional African society?
d) Explain the role of medicine men in the African communities and their relevance today.

STUDY ACTIVITIES

Read the Bible quotations given

Carry out role-plays e.g. the sacrifice of Isaac by Abraham

Consult the aged to assist in the understanding of African traditional practices Form one answers

TOPIC ONE

What is the importance of reading the Bible?

 Strengthens people’s faith.

 Helps in spreading the gospel.

 Helps in composition of songs and hymns.

 Acts as a reference when we write its translations and other books.

 Promotes good relationship between God and man.

In society, people in schools, crusades, churches, lodgings, homes, and hospitals read the Bible.
In the government, the Bible is used for swearing in the Courts, Parliament and Cabinet when members of parliament are nominated to become ministers of the government.
The major divisions of the Bible are the old and the new testaments. Read 1.3.4. Above for more information
What are the effects of Bible translation on African languages?

The Effects of Bible translation into African languages

The translations increased and deepened people’s faith in God. They also led to the establishment of schools. The Gospel spread to local communities and many of them became Christians. The missionaries and colonialists learnt African Languages. This led to the promotion of African languages. This helped the African converts to judge when the missionaries were unfair or when they practiced inequality of races.

Why is the Bible referred to as (a) a Library and (b) the Word of God?

(a) The Bible is referred to as a Library because its:

Books are arranged in a series and in order.
A reference book
Is a book of literary works?
Books were written under different situations and circumstances
Books are many
Inspiration is a process through which God took the initiative to prompt and enlighten the writers of the Bible its Godly influence

TOPIC TWO: CREATION AND THE FALL OF MAN

Find answers on the differences between the two creation stories in lesson four
Traditional African view of creation is in lesson four. Africans’ view was that:

God is the architect of the world

God existed from the very beginning of time

God created everything from nothing

God provides for the needs of human beings, animals, and all creation

God continues to create through human beings

Human beings continue with the work of creation in lesson four
The origin of sin and evil read again lesson five
Consequences of sin in lesson five When Adam and Eve sinned

Man’s friendship with God changed to fear of GOD

What had been innocent and good became shameful

Relationship between GOD and man was damaged and became spoilt

Man began to toil for food, safety and other basic needs

Pain became part of human experience

Death sentence was passed

Consequences of evil are in lesson six Africans understand evil as barrenness, war, drought, epidemics, madness, sickness, death, burning in a house and others
God’s plan of salvation is lesson seven. The lesson tells us that GOD saved human kind by providing:

Clothing for Adam and Eve

Means to find food

A decree to defeat serpent through the seed of the woman

A solution in which he chooses Abraham and separated him from others

A delivery of Israelites from Egypt

Prophets with messages for Israelites

The Messiah to die on the Cross to save humankind

Compare the biblical concept of sin and the African concept of evil.

Similarities:

Both agree that God is good and did not create evil.

In both, sin is a result of disobedience, greed and selfishness of humankind.

In both cases, sin lead to human suffering.

Both hold the view that sin/evil befalls humankind in the form of a curse.

Sin brings separation between God and man.

In both, there is reconciliation and forgiveness between God and man. Thus sin does not end a relationship.

Differences

In the bible, the serpent is seen as the cause of sin whereas in many Traditional African communities, the spirits of the dead causes evil.

In the bible, there is external punishment (hell) for sinners while the African communities believe that punishment is here on earth.

Biblically, human beings are born sinners because they are descendants of Adam (1st parents’ sin). In Traditional African Community, a child is born free of evil.

Biblically had taken the initiative to end sin but in Traditional African Community, man does through sacrifice to the ancestral spirits.

Subdue the earth in genesis 1 verse 28

TOPIC THREE: FAITH AND GOD’S PROMISES TO ABRAHAM.

Explain why Abraham is referred to as the Father of Faith

Faith is complete trust in somebody or something. This is because he demonstrated faith in his life’s actions.

Accepting to move from his homeland to an unknown land

By accepting circumcision at an old age and change of name

Being ready to sacrifice his only son – Isaac

He made altars for the worship of God at Bethel etc.

He believed in a God he did not know/see.

By accepting to enter into a covenant relationship with God where he gave his best animals as a sacrifice

Give five (5) actions from the life of Abraham that shows his faith in God

Abraham obeyed God’s call and left his homeland Haran to go to an unknown land.

He believed in the promises God gave him.

Build altars for the worship of God, one at Schechter and the other at Bethel

Covenant – accepted to make a covenant with God where he sacrificed the best of his animals

Circumcision – accepting the command to circumcise himself and all male children in his household

Sacrifice of son – willing to offer his only son Isaac as a burnt offering to God

List some of the promises God gave to Abraham.

Abraham and his wife Sarah would have a son.

Abraham would be famous.

He would become the father of a great nation.

God would curse those who cursed him and bless those who blessed him.

God assured Abraham of a personal protection.

Many descendants – like stars on the sky.

The descendants would be slaves in a foreign land but God would deliver them.

He would live to a ripe old age and die in peace.

God would establish an everlasting covenant with him and his descendants.

Some of his descendants would be kings.

God would give him and his descendants land.

Compare and contrast Jewish and Traditional African practice of circumcision

Similarities

In both communities, circumcision is taken as a physical sign of membership to the community.

It involves the cutting of the foreskin.

Members who refuse to be circumcised are treated as outcasts in the community.

The shedding of blood is symbolic as it binds the people with God and ancestors.

It has a religious significance.

Special people in both do circumcision.

The occasions are accompanied by a ceremony which being kinsmen together.

The rite is compulsory for males.

The practice is handed down from one generation to the next.

Names are given during the occasion.

In both cases, it is done in special or religious places e.g. temple/under mugumo tree/ shrine etc.

It is a command from God/ancestors.

Differences

For African, initiation leads to adult responsibilities such as marriage, becoming a warrior, decision- making and property ownership. In Jewish community, the boys are too young to take up responsibility.

In the Jewish community, only males are circumcised while in the Traditional African Community, both boys and girls are.

For Jews, one remains a child while in the Traditional African Community, they move from childhood to adulthood.

Jewish community circumcise at the age of eight days while in the Traditional African Community, it is at puberty.

Among the Jews, it is a sign that they have become God’s people, but in Traditional African Community, one is bound to the ancestors.

The Jewish circumcision is a command from God as a sign of their covenant with him while Traditional African Communities do it in obedience to the customs and traditions of their duty.

The rite, taken place on the 8th day of both in Jewish community while in the Traditional African Communities, it occurs after every four – six years

Done to individuals in Jewish community while it is done to a group of age mates in the Traditional African Communities.

No seclusion period among Jews as is the case in most African communities.

In African communities, the ceremony enables them to choose future leaders, which is not the case with the Jews.

Helps one endure suffering (pain) in future in the African communities unlike in the Jewish communities.

Only one form of initiation (cutting of foreskin) is done. Various forms are practiced in the Traditional African communities. These include:

Cutting of foreskin

Lib/ear piercing

Removal of lower teeth

Scarification (putting marks on face/body)

What is the importance of faith to Christians?

Faith is the foundation of Christian life today. It makes Christians part of the great nation of God.

Through faith in Jesus, Christians became the chosen people of God.

Faith enables Christians make correct choices in life e.g. When choosing a career, marriage partners etc.

Faiths help them to face temptations and challenges in their lives and are able to overcome them.

It gives them perseverance in prayer as they wait for God’s answer.

It gives them the courage to commit their lives to God totally.

It is through faith that Christians obey God.

They are able to achieve impossible things through faith.

They are able to believe what they have not seen through faith.

They are able to serve the world, help the needy because of their faith in Christ.

. State the elements of a covenant

Partners two or more partners are involved.

A physical reminder – a certificate/sign

Promises: – given by both partners.

Ceremony – whose blood seals it or an oath taken

Witnesses – must be present

It requires faithfulness, obedience and loyalty to the regulations

It spells out serious consequences for those who break it.

On 7. Give examples of covenant in the bible and the modern society

The Bible

God’s covenant with Noah: where he promised never to destroy the earth with flood – rainbow is the sign of the covenant (Gen 9).

God’s covenant with Abraham: God promised to fulfill the promises he made to Abraham. The sign was circumcision (Gen 15 & 17).

The covenant between God and the Israelites on Mt Sinai – sign was the Law – 10 commandments (Exodus 24).

The covenant between God and King David – promise to David’s kingdom would last forever (2 Sam: 7).

Jeremiah’s covenant: The new covenant with God’s people (Jr 31: 31 – 34).

Modern Society

Baptism
Marriage
Oath of allegiance/loyalty
Ordination
The National Anthem binds all
The loyalty pledge
Employment contract

Discuss the circumstances that led God to enter into a covenant relationship with Abraham

To seal the promises given unto Abraham e.g. a great nation, son, many descendants.

It was an assurance of the fulfillment of God’s promises to Abraham.

It was to unite God and the Israelites.

It was to be a source of blessings to all.

A starting point for the salvation of mankind, whereby he would renew the relationship between himself and man after the separation by the 1st parents

TOPIC FOUR: SINAI COVENANT.

What are the qualities of Moses as a leader?

Education: he received education while in the pharaoh’s palace where he grew up.

Jewish religion knowledge: his own mother who was his maid taught him the history of Israel.

He learned leadership skills from the King as he grew up.

Shepherd: herding the father-in-law’s herds made him gain experience of shepherding people.

Life in the wilderness where he lived after killing an Egyptian gave him experience in desert life through where he would lead the Israelites.

Father/parent: his marriage to Zipporah helped him learn family leadership. Later he applied this to his work.

Prophet: Enabled him to foresee the future and inform the community.

Miracle-maker: helped him solve problem facing his people in the wilderness e.g. lack of food, water.

Lawgiver: gave laws that were used to govern the community of Israel i.e. the Ten Commandments.

Hard work: worked for his father-in-law serving the family e.g. fetching water. Later he was able to serve the Jews.

(i) Describe the call of Moses: Exodus 3: 1 – 22

God called Moses as he herded his father-in-law’s flock at Mt Sinai.

Moses saw a burning bush, which was not consumed. He drew nearer to get a better look.

God called Moses by name from the middle of the burning bush and told him to remove his shoes because he was standing on holy ground.

God told Moses that he had seen the suffering of his people in Egypt and heard their cry.

He told Moses that he had chosen him to go to Pharaoh and release them from bondage.

Moses objected to the task because he felt inadequate.

God promised to be with Moses and to protect him.

Moses asked for the name of God so that he would have a point of reference when asked who sent him.

God revealed himself to Moses saying, “IAM WHO I AM”

God gave Moses power to perform miracles that he would use as proof of his work.

Moses protested further saying he was a stammerer.

God commissioned Aaron, Moses’ brother as his spokesman.

Moses then told God he was afraid to go to Egypt.

God assured him that the man he was afraid of was already dead.

On b (ii) Why was Moses hesitant to God’s call?

It is because he was already a criminal and wanted in Egypt after having killed and Egyptian and ran away.

He was not a good speaker (stammerer).

He did not know the name of God who was sending him.

(i) What is the significance of the items used for the Passover feast (similar to what is the meaning of the Passover meal)?

The Lamb: reminded the Israelite of the sacrificial lamb whose blood saved their 1st born from the angel of death.

The unleavened bread signified purity.

It too signified the hurry they had to leave Egypt, as unleavened bread is easy to bake.

Roasting the meat was the easiest method of cooking.

Not breaking bones and spilt blood signified forgiveness.

Bitter herbs symbolized the bitterness of slavery in Egypt.

Other Meanings:

Eating while standing symbolized the haste with which the Israelites were to leave Egypt.

They were not to leave any meal to avoid profanation in the form of flies. Burning was the simplest way of disposal & sacred.

(ii) Compare the Lord’s Supper to the Passover feast

Similarities:

Both are acts of salvation from suffering. Passover saved Israelites from slavery while the Lord’s

Supper saved people from bondage of sin.

Both are celebrated in memory of a past event – suffering.

Lambs offered in both Hebrews – the Passover lamb in the Lord’s Supper Jesus is the paschal lamb.

In both a symbolic meal was taken.

In both cases each group is saved through a mediator – Moses and Jesus respectfully.

God’s covenant is remembered in both cases i.e. Old testament and new covenant respectfully.

In both the religious significance of the feasts is taught and emphasized.

Differences:

In the Passover feast, animal sacrifice is offered while in the Lord’s Supper, Jesus was the last sacrifice and instead bread and wine are offered to represent his blood and body.

Whereas the Jewish Passover was compulsory for every few, the Lord’s Supper is not compulsory in all Christian churches.

The bloodshed in the Jewish Passover is for the salvation of the Jews only while the blood of Jesus shed on the cross is for the salvation of the whole human race.

Passover lamb offered in Hebrew while Jesus was the lamb offered in the Lord’s Supper.

Describe how the Sinai covenant was made

The Israelites arrived at Mt Sinai through God’s saving power.

Moses was instructed by God to tell the elders to do the following in preparation for the making of the covenant.

All Israelites were to cleanse themselves and wash their garments.

Mark the boundaries of the mountain and avoid going near or crossing the border.

Avoid sexual relations between married couple

Note: All these happened after Moses had gone up the mountain and God had promised to make the Israelites the following if they obeyed him.

His people
A kingdom of priests

iii. A holy nation

On the third day after cleansing, Moses took the Israelites to meet their God. God manifested himself in the following forms: thunder, lightening, earthquake and a thick cloud that filled the mountain and a loud trumpet blast.

Moses came down and told people about the laws which was to guide them as a covenant people.

The people agreed to obey all the words the Lord had spoken (Ex 24: 3 – 4)

Thus the covenant was made.

Describe the circumstances that led to the breaking of the Sinai covenant

Moses went up the mountain to receive the stone tablets on which the Ten Commandments where written. He delayed (40 days) thus forgetting God.

The Israelites became impatient. They forgot the saving power of God that had delivered them from

Egypt.

Aaron was a weak leader who failed to lead the people to uphold the covenant. He yielded to their demands to make and worship idols.

Availability of gold jewellery: used to make the calf image.

Idolatry was a practice done while in Egypt so they copied/continued with it.

They were used to God’s (idols). They could see while in Egypt unlike the Yahweh who was invisible.

How was the broken covenant renewed?

Moses pleaded to God not to destroy the Israelites.

God spared them.

God commanded the Israelites to cut two stone tablets where he would rewrite the commandments.

God gave conditions to be fulfilled by the Israelites in the renewal of the covenant.

These were:

a) To obey God’s command.
b) Not to make treaties with other nations.
c) To tear down the altars of the gods of other nations and temples.
d) Not to worship idols.
e) Not to make images to represent God.
f) Not to marry foreign wives.
g) To keep and celebrate the three festivals namely, Passover, feast of weeks and the feast of in gathering.
h) To keep the Sabbath day holy.
i) Dedicate to God 1st born male children and animals.

God promised that if they obeyed Him, He would:

a) Protect and preserve them
b) Bless them
c) Make them prosper

After this Moses was ordered by God to write a new set of Laws on the stone tablets.

Thus the covenant was renewed.

Describe how the Israelites worshipped God in the wilderness

Worship is the practice of showing respect and love for God.

The Israelites showed their respect and love for God in the wilderness in the following ways: –

1) The Ark and the Tabernacle: The Ark was a wooden box where the Ten Commandments were kept.

They signified the presence of God. The tabernacle was a portable tent for meeting between God and the Israelites.

2) The Sabbath: They observed the Sabbath as a sacred day for resting and worshipping God.

3 Festivals: Celebrated many festivals as one way of worshipping God. E.g. Passover

4) Altars – built them when there was need to worship God – meeting place between God and the people and sacrifice to God.

5) Observance of the Ten Commandments. These guided them on how to live with God and man.

6) Religious leaders: God chose priest from the tribe of Levi to organize worship.

What is the relevance of the Ten Commandments to Christian today?

Christians learn that God is a jealous God. They avoid holding other things in their lives strong in the place of God.

Christians learn that God is unique and cannot be represented by visible man-made objects or described in human terms.

They are reminded to observe the Sabbath by worshipping God.

They strive to have a good relationship with God.

They are taught to respect other people and their property.

They learn that long life is a result of honoring and respecting their parents.

They strive to live upright and moral lives.

They learn that lust for money and other property is sinful.

What did the Israelites learn about God in the wilderness?

They learned that God is faithful. He keeps promises.

A provider – provided manna, water etc.

God is the controller of natural forces e.g. Red sea, a pillar of cloud & fire, earthquakes etc.

A jealous God – no worship of other gods

Just – forgave those who broke the covenant and punished those who refused to repent.

Merciful and compassionate

Give them a 2nd chance after breaking the covenant.

A God of victory – helped them defeat Amalekites.

God valued a personal relationship – commandments given.

TOPIC FIVE: LEADERSHIP IN ISRAEL

Explain the reasons against Kingship in Israel (1 Sam 8:10 – 20)

The King would force the sons of the Israelites to serve him as soldiers in the army.

The King would create forced labor and enslavement by making the young men work in his farms and in making weapons. Daughters would work in his house.

He would also grab their land and give it to his loyal servants.

He would overtax them in order to maintain his administration.

It would be seen as a rejection of Yahweh as their King.

Israel would be like other nations who did not know Yahweh.

Yahweh would reject them when they cried to him.

Explain the importance of David as King of Israel

David was important because he was chosen by God and publicly anointed by elders in a religion ceremony. He too became ancestor of many communities.

David was a great musician and wrote many songs for promising God.

He killed Goliath the philistine soldier.

He conquered the enemies of Israel such as Amalekites, Ammonites etc.

He expanded Israel through his military conquests and marked the boundaries of the nation.

He captured Jerusalem from the Jebusites and made it a capital city.

He too made it a religious centre by placing the Ark of the Covenant there, which had been housed – Abidjab’s.

He had good diplomatic relationship with other nations.

He encouraged trade with other nations thus making Israel prosperous.

He was a shrewd administrator who chose wise elders to advise him.

He was filled with the Holy Spirit.

He established the largest and most enduring dynasty that lasted 400 years.

He composed the books of Psalms used to praise God.

Whenever he wronged God, he genuinely repented and humbled himself before God.

He was a just ruler.

He respected the prophets of God and consulted them before making decisions.

He was prayerful and consulted God in his undertakings.

He united the twelve (12) tribes of Israel.

He set a good example of faithfulness to Yahweh that he wanted all the Israelites to emulate.

How did Jesus fulfill the prophecies of Prophet Nathan as a descendant of David? (i.e. Areas where Jesus is mentioned as coming from David)

Angel Gabriel announced the birth of Jesus to Mary who was engaged to Joseph, a descendant of

David. The Angel referred to Jesus as the King whose wisdom would last forever (Lk 1:26-33).

Jesus was born in Bethlehem – the birth place of David (Lk 2: 4 – 5)

Abraham and David are mentioned as the ancestors of Jesus.

During the triumphant entry into Jerusalem, the crowds who met him sang with joy and shouted ‘Hosanna to the son of David.’

On the days of Pentecost when Peter addressed the crowd, he referred to Jesus as a descendant of David (Acts: 2 29-35).

Zechariah in his Benedictus, says that God has promised a savior descended from the house of David (Lk 1:69)

The blind man at Jericho referred to Jesus as the son of David (Lk 18:38).

d) What was the failure of King Solomon?

Solomon was the 2nd King of Israel, succeeding his father King David. He failed to live according to the covenant way of life in the following ways.

He married foreign wives thus breaking the Total that clearly stated that the Israelites should not marry foreigners because they can come with their gods – idols.

He allowed the wives to worship their gods (idols) thus leading to spread of idolatry in Israel.

He not only worshipped the gods of his wives but also built temple for their worship.

He, by worshipping the gods became a bad example to Israel, as King. They copied him.

Although he built God’s temple, he erred in many ways:

He built his palace for 13 years but took only 7 years to build God’s temple. Shows he loved himself more the God.
He used foreign designs and materials in the construction of the temple, ignoring God’s specifications on how to build it.

iii. He liaised pagan craftsmen from Tyre to design, decorate and furnish the temple.

He broke the sixth commandment by killing his half brother, Adonijah. He suspected that Adonijah would become his rival to the throne.

He spent a lot of Israel’s money on his lavish lifestyle. He had a large army and servants.

He overtaxed the people to meet the amount.

He used forced labor in his development projects.

He enslaved young men and women who went to work in the palace as servants for the wives.

He practiced nepotism. He exempted them from forced labor.

He sold part of Israel – sold 20 towns of Galilee to King of Tyre as payment of a debt he could not pay contrary to God’s command.

He made treaties with other nations that were against the condition set during the renewal of the Sinai covenant.

In the above ways, he oppressed the people of God.

Which leadership qualities can modern leaders learn from David?

Justice: A good leader is one who does not favor some people like David (I Sam 24: 1 – 12).

Courage: David showed this while fighting Goliath. Leaders need to be brave and courageous in their work (I Sam 17:41 – 54).

Fear of God and Faith: David consulted God before any undertaking. Leaders should do the same.

Gratitude: David was thankful to blessings he received. Leaders should be happy and grateful to God.

Loyalty: Modern leaders should remain loyal to their office. David was loyal to God and his people (2 Sam 2:7)

Kindness: Good leaders should show mercy to their people like David did e.g. he forgave Saul twice (2 Sam 19: 9 – 39).

Humility: Leaders should not hesitate to ask for forgiveness from God and people. David was humble and asked for forgiveness any time he went wrong.

Willingness to delegate: Learn to delegate future as David did (2 Sam 20: 23 – 26)

Wisdom: Be wise in choosing legal advisers as David did.

Respect: Leaders should show respect to God and preaches those they serve as David did to the prophets and his people.

TOPIC SIX: LOYALTY TO GOD- ELIJAH.

Qualities of Elijah that led to his achievements

Elijah was fearless and courageous. His courage helped him to face King Ahab and Queen Jezebel and condemn them for their wickedness such as corruption and idolatry
He was faithful to God. Yahweh guided him in his dealings with Baal prophets and King Ahab.
He lived a simple life. For example, he wore simple clothing made of camel’s skin.
He stood for the covenant at a time when the religion of Yahweh was in danger
He had the power of God in him and was able to control rain.
He confirmed that Yahweh had authority over land and over the people.

b) Schism is sharp religious, social, political differences within a group or organization

Syncretism is the process of mixing religious beliefs and practices

c) Some characteristics of Elijah that a modern Christian should strive to emulate

1) Courage

2) Faithfulness

3) Zealousness for God

4) Concern for the needy / poor

5) Provision of social justice

6) Patience

What were the effects of idolatry in Israel?

Syncretism developed where the Israelites worshipped Yahweh alongside the gods of Canaan.

The Israelites started calling Yahweh by the names used for Canaanites gods e.g. El.

The Israelites started naming their children after Canaanite gods like Baal.

They changed their religion calendar and celebration to correspond with their Canaanite celebrations and feasts.

They converted the high places used for worshipping Baal to Yahweh’s shrines without removing the graven images of idols.

The unity that existed between the two tribes of Israel was destroyed. They no longer treated one another as brothers.

The Kings of Israel behaved like the Canaanites leaders by oppressing the weak and grabbing other people’s property.

The people neglected Yahweh’s holy places.

God’s prophets were mistreated, persecuted and even killed.

God withdrew his blessings from the Israelites because they angered Him by worshipping other gods.

They broke God’s commandments, which forbade worship of other god a part from Yahweh.

The Israelites practiced temple prostitution and other Canaanites rituals and sacrifices.

Describe Elijah’s fight against false religion in Israel

Elijah rose to challenge false religion at a time when Baalism had become the official religion.

He prophesied a three and a half years drought because the people had turned away from Yahweh.

After the drought God appeared to Elijah and told him to go to King Ahab and tell him that the drought was as a result of idolatry in Israel.

Elijah requested the King to order all the people to meet at Mt Carmel to hold a contest.

Elijah asked the King to invite the 400 prophets of Asherah and Baal’s 450, saw that they could prove who the true God is.

Elijah would sacrifice a bull and the false prophets would too sacrifice their own to call on their Gods to send fire. The one who could send is the true God.

The prophets of Baal were the 1st to pray to their god but he never sent fire.

The prophets cut themselves with knives to please their god but he never sent it.

Elijah then prepared the altar with 12 pillars representing the 12 tribes of Israel.

He dug a trench around the altar, placed wood and put the cut bull on top of the wood.

He ordered for water to be poured around the trenches until it flooded.

Then in the evening Elijah prayed and called upon the God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob to send fire.

Fire came and consumed the whole sacrifice, including the water in the trenches.

As a result, the Israelites bowed down and declared that Yahweh was the true God.

Then Elijah ordered the killing of all the prophets of Baal and the prophetesses of Asherah.

Elijah went to the top of the Mt Carmel and prayed for rain. Yahweh sent His servant to watch for the sign of rain from the sea.

The servant looked towards the sea seven times after, which he saw a small cloud forming.

Then heavy rain fell, signaling end of drought.

Describe Elijah’s fight against corruption – 1 Kings 21

Corruption: Can be defined as dishonesty or misuse of power for personal gain.

In a corrupt society, the rich and powerful people tend to take advantage of the weak/poor by exploiting them and denying them their rights.

King Ahab of Israel desired a fruitful vineyard owned by a man named Naboth.

King Ahab approached Naboth to sell him the vineyard or exchange with another one.

Naboth declined the offer because in Israel, selling ancestral land was against the covenant law. The land belonged to God.

Jezebel, Ahab’s wife, soon learned, Naboth’s refusal and she arranged Naboth’s murder through false accusations.

After Naboth was killed, Ahab possessed the vineyard.

God commanded Elijah to go and declare His judgment on Ahab for committing such an evil act in Israel.

Elijah declared the following judgment on Ahab:

Dogs would lick Ahab’s blood at the same place where they had licked Naboth’s.
Ahab’s dynasty would fall kike those of the Kings before him who had disobeyed God.

iii. All family members of Ahab would face violent deaths.

On hearing this, Ahab humbled himself before God and repented. God postponed Ahab’s punishment to the days of his son.

what can Christian learn from the teachings of Elijah?

From the Mt Carmel incident, they learn that Yahweh controls the forces of nature – can bring rain or stop it.

Yahweh is the only true and living God – Mt Carmel.

Yahweh is forgiving – pardoned those who repented on Mt Carmel.

Yahweh is a jealous God. He will not share honor with any God – killed the 450 prophets worshipping Baal.

A prosecutor – protected Elijah.

A provider – provided Elijah with food.

Yahweh answers prayers. He is faithful.

They also learn that church leaders should condemn evil like Elijah did in the case of Ahab and Naboth.

Christians should work to protect the poor from exploitation.

They should be prayerful so that God can help them overcome difficulties like Elijah.

They should strive to lead lives free from corruption.

They should remain faithful even if it means costing their lives to Naboth.

Leaders should realize authority comes from God and are accountable to Him.

They should avoid idolatry, which Elijah condemned.

Perform tasks given by God however had they may be as Elijah did – facing Ahab, killing the 450 false prophets etc.

Finally, they should invite sinners to repeat and bring them back to God.

TOPIC SEVEN: SELECTED ASPECTS OF AFRICAN RELIGI-OUS HERITAGE

Question a: Explain African beliefs about God (or qualities)

African beliefs about their God are found in their proverbs, myths, songs, prayers, narratives and religious ceremonies.

God was believed to be a supreme being who was beyond human understanding.

The African communities believed that God was all-powerful – omnipotent.

They believed that God’s power is expressed in natural occurrences such as thunder, earthquake floods and volcanic eruptions.

God is believed to be all-knowing omniscient.

He is limitless and knows hears and sees everything.

He is also omnipresent – meaning he is everywhere at all times.

Transcendent – beyond human understanding because of the transcendent nature, Africans found it impossible to represent him using physical representations. They viewed him as being far yet too near them.

He was seen as the provider and sustainer of creation.

They believed that God is everlasting. He has no beginning or end.

God is merciful.

They believed he is incorruptible.

African communities associated God with justice.

Physical features were often seen as a representation of awesome power of God. This is why large mountains, thick forest, unique rock formation were used as shrines.

African viewed God to be mysterious.

Q b. Describe the African understanding of the Hierarchy of Beings

Hierarchy of Beings

Divinities

 Ancestors

Human Beings

Animals and Plants

Non-living Things

God as the creator occupies the highest rank in the hierarchy of being – creator.

The Divinities: Came next and control natural forces in the universe, created by God.

The Common Spirits: Comprise spirits of people who died long time ago.

Ancestors: (living dead): Spirits of those who died recently and are still remembered by the living.

Human Beings: Consist of the living and the unborn.

Animals and Plants: Come next – for man’s use as food and sacrifice to God.

Last (7th) are non-living things such as mountains, rocks, rivers, caves, dwelling places of God and Spirits.

Qc. Describe the Role of the ancestors to the living

The ancestors acted as intermediaries between God and human beings.

They communicated the problems and wishes of human beings to God.

God and the spirits used the ancestors to express their wishes concerning human beings.

The ancestors welcomed those who died to the spirit world.

They helped to preserve the culture and standards of a community.

The ancestors blessed the living and corrected them through punishment.

Q d. What was the responsibility of the living towards God?

To show gratitude to God and give thanks to him as an acknowledgement that He is the giver of life.

To honor, worship and adore God by praying to Him for their needs.

To pray to Him during or before a war, before planting, etc.

To obey and trust Him.

To take care of God’s creation

To teach children about God.

Appease him through sacrifice

Q e. Describe the Traditional African ways of worshipping God

Sacrifice: They were used to ask God’s favour, thanksgiving, to avert evil and ask for forgiveness, before planting and after harvest, epidemics, birth, naming, invitation, weddings, funerals etc for different reasons.

Offerings: Foodstuffs e.g. grain, honey, beer, milk was offered in recognition of God as owner of property and provider.

Prayers and invocations: Commonest act of worship. A continuation activity done anytime as the need arises.

Song and dance: People were involved both physically and spiritually. This brought the city together.

Blessings and Salutations: Expressed in greetings and farewells e.g. “Go with God”, God be with you”.

Q f. What were the African ways of venerating and communicating with the spirits and ancestors?

Venerating means showing respect to somebody.

Spirits and ancestors were venerated because they were believed to be senior to human beings and closer to God.

Sacrifices were offered to them as the ways of venerating them.

Pouring libation was done.

The living invited them during ceremonies such as birth, invitation, marriage and burial.

They consulted diviners, mediums and medicine men to keep in contact.

The living named after them – thus they became immortal and members in the physical world again.

Their names were mentioned during prayer.

By maintaining their graves

Giving them proper burial ceremonies

TOPIC EIGHT: AFRICAN MORAL AND CULTURAL VALUES.

Q a. What is the significance of the kinship system?

Kinship means being related either by blood or marriages.

The kinship system was important in the traditional African society because of the following factors.

The kinship system regulated people’s behavior towards each other. This promoted peaceful and harmonious relationships.

It promoted co-operation among community members especially in times of difficulty.

It helped to ensure that the disadvantaged members of the community were taken care of.

The living dead and the ancestors were part of the African kinship system. This showed concern or the families or relatives they left behind.

The kinship system led to the preservation of cultural identity.

It provided a peaceful way of settling disputes with the elders acting as arbitrators.

It ensured fairness and transparency in sharing out inheritance.

The kinship system united the members of a family and clan by giving them a sense of belonging.

It helped people to establish new relationship, especially through marriage.

Kinship ties regulated marital customs rules and regulations. People who were related in any way could not be allowed to marry.

Q b. Outline and explain factors contributing to harmony and mutual responsibility in the Traditional African Society

Good morals: Every member of the community was expected to do the right thing according to the norms of the community.

Participation in communal activities: Means of the community were expected to participate in communal activities e.g. wrestling, dances and communal work.

Sharing: People shared ideas and even property, which created harmony among the people.

Division of labor: Tasks were distributed according to one’s age; gender to avoid conflicts in roles.

Rules: In Traditional African Communities, elders, men youth, and women had their respective roles to play that enhanced harmony in the community.

Virtues: Virtues like generosity, obedience, kindness and honesty were encouraged since they contributed towards harmonious living.

Religious beliefs and practices: A common belief in God, the spirits and ancestors created a sense of togetherness.

Q c. What was the purpose of bride wealth in the Traditional African Society?

It was a way of thanking the bride’s family for taking good care of her.

It was a form of compensation to the bride’s parents because the woman would now belong to another family.

It was a sign of contract that the man would marry the girl and they would live together until death.

It represented evidence of the groom’s ability to take care of a wife and a family.

It was a sign of generosity on the side of the man.

It initiated a long-lasting friendship between the families of the groom and the bride.

It cemented a marriage.

It was a symbol of the marriage covenant between the bride and the groom.

Bride wealth served as an outward seal of the marriage contract.

Q d. Explain the role of medicine-men in the African Communities and their relevant today

1) Medicine men

They are also referred to as healers, herbalists or traditional doctors.

They identified illness and their causes.

They identified appropriate treatment and prevention measures for the illness.

They averted the effects of a curse.

They offered sacrifices and prayers to God and the ancestors.

They prepared charms for protection against witchcraft and evil spirits.

They gave medicine to increase fertility in both people and animals.

They acted as counselors, guiding people on all issues of life.

2) Relevance of Modern Society

Modern medicine has not fully displaced herbalists.

Medical doctors and scientific researchers today work side by side with traditional healers since herbs are used to make modern medicine.

Some people still believe that there are some illnesses that cannot be treated in hospitals hence; they turn to herbalists.

Some people also believe that medicine people who practice magic have the power to change their fate.

FORM TWO NOTES

GOD MEETS US IN JESUS CHRIST

LUKE’S GOSPEL

INTRODUCTION

Matthew, Mark, Luke and John record the life of Jesus Christ and his ministry in the four Gospel books. We shall trace the life, and ministry of Jesus Christ as written by St Luke to Theophilus. St Luke was a medical doctor.

OLD TESTAMENT PROPHESIES ABOUT THE MESSIAH

Introduction: Read 2 Samuel 7:13, Isaiah 7:10-16

Messiah

Meaning: The word Messiah is from a Hebrew word meshiach, which means the anointed: thus a Messiah is one called, anointed and appointed by God to serve Him.

Prophecy:

A prophecy refers to a prediction of what will happen in future.

Messianic Prophecies: These are those predictions that were made by the prophets to describe the coming of a righteous King who will rule Israel according to God’s will.

The origin of the Messianic prophecies in the Bible starts with Prophet Nathan’s prophecy to King David.

NOTE:

The Roman ruled the Israelites before the birth of Jesus. They hated the Roman leadership and longed for somebody of their own to lead them into victory over the Roman rule.

The prophet of Israel (the Old Testament) communicated a message that God would send a messiah to bring all people into a lasting relationship with Him. The prophets who were sent had different ideas about the Messiah. Their ideas about the Messiah were different from the Jewish expectations – whereby they hoped for political King to lead them into victory over the Roman rule. But the prophets were talking about a religious one – to free them from sin.

Topic Outcomes

By the end of this topic, you should be able to:

a) Explain the Old Testament prophecies about the coming of the Messiah.
b) Relate the concept of the Messiah in the Old and New testaments.
c) Explain the link between the Old and the New Testament
d) Discuss the role of John the Baptist.

OLD TESTAMENT PROPHESIES ABOUT THE COMING OF THE MESSIAH.

(i) NATHAN’S PROPHECY (2 Samuel 7:3 – 17) and (Psalms 89: 20 – 38).

David proposed to build God a house. Nathan, the prophet was given a message (an oracle) for David. In this prophecy, God told Nathan to tell King David that:

God would ensure that the Kingdom of David would last forever.

An heir from David’s lineage would rule

David’s heir shall build a house for God’s name. God would establish the throne of his Kingdom forever.

David heir shall be God’s son and God shall be his father.

David house and Kingdom shall be established forever.

David died. But God’s mercy shall not depart from the heir of David. Hence the promise that the Kingdom of David, shall last forever referred to the messiah who was to come. David is an ancestor of

Christ.

(ii) ISAIAH’S PROPHECY – Isaiah 7: 10 – 16; 9: 1- 7; 61:1 –2; and 63.

In these readings, Isaiah prophesied that the Messiah would be:

Born of a virgin

A boy, born of a virgin and called ‘Emmanuel’ that is ” God with us”

A Wonderful, Counselor, Mighty God, The everlasting Father, and the Prince of Peace

The Spirit of God inside him

Anointed of God

Sent to preach the good news to the poor, to bring liberty to the captives, proclaim the year of favor from God.

Isaiah also prophesied that the Messiah would be the suffering servant (Isaiah 53)

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUFFERING SERVANT – ISAIAH 53

He would bear the sins of human kind

He was oppressed, afflicted, despised, and rejected of men

He bore suffering and disgrace submissively

He was mocked and spat on and wounded

He was innocent of sin and yet treated as a criminal.

He was pierced and wounded in the sides

He was crucified with thieves and made intercession for the sinners

He was buried in a rich man’s tomb.

iii. JEREMIAH’S PROPHECY- JEREMIAH 23: 5 – 6.

God promised to rise up a (branch) who shall:

Choose as King, a righteous descendant of David

Prosper

Rule wisely, do what is right, and just in the world

Execute justice on the earth

Ensure that Judah and Israel are safe and live in peace

Be called ‘the God our righteousness” – “The Lord our salvation’

What does the term a ‘righteous branch ‘means?

MICAH’S PROPHESY, (MICAH 5: 1 – 5).

Micah prophesied that:

The Messianic King shall come from Bethlehem

He shall lead with authority

He will bring peace

THE PSALMIST PROPHECY (Psalm 41:9 and 110:1 –2).

David spoke of

Betrayal by a close friend

Messiah is referred to as ‘the Lord’

The messiah shall rule/reign in the midst of enemies.

Summary

Nathan, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Psalmist prophecy (David) and Micah prophesied of a Messiah to come. The Jews expected a Messiah who would be a political leader, a victorious ruler and a King. They expected a

Messiah:

Who would lead his people into a time of great national power and prosperity;

In whose reign, there shall be no illness, no sorrow, no injustice,

In whose reign, there shall be no fear

In whose reign, land shall be filled with joy and peace

Who shall rule forever.

Revision questions

1) Describe the prophecy of Jeremiah concerning the Messiah

2) What does the term Messiah mean?

3) Highlight the Jewish expectations of the Messiah in the Old Testament?

4) Did Jesus Christ fulfill the O.T. prophecies concerning the Messiah? How?

5) Which prophets in the Old Testament prophesied about the expected Messiah?

THE CONCEPT OF THE MESSIAH IN THE NEW TESTAMENT

The concept of messiah is found in Luke 1:26 – 38; 2:1-23; 23:1 – 35; 24:50 – 51. The writer of Luke’s Gospel makes it clear that Jesus fulfilled the Old Testament prophecies concerning the coming of the Messiah. How did He do this? Well Jesus fulfilled the Old Testament prophecies because:

Jesus was born from the lineage of David (Mathew 1)

Angle Gabriel said the child to be born shall rule forever (Luke 1:32) Nathan’s prophecy

Jesus was born of Mary a Virgin, as pre told by Isaiah 7:14

Messiah is called Emmanuel, Isaiah’s prophecy. Mathew 1:18 – 25

Jesus was born in Bethlehem – Micah’s prophecy

The Messiah would be a ‘Son of David’ – Nathan, and Jeremiah prophesies. Jesus was referred to as a ‘Son of David’ (Luke 18:38)

Jesus would bring salvation said by Simeon during dedication of Jesus. Luke 2:29 – 32. This was a fulfillment of Isaiah’s prophecy.

Jesus referred to himself as the Messiah by reading the scroll. Isaiah61:1 – 2. And Luke 4: 18 – 19

Isaiah prophesied that the Messiah would perform miracles. Jesus performed many miracles.

The prophecy of the suffering servant (Isaiah 53) was fulfilled through the passion, death and crucifixion of Jesus Christ.

We see Jesus betrayed by one of his disciples – friend, fulfilling the Psalmist prophecy.

Note that the Jews in the New Testament expected a messiah who would deliver them from the rule of the Romans. Jews expected Jesus to be a political leader or king. However, Peter called him ‘the Christ of God’ (Luke 9:20). Matthew called him King of the Jews in chapter (2verse 2). Hence, Jesus came as a Spiritual Leader and King, and not as a political Leader / King.

Self-Assessment Questions

What does the name Emmanuel mean?
Explain the concept of the Messiah in the New Testament?

ANNUNCIATION OF THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST

Introduction

The parents of John the Baptist were Zechariah and his wife Elizabeth. Zechariah’s name meant ‘God has remembered’. Elizabeth’s name meant ‘God has sworn’.

John the Baptist

The Annunciation – Read – Luke 1:5 – 25.

Zechariah was a priest. He and his wife Elizabeth were old, good and righteous people of God. But they did not have a child. They were barren. But God gave them a child, John the Baptist. His birth was announced to his father, Zechariah, when he was in the temple offering incense. An Angel appeared to Zechariah and told him that his prayers had been heard. His wife Elizabeth will bear a son. The angel said the child would be called John, which means that ‘God is gracious’. The child

Will be set aside to serve God.

Will be filled with the Holy Spirit

As an adult, John

Will be a Nazarite. He should neither cut his hair nor drink wine.

Shall turn many hearts of people to the Lord their God.

Shall also turn the hearts of the fathers to their children

Zachariah expressed unbelief to these words. Angel Gabriel told him that he shall be dumb until the fulfillment of the God’s words.

The Birth, Circumcision and Naming Of John the Baptist

Elizabeth brought forth a son. This brought great joy to her and Zachariah. The cousins and neighbors of Elizabeth wanted the Child to be named Zechariah after the father. But Elizabeth insisted on the name John. When Zechariah was asked to name the child, he wrote down the name John. On the 8th day, the child was named John as the angel had said. John was circumcised on the 8th day according to the Jewish traditions.

After naming his Child John, the mouth of Zechariah opened immediately and he started to speak. He sang a song – referred to as Benedictus in Luke 1:67 – 79. As he sung the Benedictus, Zechariah prophesied that God has:

Raised up a horn of salvation on the house of David

Remembered his covenant with Abraham

Zechariah said this about his Child John:

He shall be the prophet of the most high

The child/John shall prepare the way of the lord by

(i) Calling men to forgiveness

(ii) Showing men the light of salvation

(iii) Guiding people into peace.

THE ROLE OF JOHN THE BAPTIST

The role of John the Baptist is found in Isaiah 40: 3 – 5, Malachi 3:1, 4:5 – 6, and Luke 7: 20 – 35.

John the Baptist had an important role to play according to the Angel who announced his coming birth.

His role was to:

Be a Prophet with qualities of Elijah (see Malachi 3:1, 4:5)

Announce the good news to come just like Elijah did.

Be the link between the Old Testament and New Testament

Prepare the way for the Lord

Announce the coming of God’s reign that was near

Preach a baptism of repentance

Baptize with water

Introduce people and his disciples to the Messiah – Jesus Christ

Fulfill the Prophecy of Elijah that a messenger was sent before the coming of the Messiah John the Baptist was likened to Elijah.

Topic review questions

Outline the qualities of John as described by angel Gabriel to Zechariah
Why was John referred to as the second Elijah?
What lessons do Christians learn from annunciation of the birth of John the Baptist?
Describe the birth of John the Baptist

THE INFANCY AND EARLY LIFE OF JESUS – LUKE 1:26 – 38

Angel Gabriel announces the birth of Jesus.

Angel Gabriel said that Mary would conceive and bear a child. Angel Gabriel called Mary ‘the highly favored one’. Mary was an ordinary virgin girl in Galilee engaged to marry Joseph, a descendant of David. The Angel said that Mary will bear (i) A Son (ii) called Jesus (which means God serves. (iii) The child shall be great (iv) He shall be called the son of the highest.

(v) He shall be given the throne of his father David (vi) He shall reign forever (vii) His kingdom will never end.

Read again and explain what angel Gabriel said concerning the child to be born to Mary?

Mary visits Elizabeth. Luke 1:39-56

Angel Gabriel had told Mary that her cousin Elizabeth was also going to have a child. Mary went to visit her. The child in Elizabeth’s womb leaped when Mary greeted Elizabeth. The Holy Spirit revealed to Elizabeth that Mary is the mother of her Lord, the Messiah. Mary answered Elizabeth by singing the hymn “The Protector” in Psalm 121:3, The Love of God. Psalm 103:17, 98:3 The Magnificent. In this hymn Mary says:

Her soul magnifies the Lord.

The Lord has regarded the poor and those of low estate.

God’s mercy is on them that fear him from generation to generation.

God humbles the proud and mighty, and exalts those of low estate (the lowly)

God has filled the hungry and sent the rich away empty

Through the magnificent, Mary, expresses her joy, gratitude and favor given to her and the world.

The birth of Jesus Christ. Luke.2: 1 – 20

The birth of Jesus took place in Bethlehem, in Judea, during the reign of Augustus Caesar, a Roman Emperor. During that time, Rome was conducting a census of the people / citizens for the purpose of collecting taxes. The census was ordered by the emperor to determine payment of taxes. The method that Rome was using was counting. Joseph, of the house of David went to his hometown, called Bethlehem; for the census. Jesus was born during this time. He was wrapped in swaddling clothes and laid in a manger because there was no accommodation in Bethlehem.

The first people to receive the news that a Savior was born were the shepherds. An angel announced the birth of the Savior, Christ the lord, to the shepherds. The shepherds went to Bethlehem and saw the child Jesus. They spread the word concerning what had been told them about the child.

How was the annunciation of the birth of Jesus extraordinary?

The dedication of JESUS – LUKE.2: 22 – 38

Like John the Baptist, Jesus was circumcised, and named on the 8th day. He was named Jesus which means ‘the savior’ or Yahweh or save’s. Mary and Joseph observed the Jewish customs according to the Law of Moses. For her purification and dedication of the child Jesus, Mary brought a pair of turtledoves as an offering. The fist born males were dedicated to God as Holy. Simeon took the child up in his arms for dedication and said that:

“The child is set for the fall and rising of many in Israel. A Sword will pierce Mary’s soul on account of the child.” Prophet Anna also came to the temple and prophesied that the child shall bring deliverance.

Jesus at the Temple Luke 2:42 – 52

The parents of Jesus Mary and Joseph went to Jerusalem every year for the feast of the Passover. When Jesus was 12, he accompanied them to Jerusalem. After the feast the parents went home without realizing that their child, Jesus was not with them. But while on the way, they realized he was not amongst them.

They returned to Jerusalem, and looked for him for 3 days. They found him sitting in the temple; listening and asking teacher’s questions. All those who were in the temple were astonished by his wisdom and intelligence. It is in the temple that Jesus is revealed, first as a true son of his people and also as light and salvation for all people. On being questioned by Mary and Joseph, Jesus answered thus:

”Didn’t you know I had to be in my Father’s house, about my Father’s business?” This was an echo of Malachi 3:1 “the Lord whom you seek will suddenly come to his temple”.

Answer these questions

1 Trace occasions when angels appeared to people in the New Testament

2 How did Jesus follow the customs and traditions of the Jewish people?

Answers

Occasions when angels appeared to people in the New Testament

(a) Angel appeared to Zechariah to announce birth of John the Baptist

(b) Angel appeared to Mary to announce the birth of Jesus Christ

(d) Angel appeared to Joseph in a dream warning him to flee to Egypt with the child and Mary

How Jesus followed the customs and traditions of the Jewish people

(i) He was named on the 8th day

(ii) He was circumcised on the 8th day

(iii) His parents took him to the temple for the annual cerebrations of the. Passover

(iv) He went to the synagogue

(v) In his dedication as a first male, his parents offered the sacrifices expected from them.

Topic Review Questions

Explain events leading to the birth of Jesus
Describe the meeting between Mary and Elizabeth
Describe the birth of Jesus
Explain the dedication of JESUS
Describe Jesus at the Temple

THE GALILEAN MINISTRY – LUKE 3-8

John the Baptist and Jesus Christ

THE PREACHING OF JOHN THE BAPTIST (Luke3: 1 – 20)

John the Baptist preached about:

Baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins. Baptism means to dip in water’. Repentance means ‘change of heart/mind, turning around. Baptism was a symbol of repentance, which means a total change heart/mind, a confession of sins). Baptism of water was a preparation of the baptism of fire and Holy Spirit by Jesus.
He warned people of God’s coming Judgment. The religious leaders stressed outward observance of the law rather than inner righteousness. John the Baptist told them to bear fruits worthy of repentance.

He told them to live righteous lives and not as hypocrites (brood of vipers). Religious leaders also assumed that since they were descendants of Abraham, God would not punish them. He warned them that God could raise descendants of Abraham from stones.

c) He announced the coming of the Messiah as Judge. John the Baptist became famous that some thought he is the promised messiah. He however pointed to a messiah who will not baptize with water but with the Holy Ghost and fire (Jesus Christ).
d) He preached on social justice. He taught, emphasized, advised:

That those who have should share with those who do not have

The need for fairness and honesty for example tax collectors not to collect more than what was required.

That soldiers should not to abuse their power by accusing others falsely, robbing. They were told to be content with their wages.

e). He condemned King Herod’s immoral behavior. King Herod had married Herodians – his own brother’s wife. Herod imprisoned John the Baptist and this led to his death (Luke 3 v.22)

What does the term social justice mean?

Find the answer in (d).

Summary of the teachings of John the Baptist

He taught on repentance and forgiveness of sins.

He warned people of God’s coming judgment.

He announced the coming of the messiah who would be judge.

He preached on social justice. Those who have should share with the poor.

He emphasized the need for fairness and honesty.

He warned against abuse of power by those in power and authority.

He condemned taking of bribes, corruption and over taxation.

He condemned sexual immorality (adultery).

Relevance of the teachings of John the Baptist to Christians today

The teachings challenge Christians to be fair, honest, and just in their dealings with other people.

Christians should avoid being hypocritical to one another. Christians need to know that God will judge them for their wrongdoing. Hence Christian should repent their sins sincerely and seek forgiveness.

Christians should warn non-believers of the coming judgment. They should preach against evils without fear; and avoid corruption, and sexual immorality. Christians should live together in harmony. Baptism was important to Christians.

Group activity

Read Luke and find out how John the Baptist was killed, why and by whom

THE BAPTISM OF JESUS AND ITS RELEVANCE TODAY

When Jesus was around 30 years of age, He went to be baptized by John the Baptist. Jesus was the last to be baptized. Although he did not need to repent as He did not sin; He nevertheless was baptized even though He was without sin. When he was baptized, the heaven opened and the Holy Ghost descended on Him in the form of a dove.

At the same time, a voice from heaven said, “This is my beloved son, in whom I am well pleased”.

Reasons why Jesus was baptized. He was baptized because:
Jesus wanted to show his approval of John’s Ministry of baptism
Jesus accepted the work of redemption of human kind to be completed through suffering and death
Jesus identified himself with the sinful humankind who needed redemption through baptism
Jesus carried all the sins of humankind (baptized last)
He wanted to carry sins of people/humankind upon himself in order to bring about reconciliation between people and God.
God can confirm to the people that Jesus Christ was the messiah (Ps 2:7)
It was an act of preparing those who were ready to receive the Messiah.
Baptism was a way of fulfilling the Old Testament prophecy.
Relevance or the Importance of the baptism of Jesus to Christians

1) Christians practice baptism. They follow example of Jesus baptism. There are many forms of baptism such as full immersion in water, sprinkling of water on the forehead, partial immersion (head only) and passing under a flag.

2) Christians teach importance of baptism. It qualifies a new convert to become a member of Christian fellowship.

3) Through baptism, Christians receive the power of the Holy Ghost.

4) Through baptism, Christians identify themselves with Jesus Christ and all that he stands for.

5) Baptism unites Christians in the body of Christ.

6) Baptism is a symbol of death and resurrection. In some denominations, the baptized are given new names of other Christians and Jews.

7) Baptism signifies the forgiveness of sins

Through baptism one is considered a child of God.

9) Baptism is a form of preparation for the kingdom of God.

10) Baptism is a sign of Christ’s forgiveness of sins.

Lesson Revision questions

What is the relevance of john the Baptist teaching to Christians today?
Give reasons why Jesus accepted to be baptized
Describe the baptism of Jesus
What is the significance of the baptism of Jesus to Christians Today?

TEMPTATIONS OF JESUS: RELEVANCE TO CHRISTIANS TODAY

The temptations of Jesus (Luke 4:1 – 13). Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit returned from Jordan into the desert. Like Elijah, Moses, He ate and drank nothing for 40 days and nights. He was hungry after 40 days.

It is at this time of weakness when the devil tempted Him.

First temptation

The devil told Jesus to proof that He was the Son of God by turning the stones to become bread. Jesus however replied that it is written man does not live on bread alone to sustain him but on everything that the Lord says (Deut 8:3). Satan was telling Jesus to use his Messianic power and Spirit to obtain material security for himself and his followers for selfish, materialistic purposes.

What can we learn from this temptation? Jesus was not seeking to establish a material paradise on earth.

Second temptation

The devil led Jesus up to a high place (High Mountain) and showed Him in an instant all the Kingdoms of the world. He told Him that he would give Him all their authority and splendor, if He bows and worships Satan. Jesus replied… it is written worship the Lord your God and serve him only. Do not worship other gods (Deut.6: 13-14). Satan wanted Jesus to use Godly power and influence. This was Idolatry i.e. worshipping other gods.

What can we learn from this temptation? Jesus did not come to seek a worldwide political military reign as many Jews expected Him to do.

Third Temptation

The Devil led Jesus to Jerusalem and had Him stand on the highest point of the temple. He told Jesus to throw Himself down if He was the Son of God for it is written that the Lord will command angels to guard him (Psalm 91:11 – 12). Jesus replied and said it is written, do not put the Lord your God to the test. Satan wanted Jesus to presume on God’s good care by jumping from the roof of the temple.

What can we learn from this temptation? Jesus will not force belief in His Messiah ship through a spectacular sign.

Notice that the temptations came after Jesus’ Baptism, where he had solemnly accepted the opening of his public ministry and God confirmed it. Therefore the temptations were a testing of his loyalty to God’s chosen way of life.

Relevance of Jesus temptations to Christians

Jesus, though without sin was tempted. His followers must expect to be tested in their faith. Christians learn that it is not sinful to be tempted. Since Jesus was tempted, he understands Christian’s difficulties when they are tempted. Jesus is always ready to help Christians to cope with temptations.

Why do you think Christians are tempted?

Through temptations and trials, Christian’s faith in God is strengthened. Christians learn to refer to the Bible for guidance when tempted. Jesus said that it is written… in reference to scripture. Christians should seek the Holy Spirit to give them strength to fight any form of trials and temptations.

Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit went to the wilderness and was tempted by the devil. In temptation, God does provide a way out. Thus followers of Jesus Christ (Christians) should not be seekers of spectacular signs.

REJECTION OF JESUS AT NAZARETH

After the temptation, Jesus went to Galilee, His home district to begin his ministry. As a faithful Israelite, Jesus attended service in the synagogue every Sabbath day. During that time, it was customary for visiting Rabbis (Teachers of the law) to be given the honor of reading from the law or to address the congregation. When Jesus was given this opportunity, He opened the scroll and read from Isaiah 61: 1 –

3 …’The Sovereign Lord has filled me with his spirit. He has chosen me and sent me.’ Luke writes in 4 v 18 “The Spirit of the Lord is upon me because he has chosen me to bring good news to the poor”. On completion of the reading, Jesus told them that today this scripture has been fulfilled in their hearing. From this reading Jesus referred to himself as the Messiah. The people of Nazareth in indignation wanted to kill Jesus by throwing him over a cliff.

Possible Reasons for Rejection. Jews of Nazareth rejected Jesus because one, they knew him as the son of Mary and Joseph. They did not know Him as the Son of God. Two, Jesus did not fit into the idea of

a political King that the Jews were expecting. They were waiting for a King with an army and horses.

Three, Jesus preaching was seen as being against that of Pharisees, Scribes and Sadducees: the religious leaders at that time. Four, Jesus pointed out evils of religious leaders. Five, a leader is never accepted at home especially in a superior or senior position. Six, Jesus did not follow the general rules of the Mosaic Law. These were fasting, healing and working on the Sabbath day. Worse still Jesus associated Himself with Jewish outcasts such as sinners, and the sick.

Discussion question

What are the possible reasons for rejection of Jesus at Nazareth?

Answers

(i) He was known by people as son of Mary and Joseph

(ii) He did not fit in the idea of a political king that Jews were expecting

(iii) Often times one is not accepted at home and at a senior position

(iv) He did not follow the general rules of the law of Moses

(v) He associated with sinners, and outcasts

HEALING AT CAPERNAUM

Jesus’ healing at Capernaum LK. 4:31 – 44

After his rejection in Nazareth and an attempt to throw him down a hill, Jesus went on to Capernaum. Here he cast out demons (Luke 4: 40 – 41). He was teaching people. He performed many miracles of healing.

For example:

Healing a man possessed by an evil spirit. A man was possessed by an unclean demon/spirit. He was in the synagogue. When he saw Jesus, the evil spirit shouted, “Ah! What do you want with us, Jesus of Nazareth? Have you come to destroy us? I know who you are, the Holy one of God” (Luke 4:34). Jesus replied, “Be silent and come out of him.” The Demon threw the man down and came out without doing any harm. The man was made whole.
Jesus heals Simon’s mother – in law. After Jesus left the synagogue, he went to the house of Simon Peter’s mother in law. She had a fever, Jesus commanded the fever to leave and she was made whole immediately.

Which lessons do Christians learn from the healings at Capernaum?

There are many lessons. These are that

1) Jesus is the son of God

2) Jesus came to establish the Kingdom of God and destroy the kingdom of Satan.

3) Jesus has power over evil spirits / demons.

4) Jesus came to save human beings from the slavery of sin

5) God cares for his people.

THE CALLING OF THE FIRST DISCIPLES

Luke 5: 1 – 11

Introduction

A disciple is a learner, a student or a follower. Learners followed a master so as to learn about religious matters. Disciples were followers of Christ.

Rabbis, these were teachers of law. They had special schools where they taught law. In these schools, learning was by memorization and repetition what students heard from the rabbis.

The disciples of Jesus did not memorize. They learnt by observation. They were witnesses – and they spoke what they heard and described or explained what they saw.

Call of the first disciples

Jesus entered into Simon’s ship and started to teach people who were there. Later, He told Simon to “push off a little from the shore”. Jesus sat in the boat and taught the crowd. After speaking, he told Simon, and his partners James and John; “Push the boat out further to the deep water…and let down your nets for a catch of fish”. Simon told Jesus that they had toiled all night, and caught nothing. But if you say so, I will let down the nets. Simon obeyed. They let down the nets and caught a multitude of fish. They called for assistance from other fishermen. When Simon Peter saw this, he told Jesus “Go away from me, Lord! I am a sinful man!” Jesus said to Simon “Don’t be afraid, from now on you will be catching people”. On getting to the shore, Peter and his friends James and John sons of Zebedee forsook all and followed Jesus

Thus the first disciples of Jesus were Simon Peter; James and John.

Lessons from the call of the first disciples

1) God can choose anybody to serve him regardless of his or her social status.

2) God still calls people to serve him in various capacities as evangelists, pastors and others.

3) Those called should repent their sins as Peter did

4) Christians should trust in God – Simon Peter trusted Jesus and cast his nets even though they had caught no fish from the same spot.

5) God can intervene in people’s lives through miracles (miraculous catch of fish)

6) Christians should work together as a team. Fishermen worked together.

7) There is hope for those who follow Jesus. He told them ‘follow me and I will make you fishers of men’

God reveals himself to people in everyday activities as Jesus revealed himself to Simon Peter, and his friends James and John through fishing.

9) Christian’s vocation may require renunciation of family ties and occupations or a change of life.

10) Those called to serve God are expected to be humble

OPPOSITION IN GALILEE

Jesus ministry consisted of teaching, healing and doing many miracles. Because of this work, Jesus faced opposition from the Pharisees, Sadducees and Scribes. These were Jewish religious leaders.

Opposition by Pharisees and Sadducees. Luke 5:12- 6:11

Why did Jewish religious leaders; the Pharisees, Scribes and the Sadducees oppose Jesus? There were many reasons for Jewish opposition to Jesus. These were:

1) Jesus was becoming more famous than the religious leaders

2) His claim to forgive sins. This was reserved only for God.

3) His association with tax collectors / publicans and sinners. For example, Jesus ate with Levi.

4) His failure to observe the law of fasting. Jesus disciples did not fast like the disciples of the Pharisees and John the Baptist.

5) Doing what religious leaders regarded as unlawful things on the Sabbath day. For example,

Eating on Sabbath with unwashed hands (disciples),
Plucking corn on the Sabbath day
Working. Jesus healed on the Sabbath day. This was considered as work, which was unlawful. Jesus healed a man with a paralyzed hand on the Sabbath day.
Touching the unclean. Jesus reached out his hand and touched a leper and healed him. Religious leaders were not allowed to touch the unclean lepers.
Associating with tax collectors who were regarded as sinners because they were corrupt. They collected more tax than the required amount. Jesus was supposed not to associate with them or support them in any way.

Who were the Pharisees? These were:

Referred to as the ‘separated ones’

Religious leaders who expected people to respect and honor them.

Pious leaders and wanted everybody to recognize them.

Rich Jews and looked at their riches as blessings from God.

Called ones and thought of themselves as the ‘righteous’ ones.

Popular to the poor who respected them

Characteristics of Pharisees

They believed in the Law of Moses and accepted the first five books of the Bible as God inspired. They insisted on strict observance of the law.
They upheld and insisted on the observance of the oral traditions of the elders.
They followed strictly 632 distinct rules and regulations broken down from the Ten Commandments
They believed in the teachings of the prophets and other writings of the Old Testament.
They passed religious traditions of the Jews from generation to generation and regarded this as a duty or obligation.
They believed in the existence of angels and regarded them as intermediaries between God and human beings.
They believed in the existence of demons and Satan
They believed in and waited for the Messiah of God to come
The believed in the resurrection of the dead
The believed in the judgment of God at the end of time for all human kind
They were strong nationalists and political leaders who resisted all foreign influences and power.

Who were the Scribes?

The word Scribe means ‘a writer. The work of a scribe was to rewrite by hand – new manuscripts of the Jewish scriptures. The copied the word exactly as it was. The scribes were either Pharisees or Sadducees.

At the time of Jesus, majority of the Scribes were associated with the Pharisees. A scribe was also a ‘Rabbi’ – teacher. Some scribes managed schools called ‘Rabbinical Schools’. In these schools, Jewish male youth learnt the Mosaic Law from the age of 13 years. Scribes were represented in the Jewish religious council called the Sanhedrin. Sanhedrin was the Jewish Court of Justice, which tried those who committed religious sins.

Who were the Sadducees?

Sadducees were the wealthy people. They were an influential group. These were the majority in the Sanhedrin, the Jewish Court of Justice. The poor hated them. They were also members of the Jerusalem priesthood. The chief priests were mainly drawn from the Sadducees. They believed in the divine authority of the Law of Moses and the Pentateuch’s first five Books of the bible. They believed that Moses wrote the first 5 books of the Bible. They regarded all the other books in the Old Testament as not divinely inspired. Hence they rejected them. They rejected and did not believe in (a) The resurrection of the dead (b) Last judgment (c) Coming of the Messiah (d) Angels and demons and (e) the oral traditions of the Pharisees. They were enemies of the Pharisees particularly because of religious matters. However, they joined with the Pharisees and Scribes to oppose Jesus Christ.

THE SERMON ON THE PLAIN (Luke. 6:12–16, 27– 49)

Review

In the previous section, we learnt that Jesus chose His apostles. He came down the hill and stood on a level place. He gave a sermon to those present. This address is referred to as the sermon on the plain in Luke’s Gospel.

The people had come to hear Jesus’ word to receive healing and for Jesus to exercise unclean spirits from them. In the sermon, Jesus talked of the characteristics of the new community. All those who would listen to His word would be the “New Israel”.

Selection of 12 disciples (Luke. 6:12 – 16)

Jesus went into a mountain to pray. In the morning, he called his disciples. From them, he selected 12 disciples, whom he also called apostles. Apostle means one who is sent, a missionary. The 12 disciples where: (1) Simon Peter (2) Andrew (3) James (4) John (5) Phillip (6) Bartholomew (7) Mathew (Levi) (8) Thomas (9) James son of Alpheus (10) Simon who was called the Patriot (11) Judas son of James and

(12) Judas Iscariot who became the traitor (Luke vs. 14-16)

Jesus teachings’ on true discipleship

Jesus taught that a follower or disciple of Christ should:

(a) Have unshakeable faith

(b) Be obedient to God’s word

(d) Be kind, loyal, objective, fair, and generous

(e) Accept others without discrimination.

(f) Be a disciple and show concern for others.

The Sermon on the plain (Luke 6: 17 – 49)

The Sermon on the plain is a lecture or lesson that Jesus gave to “ a large number of his disciples and a large crowd of people who had come from Judea, Jerusalem, tyre, and Sidon. They came to listen to the sermon of Jesus and to be healed of diseases, evil spirits. The purpose of the sermon was to teach the crowd the meaning of following Christ. Jesus covered 6 beatitudes or topics in his sermon. These are.

1) Blessings and woes – beatitudes (2) Love for enemies (3) Judging others (4) Giving to the needy (5) A tree and its fruits (6) Wise and foolish builders – hearing and doing the words of Jesus.

We shall now discuss each of these beatitudes in detail.

Blessings and woes. Jesus taught that:

(i) Blessed are the poor for theirs is the Kingdom of God.

(ii) Blessed are the hungry for they shall be filled

(iii) Blessed are those who weep now for they shall laugh

(iv) Blessed are those who men shall hate, reject, reproach for the sake of Christ’s for their great reward is kept in heaven.

(v) Woe to those who are rich, for they have already received their reward.

(vi) Woe to those who are full for they shall go hungry

(vii) Woe to those who laugh now for they shall mourn and weep

(viii) Woe to those whom people speak well, for ancestors said the same about the false prophets.

Those who accept to be followers of Christ are promised blessings while those who reject Christ are to suffer in future.

Love your enemies. Luke. 6: 27 – 36.

Love is often defined as a warm feeling / affection towards somebody or something. Jesus taught his followers to love their enemies and do well to those who hate you. Bless those who curse you. Pray for those who mistreat you. Do unto men as you expect them to do unto you. Lend also to your enemies. Love your enemies and do well to them. Lend and expect nothing back. Be merciful.

From these teachings, true discipleship of Jesus Christ:

a) Entails unconditional love even for enemies
b) Doing good without expecting any returns
c) Praying for those who mistreat us
d) Showing love to our enemies by exhibiting God’s love in us.
e) Is love; because those who love are children of the most high who is kind and merciful to the sinners?

(3) Judging others Luke. 6: 37– 42

Jesus taught his followers not to judge others lest they are also judged. They should not condemn others lest they are also condemned. He asked disciples to forgive others and they shall also be forgiven. True discipleship requires acknowledging one’s shortcomings and avoiding criticism of others.

(4) Giving to the needy.

A true disciple should share what they have with the needy. Those who share shall be rewarded. He also said that the blind couldn’t lead the blind. There is a master and a follower. The disciple is not above his master.

(5) A tree and its fruits.

A healthy tree bears good fruits. A poor tree bears poor fruit. Neither does a corrupt tree bring forth good fruits. A tree is known by its fruits. Followers of Christ are evident to others by their actions. They are not hypocritical or fault finding.

(6) Wise and foolish builders.

A wise builder digs a deep foundation on a rock. When floods come, the house is able to stand. A foolish builder builds his house upon the sand. Without a foundation, when floods come, the house falls and is ruined. Wise builders are those who hear the word of God and do what is required. Those who do not adhere to the teachings are the unwise builders. True discipleship entails obedience to the teachings of Jesus Christ.

Relevance of the lessons of the Sermon on the Plain to Christian Life

Christians are urged to love even those that hate them. The challenges that followers of Christ encountered in the New Testament are not different from those that Christians experience today.

Christians should forgive others, share with the needy, avoid judging others, and follow the teachings of Christ.

Lesson Revision questions

Give the main teaching of Jesus on the sermon on the plain
What is the relevance of the (beatitudes) sermon on the plain to Christians today?

JESUS’ WORKS OF COMPASSION

In this lesson, Jesus’ works of compassion is discussed. These include the works of mercy for those in distress and pity for the suffering. Jesus’ mission lays its foundation in these works of compassion, because He came to establish the kingdom of God by conquering all forms of suffering caused by Satan.

Compassion is a feeling of empathy for other people’s sufferings. It’s being merciful, showing concern and affection for others.

Examples of Jesus work of compassion. There are many examples of compassion
i) Healing of the centurion’s servant (Luke 7:1 – 10)

Centurion is an officer in charge of 100 men. Jesus healed the servant of a Roman soldier and a Gentile.

The Centurion showed love and concern for his servant. The centurion sent Jewish elders to Jesus with a request to heal his servant. The leaders said ‘this man deserves to have you do this, because he loves our nation and has built our synagogue’ (Luke 7:5). Jesus agreed and went with the elders. But before Jesus reached the centurion’s house, the centurion sent his friends to stop him from coming to his house. He said that he was not worthy to have Jesus under his roof. He said that he was a man of authority. Hence Jesus could give an order and the servant would be healed. On hearing this, Jesus declared to the crowd ‘I tell you, I have not found such great faith even in Israel’. When the men returned, they found the servant well.

Lessons Christians can learn from the healing of the centurion servant.

Faith in God is important for healing to occur
We should confess our faith in Jesus. The centurion declared his faith in Jesus by saying he believed that Jesus could heal his servant by his word.
Christians should have compassion like Jesus. He took compassion on the servant and was ready to go and heal him.
Salvation was not for Jews alone, but for all who believed in Jesus. Centurion was not a Jew but a gentile officer in the Roman army. But he had faith in Jesus healing.
Christians should love each other regardless of their background or social status – the centurion loved his servant dearly.
Christians should learn to relate well with all around them – the centurion related well with the Jewish elders and others.
Jesus has power to heal any form of sickness.
ii) The raising of the widows son – Luke 7:11 – 17.

A widow is a woman whose husband is dead. The widow was of the city of Nain. When Jesus neared the gates of the city, he saw the funeral procession of the widow’s son, the only son of his mother. Jesus had compassion on the widow and told her ‘weep not’. Jesus then touched the casket and said ‘young man I say unto you, arise’. The dead sat up and began to speak. All the people were filled with fear and glorified God, saying God has visited his people.

Lessons Christians learn from the raising of the widow’s son

1) Jesus has power over death

2) Jesus empathizes with the suffering

3) Acts of love should not be hindered by traditions – Jesus touched the casket even though Jewish traditions forbid it.

4) The Widow of Nain was a gentile. This is a sign that salvation was universal.

5) The crowd acknowledged Jesus’ lordship; Christians should acknowledge the lordship of Jesus.

What are the practices pertaining to the disposal of the dead in your culture and community?

iii) Assurance to John the Baptist (Luke 7:20 – 30).

A question arose whether Jesus Christ was the Messiah. John the Baptist wanted to assure his disciples that Christ; was the expected messiah: and not him (John the Baptist). He sent his disciples to Jesus to ask “if you are the one he said was going to come, or if we should expect someone else?”(Vs. 20). Jesus told the disciples of John to go back and tell John of the miracles works they saw and heard. Jesus then gave a testimony of John the Baptist as a prophet, whose life and missions is beyond that of ordinary prophets. Jesus testified that John the Baptist; was the forerunner or messenger of Jesus Christ: as the prophets in the Old Testament had written. The Pharisees and the publicans (teaches of the law) however rejected the testimony about John the Baptist. They had refused to be baptized by John. Those baptized by John the Baptist, the tax collectors acknowledged the testimony of Jesus. Jesus rebuked the Pharisees and teachers of law for their hypocrisy.

In what ways were the Pharisees and teaches of law hypocritical?

iv) The forgiveness of the sinful woman (Luke 7: 36 – 50)

Jesus was invited by one of the Pharisees called Simon to his house to dine with him. In that city, there was a sinful woman. She went to the house of Simon when she learnt that Jesus was in the Pharisees house. She brought with her an alabaster jar full of perfume. She stood behind Jesus. She was weeping and washing his feet with her fears. She then wiped the tears from the feet of Jesus with her hair, kissed his feet, and anointed them with oil (an alabaster box of ointment). When Simon, the host saw this he said within himself, ‘if this man was a prophet, he would know who this woman is who is touching him” a sinful woman. Jesus told Simon a parable of a man who forgave two people that owed him money – one 500, the other 50. Jesus asked which of the two debtors would love him most. Simon said the one that was forgiven much, Jesus then told Simon that when he came to his house, Simon did not give him water for his feet; neither did he welcome Jesus with a kiss; nor provide him with olive oil. But the woman washed his feet with her tears, and wiped them with her hair. She also kissed his feet. Jesus told the people that her sins, being many are forgiven for she loved much. Jesus turned to the woman and told her ‘thy sins are forgiven’. ‘Thy faith has saved thee, go in peace’. The people who were eating with

Jesus murmured. Who was Jesus? He forgives sins.

Lessons from the forgiveness of the sinful woman

The Jews believed that by associating with sinners, one becomes virtually defiled. Jesus however allowed the sinful woman to touch him.
By her actions, the woman acknowledged that she was a sinner, and repented. This was in contrast to the Pharisees who were self-righteous and therefore did not repent.
The Woman’s great love for Jesus led to her being forgiven of her sins.
Christians need to accept their sinful nature and seek forgiveness from God.
Faith in Jesus is necessary.

Summary

Jesus is accepted women to be his followers unlike the Jewish customs which viewed women as lesser than men. Other women that played a key role in the ministry of Jesus include Mary Magdalene, Joann Joanna and Susanna among many others.

Lesson Revision questions

What role do women play in the church ministry?
Narrate the story of the forgiveness of the sinful woman (Lk 7: 36, 8:3)
What lessons do you learn from the above story?
Describe the story of the raising of the widow’s son at Nain (Lk 7: 11-17)

Answers

Women play many roles in the church ministry. Some of these are:

(i) Carrying out duties of pastors, bishops, and deacons

(ii) Management. Some are heads of the women groups

(iii) Leading in church service

(iv) Participating as church ushers, choir singers, and youth leaders

(v) Attending church. Women are part of the congregations

JESUS TEACHING IN PARABLES (LK. 8: 4- 21)

Introduction

Jesus used parables to teach. A parable is a Greek word. It means comparing or ‘putting side by side’ in order to understand. A parable is defined as a short story or description, which teaches something or answers some questions. It is an allegory – an earthly story with a hidden or heavenly meaning.

Use of parables. Jesus used parables in his teachings in order to explain unfamiliar messages in a language that his hearers could understand. Other reasons were because Jesus wanted to:

1) Provoke critical thinking

2) Make the audience understand issues from a different point of view

3) Explain the nature of the kingdom of God by giving real life examples.

4) Explain the nature of God. The parables brought out the attributes of an invisible God. For example, the parable of the prodigal son who had been lost

5) Attract the attention of his audiences so that they could listen and understand.

6) Make people understand how they should relate to one another. Read the parable of the good Samaritan

7) Teach God’s love to mankind the parable of the lost sheep, lost coin.

Separate / identify those who were sincere in seeking the kingdom of God from the onlookers.

9) Challenge the imagination of his hearers since entry to God’s kingdom was a personal decision.

10) Make an indirect attack on his opponents like the Pharisees, the scribes and the Sadducees.

11) Teach his disciples that they should be persistent and never be discouraged.

12) Make his teachings interesting and easy to understand.

The parable of the sower Lk 8:4 – 15

Jesus told this parable to the crowd that followed him. He said that a farmer went out to sow corn. He scattered seeds in the field. As he did so, some of them fell on the path, and they were trampled on and eaten by birds. Other seeds fell on the rock ground. When they germinated, they withered because they lacked moisture. Some seed fell among thorns bushes. They grew with bushes, which choked them as they grew. Some other seeds fell on fertile soil. They grew up in fertile soil and their yield was100 seed for each seed sown.

Meaning or interpretation of the parable

Jesus gave the meaning of the parable to his disciples. He said that the seed is the word of God.

Seed that fell on the path represents people who hear the word of God, and then the devil comes and takes away the word from their hearts so that they do not believe. Such listeners are like the seeds that fell on the path. They hear the word but soon after the devil take away the message to stop them from believing and being saved.
Seed that fell on the rocky ground are people who receive the word with joy but it does not stay with them. They believe for a while but when faced with trials and temptations they stop believing and fall away.

iii. Seed that fell on the thorny bushes stands for people who receive the word. However, they fail to follow their beliefs because of interference by life’s worries, riches and pressures of the world. They fail to mature as believers.

Seed that fell on the good soil are those people with a noble and good heart. They hear the word, and retain it in their hearts. Such people persevere and produce good harvest.
Interpretation. The different types of soil in this parable refer to different kinds of Hearts of people.

The farmer is Jesus, God or Preacher. We learn that:

One should not despair and

It’s important to receive the word of God, practice it and persevere so as to bear fruits.

The parable of a lamp under a bowl (Lk.8: 16 – 18).

Jesus taught that no one lights a lamp, then covers it with a bowl or hide it under a bed. When one lights a lamp, they put it on the lamp stand so as to illuminate a room and for people to see the light. For whatever is hidden or covered up shall be revealed. In this parable Jesus is the light. The disciples had a duty to pass on to others messages they had learnt from Jesus. They should not keep messages to themselves. Interpretation from this parable of a lamp under a bowl, we learn that:

A Christian has a duty to share the knowledge of God with others
One cannot be a Christian if this knowledge is hidden

iii. Those who do not share may lose their beliefs.

Jesus mother and brothers. Luke 8:19 – 21

The mother of Jesus and brothers came to see him. Someone told Jesus that they were there. He told the crowd. “My mother and brothers are those who hear the word of God and obey “. Accepters and believers are the members of the family of Jesus.

Lesson Revision Questions

Give reasons why Jesus used parables
Identify various methods used by Christians in spreading the gospel today
Discuss the reasons why Jesus faced opposition from the Jewish leaders.

MIGHTY WORKS OF JESUS

Jesus continued to do miracles; and teach. His work is referred to as the mighty works of Jesus in various books. Miracles can be defined as acts of power whose purpose is to establish the kingdom of God.

Miracles can also mean extraordinary events that go against the laws of nature.

Categories / types of miracles

Jesus performed four types of miracles. These were:

1) Nature miracles – miracles that dealt with nature e.g. calming of the storm

2) Raising of the dead e.g. Jairus daughter

3) Healing miracles – healing Simon’s mother in law of fever, healing of the woman with the flow of blood.

4) Exorcism miracles – casting out of evil spirits e.g. the Gerasene demonic

i) The calming of the storm

One day, Jesus entered a boat with his disciples to go across Lake Galilee. As they sailed Jesus was asleep in the ship. Suddenly, there was a strong wind and the boat began to sink. The disciples woke him up saying, “Master, we are about to die”. Jesus woke up and gave an order to the winds and the raging waters. They obeyed and there was calm. He then said to his disciples ‘where is your faith?’ Disciples were afraid and amazed and wondered, “Who is this man?” Winds and waves obey him.

This miracle teaches Christians to have faith and to depend on Jesus when they face raging temptations and persecutions. Jesus has power over nature.

ii) Jesus Heals a Man with demons (Lk8: 26 – 39)

Jesus and his disciples sailed to Gerasa town across Lake Galilee. On arrival a man who had demons in him for a long time met Jesus. He lived naked in tombs, and wilderness. On seeing Jesus, he cried out, threw himself down at the feet of Jesus and shouted; “Jesus son of the Most High God! What do you want with me?” ” I beseech thee, torment me not’. Jesus had ordered the demons to go out of him.

Jesus asked him “what is your name?” He replied Legion or Mob. This was because the man had been possessed by many demons. The demons begged Jesus not to send them into the deep but to let them go into some pigs (swine) that were feeding by. Jesus allowed them and the devils went out of the man, into the pigs. The herd ran down the cliff into the lake and drowned. The herders run to the city and spread the news. The multitude found the man sitting at the feet of Jesus clothed, and in his right mind.

The multitude asked Jesus to leave their country region. The healed man wanted to follow Jesus but

Jesus declined and told him to go and tell others of the great things that God had done for him. The man went to town and told all “what Jesus had done for him”.

This miracle teaches Christians that:

The mission of Jesus’ was universal.
Jesus mission is to teach all the people irrespective of their race, tribe or geographical location. The demon man was healed in a Gentile area.
Jesus has power over evil
Powers of evil (demons) are real
Human life is more valuable than man’s material things
The demons – evil spirits identified Jesus as the Son of the most high
Christians need to fight the power of evil SAQ. What were the causes of mental illness and spirit possession in traditional African society and in modern society?

iii) Jairus daughter is raised. Lk.8: 40 – 42, 49 – 56

Jairus was an official in the local synagogue. He begged Jesus to come to his house and heal his only daughter who was 12 was dying.

iv) Woman with the flow of blood is Healed (Lk. 8:43 – 48)

When Jesus was on route to Jairus house, great crowds followed him and pressed him on either side.

Amongst them was a woman who had suffered from severe bleeding for 12 years. She consulted doctors and spent all her savings on physicians. But she was not cured. The society considered the woman unclean. It blamed her for her illness. She herself was embarrassed by her condition. This woman walked behind Jesus and she touched the hem of the garment of Jesus. Her bleeding stopped at once.

Jesus asked who touched me. Everyone denied it. Peter replied the multitude was around Jesus and it was difficult to know who had touched him. Jesus persisted someone touched him. The woman who had touched Jesus the woman came forward, and fell at his feet and confessed to all her sickness and explained why she touched Jesus and how she was healed at once. Jesus said to her “My daughter, your faith has made you well. Go in peace”.

Jairus daughter is raised. Lk.8: 40 – 42, 49 – 56

As Jesus was talking to her, Jairus was told that his little girl was dead. “Don’t bother the teacher anymore. Jesus told Jairus not to fear but to believe and she will be well. When he got to the house he went into the room with Peter, John and James and the parents of the girl. People around were weeping and wailing. But Jesus told them not to weep. She is not dead but asleep. They scorned and laughed at him for saying that she is asleep because they knew she was dead. Jesus took the girl by hand and called out “Get up, my child” – ‘little girl arise’. She immediately got up and Jesus ordered the parent to give her food. He commanded them not to tell what had happened.

Teachings from these two miracles

The miracle of raising Jairus daughter teaches Christians that Jesus is compassionate and the author of life. He has power over death, resurrection and life.

In the miracle of healing the Woman with the flow of blood:

Jesus made her healing public. This was probably because He wanted to acknowledge the woman’s faith in the public. Jesus made it clear that her faith made her whole.
Jesus wanted to challenge the cultural practices that kept women in bandage and could not participate in public life.
Jesus made her healing public so that the community can receive her back and shall not isolate her again.

From this miracle of healing this woman, Christians learn that one; Jesus is the healer. He has power over all sicknesses even those without cure. Two, Christians should have faith in Jesus Christ.

Lesson Revision Questions

Narrate the healing of the Gerasene demoniac Lk 8: 26-39
What lessons can Christians learn from the healing of the demoniac man above?
What do the miracles of Jesus teach us about him?
Compare the raising of Jairus daughter and the healing of the woman with the flow of blood

Answers

A comparison of the raising of Jairus daughter and the healing of the woman with flow of blood

(i) Jairus daughter was 12 years old and the woman sick with the flow of blood had suffered for 12 years.

(ii) Jesus referred to both of them as daughter

(iii) Their situation – death and flow of blood did not have a cure

(iv) The public witnessed the miracle of the woman with the flow of blood.

(v) Jesus commanded Jairus to keep secret raising of his daughter

COMMISSIONING OF THE TWELVE DISCIPLES Lk 9:1 – 10

Introduction

Commission means to officially ask someone to do something.

Learning Outcomes: By the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

Describe the commissioning of the twelve disciples.
Explain the story of the feeding of the 5000
Describe the transfiguration of Jesus
Explain the teachings of Jesus on faith and humility.
The commissioning of the twelve disciples

The twelve disciples or followers accompanied Jesus wherever he went. They were regarded as apostles.

An apostle comes from a Greek word ‘Apostols’ which means ‘send out’ one who is sent or a ‘missionary’. The commissioning of the 12 disciples meant that they were given four main duties, power and authority to:

a) Exorcise or cast out demons
b) Cure diseases
c) Heal the sick
d) Preach the Kingdom of God and proclaim the arrival of God’s Instructions. They were told to:
i) Take nothing for the journey
ii) Initiate attack on the forces of evil

iii) Depend entirely on God to take care of them

iv) Take no stick, no beggars’ bag, no food, no money and not even an extra shirt for their journey
v) Whatever house they entered they were to stay there until they leave the town.
vi) If they were not welcomed, they were to leave that town and shake the dust off their feet as a warning to that city or town.

With these instructions, the disciples left and travelled to all villages preaching the Good News and healing people everywhere. King Herod was perplexed by the work of the disciples and he desired to see

Jesus.

Feeding of the five thousand.

Please open your Bible and read Luke chapter 9. Verses 11-17)

After reading these verses, about feeding of the five thousand (5000) people we learn that

Jesus is concerned about people’s physical needs
Jesus demonstrated that he is the bread of life
Jesus has divine power
The Church has the duty of continuing to feed its followers both spiritually and physically.
The feeding of the 5000 people points to the Messianic banquet
Christians must learn to share whatever they have with one another
From this miracle, Jesus expected his disciples to appreciate their responsibility. Their work was not only to preach and heal but also feed the hungry. Feeding was both physical and spiritual.

The personality of Jesus and his identity Lk. 9:18 – 27

When Jesus was alone with his disciples, he asked them who people say he is. The disciples told him that some say he is John the Baptist, others say he is Elijah and others say his one of the old prophets who have risen again. Jesus asked them who they, disciples say he is. Peter replied that he is Christ of God.

Jesus then told them not to tell people who he is for the Son of man has first to suffer many things be rejected by the elders chief, priests and scribes, be killed and be raised the third day. Jesus announced to the disciples of his passion (great sufferings) Jesus is the Christ (anointed) of God – Messiah as well as the son of man. A divine nature and a human nature. Jesus went on ahead to tell his disciples that they should deny themselves (self – denial) take up their cross daily and be ready to lose their lives for Jesus. However, great is the reward for the faithful.

THE TRANSFIGURATION (LK.9: 28 – 36)

A brief summary from the Bible

Transfiguration is change or transformation of form or appearance. Jesus was transformed in appearance when he took Peter, John and James to the mountain to pray. During the transfiguration,

Moses and Elijah came down from heaven to talk with Jesus about his coming death in Jerusalem.

Moses, Elijah and Jesus were in heavenly glory and glorious splendor. Peter, John and James were asleep. When they woke up, they saw Jesus’ glory. They also saw Elijah and Moses with Jesus. Peter suggested to Jesus that they build three tents for Jesus, Elijah and Moses. As he spoke a cloud overshadowed them. A voice from the cloud said ‘this is my son, whom I have chosen——– listen to him”. The cloud left and the disciples found themselves with Jesus. They kept what they saw and heard to themselves.

Significance and importance of transfiguration

The voice from heaven confirmed that Jesus is the Christ of God, or the Messiah
Moses represented the Old Testament law. Jesus came to fulfill the Law of Moses. It showed that

Jesus was not against the Law of Moses.

Elijah represented the Old Testament Prophets. This meant that Jesus had fulfilled the Old Testament prophecies. He is above the prophets.
Jesus is above or greater than the law and the prophets.
Transfiguration was a way of preparing the disciples for the death and resurrection of Jesus. Death is not the end of life (Moses and Elijah appeared to confirm this)
The transfiguration prepared and gave strength to Jesus for what lay ahead of him
Dazzling appearance showed the glory of Jesus
The transfiguration also shows the importance of encouraging each other.

5.0 Revision questions

Explain the teachings of John the Baptist
Describe the baptism and temptation of Jesus and its relevance to Christians today.
Give reasons as to why Jesus was rejected at Nazareth
Describe the first miracles of Jesus at Capernaum
Narrate and dramatize the temptations of Jesus from the gospel according to St Luke,
Identify five occasions when Jesus was tempted
Explain ways in which Christians can be tempted today
Outline ways in which Christians can overcome temptations in the contemporary world
Identify lessons that Christians can learn from the temptations of Jesus?
What is the role of the clergy in Kenya?
How does the church participate in the upkeep of the clergy?
Define and describe the transfiguration of Jesus

THE JOURNEY TO JERUSALEM – LUKE ch. 9-18

Introduction

As Jesus travelled to Jerusalem, He prepared His disciples for the life they were to lead after He leaves them.

DUTIES, PRIVILEGES AND COST OF DISCIPLESHIP

Jesus’ teaching on faith and humility a brief summary from the Bible read (Luke 9: 37 – 50) for details. After the transfiguration, Jesus used two incidents to teach his disciples about faith and humility. One incident was the healing of a boy possessed by an evil spirit (Luke 9: 37 –43). Jesus rebuked the unclean spirit out of the boy and the boy was healed. Jesus told His disciples that their lack of faith was the reason why they did not cure the boy.

Jesus informed his disciples that faith in him was important when carrying out his work.

Jesus’ teaching on His Work

The next question was …. Who is to work for Jesus? All Christians can work for Jesus even believers who are gentiles. Read (Luke 9 vs. 49 – 50). Jesus told his disciples not to forbid others from carrying out his work for whoever is not against Him is for Him. This means that whoever had faith; even the Gentiles could carry out Jesus work.

Jesus’ teaching on His followers

Jesus was determined to go to Jerusalem. As He travelled, men volunte-ered to follow him wherever he was going. Jesus replied that foxes have holes, birds of the air have nests but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head. Jesus had no earthly home. His mission on earth was only for a time. A man requested to follow Jesus but asked permission to bury his father. Jesus told him to let the dead bury their dead. Disciples of Jesus have to leave their families in order to do His Work. Mission of the 72 men. Read Luke 10:1 – 24

On the way to Jerusalem, Jesus sent out 72 disciples on a mission to promote the Gospel of the Kingdom of God through preaching and service. The 72 disciples were sent in 2s in order to encourage or help each other. The 72 were given instructions. Jesus told them that He has given them power over demons, serpents, scorpion. They have power over all the powers of Satan. When disciples returned, they reported that demons obeyed them. In Luke 10 verse 20, Jesus asked the 72 to rejoice not because demons flee but because their names are written in heaven. Out of the many followers, Jesus chose 12 apostles who learnt from Jesus and became His witnesses.

Jesus’ teaching on the greatest disciple

Read (Luke 9: 46- 48). The disciples asked themselves– who is the greatest amongst disciples amongst the 12 disciples? In response Jesus took a child by His side and said to the disciples. Whoever welcomes this child in my name, welcomes me, as well as the one who sent me. For the one who is least amongst you shall be the greatest in Heaven.

Lessons from this example

Jesus explained that His disciples needed values of humility and simplicity. These virtues were needed to carry out the work of discipleship.

Teaching about Discipleship

True followers of Jesus Christ must
Be ready to detach themselves from families and material possessions.
Be ready to face rejections because not all people will accept them or their message.
Be ready to serve.
Be ready to cater for people’s physical needs.
Be selfless.
Not be hypocrites and should accept hospitality whenever it is given.
Be able to exercise self-evaluation.
Duties of a disciple were:
a) To preach the good news of salvation to other people and be ready to suffer for the sake of Christ.
b) Obey God’s commandments and follow teachings of Jesus.
c) To help the needy spiritually and with material needs.
d) To teach others about the Kingdom of God.
e) To heal the sick.
f) To cast out demons.
g) Be prepared to suffer for the sake of the gospel.
h) Being loyal to Jesus and faithful to the gospel.
i) Commitment and loyalty
Privileges of a disciple
a) One becomes a member of the Kingdom of God.
b) They get an assurance of eternal life.
c) They receive joy of winning other people to follow Jesus.
d) They receive peace, and blessings of God.

How are these teachings relevant to modern church leaders and members?

Modern church leaders have a duty to continue preaching God’s word to all people. They should serve God in several ministries such as visiting the sick, caring for orphans, the destitute, widows, widowers, and the aged. They should also be ready to suffer and even face rejection for the sake of the Christ.

Exercise

What are the characteristics of a true follower of Christ?
State the privileges of being a disciple of Jesus Christ
Why did Jesus choose the 12 disciples?

A COMMITTED FOLLOWER OF CHRIST

Read Luke 10: 25-37, and Luke 11: 1-13

The parable of the Good Samaritan

A teacher of law asked Jesus questions in order to tempt him. One was “what must I do to receive eternal life? (Read Luke 10: 25 to 28). Jesus replied with a question. What do the scriptures say? He replied and Jesus told him to do as the scripture say. . He asked another question. Who is my neighbor? (Luke 10 v 29). Jesus answered with the parable of the Good Samaritan. In this parable, the righteous people among the Jews, Levites and priests, did not help the injured man. A Samaritan whom Jews considered unclean and sinners helped him. After narrating this parable Jesus asked the lawyer, who of the 3 travelers was a good neighbor? The lawyer said the Samaritan.

Lessons learnt from the parable of the Good Samaritan

In the above parable, Jesus stressed that a follower of Jesus should be:

(1) Committed

(2) Show love of God by loving people in need and their neighbors. A neighbor is anybody who requires assistance or help regardless of race, ethnicity, creed, color or gender. Jesus wants his followers to show love and concern to all people regardless of their background. A neighbor uses

-His/her resources selflessly to help the needy. A neighbor is also compassionate, kind, and generous to the needy.

Jesus Visit to Martha and Mary (Read Luke 10: 38 – 42)

Martha welcomed Jesus in her home where she lived with her sister Mary. While Martha prepared food,

Mary sat at Jesus’ feet listening to his teaching. Martha complained. She was doing all the work while

Mary sat listening to Jesus teaching. Jesus told Martha that Mary had made the right choice to listen to His teaching.

Lessons we can learn from Jesus Visit to Martha and Mary

A committed follower of Jesus is one who creates time to study and listen to God’s word.
A follower of Christ should ensure that their commitment to God is not overshadowed by daily duties, worries and responsibilities.
Jesus visit to Mary and Martha was also to teach disciples on the characteristics of a true disciple.

Revision exercise

From the teachings of Jesus, on the parable of the Good Samaritan; who do you think is a committed follower of Jesus?

JESUS’ TEACHING ON PRAYER (Read Luke 11:1 – 13)

Prayer is communication with God. It is talking with God. People pray to God all the time. For example, people pray to God when:

They are in problems and in happiness;
Seeking healing and wealth,
Giving thanks to God,
Identifying the needs to be met, and asking for favors from God
Repenting and confessing their sins
Thanking God

There are many forms or types of prayers. These are:

Intercessory prayer – Praying for the needs of others.
Prayer for repentance – for forgiveness of sins.
Thanksgiving prayer – giving thanks to God for what he has done.
Worship prayer – prayers to worship God.
Praise prayers – to praise God, Honor God.
Supplication and petition prayer – whereby an individual makes their needs known to God and asks for divine intervention.

Jesus prayed often during his life’s Ministry. The disciples asked him to show them how to pray. Jesus responded by teaching them the Lord’s Prayer.

“Our Father who art in Heaven

Hallowed be thy name

Thy Kingdom come

Thy will be done on earth as

It is in heaven

Give us this day our daily bread

Forgive us our trespasses

As we forgive those who trespass against us

Lead us not into temptation

But deliver us from evil”

a) Our Father who art in heaven – The disciples were told to address God as ‘Our father’. God is to be Seen and addressed as a Father.
b) Hallowed be thy name – The name of God should be respected and revered.
c) Thy Kingdom come – In Prayer, Christians/disciples are to pray that the ruler ship of God reign amongst them.
d) Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven – Christians to obey the will of God.
e) Give us this day our daily bread – Christians to pray for their needs.
Forgive us our trespasses – we ask for forgiveness of our sins and those of others.
Jesus taught that one should be persistent in prayer. If a man goes to his friend at midnight and asks for bread to give to his visitor, the friend will open the door and give his friend all that he needs. This is because his friend was persistent in knocking on the door.

In conclusion, if prayers are to be effective, one must have faith and be persistent. Believe that God shall answer prayers. A committed follower of Jesus should pray at all times. In prayer, one should acknowledge that God is the Father and that all prayers should be addressed to him. Two, one should have faith that God answers prayers. Therefore we should be persistent in prayer.

Reasons why Christians should pray

To honor God

To request for favors

To offer thanksgiving

To confess their sins and seek for forgiveness of sins

To seek God’s protection

To intercede on behalf of others

To strengthen their relationship with God

Revision exercise

What did Jesus teach about prayer?
What is the importance of prayer?

USE OF GOD’S POWER TO OVERCOME EVIL. Read Luke 11:14 – 28

Jesus and Beelzebub. (Read Luke 11: 14 to 28)

Jesus drove out a mute demon. The possessed man began to talk. The crowd said that Jesus was casting out demons using the power of Beelzebub (the price of demons). Beelzebul was an evil spirit. However

Jesus replied “Any country that divides itself into groups which fight each other will not last very long, and a family divided against itself will fall. Jesus said it is by the power of God that drives out demons. Lessons learnt

Satan cannot fight against himself therefore Jesus cannot be an agent of Beelzebub / Satan.
Gods Kingdom and that of Satan were two separate Kingdoms and could not co-exist.

iii. The destruction of Satan’s power meant that the Kingdom of God was in Israel and it was powerful.

God’s power destroyed Satan’s kingdom. It is impossible to be neutral in the battle between Christ and Satan. One has to belong to either Christ or Satan.

Jesus has power to drive out demons.
Demons occupy people. They bring disabilities and diseases.

What makes people to be insane? Mentally sick

The sign of Jonah. (Read Luke 11: 29 – 32)

After Jesus drove out the dumb spirit, Jews demanded performance of greater miracles. They wanted Jesus to prove that he was their expected messiah. Jesus said that Jonah was a great miracle. But Jesus was greater miracle than that of Jonah, and King Solomon. King Solomon was full of wisdom. He was so great that Queen of Sheba came to listen to his wisdom. Jesus like Jonah had brought a message of judgment. Jesus is greater than Jonah or Solomon. If Jews refuse to receive and listen to Jesus, the Gentiles like Queen of Sheba, will bear testimony against the Jews and receive God’s salvation.

The light of the body. Read Luke: 11: 33 – 36

Jesus taught that no one lights a lamp and hides it under a bowl. A lamp is placed where all can see its light. He said that the human eye is the lamp or the light of the body. Jesus asked the listeners to make sure that “the light in you is not darkness” (vs. 35).

What is the main message in this story?

JESUS TEACHING ON HYPOCRISY, WEALTH, WATCHFUL-NESS AND READINESS

Introduction

Hypocrisy is being dishonest and insincere or pretending to someone else or people. What did Jesus teach about hypocrisy?

Hypocrisy. Read Luke 12: 1- 12

A Pharisee invited Jesus to his house for a meal. When Jesus did not wash before eating the meal, the Pharisee was surprised. Jesus told him, “You Pharisees clean the outside of your cup and plate, but inside you are full violence and evil, greed and wickedness” (vs. 39). Jesus condemned the Pharisees for their hypocrisy. They were concerned with outward appearances and traditions such as ceremonial washing of cups, hands, and dishes but not the souls of people. They loved the outward show and public recognition. Pharisees tithed, “but neglected justice and love of God” (vs. 42). They imposed rules and regulations for people to follow, yet they themselves did not practice what they preached. They refused to confess their sins but pointed out sins in others. They hinder others from entering the kingdom of God. They had failed to make people understand the true interpretation of the law. They were like unmarked graves – dead to people yet the people trusted them. After this teaching, the Pharisees and the teachers of the law began to oppose Jesus fiercely.

What do we learn from Jesus teachings? Followers of Jesus should be

Sincere and upright (honest); (2) obey God’s commands; (3), live to please God but not other people;

(4) Confess publicly their loyalty to God and (5) love God without fear and (6) be dependent on the Holy Spirit

The Parable of the Rich Fool. (Read Luke 12:13 to 21).

Someone wanted justice. His brother had refused to share with him his father’s wealth. He wanted Jesus to order his brother to divide their father’s inheritance between him. In response, Jesus answered him with the parable of the rich fool.

A rich man expected a good harvest of his crops. He thought he did not have storage for the crop he expected to harvest. The man said to himself. i will demolish my granaries and stores, then build bigger ones to store all my corn, and other goods. He expected to have enough food to last him a lifetime. Then he can enjoy his wealth; eating, drinking and making merry. But God told him that his life would be demanded from him that same night. What will happen to his wealth, as he was not rich in God’s sight?

Lessons to learn

Followers of Jesus should not put their trust in material wealth but in God
Life consists of food, other material wealth and trust in God

iii. Whoever seeks God’s kingdom, will receive material blessings from God

Jesus did not condemn material possessions but rather the attitude towards material possessions.
Jesus condemned attachment to material wealth instead of trust in God who controls our lives.
Watchfulness, Readiness, and Instructions. (Read Luke 12: 35 – 59)

Jesus told his disciples to be:

Watchful and ready for the return of the Son of Man i.e. Jesus.
Faithful servants so that when Jesus returns, he will find them ready and acting responsibly

iii. Watchful of possible divisions in families

Royal to Christ
Ready for the coming of the Son of Man. He will come at unexpected time; like a thief who comes when the owner of the house is not aware.
Observing things of the kingdom of God, which were present in the person of Jesus.

vii. Like good servants, and watch over the affairs of the master.

viii. Be decision makers and follow the teachings of Jesus without being watched.

Review questions

In what ways were the Pharisees hypocritical?

THE KINGDOM OF GOD

The unfaithful fig tree
The mustard seed
Parable of the feast
Parable of the great feast
Parable of the lost sheep and the lost son

The Kingdom of God

Kingdom of God refers to rule of God, or God’s authority on people’s lives and the world He created. The kingdom of God was present in Jesus. It is now and in the future reality. The teachings and miracles of

Jesus was a manifestation of the Kingdom of God. For anyone to enter God’s kingdom, one has to repent and ask for forgiveness. The Kingdom of God continues to grow and spread through the work of the Church. Those who accept the teachings of Jesus Christ about God’s Kingdom are members of the Kingdom of God. Now to enter the Kingdom of God, one has to repent and not judge others.

Read Luke 13:1-5. Luke has explained the kingdom of God and outlined who will enter it.

The Kingdom of God has unfruitful fig tree (Read Luke, 13: 6 – 9). A farmer had a fig tree that was unproductive for 3 years. He ordered the gardener to cut it down. The gardener requested for the fig tree to be given another chance. He promised to dig around the fig tree and add fertilizer. If it bears fruits well, it can survive, if it doesn’t bear fruit, then it should be cut down.

Lessons learnt from the parable

The unproductive fig tree represents followers of Jesus who are unproductive because they do not follow the teachings of Jesus Christ. God gives people chances to repent just like the fig tree was given a second chance to bear fruit. Jesus is the gardener who pleads for people before God. The followers of

Jesus is expected to be fruitful.

What are the figs used for?

Parable of the mustard seed. Read Luke, 13:18 – 19

Jesus likened the kingdom of God to a mustard seed, which is very small. When a mustard seed is planted, it grows fast to become a big tree. It is difficult to control its growth. When mature, the fig tree attracts many birds, which feed on its seeds.

Lesson learnt from the parable.

The Kingdom of God

Begins as a small seed and grows quietly and humbly

Then it grows and spreads to all corners of the earth

And It attracts many people

Parable of the Yeast. Read Luke, 13: 20 – 21

The Kingdom of God is like yeast. Yeast makes dough rise and the bread big. The Kingdom of God grows secretly and slowly just like the dough rises without being noticed. It is only God who knows how a kingdom grows. The Kingdom of God grows as a small unit that eventually grows, spreads and reaches out to many people in many nations.

The narrow door. Read Luke, 13: 22 – 30

As Jesus was teaching in towns and villages, a person asked him whether a few people would be saved.

Jesus replied that his followers should make every effort to go through the narrow door as it leads to the Kingdom of God. The narrow door will not remain open forever.

Lesson learnt from the parable

Those who wish to follow Jesus must repent immediately

Entrance to God’s Kingdom is through repentance

Everybody is invited to enter into the Kingdom of God.

Jesus heals a crippled woman on the Sabbath. Luke, 13:10 – 12

Jesus was teaching in the synagogue on Sabbath. Jesus healed a woman who had an evil spirit, which had bent her back (Hunch back) for 18 years. Jesus saw her and told her “woman, you are free from your illness!” She was made straight and immediately glorified God. The official of the synagogue was annoyed that Jesus was healing on a Sabbath. He and others were hostile to Jesus for healing/working on the Sabbath. Jesus told him, you hypocrite. You feed and look after your animals on the Sabbath day.

Jesus emphasized that human life is more important than animal life or even observing the Sabbath.

Lessons learnt from the parable

Jesus came to set people free from the bondage of sickness and Satan. Jesus work of liberation is continuous. It has to be performed even on a Sabbath day because human life is more important than animal life or even observing the Sabbath.

Jesus’ Love for Jerusalem. (Read Luke13: 31 – 35)

As Jesus continued with his teachings, he reached Jerusalem. Pharisees informed him that Herod wanted to kill him. His response was ‘go and tell that fox” I will continue healing the sick and casting out demons. Jesus however, lamented over Jerusalem for rejecting God’s messengers. God would abandon Jerusalem for rejecting Jesus. Jerusalem was the site of Jesus death. It would eventually acknowledge Jesus as the Messiah who brings salvation to Israel and to the rest of the world.

Man with dropsy healed (Read Luke 14:1 – 6).

Jesus was invited to the house of the leading Pharisees for a meal on a Sabbath. A man with dropsy (swollen legs and arms) came to Jesus for healing. The Pharisees watched Jesus closely to see what he would do. Jesus asked the Pharisees “does our Law allow healing on the Sabbath or not?” They kept quiet. Jesus healed the man who then left. Jesus asked the Pharisees, would they save their son or an ox if it fell in a well on a Sabbath. They kept quiet.

Humility and Hospitality. (Read Luke 14: 7 – 14)

Jesus was in the house of a leading Pharisees and observed that some of the invited guests were choosing the best places to sit at the table. He taught the disciples how to be humble. He said, when invited for a meal, let the owner give you a seat of honor that is reserved for important and honorable guests. Read verse 11.

Jesus advised his host to invite the poor, cripples, and the blind who cannot invite you, as they have nothing to give back for generosity.

Lessons learnt from the parable

Jesus is teaching about humility and hospitality. Those who are humble shall be elevated. Those who elevate themselves shall be humbled. Followers of Jesus should extend invitations to the poor and the underprivileged in the society. The Kingdom of God belongs to the humble people.

The parable of the Great Feast. Read Luke, 14: 15 – 24.

A man said to Jesus, “How happy are those who will sit down at the feast in the Kingdom of God” (verse

15). in response Jesus told him that a man made a great feast and invited many friends and colleagues to the feast. The invited guests failed to come and a servant was sent to inform them that the feast was ready. All the invited guests gave personal excuses explaining why they could not come.

The master was angry and asked the servant to invite the poor, crippled, lame, the blind and anyone willing to come to the feast.

Lessons learnt from the parable

God has invited all people to the great feast of the Kingdom of God. Those who honor his invitation will be blessed. Those who reject the invitation will be excluded from the feast. Jesus explained that the

Kingdom of God is like a great feast open to all Jews and Gentiles.

To enter the Kingdom of God, one has to make a personal decision because following Jesus means sacrificing activities that we consider important to us.

The Cost of Being a Disciple

Read Luke 14: 25 – 33

True discipleship means loving Jesus more than ones family. This is a great sacrifice to detach oneself from the family. A disciple must be ready to suffer for the sake of following Jesus. Following Jesus requires skills of careful thinking, planning and detailed preparations. Jesus compared true discipleship to the planning required when building a tower or engaging in a military operation.

Lessons / teachings learnt from the parable

True discipleship means making great sacrifices, “None of you can be my disciple unless you give up everything you have” (verse 33). Jesus disciples are expected to do careful planning before deciding to follow him because they are required to love God more than anyone else even their relatives and friends.

The parable of the Lost Sheep

Read Luke, 15:1 – 7

Pharisees and teachers of law complained to Jesus because Jesus was teaching ordinary people such as tax collectors, and outcasts considered sinners by them.

Jesus told the Pharisees and teachers of law the parable of the lost sheep. He told them that if a shepherd with 100 sheep lost one of them, what action would he take? Wouldn’t he leave the 99 sheep and go out to look for the lost sheep? And on finding it, wouldn’t the shepherd celebrate with friends and neighbors? Jesus said that God celebrates if “over one sinner who repents than over 99 respectable people who do not need to repent.”

Lessons / teachings learnt from the parable

iii. God is a shepherd and takes care of all his people.

He does not want any of his people to be lost.
God searches for those lost in sin until he finds them.
When one sinner repents, God is overjoyed and rejoices.

vii. God is the good shepherd who has come to seek and save the lost.

Parable of the Lost Coin.

Read Luke, 15: 8 – 10

If a woman losses one of her ten silver coins, she searches until she finds it. And if it is found, she invites her friends and neighbors to celebrate.

Lessons learnt from the parable

God and the angels in heaven search make every effort to seek the lost sinner until they find them. Jesus lights the world, looking for sinners who are lost because they are precious in God’s sight.

Parable of the Lost Son (prodigal son)

Read Luke 15:11 – 32

Jesus then told the story of a father who had two sons. The younger was given his share of inheritance he had requested. He went to foreign lands and wasted his inheritance. He became poor and decided to return home and ask his father to forgive him and employ him as a servant.

His father kissed him and celebrated his return. The father announced to his guests that the son who was lost is now found. – – The one who was dead is now live.

The elder son was angry and unhappy because his father had never held a celebration for him, in spite of his hard work and obedience.

His father told him “my son you are always here with me and everything I have is yours”. We are just celebrating the return of the lost son.

Lessons learnt from the parable

A person dies spiritually if they sin
God loves all people including sinners
God is ready to forgive every sinner who repents
There is no sin that God cannot forgive
Jesus taught that both the righteous and unrighteous require God’s forgiveness
There is joy and happiness in heaven when one sinner repents.
Christians should confess their sins and acknowledge that Jesus saves repentant sinners
God accepts unconditionally any sinner who comes back to him in repentance
Confession of sins is a condition for entering the Kingdom of God.

A GREAT FEAST FOR ALL WHO ARE PREPARED Luke 14: 1 – 35

Q: What are the qualities of those who belong to the kingdom of God?

Answer. Qualities of people who belong to the Kingdom of God

Those who belong to the Kingdom of God:

Obey God’s commandments
Accept God’s rule in their lives

Iii Show God’s love to others

IV Are ready to make sacrifices so as to be followers of Jesus

V Read God’s word and preach to others

VI Confess their sins and seek forgiveness of their sins through repentance.

Review questions

Give an explanation of the term Kingdom of God
What did Jesus teach about the kingdom of God?
What lessons do Christians learn from the parables of the lost son?

Answer

The term Kingdom of God means the role of God or God’s authority in people’s lives and the world.

TEACHINGS ON WEALTH AND POVERTY. LK 16:1 – 32

Introduction

While wealth is possession of material things such as money or occupation of a high social economic status, poverty is the opposite. It is lack of basic needs such as water, education, food, shelter, clothing, and health.

When teaching about wealth, Jesus taught using two parables. These were: (1) parable of the shrewd manager (2) parable of the rich man and Lazarus

Parable of the shrewd manager

Read Luke, 16: 1 – 18

When the shrewd manager realized that his master was going to sack him due to his dishonesty, he asked the debtors to change the amounts they owed their master to smaller amounts. He did this to make friends with a few people who would give him a place to stay after he was sacked. The master praised the shrewd manager and did not sack him. The shrewd manager is praised not because of his dishonesty but because he acted promptly and with great presence of mind in a moment of crisis.

Jesus is encouraging his disciples and followers to make prompt (quick, appropriate, timely) decisions.

They should use wealth to serve God. It should not be allowed to take the place of God. Followers of

Jesus should be honest in small and big things.

The Rich Man and Lazarus Read Luke, 16: 19 – 31.

A rich man lived in luxury. At his gates was a poor man, called Lazarus whose body was covered by sores.

The rich man did not feed Lazarus. He ate food remains together with the rich man’s dogs.

When rich man died, he went to hell. When Lazarus died, he went to heaven and sat at Abraham/s bosom. When in hell, the rich man was tormented while Lazarus was at peace.

Lessons to learn from this parable

The rich isn’t condemned for being rich but because of his altitude towards Lazarus. He used his wealth for self-gratification and not for service to the needy. The wealthy should realize that it is God who gives wealth and he should be given honor. Riches can hinder the wealthy from inheriting eternal life, especially if they put their trust in riches instead of God who is the source of all wealth and blessings.

Revision exercise

From the parable of the rich fool what can Christians learn about the use of wealth?
Narrate the parable of the shrewd manager

JESUS TEACHING ON FORGIVENESS

Read Luke 17: 1 – 4

Jesus taught his disciples to forgive offenders who repent. Those who sin should seek forgiveness. If they offend 7 times in a day, forgive them 7 times. Followers of Jesus need faith to forgive others.

The power of faith. Read Luke, 17: 5 – 11.

Faith is defined as complete trust or confidence in God. It is absolute truthfulness and trust in everything that comes from God. The apostles asked Jesus to increase their faith. Followers of Jesus should have faith. Faith has no measure. Faith as big as a mustard seed can empower Christians to perform miracles that serve God. Faith is necessary. With faith, Christians can forgive others and be servants of God.

Disciples should have faith. Christians understand that they owe everything to God.

Jesus heals ten lepers. Read Luke, 17:11- 19

Jesus was on his way to Jerusalem when he met ten lepers. They requested Jesus to heal them. Jesus told them to go and show themselves to the priests. On the way, they were healed. One of them, a Samaritan, returned to thank Jesus for healing him. The Samaritans and the Jews did not associate. Jesus told the Samaritan that his faith has made him whole. Faith is necessary for healing any disease.

Leprosy is a disease that leads to loss of fingers, toes and other parts of the body. It was a dreadful skin disease, which Jews feared. Lepers were isolated from other people. They lived dejected lives the coming of the kingdom. Read Luke 17: 20 – 37

The Pharisee demanded to know when the kingdom of God would come. Jesus replied that the kingdom of God was within those who had accepted Jesus and his teachings. Those who wanted had received the kingdom. Faith is necessary to discover the power of God’s kingdom. The coming of the son of man, i.e. Jesus will bring the kingdom to reality.

The coming of the son of man is also referred to as the day of the Lord, Day of Judgment. Read Luke, 21:

27- 28. Those who obey Jesus will be saved but those who reject him will be punished.

Lessons to learn

God expects Christians to have faith in him. Christians should have faith in Jesus so that they can inherit eternal life. Faith is needed to strengthen Christians. Faith is important in the life of a

Christian until Jesus returns, i.e. the second coming.

Revision exercise

What did Jesus teach on forgiveness?

PERSISTENCE IN PRAYER, Read Luke, 18:1 – 14

To teach about persistence in prayer, Jesus used two parables. These were the parables of: the widow and a corrupt judge and examples of prayer by a Pharisee and a tax collector.

The widow and the unjust judge. Read Luke, 18: 1 – 9

Jesus had already taught the disciples how to pray. He now tells them that they ought to pray and not faint. He gives a parable to explain his point.

A widow went to a corrupt judge to have her adversaries judged. The judge was corrupt and ignored her. He however gave in to her demands since she was persistent and wearing him down. The judge helped her because of her persistence and courage.

Lessons learnt from the parable

Followers of Jesus should pray with courage and be persistent in prayer. God hears and answers prayers.

Christians should pray without ceasing and with faith and trust that their prayers will be answered.

Parable of the Pharisee, and tax collector, Read Luke, 18:9 – 14

A Pharisee and tax collector went to the temple to pray. The Pharisee offered a long prayer focusing on his achievements. The tax collector (publican) did not have much to say except asking for mercy, as he was a sinner. Followers of Jesus should acknowledge they are sinners and seek forgiveness. They should approach God in humility and avoid spiritual pride, and self-righteousness.

Revision exercise

State the parable of the widow and the unjust judge

THE WAY TO SALVATION, Read Luke, 18: 15 – 19: 1 – 27.

Introduction

The word ‘salvation’ refers to the act of saving or being saved from sin. Those who have received salvation area assured of eternal life. To receive salvation a person must acknowledge that he is a sinner and repent their sins. In this way, they receive forgiveness and are reconciled to God.

Introduction

Salvation means being saved from a life-threatening situation. In Christianity, salvation refers to the process of being delivered from sin and its consequences. Those who are saved are assured of eternal life.

Jesus taught about salvation using children to illustrate his message. This is what happened. Some people brought their children to Jesus so that he could bless them. The disciples scolded them. Jesus asked the children to come to him and he blessed them.

Jesus taught his disciples that they must be humble like children in order to enter the kingdom of God.

The road to salvation is by being simple, humble, and trusting like little children. The kingdom of God belongs to those who humble themselves like the little children.

The rich man. Read Luke, 18:18 – 30

The entry into the kingdom of God was further explained through the story of the rich man. The rich man came to Jesus wanting to know how he could inherit eternal life and be saved. Jesus reminded him of the importance of keeping the commandments. The young man responded that he had observed the commandments since he was young. Jesus told him there is one thing remaining to do; sell everything he has, and give it to the poor, and then follow Jesus.

The rich man was very sorrowful for he was very wealthy. Wealth can hinder the rich from receiving salvation. Jesus acknowledged the sacrifice made by his disciples. He emphasized that disciples shall receive salvation in the present and in life to come. Salvation is a gift from God. Salvation is received; by those who accept to follow Jesus. Trusting in wealth can be a hindrance to salvation. The rich may find it difficult to inherit eternal life.

Jesus predicts his death, a 3rd time. Read Luke, 18: 31 – 34.

Jesus predicted his death a three times. First was after asking his disciples who they say he was. The second time was after transfiguration when his face was set towards Jerusalem. The third prediction shall be in Jerusalem (Luke 18:31-34). Jesus told the disciples that previous prophecies would be fulfilled in Jerusalem. His death was going to take place in Jerusalem according to the writings of the prophets. It was going to be a painful death. He shall be beaten, mocked, spit upon and put to death. But on the third day, he shall rise again.

The disciples did not understand what Jesus was telling them. Jesus had to die so that those who believed in him may receive eternal life. The death and resurrection of Jesus gives Christians hope of eternal life.

Jesus heals a blood beggar. Read Luke, 18: 35 – 43 As Jesus neared Jericho, a blind man sat by the roadside begging. When he heard the multitude pass by, he inquired what was going on and he was told that Jesus of Nazareth was passing by. He then cried out, “Jesus, Son of David, have mercy on me!”

The crowds rebuked him but he cried out louder to Jesus to have mercy on him. Jesus asked him what he wanted. He said he wanted to see. Jesus told him to receive his sight for his faith had made him whole. The beggar was joyful and he followed Jesus rejoicing.

Lessons learnt

Christians should have faith in Jesus. They should also be persistent and make specific requests.

JESUS AND ZACCHAEUS LK 19:1 – 9

Zacchaeus was short. His profession was a tax collector. He was rich. He wanted to be saved. When Jesus was passing by Jericho, he wanted to see Jesus. He couldn’t because he was short. He ran and climbed a sycamore tree to see Jesus. When Jesus came to the place where Zacchaeus was, he looked up and said “Hurry down, Zacchaeus, because I must stay in your house today” (verse 5). Jesus then went with Zacchaeus to his house. When people saw this they grumbled, and murmured. They said that Jesus was going to a house of a sinner.

Jesus told them that salvation has come to the house of Zacchaeus, a son of Abraham … the Son of man came to seek and save the lost. There is no sin that God cannot forgive, even that of a tax collector.

Zacchaeus told Jesus that he was going to give to the poor half of his wealth and whatever he took from any man and woman wrongfully, he will restore four times. From this salvation, we learn that the rich should share their wealth with the needy.

The Parable of the Gold Coins: Luke, 19: 11 – 27.

A certain nobleman went to a far country. Before he left he called his ten servants and gave each a gold coin (ten pounds in total). He told them to trade with the coins until he returns.

When he returned, he called the servants to report profits they had made. The first servant said that one-pound coin had made profit of 10 pounds (gold coins). He made the manager of ten cities. The second servant had traded and gained 5 pounds. He was made the manager of 5 cities. The third one had hidden the pound. He did not trade. He accused the master of being mean, and cruel. He returned the pound, which was given to the servant with 10 pounds.

Lessons to learn

This parable was about the kingdom of God. God expects us to use opportunities he has given to us for his work. Each one of us shall account for the use of the abilities and skills that God gave to us – students, workers, and other professionals. To receive eternal life, Christians should repent and be obedient to God’s instructions.

Revision questions

What did Jesus teach by using the example of little children?
Give an account of how Jesus healed the blind beggar
Explain the relevance of Jesus’ teachings on salvation to Christians

THE JERUSALEM MINISTRY Luke, 19: 28 – 21: 38

THE TRIUMPHANT ENTRY OF JESUS TO JERUSALEM LK.19:28 – 40

The triumphant approach to Jerusalem. Luke 19: 28- 40.

Jesus death had to happen in Jerusalem. Hence Jesus went to Jerusalem. He sent two disciples to a place where there was a colt (young donkey) that no person had ever ridden. They took it to Jesus. They threw their garments on the colt, and Jesus sat on it. As Jesus rode, people spread their clothes on the road. As Jesus neared Jerusalem, a “large crowd of his disciples began to” praise God (vs37). The crowd said ‘blessed be the king who comes in the name of the lord’.

The Pharisees told Jesus to rebuke the disciples. Jesus told them if the disciples kept quiet the stones would start shouting.

Jesus made his entry into Jerusalem in a royal (kingly) procession. He was Israel’s humble king who came with peace and not a political leader. He rode on a donkey – a symbol of peace. This was unlike the political kings who rode on the horses during that time.

Jesus weeps over Jerusalem. Read, Luke 41- 44

When Jesus was near Jerusalem he wept. He then foretold the coming destruction of Jerusalem due to its rejection of the messiah.

The rejoicing of his triumphant entry to Jerusalem turned to mourning as he foretold the destruction of Jerusalem by Romans in 70 A.D.

Jesus goes to the temple. Read Luke 19:45 – 48

Jesus went to Jerusalem temple and evicted traders. He told them that the house of God is a house of prayer not a den of thieves. Jeremiah spoke these same words during his temple sermon. The chief priests and scribes began planning how to kill Jesus.

PHARISEES, SCRIBES QUESTION JESUS. LUKE 20 1-47

The question about Jesus’ authority. Read Luke, 20:1 – 8.

The Jewish leaders wanted to know from Jesus by whose authority he was doing all the things he was doing. In response Jesus asked them “did John’s right to baptize come from God or from human beings?” (Vs4).

They discussed among themselves and decided not answer. Jesus told them “neither will I tell you”. In response to his authority being questioned he told a parable.

The parable of the Tenants in the Vineyard.

Read the parable in Luke, 20: 9 – 18. The tenants refused to pay the owner of the vineyard his share of the harvest. They threw out the servants he sent to collect his share of the harvest. When he sent his son, they killed him so that they can own the vineyard. Jesus asked the people… “What will the owner of the vineyard do to the tenants?”

The Question about paying taxes. Read Luke 20:19-28

Pharisees, and scribes (teachers of the law) and chief priests planned to arrest Jesus but they were afraid of the people. They sent spies to trick Jesus by asking this question -” …is it against our law for us to pay taxes to the Roman Empire, or not?

Jesus used the currency and told them “pay the Emperor Caesar what belongs to him and pay God what belongs to God.” (Verse 25)

This was a tricky question. Jesus here teachers people to obey the rules of the land and to obey God’s rules

The Question about Resurrection

The Sadducees who did not believe in resurrection tempted Jesus with another question. They wanted to know this. When resurrection comes, who shall be the husband to a woman who was married to the first brother and inherited as a widow by the other six brothers?

Jesus told them the men and women who shall be worthy of resurrection shall not marry. They shall be like angels and cannot die (verse 34 to 38)

Jesus warns against the Teachers of the law

Jesus warned his disciples. Be careful and guard yourselves against teachers of the law, the scribes. They were hypocritical. They wore long robes, said long prayers, looked for positions of honor and exploited the widows.

The Widow’s offering. Luke, 21: 1- 4

When people were giving offerings in the temple, a widow gave “two little copper coins”. Jesus said the poor widow had given all she had. Likewise Christians should give to God not to be seen but from their hearts. It is not the quantity of the gift that matters but the attitude of the giver.

THE TEACHINGS OF JESUS ABOUT ESCHATOLOGY LK. 21: 5 – 38

Eschatology is from two Greek words, ‘eschatus’ and ‘logos’. Eschatus means end, Logos means study.

Eschatology means the study of the end times or in CRE the last days of Jesus. For biblical information, read Luke 21:5-38 and Mathew 24: 1 – 36 and Mark 13:1-31.

Signs of the end times

Jesus gave many signs that will inform Christians that end of the time has come. These were to happen at different times. The signs were:

a) Destruction of the temple of Jerusalem by invading armies which shall surrounded it
b) Hatred of disciples and Christians because they were followers of Christ
c) Rejection of disciples by families because they were followers of Christ
d) Betrayal of the followers of Christ
e) Prosecution and imprisonment of Christians.
f) Many false messiahs. People would come claiming to be the Messiah, the Son God
g) Wars as nation rise against nations
h) Eruption of natural calamities such as plagues, earthquakes, famines, great fear among people. Disruption in the sky and seas. Fall of strange heavenly beings from the sky and rise of seas.
j) Natural calamities such as earthquakes, plagues, famines bringing despair and distress in all nations
k) The times shall be announced by signs in the stars, moon, sun and sea
l) Appear of the ‘Son of man ‘in power and glory at the end of times.
Uses of the temple during the time of Jesus

During the time of Jesus, the temple was used for (a) Child dedication (b) Circumcision (c) Purification (d) Trading and business centre (e) Wor-shipping and prayer (f) a place for celebrating festivals such as the Passover and other major feasts (g) a learning centre or school for religious purposes. For example, disciples of the scribes learnt law in the temple.

The destruction of the temple symbolized the birth of Christianity. From that time Christians became the new temple of God.

The parable of the fig tree Lk.21: 29 – 33

Jesus used the parable of the fig tree to explain more about the end times. Appearance of leaves in the fig tree and other trees inform us that summer will soon come. When Christians see signs of the end times, they should know that the kingdom of God is about to come. Jesus told disciples to be watchful, alert, and praying for strength to endure the coming tribulations. See the previous teachings on watchfulness and readiness. Christians are to watch out and be ready for the end times.

Relevance of Jesus’ teachings on eschatology

These teachings assure and continue to tell Christians these messages from Jesus:

a) There is life after death
b) Christ will return to receive the faithful
c) Christians are to be watchful, prayerful, and hopeful despite trials and tribulations
d) Christians are assured of God’s protection from evil.
e) Christians should prepare for the coming of Christ by leading a righteous life
f) Do not lose hope
g) Do not be pre occupied with the cares of this would for they never end
h) Preach and spread the word of God Obey God’s commandment
j) Help the needy

Revision questions

Describe Jesus triumphant entry into Jerusalem according to Luke chapter 19:29- 30
What does the manner of Jesus entry into Jerusalem reveal about the nature of his kingdom?
What lessons can Christians learn from Jesus’ triumphant entry into Jerusalem?
State and explain why Jesus wept over Jerusalem
Explain the cleansing of the temple
Give reasons why Jesus cleansed the temple of Jerusalem
What lessons can Christians learn from the cleansing of the temple?
Explain Jesus’ conflict with the Jewish leaders
Describe the parable of the tenants in the vineyard
Explain the relevance of the parable of the of tenants in the vineyard
Explain the question about paying taxes
Explain the question about the resurrection
What is eschatology?
What will happen at the end of the world (eschatology) according to Jesus’ teaching in Luke’s gospel?

21; 5-38

How do Christians prepare for the second coming of Christ?

THE PASSION, DEATH AND RESURRECTION OF JESUS LK. 22 – 24

Passion is a strong feeling of love, hate or anger. Passion of Jesus is the great sufferings of Jesus, which was a deep emotional anguish.

The plot against Jesus

The Jewish religious leaders were determined to ensure that Jesus was either arrested or killed (Lk.22: 1 – 6)

They were helped by Satan who entered into Judas Iscariot one of the twelve disciples of Jesus. Judas decided to betray Jesus. He communed with the Jewish leaders who agreed to pay him money to betray

Jesus. He searched for a way to betray Jesus without knowledge of Jesus. He forgot who Jesus was. Judas agreed to betray Jesus probably because:

He belonged to the party of Zealots who wanted political changes
He was probably frustrated by Jesus’ approach to the Kingdom of God which was establishing a peaceful spiritual kingdom
He expected Jesus to establish a political kingdom
He was greedy for money
Satan entered him

THE LORDS SUPPERS/ THE LAST SUPPER. LK 22: 7 – 13

The last supper was the lost Passover meal that Jesus took before his arrest. Passover is celebrated in obedience to God’s command to Moses. It is a remembrance of Israel’s deliverance by God from slavery in Egypt.

Passover The meal

Preparations for the Passover, Read Luke 22: 7 – 23.

Peter and John were sent by Jesus to go and prepare the Passover meal. They were to do so in a house in the city. They were taken to the house by, a man who was carrying a vessel of water. They were given a big furnished upper room upstairs. They prepared the Passover meal as instructed by Jesus.

Passover meal

During the meal with the 12 disciples / apostles Jesus told them that this was going to be his last meal with them before his death. He took a cup of wine gave thanks to God and said “Take this and share it among yourselves. I tell you that from now on I will not drink this wine until the Kingdom of God comes.” The cup of wine was his blood that he was going to shed for them. Wine therefore symbolized the blood of Jesus, shed for the purification of humankind and forgiveness of sins. This blood is the New Testament and covenant with Christians.

After drinking of wine, He “took a piece of bread, gave thanks to God “and shared it and told them that the piece of bread represented his body which is “given for them”.

He presented his death as a sacrifice whose blood sealed the new covenant. His death replaced the sacrifices of the Old law, those of animals, which sealed the Sinai covenant. The new covenant will be for all people including Gentiles. This is to fulfill God’s promise of salvation for all people.

Jesus and disciples ate Passover together so that henceforth Christians would eat the meal together in remembrance of Jesus. Passover was initially taken to remind them of the deliverance from Egypt. But during the last supper, Jesus gave the Passover a new meaning.

As they ate, Jesus foretold of his betrayal by one of his disciple.

Which items were used to celebrate the Passover in the Old Testament?
What items do modern Christians use to celebrate the Lord’s Supper?

Comparisons of the Lord’s Supper and the Passover

(a) The Passover commemorates the divine act of redemption of the Jews from their bondage in Egypt while the Last Supper commemorates the deliverance of human kind from sin.

(b) The Passover feast reminded the Israelites that they were free, redeemed people while the Lords Suppers is to remind Christians of their forgiveness of sins. The death of Jesus set Christians free from sins.

(c) Passover was followed by the Old covenant of Mount Sinai. The Lords suppers is a new covenant based on the death of Jesus for sins of humankind?

(d) Passover (Old Testament) was sealed by the blood of Lambs while New Covenant (Lords suppers) is sealed by the blood of Jesus on the cross.

(e) Items for celebrating in Passover (Old Testament) are different from the cup of wine and pieces of bread used by Jesus to celebrate his last supper with the disciples.

Relevance of the Lord’s Supper today

Christians celebrate the Lords supper. This celebration is called the Eucharist, the Lords suppers, or Lords meal. Christians celebrate it as an act of repentance; through which they receive assurance of forgiveness of their sins. The presence of Jesus becomes a reality when Christians share bread and wine.

Bread and wine are symbols of heavenly feast, which Christians will partake in God’s kingdom.

The Lords supper is also a sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving to God. It is a time for rededication to Christ and self-renewal. Through the celebration of the Lords supper, Christians anticipate the second coming of Jesus and the establishment of Gods Kingdom. It is also a time to remember the death and resurrection of Jesus and reflect on God’s love for humankind.

The Argument about Greatness. Read Luke, 22: 24 – 30

A question arose among the disciples. They wanted to know who among them was the greatest. Jesus told them that they do not belong to the world system of authority given on the basis of wealth and fame.

The authority among the disciples will be determined on the basis of their service to others. The greatest is the servant. Jesus likened himself to a servant hence disciples are called to serve. By sharing in trials and sufferings of Jesus, the disciples will share in his ruling power over the new Israel.

Leadership in church should be understood in terms of service – being a servant of people. In the community of Christians, all people who are followers of Jesus are all equal.

Q: In your opinion, which are the signs of greatness in the world?

Jesus Predicts Peters’ Denial. Read Luke, 22: 31 – 38

Jesus told peter that Satan had received permission to test or tempt all the disciples but Jesus had prayed for Peter’s faith not to fail. Jesus told Peter that he shall deny Jesus three times before the cock crows.

Jesus was telling his disciples that they will encounter hostility in their evangelism hence they should be prepared for suffering and opposition because of Him as Isaiah 53:12 says ‘he shared the fate of evil men.’

Jesus death was imminent inevitable. The disciples were expected to be strong

PRAYER, ARREST OF JESUS AND DENIAL BY PETER

Prayer on the Mount of Olives. Read Luke. 22: 39 – 46

After celebrating the last supper, Jesus went to the Mount of Olives with his disciples to pray to resist temptation. Jesus went ahead of his disciples, knelt down and prayed.

Jesus left them to pray by himself. He said” Father if you will, take this cup of suffering away from me.

Not my will, however, but your will to be done” (42). An angel came to strengthen him. He prayed earnestly, in agony and turmoil great than the physical pain. He sweated great drops of blood.

After praying, Jesus found his disciples asleep “worn out by their grief” vs. 45). Jesus asked them to wake up and pray to avoid temptation.

Significance

The disciples fell asleep. This was a sign of moral and physical exhaustion. Jesus expressed inner struggle about the fulfillment of his messianic mission. He prayed for God’s help. Christians should always pray to avoid temptation and seek God’s help.

Betrayal and arrest of Jesus. Read Luke, 22: 47 – 53

Jesus was arrested by: the chief priest, elders, officers of the temple guard, and a crowd of people as he talked to his disciples. He was taken to the house of the high priest. Judas had identified Jesus with a kiss. Jesus asked Judas” him “Judas, is it with a kiss that you betray the Son of man?”

Jewish religious leaders had come to arrest Jesus as they arrested other criminals. Jesus told his disciples not to resist his arrest. He rejected armed resistance refusing the role of a political messiah. Peter followed him from a distance.

Peters Denies Jesus. Read Luke, 22: 54 – 65

After Jesus was arrested he was taken to the house of the High Priest. As Peter sat warming himself with others, a maid identified Peter. She said, “This man too was with Jesus. Peter denied knowing Jesus three times. After the third denial, the cock crowed just as Jesus predicted.

Jesus turned and looked at Peter who remembered the words of Jesus. “Peter went out and wept bitterly” (Vs. 62). Weeping was a sign of repentance

THE TRIALS AND CRUCIFIXION OF

Trials of Jesus by the various authorities
Trial by the Sanhedrin Lk.22: 66 – 71

After being taken to the house of the High Priest, the next morning Jesus was taken to the Jewish religious council or court; called the Sanhedrin. They all asked him if he was the messiah. Jesus told they wouldn’t believe whatever he says. But “the Son of Man will be seated on the right hand of Almighty God.” (Vs. 69). Jesus told them he was the Son of God. The Sanhedrin accused Jesus of blasphemy, a sin punishable by death.

Trial before Pilate. Read Luke 23: 1 – 5

The second court was the Roman court. The judge was Pilate, the Roman Governor. In this court the Sanhedrin accused Jesus of:

Inciting people to revolt, and rebelling against Roman authority

Forbidding people to pay taxes to the Emperor

Claiming to be the king, a Messiah, they could not accuse him of blasphemy before Pilate since this offence was not acceptable under the Roman law. Pilate asked Jesus if he was the king, Jesus replied, “So you say”. (vs.3). Pilate found no fault with Jesus so he sent him to Herod.

iii. Trial by Herod. Read Luke, 23: 6 – 12

Herod was in Jerusalem. When Jesus was brought before him, he expected Jesus to perform miracles to impress him. He asked Jesus many questions and Jesus kept quiet. Herod and his soldiers mocked Jesus, and ridiculed him. They put on him royal clothes; then sent Jesus back to Pilate.

Jesus is sentenced to Death. Read Luke 23: 13 – 25

Jesus was brought back to Pilate a second time. Pilate repeated that Jesus was not guilty (innocent) of any crime. Pilate offered to have Jesus beaten and then released.

The crowds, leaders and chief priests gave their judgment. “Kill him!” and release Barabbas, who was a rioter and a murderer. Pilate did not find Jesus guilty. But he did what they wanted. He released Barabbas and “handed Jesus over for them to do as they wished” (vs. 25).

The crucifixion of Jesus. Read Luke 22: 26-43

Jesus was led away to be crucified. Solders forced Simon of Cyrene to carry the cross for Jesus. Women followed Jesus and weeping. Jesus told them not to weep for Him but for themselves and their children. Jesus was then crucified at a place called Golgotha (place of skull) or Calvary together with two male criminal; one on His right and the other on His Left. Jesus asked God to forgive those (persecutors) for they did not know what they were doing.

The Jewish leaders, said “He saved others; let him save himself if he is the Messiah whom God has chosen” (vs. 35); Solders mocked Jesus and said “Save yourself if you are the king of Jews” and one criminal hanged with Jesus mocked Jesus and told Him “Aren’t you the Messiah? Save yourself and me”.

The other thief rebuked him saying they deserved the punishment for their deeds but Jesus had done nothing. This thief repented and told Jesus, “Remember me, Jesus, when you come as King”. Jesus told him that he would be in paradise with Jesus on that day (vs. 42 – 43).

On top of the cross, Jews wrote, “This is the King of the Jews” (vs. 38).

DEATH OF JESUS Read Luke. 23: 44 – 50

The death of Jesus. There was darkness from 12 o’clock until three o’clock. The veil/curtain of the temple tore into two. Jesus cried out with a loud voice “Father, into the hands I commit my spirit”. At this shout Jesus died.

The Roman centurion saw and praised God. He declared, “Certainly this was an innocent man”. The multitude that watched the crucifixion and death went home beating their breasts, a sign of repentance.

The women, who knew Jesus from Galilee, stood at a distance watching all these things.

The burial of Jesus. Read Luke 23: 50 – 56.

Joseph from Arimathea, a town in Judea sought permission from Pilate to bury the body of Jesus. He was waiting for the coming of the Kingdom of God, a likely secret disciple of Jesus. He was a good and honorable man.

The body of Jesus was laid in a sepulchre (Tomb) where nobody had ever been laid. Jesus’ burial in Joseph’s tomb fulfilled Isaiah’s prophecy that the suffering servant of Yahweh was buried in a rich man’s tomb (Isaiah 53:9)

The Galilean women and Joseph saw where the body of Jesus was laid. They went home, and prepared spices to use to wash Jesus’ body. They rested on the Sabbath.

Relevance of the suffering and death of Jesus Christ to Christian life today

Christians today should practice or do the following activities.

Pray in times of sorrow, pain, trials and temptations.

Iii they should not give up when rejected.

IV They should be aware of hypocrites and traitors amongst them.

V They should be willing to suffer for the sake of the Kingdom of God.

VI They should be ready to fight for a just cause

Vii They should never condemn the innocent.

Viii They should go through their suffering bravely.

Ix They should know and accept suffering as a part of the Christian calling

X They should not be afraid of rejection by people l

Xi they should be encouraged that Jesus suffered for them.

In which ways can Christians prepare for their death?

Death is inevitable. Hence, Christians should at all times: live a holy life, repent sins, and forgive those who have wronged them, make a will, accept death as inevitable, and read the word of God

THE RESURRECTION OF JESUS. Read Luke 24: 1 – 53

The Resurrection. Resurrection refers to the event of Jesus rising from the dead

After the Sabbath day, on Sunday morning; Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, Salome (Joanna) and other women went to the tomb with the spices they has prepared. They found the entrance open. The stone covering the tomb was rolled away. The tomb was empty. The body of Jesus was not in the tomb.

Suddenly, two men, who were angels, appeared dresses in dazzling and shining clothes. They said “Why are you looking among the dead for one who is alive? He is not here; he has been raised.”

The women went and told the 11 disciples, who did not believe them. Peter ran to the tomb and found it empty.

Women were the first to witness the resurrection of Jesus Christ. This is significant as they (women) were empowered to become witnesses of Christ as evangelists beyond the Jewish culture.

Witnesses of the resurrection of Jesus

The disciple’s en route to Emmaus

Two disciples were traveling to Emmaus, which was 11 km from Jerusalem discussing Jesus suffering, death and the empty tomb. Jesus met them but their eyes were blinded and they did not recognize him.

The disciples explained to Jesus the events that had taken place and how they had hoped that Jesus would liberate Israel from the Roman rule.

Jesus explained to them the scriptures concerning the messiah. When they got to Emmaus, they invited him to dine with them for it was evening. When Jesus, “took the bread and said the blessings; then he broke the bread and gave it to them”, the disciples recognized Jesus but he vanished out of their sight (Vs. 30-31). They returned to Jerusalem and told the 11 disciples that Jesus has risen.

Jesus appears to his Disciples. Read Luke 24: 36 – 49.

As the two disciples explained the event that happened on the journey to Emmaus, Jesus came and said to them ‘Peace be with you’ (vs. 36). Disciples were terrified and frightened. He asked them to look and touch his hands, and feet. He was not a ghost.

He has flesh and bones unlike ghosts, which do not have.

He explained to the apostles his mission, which was prophesied by prophets, and written in the Law of Moses, and Psalms (v.44).

He commissioned the disciples to preach repentance and remission of sins and be his witnesses. He also promised to send them the promise of the father (Holy Spirit)

Q: what was the nature of the resurrected body of Jesus?

The ascension of Jesus, Luke, 24: 50 – 53

From Jerusalem, Jesus took his disciples to Bethany, a town outside Jerusalem. He lifted his hands and blessed them. As he blessed them, he was lifted up and carried to heaven.

The disciples worshipped him and returned to Jerusalem with great joy. They continued to go to the temple to praise and give thanks to God.

The disciples were now confident about their mission and who Jesus was

The importance of the resurrection of Jesus to Christian

Resurrection is the foundation of Christian faith. Christianity is based on the fact that Jesus resurrected and was taken up to heaven.

Further to this:

Resurrection proved that Jesus is the Son of God.
Through resurrection, Christians have hope of eternal life
Through resurrections, Christians are assured of a new life in Christ
Sin and death were conquered by resurrection, giving hope of victory to Christians over death and sin.
Resurrection is a fulfillment of the writings of the prophets. It fulfilled Old Testament prophesies by Moses, Elijah, Elisha and others.
It is a proof that there is life after death.
Through resurrection, man was reconciled to God.
Jesus has power over death, over Satan and his Kingdom of darkness
It led to the coming of the Holy Spirit.

Revision questions

Give the different names used in reference to the Lord’s Supper by Christians in different churches
Describe the institution of the Lord’s Supper

c, State the Christian teaching about the lord’s supper

What is the meaning of the Lord’s Supper to Christians?
Compare the Passover feast with the practice of the Lord’s Supper
Describe the prayer on mount olives
Describe the betrayal and arrest of Jesus
State the reasons that made Judas Iscariot to betray Jesus
Describe the trial of Jesus under the following headings: – the council of Sanhedrin, the trial before Pilate, the trial before Herod and Pilate’s judgment.
Why do you think Pilate agreed to have Jesus crucified?
Identify and explain the lessons that Christians learn from the actions of Pilate during the trial of Jesus
Actions taken by the Jewish leaders to ensure that Jesus was put to death
Explain the crucifixion of Jesus
Describe the death of Jesus
The burial of Jesus
Define the term resurrection
Describe the four witnesses of the risen Christ
Describe Jesus’ appearance to the disciples
Describe the ascension of Jesus
Give five evidences from the bible to show that Jesus rose from the dead
Explain the significance of passion, death and the resurrection of Christ
What is the significance of Jesus resurrection to Christians Today?
Explain five importance of eulogy of death of the society.

Revision Questions

OLD TESTAMENT PROPHESIES ABOUT THE COMING OF THE MESSIAH

Lesson one:

The prophecy of Jeremiah about the Messiah
a) He shall be a descendant of David
b) He shall be a king
c) He shall prosper
d) He shall execute judgment and justice
e) He shall ensure Judah/Israel is safe and lives in peace
f) He shall be called the lord our righteousness
Meaning of Messiah mean?

Messiah is a Hebrew word ‘Meshiach’ which means ‘the anointed one’. It is equivalent to ‘Christ’, a Greek word, which also means the ‘Anointed one’. A Messiah is therefore someone called, anointed and appointed by God to serve Him in a special way.

In the Old Testament, the Priests and Kings were the only people who were anointed. When a person is anointed oil is poured on them. The anointed person was set aside from the rest of the people in order to serve God and His people. Examples of anointed people are Aaron (Priest) and King David. In addition, God himself anointed Prophets: for example, Samuel, Elijah, Jeremiah, and Nathan among others.

Jewish expectations of the Messiah in the Old Testament

The messiah shall be a political leader, a victorious ruler, a king to lead people to a time of great power and prosperity, a king in whose reign there shall be no sorrow or injustice nor fear, a king to rule forever

How Jesus Christ fulfilled the Old Testament prophetic of the messiah
a) He was born from the lineage of David
b) He was born of Mary, a virgin as foretold by Isaiah
c) The messiah was called Immanuel (Jesus) Isaiah prophecy
d) He was born in Bethlehem – Micah’s prophecy
e) He was referred to as “son of David” – Nathan/Jeremiah/s prophesies
f) He suffered – suffering servant prophecy by Isaiah
Prophets in the Old Testament who prophesied about the expected Messiah Isaiah, Nathan, Jeremiah, Micah and psalmist prophecy.

Answers

Qn 1. The qualities of john as described by angel Gabriel

He would be a prophet of god
He would prepare the way for the messiah
He would bring joy to Zachariah and others
He would be a Nazarite
He would call people to repentance

Qn 2 why john was referred to as the second Elijah

Like Elijah john had also lived in the wilderness
John was also filled with the Holy Spirit and proclaimed god’s message to the people
He also met opposition from the king just like Elijah
He was beheaded and Elijah was threatened with death by jezebel
He stood firmly for the covenant way of life
He was a great prophet of his time
He led a simple life and faced many problems like hunger just like Elijah

Qn 3 what lessons do Christians learn from annunciation of the birth of john the Baptist?

God answers prayers however long it may take
Christians should not doubt God’s messages
We should be persistent, faithful and patient in prayers
Christians should be devoted to God in prayer
Children are a gift from God and a source of joy to their parents
God has a purpose for every child’s life

Qn 4 Describe the birth of john the Baptist

Elizabeth was very happy and so was Zachariah
John was circumcised after eight days in accordance with the Jewish customs
Elizabeth named the child john
Zachariah affirmed the name of their son in writing
They were surprised at the name because it was not in Zechariah’s lineage
Zechariah was now able to talk
He broke into a hymn called the Benedictus
Zechariah expressed his feelings of joy, gratitude and praise
Zechariah told of the mission of his son.

TOPIC TWO: INFANCY AND EARLY LIFE OF JESUS

Qn 1 What lessons can Christians learn from the annunciation of the birth of Jesus Christ?

God exalts the humble and rejects the proud
Christians should humbly accept god’s plan for their lives
God has a purpose for the life of every one
Nothing is impossible with god
God wanted Jesus Christ to be part of the human family for him to identify with the human race

Qn2. Describe Mary’s visit to Elizabeth

Mary went to visit Elizabeth after angel Gabriel told her that Elizabeth was expecting a baby
Mary greeted Elizabeth and the baby in the Elizabeth’s womb leapt with joy
The spirit also revealed that Mary was the most blessed of all women
Mary sang a song known as the magnificent

Qn3. identify the main ideas in the magnificent

Mary thanks god for
Being good to her
His goodness and love for all human beings
Fulfilling his promises to the people
Delivering the oppressed from the oppressors

Qn 4 Describe the dedication ceremony during the infancy of Jesus

The parents of Jesus offered the purification sacrifices according to the Law of Moses
Simon was moved by the Holy Spirit and took Jesus into his arm and praised God
Simon prophesied about the mission of Jesus
Prophetess Ann thanked God for sending Jesus who would bring redemption
The things Simon and Anne said about their child amazed the parents of Jesus.

TOPIC TWO: THE GALILEAN MINISTRY

Qn a. What is the relevance of John the Baptist teachings to Christians today?

Christians should not fear to condemn the evils in the society
Christians should commit their lives wholly to the work of God
Christians should accept their role with humility and preach the gospel
Christians should be ready to proclaim the gospel even harsh environment for the people to know God
Christians should share their resources with the less fortunate
Christians should be contended with their pay and thus not accept bribes
Christians should learn to be truthful in their work environment
Christians should pronounce the consequences of judgment to those willing to repent

Qn b. Give reasons why Jesus accepted to be baptized

To be identified as the messiah
To identify himself with the sinful human kind
To receive the Holy Spirit
For God to manifest the trinity
It was a cleansing ritual
To acknowledge the work of John the Baptist
He saw it as a way of fulfilling the Old Testament prophesies about the Messiah
It was his final acceptance of the work of salvation

Qn c. describe the baptism of Jesus

When all the people were baptized Jesus was also baptized
He was baptized by John the Baptist in river Jordan at a place called Bethbora
Jesus was praying when the heavens opened
The holy spirit descended from heaven upon him inform of a dove
A voice came from heaven saying “thou art my beloved son with thee I am well pleased

Qn d. what is the significance of the baptism of Jesus to Christians today?

Christians get new names that symbolizes new life in Christ
Christians receive the Holy Spirit who gives them guidance in their lives
Christians identify themselves with Jesus and the church
Water is symbolically used as a cleanser as it wipes away one’s sins and gives a new life
Christians are brought together as members of the church of Christ
During baptism Christians receive the Holy Spirit who guides them in their lives
The old self dies and becomes a new person as a Christian
It is the first step of being accepted into the Christian brotherhood

LESSON THREE: TEMPTATIONS

Qn a. describe the temptations of Jesus

Satan told Jesus to turn stones into bread
Jesus answered that man does not live on bread alone
Satan then took Jesus to a high place and showed him all the kingdoms of the world. Satan promised to give Jesus everything if Jesus worshipped him
Jesus answered that one should worship God and serve him alone
Hastily, satin took Jesus to the pinnacle of the temple. He asked Jesus to throw himself down since

God would send his angles to ensure that he did not get hurt. Jesus answered that no one should tempt

God

Qn b. from the gospel of St. Luke, identify five occasions when Jesus was tempted

In the wilderness
When he healed a dumb man the commanded a sign
Jesus was tempted to arbitrate between two brothers
When the rich young ruler called Jesus a good teacher
When he was asked whether it was right to pay taxes to Caesar
In the garden of Gethsemane, he was tempted to escape the cup of suffering
During his trial he was asked whether he was the Messiah
During crucifixion he was spat on but did not fight back
On the cross one of the thieves wanted him to deliver them
He was questioned by the Sadducees about resurrection

Qn c. Outline ways in which Christians can overcome temptations in the contemporary world

They should depend on Jesus
They should be well versed with the scripture so that they can refer to the bible
They should seek guidance and counseling
They should attend bible classes for the right interpretation of the bible
They should have faith or believe in God to help them during trials
They should avoid bad company
The should take part in active leisure
They should avoid circumstances that can lead them to sin
They should resist Satan

Qn d. Explain ways in which Christians can be tempted

To give a bribe in order to get a job
To engage in irresponsible sexual behavior due to peer pressure
To steal money entrusted to them
To cheat in examinations
To take drugs/alcohol
To exploit those who serve under them in their places of work
To keep excess change from a shopkeeper or tout
To show off

Qn e. What lessons can Christians learn from the temptations of Jesus?

Since Jesus was tempted, he fully understands our difficulties
God does not tempt us beyond our strength
Through temptations we will also be tempted
Through temptations and trials our faith is strengthened
When we are tempted we should turn to the bible for guidance
We should seek the Holy Spirit who enabled Jesus to conquer evil

LESSON EIGHT: THESERMON ON THE PLAIN:

Give the main teachings of Jesus on the sermon on the plain

The sermon on the plain consisted of five main parts namely:

Blessings (Lk 6: 20 – 26) and woes

These are also referred to as the beatitudes. Here, Jesus had a message for the poor, the rich, those who hunger and those who are full, those who weep and those who laugh. His concern is to show the social differences and mystery of Christian suffering. Persecution seems to be a common phenomenon for followers of Christ. The poor are those who cannot meet their basic needs and Luke depicts them as hungry and weeping.

The disciples are included in the poor because they have given up everything. But Jesus gives hope.

Jesus warns the rich against using their economic points to oppress the poor. They have an opportunity, however to belong to the Kingdom by using their riches to help the needy.

Love of Enemies: (6:27-37)

Followers of Jesus are supposed to “Love your enemies, do good to those who hate, bless those who curse you, and pray for those who abuse you”.

Judging Others (6:37-43)

Disciples are expected to acknowledge their own shortcomings before they can condemn the faults in others. Failure to recognize one’s fault is a hindrance to becoming a member of the Kingdom of God.

Evidence to Good Discipleship

The proof of a person’s goodness is seen in his deeds. The true nature of a person cannot be hidden because what they do and say will reveal their nature.

Hearing and Doing (6: 47-49)

It is not enough for His followers to proclaim Christ as Lord. They must also do what He tells them.

Q2. What is the relevance of the (beatitudes) sermon on the plain to Christians today?

The teachings on blessings and woes tell us that the goal of a person should be to inherit the Kingdom of God.

Christians should love their enemies as Jesus loved them sinful as they were.

Human beings are self-centered. It is easier to see other people’s mistakes than our own Christian should examine them before passing judgment on others. By so doing we appreciate that we are all sinners who should seek forgiveness from God and we should always appreciate others however sinful they may be.

Be steadfast in faith and do well all the time.

LESSION 9: JESUS’ WORKS OF COMPASSION

Q2 Narrate the story of the forgiveness of the sinful woman (Lk 7:36-8:3)

On one occasion, Jesus was invited by Simon the Pharisee to his house to eat with him.

While this is a sinful woman walked into the house weeping.

She began to wet Jesus’ feet with her tears and wiped them with her hair.

She kissed his feet and anointed them with an ointment.

When Simon saw this, he questioned Jesus’ power. If he were a prophet, He would have noticed that the woman was a sinner.

And Jesus answered him the telling him about a certain creditor who has two debtors, one owed him hundred denarii and the other fifty.

When asked Simon which of the two debtors would love the creditors more.

Simon said the one who was forgiven more.

Jesus said you have judged rightly.

Then he had not given Him even water to wash His feet.

But the woman used her tears to wet Jesus’ feet and wiped them using her hair and oiled them.

Therefore her sins, which are many, are forgiven for she loved much, one with little love receives little more.

Jesus told Simon he gave him no kiss but the woman had not stopped kissing Him.

Those at table began to ask who Jesus was who ever forgiven sins?

And He said to the woman, “Your faith has saved you, go in peace.”

Q3. What lessons do Christians learn from the above story?

Christians should accept their sins and seek for forgiveness as the sinful woman did.

Faith is important for one to be forgiven. Jesus told the woman “Your faith has saved you.”

A repentant sinner is greater than a righteous man (the Jewish religious leaders).

It is not the magnitude of sin that matters but the attitude of a person towards his sins.

Shows the importance of women in the ministry of Jesus

Q4. Describe the story of the raising of the widow’s son at Nain (Lk 7:11-17)

After His preaching in Capernaum, Jesus went to the city of Nain.

He found a man being carried out near the gate.

He was the only son of a widow.

When the Lord saw her, He had compassionate on her and said to her, “do not weep.’

Then He came and touched the open coffin.

And those who carried him stood still.

Jesus said, “Young man, arise.”

And he who was dead sat up and began to speak.

Jesus presented him to his mother.

Then fear came among all and they glorified God.

They said a great prophet has come among us. God has visited His people.

LESSON 10: JESUS’ TEACHING – WHAT IS THE IMPORTA-NCE OF PARABLES?

Give reasons why Jesus used parables

To attract the attention of his listeners
To help his listeners understand better
To separate the serious people from the onlookers
To enrich his teachings
To avoid direct confrontation with his enemies
It was a common way of teaching those days
To teach about God’s mercy to sinners
To make people think critically out issues concerning God’s kingdom
To relate patent issues with those of the future kingdom positively

Qn 2 Identify various methods used by Christians in spreading the gospel today

Preaching
Teaching
Being role models
Holding crusades
Organizing seminars and conferences
Electronic mechanisms e.g. sms and emails
Print media e.g. posters and magazines
Door to door evangelism
Through demonstration and role play
Through the mass media e.g. radios and TVs
Through Christian music e.g. cassettes and C.Ds

Qn 3 Discuss the reasons why Jesus faced opposition from the Jewish leaders

His popularity
His interpretation of the Sabbath
His failure to observe the law of fasting
He associated with tax collectors
He claimed to be the messiah
He out rightly condemned them
Teaching with authority
His claims to forgive sins.

LESSON 11: MIGHTY WORKS OF JESUS

Q1 Narrate the healing of the Gerasene demoniac – Lk 8:26-39.

After crossing the Sea of Galilee, Jesus came across a demon – possessed man in a gentile town called Gerasa.

The man had been living in the caves used for burial of the dead.

He wore no clothes.

When the man saw Jesus, he asked Him not to torment him.

When Jesus asked him what his name was; he responded that he was called “Legion” – which stands for 2000 – 6000 soldiers.

This meant that this man possessed by many demons.

Jesus had sympathy and ordered the unclean spirits to leave him.

Jesus let the evil spirits to go to the pigs, which were grazing nearby.

They then fell into the lake and drowned.

Q2. What lesson can Christian learn from the healing of the demoniac man above?

Jesus valued human life. That is why He led the evil/spirits into the pigs, which drowned into the lake and saved the man.

It shows Jesus came for all regardless of tribe. This man was a gentile.

Jesus heals the whole person – physically and spiritually.

That Jesus has power over evil spirits.

Shows that Jesus came to destroy the power of evil

It teaches that Christians have to fight the power of evil constantly. But with Jesus’ help they will overcome it.

God will never allow them to be defeated. He will come to their aid, however, much.

They should give out their material possession to save those in need. This man needed help.

They should tell their people about God as this man went to in his village etc.

Q3. What do the miracles of Jesus teach us about Him?

They show that Jesus is the Son of God.

That Jesus gets power from God.

That Jesus shares his power with His disciples.

The miracles show Jesus compassion to suffering people e.g. the raising of the widow’s son.

They also show that Jesus is Lord. He is the life and the resurrection.

That affirms that Jesus came to save man from sin.

They show that Jesus is a universal savior e.g. the Gesarone demoniac who was a gentile.

They were part of His teaching – they helped Him teach.

Through them He showed the concern for human life, physically, spiritually and mentally.

LESSON 12: COMMISSIONING OF THE TWELVE DISCIPLES (LK 1:1-10)

Q1. What is the role of the clergy in Kenya?

To preach the word of God.

To advise the leaders.

To warn evildoers against their sins.

To condemn evil.

Pray for the needy

Help the needy e.g. give them food, shelter etc.

Hold seminars/workshops where they lead people into forgiveness

Being a good example for emulation

Q2. How does the church participate in the upkeep of the clergy?

By giving sadaka

By giving 1/10 of their income

They pay for their training.

Fundraisings for building theological institutions

Building their residential houses in the church compound.

Giving ‘matega’ – foodstuffs as part of sadaka during service

LESSON 13: THE TRANSFIGURATION

Q2. Describe the transfiguration of Jesus (Luke 9:28-37)

Jesus needed encouragement and reassurance that what He was about to do was the will of His Father.

Therefore He took with Him Peter, James and John and went to Mount Hermon to pray.

As He prayed, His appearance was changed and His face became dazzling white.

Two men, Elijah & Moses appeared and talked of His departure (death), which He was to accomplish in Jerusalem.

The disciples were asleep as this happened.

When they woke up, they saw glory and the two men who stood with Him.

And as the men were parting form Him, Peter said to Jesus, ‘Master, it is well that we are here, Let us make booths, one for you, one for Elijah and one for Moses.

As he said this, a cloud cursed the whole area and they were afraid.

A voice came out of the cloud saying, ‘this is my only son, my chosen, Listen to Him.’

Q3. What is the significance of the transfiguration of Jesus (Lk 9:28-37)?

A voice from heaven confirmed that Jesus was the Son of God.

It strengthened the faith of the disciples so that they would continue with His work after death.

It showed that Jesus had fulfilled the Old Testament prophecies and God. This is seen with the appearance of Elijah and Moses.

The cloud was a symbol of God’s presence.

It was a sign that Jesus’ mission was no longer a secret. It marked the onset of His passion, which would lead to His death.

It confirmed to Jesus that He was doing the right thing and God was in support of His suffering.

It shows that faith in prayer can lead us to God’s presence.

THE JOURNEY TO JERUSALEM

DUTIES, PRIVILEGES AND COST OF DISCIPLESHIP

Q1. What are the characteristics of a true follower of Jesus?

Following Jesus means accepting homelessness and enduring hardship because Jesus did not have a permanent home.

Being a disciple of Jesus means self-denial and suffering.

Being ready to give e.g. to the needy

To spread Christianity and make Jesus known.

Following Jesus means being loyal to Him.

Q2. State the privileges of being a disciple of Jesus

One becomes a member of the Kingdom of God.

One is assured of eternal life.

He has the joy of winning others to the Kingdom of God through preaching.

Q3 why did Jesus choose the 12 disciples?

In order to help Him in the work of spreading the good news

So as to belong to the Kingdom of God and get eternal life

To witness to his work

To share with them the power of God e.g. in performing miracles.

For Company as He worked.

A COMMITED FOLLOWER OF JESUS Lk 10:25 11:1-13

(Note: Not the parable of the Samaritans)

Q1. From the teaching of Jesus on the parable of the Good Samaritan, who do you think is a committed follower of Jesus?

One who understands the law and obeys i

One who understands that a neighbor is anybody who requires help regardless of their social status

One who uses his resources selflessly to help the needy

One who is not restricted by cultural and religious practices in responding to a needy situation

One who is compassionate, kind and generous

One who shows solidarity with the suffering, this includes identifying with the needy and being ready to experience their suffering.

LESSON 3: JESUS’ TEACHING ON PRAYER

Q1. What did Jesus teach about prayer?

Jesus taught that prayer must be persistent, use the parable of Friend at Midnight.

Prayer should be done in a private place.

It should be genuine.

One should not be proud when praying e.g. the parable of the tax collector and the Pharisee.

One should have faith during prayer.

One should pray always/continuously.

There is no formula in prayer. One should address God as a father.

Honestly confess sin as they pray.

Qs 1 & 2 is out of topic.

LESSON 5: JESUS’ TEACHINGS ON HYPOCRISY, WEALTH, WATCHFULNESS AND READINESS

Q1. Hypocrisy – In what areas were the Pharisees hypocritical?

In the washing of hands, cups and dishes which were done ceremoniously He told them to pay attention to issues of charity than external appearance.

Tithing habits – They paid this well for the support of priests but neglected justice and love for God.

He criticized them for recognition in the synagogues by taking reserved seats and their desire to be noticed at market places by wearing long white robes.

He accused them of being like their ancestors who persecuted the prophets of God.

LESSON 6: JESUS’ TEACHINGS ON WEALTH AND POVERTY

Read Lk: 11:13-34: Parable of the rich fool

Q1. From the parable of the rich fool, what can Christians learn about the use of wealth?

Material wealth should come second after God.

We should try to help the poor.

It teaches that wealth comes from God.

Wealth should not be misused e.g. in drinking, etc.

We should thank God for wealth received.

It can make Christians to forget God.

Q2. Narrate the parable of the shrewd manager

Jesus taught the following parable about a rich man and his servant.

A rich man wanted to sack his manager. He called the manager and asked him for a full account of how the property was being managed.

The manager knew he was going to be sacked. He made friends with some of his master’s debtors so that they would take care of him if he got sacked.

One debtor who owed 100 barrels of olive oil was asked to pay 50 barrels and one who owed 1000 was asked to pay 800 barrels.

The master praised him for being wise and acting property in his moment of crisis.

LESSION 8: TEACHING ON FORGIVENESS

What were the teachings of Jesus on forgiveness?

Jesus taught that one should forgive and forget

All sins are equal before the eyes of God.

One ought to ask for forgiveness after he has wronged.

One should forgive as many times as he is offended.

One should have faith when asking for forgiveness.

PERSISTENCE IN PRAYER

Q1. State the parable of the widow and the unjust judge 18: 1-8

Jesus told the Pharisees a parable to the effect that they ought always to pray and not lose heart.

In a certain city there was a judge who neither feared God nor regarded man.

And there was a widow in that city which kept coming to him and wanted her right given.

For a while he refused, but afterwards he said to himself, though I neither fear God nor regard man, yet because this widow bothers me, I will allow her set her right or she will wear me out by her continual coming.

And the Lord said, “Hear what the unrighteous judge says, and will he not vindicate His elect who cry to Him day and night?

Will he delays long over them, I, you, He will vindicate them speedily.

LESSON 10: THE WAY TO SALVATION Lk 18: 15 – 19

Q1: What did Jesus teach by using the example of little children?

Jesus said, ‘Let little children come to me because the kingdom of God belongs to such as them.

He went on to tell them that for one to enter God’s kingdom, he must humble himself like children.

This is because children are powerless, innocent and open.

Jesus taught that the kingdom of God is for those who are simple, humble, innocent and trusting like children.

Q2. Give an account of how Jesus healed the blind beggar (18:35-43)

A blind man recognized Jesus as the messiah.

The blind man asked Jesus to heal him.

He received his sight because of his faith.

He followed Jesus, giving thanks to God.

To receive salvation one needs to be bold and determined.

We should seek Christ to heal our physical and spiritual blindness.

Q3. Explain the relevance of Jesus’ teaching on salvation to Christians

Christians learn that they need to repent their sins and seek forgiveness in order to receive salvation and eternal life.

They need to humble themselves like children in order to earn salvation.

They learn to obey the commandments of God so as to receive salvation.

Use their abilities to glorify God e.g. the rich man’s parable

They too learn that wealth can be a hindrance to salvation.

They learn that salvation is given to all by God.

TOPIC FIVE: THE JERUSALEM MINISTRY

Qn a. describe Jesus’ triumphant entry into Jerusalem according to Luke chapter 19: 29-30

After his journey from Galilee ended, Jesus approached Jerusalem passing through Bethaphage,

Bethany and the mount olives

He sent two of his disciples to a village to get him a donkey on which nobody had ridden
He gave the disciples instructions that if the owner of the donkey demanded to know why they were untying it, they were to respond, “The lord has need for it”
When they got the donkey, they threw their garments on it and helped Jesus to sit on it
As Jesus rode along, they spread their garments on the road
The crowds following him rejoiced and praised God for all the wonderful work Jesus had done this included: teaching, healing and feeding the hungry
The crowds sang, “Blessed is the king who comes in the name of the lord. Peace in heaven and glory in the highest”. By singing, the crowds acclaimed Jesus as king.
The Pharisees objected to the crowds singing and asked Jesus to silence them
Jesus responded that if his followers were silent, “the very stones would cry out”. Insensitive than stones not to know what was happening, that is, the Messiah has come

Qn b. What does the manner of Jesus’ entry into Jerusalem reveal about the nature of the kingdom of God?

Jesus was a descendant of David, prophesied Messiah and son of God
Jesus is a triumphant, victorious yet a humble king. A donkey is a symbol of humility and peace. So he came to establish a peaceful kingdom
Jesus wanted to proclaim the coming of his kingdom but not as an earthly/ military leader, thus leading them to lay their garments for him to step on. In doing this, they were acknowledging Jesus as

Jerusalem’s promised king

Jesus was greeted as a king the same way the kings of Israel were greeted with acclamation and joy
By riding on a donkey, Jesus fulfilled the prophesy of Zechariah which says, the king is coming riding on a donkey triumphant, humble and victorious
Christianity is not propagated through violent means but peace

Qn c. What lessons can Christians learn fro Jesus’ triumphant entry into Jerusalem?

Christians learn that they should be prepared to receive Jesus into their lives like the crowd which escorted him to Jerusalem
Christians also learn that they should emulate Jesus and be channels of peace in their communities
They also learn that they should expect opposition and resistance as they witness to Christ. They should not give up hope
Christians learn that they should be humble like Jesus in their service to others
Christians should thank and praise God for his intervention in their lives by sending Jesus
They should be bold in their witnessing to Christ like the crowds that followed Jesus to Jerusalem and

Qn d. State and explain why Jesus wept over Jerusalem.

When Jesus came close to the city of Jerusalem he wept over it saying, “If you only knew what is needed for peace! But now you cannot see it! The time will come when your enemies will surround you with barricades block you and close in on you from every side. They will completely destroy you and the people within your walls, not a single stone will they leave in its place because you did not recognize the time when God came to save you”.
According to Luke, all song and rejoicing stopped suddenly when Jesus was deeply distressed at the sight of Jerusalem
Jesus knew that Jerusalem (the city of peace) would reject his final appeal and by so doing would bring judgment down on itself. The destruction of the city is viewed as the consequence of its rejection of

Jesus. They cannot see when the true peace comes in the person of Jesus. The coming destruction is a symbol of God’s judgment on lack of trust. The tears of Jerusalem are the tears of tragedy.

The heart of the tragedy is that Jerusalem did not recognize the time when God came to save them
Now Jesus says that Jerusalem was not ready to receive him as their savior and this would lead to her ruin
Just like the Babylonians were God’s instruments of destruction of Jerusalem during the time of

Jeremiah, so will the Romans be instruments of destruction of Jerusalem

Jerusalem was completely destroyed by the Roman armies in the year A.D 70

Qn e. Explain the cleansing of the temple.

While in Jerusalem, Jesus entered the temple where he found people buying and selling
He drove them out and overturned their tables saying that they had turned his father’s house into a den of robbers
Here Luke uses this incidence to show how Jerusalem was still unprepared for the day of God’s visit
Jesus carried out a symbolic act by driving out those who were buying and selling in the temple
Jesus used the words of Jeremiah who too attacked the in his time for turning the temple into a hideout for thieves
According to Jesus the temple will no longer give them the sense of security because it will be destroyed
Although the temple will be destroyed, a new one will be built. This is the Christian community, which will be a house o prayer for all nations. The new temple will not be limited to Jesus alone but to all people
In short Jesus is the Messiah. He exposed the unrighteousness of public life in Jerusalem by attacking the merchants in the temple

Qn f. Give reasons why Jesus cleansed the temple of Jerusalem

The temple authorities had allowed a market in the court of the gentiles where the everyday money issued by the Roman government could be exchanged for the special temple coins which had to be used for paying the temple tax
In the same place they could also buy the animals needed for sacrifice. These animals had to be certified as acceptable
But both the changing of money and the certifying of animals gave ample opportunity for making exorbitant profits
Jesus made his protest because all this trading was hiding for the real purpose of the temple and prevented Israel from being a light to the gentiles. For this reason, the temple would be destroyed because it was no longer serving as “a house of prayer”.

Qn g. What lessons can Christians learn from the cleansing of the temple?

Christians learn that they should respect the house of God and use it appropriately
Christian leaders should avoid exploiting members through asking for excessive contributions
Christians should pay more attention to inward righteousness than external observance of rituals
Christians should have more courage like Jesus to condemn evil practices by leaders in the church and society
Christians should be exemplary with their life styles so as to win others to the kingdom
Finally the cleansing of the temple by Jesus provides valuable lesson to Christians who are called upon to be Christ’s ambassadors. There are many incidents where churches have been subjected to disrespect and dishonor and this discourages many people from knowing God. Christians should also avoid leadership wrangles, corruption, sexual abuse, gossip and many others that have caused churches to split

Qn h. Explain Jesus’ conflict with the Jewish leaders

In a series of conflicts in and around the temple between Jesus and the official leaders of the Jewish nation, the public ministry of Jesus came to its close
After the cleansing the temple, he daily dominated the temple area teaching large crowds. His popularity grew steadily and the leaders felt the threat against their own position. They could not allow this to go on but they were afraid to arrest Jesus. In the end they tried to trap him into making statements which would either get him into trouble with the Roman authorities or discredit him before the people
First Jesus was challenged about his authority. The Jewish religious leaders wondered whose authority

Jesus used. They wanted to know which Rabii taught him or to which Jewish religious groups he belonged to i.e. the Pharisees or the Sadducees

If Jesus proclaimed himself as the Messiah he could be accused before the Roman authorities for rebellion
If he refused to make his claim the crowds would soon leave him alone
But Jesus skillfully defeated his adversaries. He invited them to answer their own question. “Tell me, did John’s right to baptize come from God or human beings?”
Whatever answer they gave to Jesus’ question about John the Baptist would apply in even stronger measures to their own question about Jesus
But they had never supported John and they could no now admit that his right to baptize came from

God

If they did they would also have to accept Jesus whom John had announced. Neither could they say

John was a prophet for that would bring trouble from the people who held John in high self-esteem

Qn i. Describe the parable of the tenants in the vineyard

After the question of Jesus’ authority, Jesus challenged the Jewish leaders by telling them the parable of the wicked tenants. He said that there was once a man, who planted a vineyard, let it to the tenants and then left home for a long time
When the time came to gather the grapes, he sent a slave to the tenants to receive from them his share of the harvest but the tenants beat the slaves and sent him back without a thing. The same treatment was given to the second and the third slave
The owner decided to send his own son whom they killed. He therefore decided to come by himself, killed the tenants and handed over the vineyard to other men
When the people heard this they said, “Surely not” but Jesus explained to them “the stone which the builders rejected as worthless turned out to be the most important of all. And every one who falls on the stone will be cut to pieces and if that stone falls on someone, it will crush him to dust
In this parable, the vineyard represents God’s kingdom, Israel. The servants are the prophets sent to Israel and they are rejected. The son here represents Jesus and the owner is God who will bring judgment on Israel
The stone that the builders rejected has become the cornerstone this shows that Jesus saw himself as the rejected but most important. He makes a new foundation of Israel for both Jews and Gentiles. On hearing this, the Pharisees wanted to seize Jesus but were afraid of the people

Qn j. what is the relevance of the parable of the tenants?

Over the centuries the situation has not changed. Jesus is still rejected by nations and by men
What happened to Jesus happened as he foretold those who follow him
Church history reveals many examples of men rejected by political and religious leaders and by the people their time and who have later been seen as the key man in the revelation of God’s purpose
As Christians we should also pray for strength and guidance from God to be able to deal with rejection
As Christians we should not fear rejection but stand firm for the truth
Christians should also seek pastoral counseling from the church leaders and other Christians. When we endure persecution we may be finally proved right

Qn k. the question about paying taxes

The teachers of law and the chief priest, after falling to arrest Jesus bribed some spies to ask whether it was right for them to pay taxes to Caesar or not
The Israelites were compelled to pay taxes to the Romans who controlled them
Many resented this because according to them payment of taxes using coins which had some emperors image was a violation of the Jewish law which forbade the use of images
If Jesus would tell them to pay, the people would be against him for supporting Roman rule over them
Many resented this because according to them people would be against him for supporting Roman rule over them
If he told them not to pay, they would accuse him to the Roman authorities
Jesus knew their trick and wanted his questioners to make their own decision about the issue
According to him it was right for the Roman government to exert the tax payments without demeaning God’s authority
In other words, by having the silver coin in their possession, the Jews accepted Roman authority
They had a duty to pay tax to the emperor because they enjoyed the benefit of the Roman rule
At the same time they had a duty to be loyal to God. A person’s loyalty should not be owed to the state or Caesar

Qn l. explain the question about resurrection

The Sadducees raised the question concerning marriage an resurrection or life after death
They asked Jesus whose wife a woman would be in the resurrection when she married seven brothers who had died without bearing children
The question was meant or designed to make Jesus look foolish thus to shame him. This would undermine the popular support that we had prevented action against Jesus
In his response, Jesus made the following observations
He does not accept the assumption that marriage continues after resurrection
Quoting from exodus a book that the Sadducees accepted, Jesus confirms that there is life after death
The resurrection life is different from earthly life
It is a new existence where those who resurrect, live with God as his children in eternity

Qn m. what is eschatology?

The term eschatology is derived from two Greek words ’Eschatus’ and ‘Lagos’, which means end and study respectively
Eschatology therefore is the study of the last things such as death, judgment, and life after death and the end of the world
Jesus talked about the end of the world to his disciples just before he was arrested

Qn n. what will happen at the end of the world (eschatology) according to Jesus’ teaching in Luke’s gospel 21: 5-38?

Jesus taught his disciples about the end times in the temple of Jerusalem
In his speech, he talked about what will happen to the city of Jerusalem and the world at the end of time
Jerusalem was going to be destroyed because of her refusal to recognize and accept the Messiah
Jesus told the disciples of the signs that would accompany the end of the world
People come claiming to be Jesus the Messiah, the son of God
There will be wars between nations
Natural calamities like earthquakes, famines and plagues will occur
Strange heavenly beings will come from the sky
There will be disruption in the sky and in the sea
All nations will be in despair
People will faint from fear as they witness these signs
At the end of all these, the son of man will appear in power and glory
Jesus’ teaching of the end times was meant to provide encouragement to the disciples in difficult times
They were expected to have hope

Qn o. how do Christians prepare for the second coming of Christ?

Christians should prepare for the second coming of Christ by not losing hope in the face of trials and tribulations because the kingdom of God with its promises of a new life will definitely come
They prepare for his second coming by leading a righteous life. They are to avoid too much feasting and drinking
They should prepare by being watchful through prayers so that God will give them courage and strength to stand firm in their faith
They should prepare by preaching the word of God to those who have not heard it
They should prepare by being obedient to God’s commandments
They should prepare by helping the needy
They should prepare by preaching and evangelizing and converting others

TOPIC SIX: THE PASSION, DEATH AND RESURRECTION OF JESUS CHRIST

THE LORD’S SUPPER

Qn a. gives the different names used in reference to the Lord’s Supper by Christians in different churches

The holy Eucharist
The mass
The Lord’s Table or the table of the lord
The Holy Communion
The Last Supper
The breaking of bread
The sacrament

Qn b. describe the institution of the Lord’s Supper

Jesus was at the last supper with his disciples the night he was betrayed
In the room which had been arranged by Jesus. He told his disciples how much he had longed to eat the Passover meal with them before he suffered death
He took a piece of bread and gave thanks to God and broke it. He gave it to them saying, “This is my body which is given for you. So do this in memory of me”
He took a cup of wine and gave thanks to God and said “ take this and share it among yourselves”
He also gave them a cup of wine after supper saying “ this cup is God’s new covenant sealed with my blood which is poured out for you

Qn c. state the Christian teachings about the Lord’s Supper

The Last Supper was inaugurated by Jesus
It’s celebration of the crucified and rise Christ
The Lord’s Supper is a gift from God
It is a sacrifice of praise and thanks giving
It is the church’s effective proclamation of God’s mighty works acts and promises
It is a sign of the unity of the church or the believers
It is a new paschal meal of the church. The meal, which by visible signs communicates God’s love in

Jesus Christ. It is the sacrament of Christ’s real presence

The bread is a symbol of the body of Christ which was crucified
The wine or cup is a symbol of his blood, which was shed. It is the blood of the new covenant
It is a fore state of Christ’s passion and of the final kingdom. It is symbolic of the heavenly banquet
It is central to Christian worship. (Eucharist)

Qn d. what is the meaning of the Lord’s Supper to Christians?

The sacramental meal communicates God’s love in Christ
The washing of the disciple’s feet by Jesus signifies humble service to and love for one another
They proclaim the lord’s death until his second coming
They share in the body of Christ
The unity of Christians is evidenced
The bread symbolizes the body of Jesus which was crucified on the cross for the sins of human kind and for the healing of their diseases
The wine symbolizes the blood of Jesus which was shed for forgiveness of sins
The wine also symbolizes the sealing of a new covenant
The partaking of the Lord’s Supper strengthens the faith of believers in that, Christ’s presence is felt and in this way they constantly keep in touch with him
The Lord’s Supper enhances a personal relationship between the individual believer and Christ
It is thanksgiving to God for everything accomplished in creation, redemption and sanctification
Through the Holy Communion, Christians offer themselves as a holy and living sacrifice. They rededicate and renew themselves. Those who share in the sacred meal declare their loyalty to Christ
The Lord’s Supper is an act of repentance. The partakers receive re-assurance of the forgiveness of sins and are assured of salvation
The bread and the wine which represents the body and blood of Jesus become the final sacrifice replacing all O.T sacrifices that were offered for the salvation of the human race

Qn f. Prayer on mount olives

After celebrating the last supper, Jesus and his disciples went to mount olives
He knelt down and prayed and asked his disciples to join him
In response, God sent an angel from heaven to encourage him
Jesus prayed in agony until his sweat was like drops of blood
This sweat which was like blood was an indication of the struggle and agony he went through to accept the will of his father
Though Jesus suffered agony and turmoil, he approached it with great courage and composure
His suffering was even greater for it involved more than physical pain. It meant bearing the sin of the world
So he prayed to God, his father to give him strength for his coming mission
When he went back to his disciples, he found them asleep a sign of moral and physical exhaustion or maybe it was an indication that they were in sorrow because Jesus had told them he was about to be crucified
In conclusion, we can say that Jesus expressed an inner struggle about the fulfillment of his Messianic mission. So he prayed to God to help him bear the suffering. Prayer was very important in Jesus’ ministry

Qn g. describe the betrayal and arrest of Jesus

When Jesus came down from Mt. Olives he met a multitude of people
Judas Iscariot appeared accompanied by a large crowd, the chief priest, elders and the temple guards who had ordered to arrest Jesus
Judas Iscariot came forth and kissed Jesus. This was a sign identifying Jesus as the man they were looking for. That kiss was the betrayal
When the disciples noticed what was happening one of them used his sword to cut off the ear of a high priest’s slave
In other words Jesus stopped his disciples from resisting his arrest
By rejecting armed assistance, Jesus was refusing the role of a political Messiah
Jesus was arrested and taken to the house of the chief priest Annas

Qn h. state the reasons that made Judas Iscariot to betray Jesus

He lacked moral courage to stand by Jesus during his moment
He could have been an informer of the Jewish religious leaders
He was overcome by the power of evil
He was disappointed by Jesus’ teaching on spiritual kingdom rather than fulfilling the Jewish expectation of a political Messiah who could liberate them from the Roman rule
He was a mercenary motivated by greed for money
He had little faith in Jesus or lost his trust in Jesus Christ
He was not loyal to the master
He was a northerner who felt foreign and thus was jealous against other disciples
He was a zealot who believed in war rather than peace

Qn i. Describe the trial of Jesus under the following

The council of Sanhedrin

Jesus was brought to the Sanhedrin council early in the morning following his arrest
The council of elders asked him if he was the Messiah
Jesus responded by speaking of the son of the man coming in triumph
The Sanhedrin accused him of the sin of blasphemy for allegedly claiming to be the son of God
He was condemned to die for alleged blasphemy
In the Jewish law, blasphemy was punishable by death

The trial before Pilate

Since the Sanhedrin could not carry out the death sentence, they took Jesus to the Roman governor Pilate
They accused Jesus of inciting the people to revolt, forbidding payment of taxes and claiming to be a king in rebellion to Roman authority
They could not accuse Jesus of blasphemy. This charge would not be accepted under Roman law
However, by taking Jesus to Pilate, the Jewish religious leaders wanted the Roman authority to take responsibility for Jesus’ death

The trial before Herod

Jesus’ ministry works had mesmerized Herod. So when Pilate learned that Jesus was from Galilee, he handed him over to Herod who was the district officer of Galilee and happened to be in Jerusalem at that time
The trial of Jesus before Herod (only mentioned in St. Luke’s gospel) is not really a trial because King Herod only wanted to satisfy his curiosity about Jesus
He joined the soldiers in mocking Jesus
Jesus refused to answer Herod’s questions and he consequently sent Jesus back to Pilate
Interestingly the mockery by Herod and his soldiers as another step in the public ridicule of Jesus. It will continue as he hangs on the cross

Pilate’s judgment

Jesus was brought to Pilate a second time
Pilate reiterated that he found Jesus not guilty of any crime
The chief priests prevailed upon Pilate who passed a sentence of death on Jesus to die by crucifixion.

This was the punishment of high treason according to the Roman law

The Jewish leaders asked that Barnabas a criminal be released instead of Jesus
It was customary for a convicted person to be released during the Passover
So the Jewish leaders and not the Jewish people or Pilate were responsible for Jesus’ death
Jesus was killed because of the blind hatred of the Jewish leaders

Qn j. why do you think Pilate agreed to have Jesus crucified?

He was afraid of a Jew revolt. It was his duty to maintain peace in his territory in accordance with the expectations of the Roman emperor. If he had released Jesus, the Jew would have caused a disturbance
He did not want to be disloyal to the Roman emperor after learning that Jesus had been accused of treason. Disloyalty could have resulted in losing favor with the emperor and consequently his job • He washed his hands. This means that he was absolving himself of the guilt of having Jesus crucified.

This is because he had learnt from the Jewish leaders that Jesus was the Son of God. His wife had also cautioned him about Jesus’ innocence. Pilate himself had found no evidence to convict Jesus

Qn k. Identify and explain the lessons that Christians learn from the actions of Pilate during the trial of Jesus

Jesus is the king of the Jews
Jesus is without sin. Pilate found no guilt in Jesus and he sent him to Herod
Pilate gave in to their demands on the grounds of treason- Christians should refrain from giving false witness
Pilate was afraid of a revolt. It was his duty to maintain peace as a Roman officer. Christians learn that they should not be compromised by worldly standards
Christians should stand firm for the truth because the truth will always prevail
Christians should strive not to lose favor with God. They should desire to please God rather than man
Pilate washed his hands he learnt that Jesus is truly the son of God (innocent)
Great evil can happen when the truth is at the mercy of political pressure
Christians should take time before making decisions
Resisting the truth leaves a person without purpose or direction

Qn l. actions taken by the Jewish leaders to ensure that Jesus was put to death

They paid Judas Iscariot to betray him
They bought false witnesses to accuse him of blasphemy before Sanhedrin/ blasphemy was punishable by stoning to death
They hurriedly tried Jesus at night before people knew what was happening
They framed treason charge against Jesus when he appeared before Pilate/ treason carried a death sentence
They employed armed temple guards and armored soldiers to deal with those who would fight for

Jesus

They blackmailed Pilate to have Jesus crucified
They organized a mob to shout for the death of Jesus and release of Barnabas
They crucified him dead when they got permission from Pilate

Qn m. explain the crucifixion of Jesus

Jesus was given the cross beam to carry to his crucifixion site
Simon of Cyrene helped him carry it
A group of women followed Jesus and wept over his plight
Jesus asked them to weep over themselves and their children
He talked about the impending destruction coming over Jerusalem
Jesus eventually arrived at Golgotha and was nailed on the cross
Two criminals were crucified on either of his sides
After his crucifixion, the soldiers cast lots to divide his garments. This action fulfilled psalms 22: 18,

Jesus is the righteous Messiah who suffers unjustly and is mocked by people as he cries to God

The soldiers, Jewish leaders and one of the thieves mocked Jesus for claiming to be the royal Messiah
Jesus is mocked with the challenge to save himself
One of the criminals crucified with Jesus usually referred to as the repentant thief acknowledged Jesus as the Messiah and admitted the justness of his own condemnation
Above Jesus it was written, “This is the king of Jews”
Jesus forgave his killers and all those who had accused him falsely. He promised one of the thieves hanging on the cross a place in paradise

Qn n. describe the death of Jesus

The death of Jesus was preceded by extra ordinary happenings
Darkness covered the land for three hours
The curtain in the temple tore into two
Jesus died after crying “father into thy hands I commit my spirit”
On seeing Jesus die, the Roman centurion who was present testified to Jesus’ innocence. As he recognized Jesus’ lordship
In his death, Jesus showed total commitment to God’s will

Qn o. the burial of Jesus

Joseph of Arimathea, a rich and righteous member of the Sanhedrin asked Pilate to allow him bury

Jesus

Joseph could have been a secret disciple of Jesus
Jesus’ burial in Joseph’s grave fulfilled Isaiah’s prophesy concerning the suffering servant of Yahweh who was buried in a rich man’s tomb
A group of women followed Joseph and saw where he buried Jesus
They went back home to prepare spices with which to wash Jesus’ body after the Sabbath
Jesus was indeed a king judged by the way he was buried

THE RESURRECTION:

Qn p. define the term resurrection

The term resurrection refers to the event of Jesus rising from the dead. This event took place on the third day i.e. the Sunday morning after Jesus was crucified on Friday afternoon

Qn q. the witnesses of the risen Christ

The testimony of the repentant thief

He rebuked his unrepentant companion
He recognized his own sinful condition
He declared Jesus to be sinless
He professed in Jesus’ true Messiah-ship and Lordship
He recognized that Jesus would live and exercise his saving power after he died

The testimony of Joseph of Arimathea

Joseph of Arimathea was a secret disciple of Christ
He witnessed to the lordship of Jesus Christ after his death by his actions
He did this by seeking permission from Pilate to bury the body of Jesus
By giving Jesus this royal burial he was witnessing to the truth that Jesus was king

Testimony of the holy woman

On the day after the Sabbath, Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of Jesus went to the tomb planning to prepare Jesus’ body for a proper burial
On arrival, they found the stone covering the tomb had been rolled away
The tomb was also empty
Two men in dazzling clothes confirmed that Jesus had risen as he had prophesied. The two men were angles
When the women learnt of Jesus’ resurrection, they broke the news to the apostils and all the others.

The apostles rejected the women’s testimony

The testimony of disciples on their way to Emmaus

Jesus appeared to the disciples who were on their way to Emmaus
They were discussing Jesus’ suffering, death and the empty tomb
They regarded Jesus’ death as a tragedy, for they had hoped he would liberate the Jews from the Roman rule
Jesus explained to the scriptures, which say the messiah would suffer to reach his glory.
They invited Jesus to dine with them
Jesus shared the Holy Eucharist with them before they recognized whom he was at the breaking of the bread
The disciples at Emmaus thus became the second witnesses to the risen Christ. The effect of this testimony is that the disciples went and told the eleven apostles about their encounter with the risen

Christ

Qn r. the appearance of Jesus to the disciples

As the disciples narrated their encounter with Jesus to the eleven apostles, Jesus appeared to them
Jesus asked them to confirm that he had risen by touching his body
He explained to the apostles his mission through telling them the prophesies about him in the law of Moses, prophets and psalms
Jesus brought his disciples to be witnesses by proclaiming repentance and forgiveness of sins
He tested some cooked fish
He promised that he was going to be with them through the power of the Holy Spirit

THE ASCENSION OF JESUS

Qn s. Describe the ascension of Jesus

From Jerusalem Jesus led his disciples to Bethany
He raised his hands blessed the disciples and lifted to heaven
The disciples returned and witnessed Jesus’ ascension with joy
They continued to go to the temple to pray to God waiting for the Holy Spirit that Jesus had promised them
From this incidence where Jesus blessed the disciples, we learn that the disciples became confident about their mission. This earlier disbelief and blindness to who Jesus was now overcome

Qn t. Give five evidences from the bible that show that Jesus Christ rose from the dead

The tomb was empty
Assurance of the angle to the women that Jesus had risen
Thomas witnessed the resurrection by feeling the scars on Jesus’ hands
The women who had gone to the tomb had found it empty
The disciples witnessed his resurrection when he appeared to the two disciples at Emmaus
Jesus shared a meal with his disciples after his resurrection in Jerusalem
Jesus walked with the disciples up to Bethany prior to his ascension

Qn t. explain the significance of passion, death and the resurrection of Jesus to Christian life

The passion deed and resurrection refers to seven incidences namely, Jesus’ last supper, suffering in the garden, suffering before Sanhedrin, Pilate and Herod; mocking by the soldiers, death on the cross, resurrection and ascension
Those events are of great significance to the modern Christians. First they proof that Jesus was indeed the son of God and the Messiah
The passion, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ was a fulfillment of the Old Testament prophesies and Psalms
The resurrection resulted in the rapid spread of the church. The spread of the church is as a result of the risen Christ and the influence of the Holy Spirit
The resurrection is thus the basis/ the central idea or foundation in the Christian faith and missionary activity; if Christ has not been raised, then our preaching is useless and you believing it is useless
The passion, death and resurrection reveal the power of God to those who believe in him. They also prove that Jesus who was God’s triumphant envoy is alive and Christians are assured living again after the physical death
The raising of Jesus from the dead proved that Jesus was not only man but lord over human life so that Christians share in his life on earth by believing in him and living according to the fruits of the Holy Spirit
The resurrection of Jesus is a source of inspiration and confidence in Christians. It also points to the fact that Jesus was a man of his word i.e. he fore told the resurrection and it came to pass. His resurrection was a real fact because he showed his disciples the crucifixion marks
All that happened during the passion, death and resurrection of Christ was just a completion of God’s revelation through Christ
They also point to the power and glory of God in which those who believe share in the hope of their own resurrection in the second coming of Jesus

Qn v. the significance of Jesus’ resurrection to Christians today

It is the foundation of the Christian faith and hope which their belief would be useless
Christian faith would be in vain (futile) if Jesus had not resurrected
Through resurrection Christians have confidence and hope in God because the one they believe in has been exalted and sits at the right hand of God almighty
Through the resurrection, Christians are given hope of eternal life
The resurrection of Jesus led to the coming of the Holy Spirit which helps Christians to live according to the teachings of Christ, preach the gospel and speak boldly against the evils in the society
The resurrection give meaning to baptism in that one dies in sin and is raised with Christ to new life
The resurrection confirms the divinity of Jesus as the true son of God
The resurrection gives Christians courage to face death because they have hope of resurrecting at his second return
It is remembered by Christians during the Eucharist

Qn w. explain five importance of Eulogy of death in the society today

It enables mourners to know the cause or nature of death
It enables the mourners to forgive the dead person in case of any grudge between them and the dead person
It enables the mourners to ask for forgiveness from the dead person
It enables the mourners know the wish or last words of the deceased before he/ she died
Mourners have an opportunity to declare what they owe or are owed by the dead
It enables mourners to know the contribution of work of the dead to the society
It provides the mourners with an opportunity to know the nature or character of the dead and his/her social life
It enables mourners to know the background or life history of the deceased e.g. education.

FORM THREE NOTES

SELECTED TEACHINGS FROM THE NEW AND THE OLD TESTAMENTS

GIFTS OF THE HOLY SPIRIT

TEACHINGS OF JESUS ON THE ROLE OF THE HOLY SPIRIT. Read JOHN 14:15-26, 16: 5-15, And ACTS 1: 7- 8

Introduction

The Holy Spirit is the third person in the trinity. There is the power of Christ, the power of God, and the Holy Spirit who gives gifts such as prophecy and healing. The Holy Spirit is mentioned several times in the Bible; (1) during creation in Genesis, (2) at the annunciation of the birth of Jesus, (3) at the beginning of the ministry of Jesus, (4) during baptism, (5) revelation of Jesus in the temple (6) Jesus spoke of the

Holy Spirit during his mission or ministry, after resurrection and before ascension

The role of Holy Spirit in Church and in Christian lives today.

Read JOHN 14:15-26 and JOHN 16: 5-15, ACTS 1: 7- 8

The Holy Spirit has many roles in the church and in Christian lives today. These roles are to:

Teach Christians on a daily basis messages of Jesus

Live in the hearts of believers of Christ

Be an advocate, a counselor, helper and a comforter to those who love Jesus Christ and obey God’s commandments

He would remind the disciples the words said by Jesus Christ and introduce them to their deeper meanings.

Interpret the deeper meaning of the messages of Jesus Christ

Reveal the truth and mysteries of and about God

Affirm the right of Jesus as the Son of God

Reveal the glory of Jesus death

Reveal what is right and wrong

Give the disciples of Jesus power to become witnesses of Christ.

Give courage to the disciples of Jesus and modern Christians to face prosecution on the account of following Jesus

Enable the disciples to expose the secret lives and heart of sinful people

Guide Christians; help believers to cast away evils spirits, to heal, to preach the word of God, to encourage, and to condemn evil in the society.

Paul teaching about the Gifts of the Holy Spirit. Read 1 Corinthians chapters 12, 13, and 14

Spiritual gifts are extra-ordinary favors, talents, abilities, and dispositions given to Christians by God for the benefit of all believers. The gifts are used for the service of others and not for self-glorification and gratification.

The message of Peter on the day of the Pentecost

Peter told the disciple that what was happening was the fulfillment of Jesus’ prophecy.

– He said that Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of God.

– He said that the suffering and death of Jesus was according to God’s plans.

Death was the fulfillment of the Old Testament prophecy.

Gifts of the Holy Spirit

Gift of wisdom: – having deep understanding of issues- ‘seeing far’, being perceptive.
Gift of knowledge: – ability to understand the basic facts about Jesus, His mission and knowledge about spiritual issues.
The gift of faith: – refers to the confidence in God’s help. It is deep trust in God.
The Gift of healing: – ability, and power to heal all forms of sickness by calling upon the name of Jesus

Christ.

The gift of performing miracles: – gift of healing miracles, creative miracles for example, dead legs becoming alive.
6. The gift of preaching
7. The gift of prophecy: – the ability to interpret God’s word. The ability to foresee what will happen in the future as revealed by God.
The gift of distinguishing spirits or discernment: – the ability to know whether a spiritual gift is from

God, the Holy Spirit or from the evil spirit

The gift of speaking in tongues. The ability to utter, speak in a tongue, language unknown to the believer. Tongues are used when addressing God for self-edifications. It is personal growth.
The gift of interpretation of tongues: – the ability to understand and interpret the messages of those speaking in tongues.
The gift of love. (Read 1 Corinthians 13)

Paul stressed that all the gifts of the Holy Spirit are to be demonstrated with love. He stressed that love, a fruit of the Holy Spirit is supreme over other spiritual gifts possessed by Christians. It’s the greatest of all. Speaking in tongues, preaching, and martyrdom without love is useless.

Components of Love

Love is patient, kind, not jealous or boastful, not arrogant or rude, is not ill mannered or selfish, and does not insist on its own way. It is not disrespectful. It is not irritable or resentful. It does not rejoice at wrong but rejoices in truth. It bears all things.

Love believes all things, hopes all things, and endures all things. Love is eternal. Love never fails. The other gifts are temporary but love, faith and hope are eternal.

Manifestation of the Holy Spirit in the church and Christians today

Gifts of the Holy Spirit have been manifested in churches today. We see this manifestation through people possessing the gifts of the Holy Spirit. For example, leaders in church have displayed the gift of wisdom. Preachers and Christian’s ministers have been casting out demons and performing healing.

There are reported cases of interpretation of tongues and gift of prophecy in churches today.

When Christians display the gifts of the Holy Spirit such as speaking in tongues the Holy Spirit is manifested. Other manifestations of the Holy Spirit are:

Through healing, prophecy, gifts of discernment, boldness in preaching, and casting out demons among others

Christians helping the poor by giving generosity and in kindness

Through singing, dancing, shouting (fruit of joy)

Through unity of believers and fellowships

Through praying,

Christian’s persecutions/temptations

Criteria for Discerning the Gifts of the Holy Spirit.

Christians who have the Holy Spirit and are guided by Jesus have certain characteristics. These are:

They will confess that Jesus is Lord

They cannot say a curse.

They speak the truth. They worship God and behave in accordance with Jesus teaching.

They led by the Holy Spirit and are known by the fruits of the Holy Spirit. These fruits are love, joy, peace, and patience.

Such persons serve all Christians without discrimination and strife.

They do not do sinful acts such as sexual immorality. They do not practice idolatry, and sorcery. They do not have in their hearts and minds hatred, and jealously or any other negative feelings and actions.

The fruits of the HOLY SPIRIT (GALATIANS 5:16-26)

Paul taught that the fruit of the spirit are: Love, Joy, Patience, Long suffering, Goodness or Generosity, Faith and faithfulness, Peace, Meekness and kindness, gentleness, self- control and temperance.

Answer these questions after reading – JOHN 14:15-26 and JOHN 16: 5-15, ACTS 1: 7- 8 and 1 Corinthians chapters 12, 13, and 14.

What is the role of the Holy Spirit among Christians? (Read a)
Discuss the gifts of the Holy Spirit
Write a talk about the Holy Spirit
Define love?
Describe the different types of love
Why do Christians need the Holy Spirit today?
State the role of love in church and in Christian lives today.
How has the gift of the Holy Spirit been manifested in Christian lives?
Which activities show that the Holy Spirit is working among Christian in Kenya.
How have the gifts of the Holy Spirit been misused in the church today?

Answers are also in the text. Read sections with answers

The role of the Holy Spirit

-An advocate, a counselor and a comforter.

-He would remind and introduce the disciples to the deeper meaning of the word of Jesus Christ. To reveal the myth and mysteries of God.

-He would affirm the right of Jesus as the Son of God.

-He would reveal the glory of Jesus’ death.

-He would enable the disciples to discern and expose the secret heart of sinful men.

The gift of the Holy Spirit has been misused today by pride and public manifestation of the gift as a way of show off. Some Christians have misused the gift of Holy Spirit of prophecy by prophesying for money.

PETER’S MESSAGE ON THE DAY OF PENTECOST. Read ACTS 2: 14-41

Introduction

Jews commemorate Pentecost day. This is the day that God gave Moses his laws on Mount Sinai. It is also referred to as the festival of weeks. Pentecost day was celebrated 50 days after the Passover. It was compulsory for all Jews. On this day, Jews brought offering, the first fruits of harvest, to the temple in Jerusalem.

Pentecost a day

On the Pentecostal day, the disciples were gathered in Jerusalem awaiting the promise of the Holy Spirit. And as promised, the Holy Spirit came in the form of a strong wind, and tongues of fire. The Holy

Spirit rested on the head of each disciple. The disciples received the gift of the Holy Spirit. They spoke in new tongues. Some of the observers mistook this experience. They thought that the disciples were drunk with wine.

Peter stood up to explain what was happening and defend the disciples. He told those who saw the experience that the disciples were not drunk. It was in the morning.

Peter’s Message. Read Joel 2: 28 – 32

Peter told the onlookers that; what was happening is fulfillment of Joel’s prophesies about the outpouring of Gods spirit. He said that Jesus of Nazareth was the Son of God. This was proved by the miracles that Jesus performed. He emphasized that the suffering and death of Jesus was according to God’s plans. Jesus is a descendant of David. Death and the resurrection of Jesus fulfilled prophesies in the Old Testament.

God raised Jesus from the dead. He taught that Jesus had both the nature of God and Man. The apostles are the living witnesses of the resurrection of Jesus. Jesus has been exalted and sits on the right hand of God where He is Lord and Judge. They holy Spirit is a gift from Jesus

Peter then invited the listeners to repentance so that they could be forgiven and receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. Three thousand souls accepted salvation message and were added to the fellowship of the disciples.

After the Holy Spirit infilling.

The disciples sold their possessions and goods and assisted the needy. They did many wonders and signs. They continued to live in unity, worshiping God, fellowshipping together, and breaking the bread.

Lessons Christians learn from Leadership of Peter.

Christians should be:

Courageous and stand up for Jesus Christ all the times.
Ready to spread the Gospel of Christ.
Win new converts to Jesus by inviting them to repentance.
Have faith in the risen Christ.
Pray to be filled with the Holy Spirit like Peter and those in church leadership should take their roles seriously.
Relevance of the Pentecostal Experience

Speaking in diverse tongues signified that Christianity is a universal religion. It pointed out the importance of all languages when communicating to God. There were no specific languages for speaking with God, as it was when Latin was the language of literacy and Christianity.

Christians should be bold in their preaching. They should not be afraid as they have the counsel and helper, the Holy Spirit. Christians should understand that God chooses anyone as a leader, preacher, and witness of Christ.

Pentecostal experience signifies that Christians need to receive and be filled with the Holy Spirit

Revision questions

a) Explain the meaning of the Pentecost
b) Describe the manifestations of the Holy Spirit on the day of the Pentecost (Acts 2: 1-40) (or narrate the events that took place on the day of the Pentecost)
c) Write down five teachings about Jesus from Peter’s speech on the day of the Pentecost
d) What were the qualities of peter that made him a successful leader of the apostolic church?
e) What lessons can Christians learn from the events of the day of the Pentecost?
f) State the teachings of Jesus on the Holy Spirit (John 14:14-26) (acts 1:7-8)
g) What is the role of the Holy Spirit according to Jesus?
h) What is the role of the Holy Spirit in the believers or the church or Christians?
i) Outline the fruits of the Holy Spirit
j) State the criteria for discerning the spiritual gifts
k) List down the gifts of the Holy Spirit
l) Explain why Paul taught that love is the greatest of all spiritual gifts
m) Explain how the Holy Spirit is manifested in the church today
n) State ways in which the gifts of the Holy Spirit are being abused in the church today

THE UNITY OF BELIEVERS

TEACHINGS OF THE UNITY OF BELIEVERS IN SELECTED NEW TESTAMENT TEXTS

Unity of believers refers to oneness of those who have faith in Jesus Christ.

Early Christians

The early Christians in Jerusalem demonstrated their unity by.

Holding joint prayer sessions

Sharing the Lords supper that is Eucharist

Sharing their possessions with the poor

They showed oneness and unity as believers. They expressed their oneness using various terms, images, Metaphors and symbols. They regarded themselves as the people of God, the church and an Assembly of God. When they celebrated the last supper, eating of bread was a symbol of the body of Christ. They saw themselves as belonging to one tree with the vine and branches. As followers of Christ, the early

Church saw itself as the Bride of Christ.

Discussion of Symbolic Expressions
The people of God

Read 1 PETER 2: 9-10. Peter has outlined the characteristics of the people of God. He says that the people of God are –

Believers in God: through faith in Jesus Christ.

The ‘Chosen race’, ‘a royal priesthood’, a holy nation’ ‘a chosen people’

-Those that stand out from the rest because they live a holy and righteous life.

Form a Holy nation chosen to proclaim the works of God.

Not just the descendants of Abraham but people who follow Jesus Christ and His teachings.

The body of Christ

Read 1 Corinthians 12:12-27, and Ephesians’ 4:1-12.

The Holy Spirit is the one who brings Christians together as one body of Christ to serve the church.

Christians are given gifts for the purpose of sharing the body of Christ.

Jesus Christ is the head of the church. And just as the body has many parts, playing different roles, so has the Church. Every member of the church plays a vital role because different members have different spiritual gifts and callings. Some are Apostles, Teachers, Prophets, Evangelists, Pastors and Miracle performers, Administrators and those who show mercy to others and encourage (exhort) others.

All church activities should be directed to the welfare of the church, just as the function of each part of the body is necessary for the well being of the whole body. To have a united body, members should be meek and patient in order to bear the fruit of the Holy Spirit. For a church to be united, or to be considered as one body, Christians should have faith in God the father, one Lord Jesus Christ, and one Holy Spirit and have faith in God through Jesus Christ.

iii. The Vine and the Branches

Read John 15:1-10

The vine represents Jesus. Vine tree was a tree that bore grapes. The vine tree was a symbol of prosperity and peace. Jesus is the vine and the Father is the vinedresser. Christians/ believers are the branches. They are expected to produce good fruits by remaining faithful and united in Christ. Faithful branches bear fruit like good Christians while unfruitful branches are like unfruitful Christians.

Christians should remain united to Christ who is the vine so as to bear fruits. The teachings of Jesus purify the Christians. The dead branches of the Vine trees are cut off and the livings ones are trimmed or pruned. This is done so that the vines may produce high yields. Likewise unfaithful Christians, believers are rebuked and corrected so as to bear high yields.

The Church or Assembly of God. Read Ephesians 5: 21 – 32

Church is a Greek word “““ekklesia””, which means people, People who belong to the Lord. Assembly of God is the coming together of people of diverse social and cultural backgrounds who recognize lordship of Jesus. The church is likened to the relationship between a husband and a wife. Christians (the church) are expected to be united with Christ just as a husband and wife are united in marriage. Just as husbands and wives are expected to love one another, so too, are Christians called upon to express love to one another and to love God.

A husband is the head of a family; Jesus is also the head of the church.

The Bride. Read 2 Corinthian 11: 2, and Revelations 21: 1 – 12

In the Old Testament, God calls Israel a bride. In the New Testament, Christians are referred to as “a bride’ in the New Jerusalem’. God or Jesus Christ is the bridegroom. Christians are reminded that the life on earth is a temporary home. Their real home is in heaven, the Holy city of God. Just as a bride is expected to be faithful to her husband, so are Christians expected to be faithful to God by observing the covenant way of life. Deviation from the covenant was portrayed as adultery.

John, who wrote the book of revelations, sees a vision of a new heaven and a new earth in which faithful Christians will be rewarded. Christ will come to take His bride to eternity to live there forever. The relationship between Christians and Jesus/ God is like a marriage. It is a covenant. It is a relationship where the church (bride) is expected to submit to God. Jesus died for the church, a show of His or God’s love. Likewise Christians should be committed in their relationship to God.

Q 1. Discuss in twos who is a bride and what takes place in a wedding.

Discuss the significance of the symbols used to express the unity of the believers. These are “The people of God”, “The body of Christ”, “The vine and the branches” “The church or assembly of God” and “The bride”.

CAUSES OF DISUNITY IN THE EARLY CHURCH

The early church experienced some challenges, which led to divisions among the early disciples and Christians.

Causes of Disunity in the Early Church

After Jesus ascended to his Father and left the Holy Spirit to look after his followers, the disciples established congregations or communities to spread the Word of God. As believers of Christ met and prayed together, there were disagreements and divisions brought about by several factors and issues.

These were:

Disputes, among early Christians; were concerning leadership of the Church. Christians wanted different leaders: Paul, Apollo’s, Cephas or Christ. Paul told them that Christ couldn’t be divided (1 Corinthians

1:10 -21).

Sexual immorality was another cause of disunity in the early church. Some Christians were doing or having irresponsible sexual behaviors. These were incest, fornication, and prostitution. Paul condemned such behaviors and told Christians to stop sinning and honor God with their bodies. The body of a Christian is the temple of the Holy Ghost (1 Corinthian 5: 1-13, 6:12 – 20).

-Christians settling disputes in civil courts. Paul advised they ought to talk over issues among themselves and agree to solve problems on their own (1 Corinthians 6).

-Dispute over marriage and divorce. Some Christians were opposed to marriage. Others were encouraging divorce. Paul addressed these issues in 1 Corinthian, chapter 71-16. Paul advised Christians that it was okay to marry or not to marry. But marriage was needed to stop immorality.

Eating of meat offered to idols. Some Christians were eating meat offered to idols while others were against it. Paul advised Christians not to eat anything that will cause their faith to weaken or fail. (1 Corinthians 8 and10: 14 – 20.

There were disputes about dressing during worship. Should women cover their head during worship?

Should women shave hair? Should men wear long hair? (1 Corinthian 11:1-16).

-Some Christians were overeating and over drinking during the Holy Communion – misuse of the Lord’s Supper, (1 Corinthians 11:17 – 33).

-Misuses of spiritual gift especially the gift of speaking in tongues. Paul taught that all gifts are equal (1 Corinthians 12).

There was a misunderstanding about the resurrection of the body and the dead. Some were saying there is no resurrection. Paul preached that if there is no resurrection then their preaching was in vain as they were witnesses to the resurrection of Jesus Christ (1 Corinthians 15).

Causes of disunity among believers and church in Kenya today

– Leadership differences. Some Christians are struggling for power. This has led to formation of splinter groups, divisions and enmity between these groups.

– Cultural differences. Christians are divided by their African cultural beliefs from their backgrounds. This culture is merged with Christianity and Western cultural practices forming a unique mixture of beliefs.

Some Christians are permissive, while others are conservative. This has led to disunity, for example in the areas of dressing.

-Discrimination. There is inequality within the church between the rich and the poor, the whites and blacks. Some Christians are viewed as more spiritual than others, on basis of the tribe, gender, wealth and social status among others.

-Misuse of freedom of worship. Christians are starting sprinter churches, probably because they want to control church finances without supervision by the wider church. To justify their departure, they spread propaganda against the ‘mother’ church, and other churches in order to attract followers. The more followers a church has the more tithe it collects.

-Misuse of church funds. Some church leaders and followers misuse church funds

Differences in the practice of baptism

-Arrogance and pride by some Christians.

Sins: sexual immorality in the church, divorce and marriage issues.

Some Christian denominations reject the human nature of the person of Jesus Christ; that Christ had both a human and divine nature e.g. Nomiya church.

Q: Can you think of factors that led to disunity among Christians in the early church that you have noted in the Kenyan church?

Reasons why Christians should work in Unity.

Christians face many problems and they therefore need to work together in unity to:

-Promote oneness of Christians in Jesus Christ.

-Promote the teachings of Jesus Christ.

-Achieve effective evangelism or ministry.

-Adopt a common attitude to the integration of African culture in worship.

-Prevent the formation of sprinter groups and cults.

-Reduce the internal wrangling.

-Have a common stand in dealing with issues affecting the society.

Possible Solutions to disunity

The church should settle issues that divide its members by Christians:

Learning to appreciate and respect the practices and belief of other Christian’s denominations.

-Having or forming a common goal

-Striving to be guided by the principle of love in solving problems facing them.

-Observing the teachings of disciples, prophets, apostles, God, laws of —Moses, Jesus and the Bible.

-Avoiding doing anything to their fellow Christians that would cause suffering and disharmony.

-Activities that the early church did in order to remain united were that they:

-Ate bread together.

-Held fellowships together.

-Shared with the needy.

-Prayed together for each other

In the current worldwide Church, there is disunity amongst believers or Christians. The most common ones are due.

-Leadership differences and wrangles for power.

-Cultural differences amongst Christians.

-Some Christians are permissive while others are conservative.

-Differences in the interpretation of the Bible.

-Misuse of church funds

-Pride and arrogance.

Revision questions

Write down terms used in the New Testament to refer to believers in Christ
Identify five causes of disunity in the church today
Identify factors which cause disunity among the Christians today
Discuss reasons why members of Christian families in Kenya find it difficult to harmoniously live together
Explain how the church strengthens family relationships today

TEACHINGS FROM SELECTED OLD TESTAMENT PROPHETS

INTRODUCTION

This chapter introduces one to the work of prophets in the Old Testament. In Form One, some Prophets were taught e.g. Moses, Elijah, Nathan and Samuel. Traditional African prophets were also taught.

In Form Three, we compare true and false prophets and the Traditional African prophets.

PROPHETS

Definitions of a prophet, and prophecy

The word prophet comes from a Hebrew word “Rabii’ meaning ‘one who is called or one who announces God’s message. A prophet is also referred to as a seer. A prophet is a person sent by God to teach and give people messages about things to come in future from God. Prophets received divine messages from God and communicated them to the people.

A prophet is therefore a person who foretells events as revealed to him or her by God. Examples of prophets include Samuel, Elijah, Jeremiah and prophetesses (female prophet) Deborah, and Huidah.

Prophecy is a statement, a message of something that is going to happen in the future. The action of giving future messages is called prophecy.

Categories of prophets

There were many categories of prophets. These were:

a) Major Prophets. These were Prophet’s whose messages covered a long period of time. Their messages were long and detailed. For example, Prophet Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel.
b) Minor prophets. There are 12 books of the Minor Prophets examples they are called minor because their messages are short, brief and do not contain detailed information. The Minor Prophets are Amos, and Hosea, Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi.
c) Canonical prophets the term canon means law. Canonical prophets are law prophets. The individual utterances of these prophets are laws. Both minor and major prophets are canonical prophets,
d) The early prophets are Moses, Nathan Elijah, and Elisha. These prophets belonged to guilds schools.

Their prophecies are not recorded under their names. Their prophecies are written in books, which do not bear their names.

e) Cultic prophets like Hannah (N.T.) served in the places of worship. They assisted the priest officiating worship
f) Professional / court prophets like Samuel, Micah, and Gad lived together in the temple and in groups.

They earned their living through their work. They did not work elsewhere

g) False prophets are pretenders to speak in the name of Yahweh but God did not call them. They spoke lies in accordance with the messages people wanted to hear.
Characteristics of true prophets

There were two (2) major categories of prophets in the Old Testament, (1) true prophets and (2) false prophets. True prophets are those whose prophecies occurred and were fulfilled. Prophesies of false prophets did not occur. True prophets distinguished themselves from false prophets and ordinary people.

They experienced God dramatically when He called them and in their ministry. They were God’s spokesmen and women. They responded in faith to their call.

God gave them specific tasks in their commission and God’s assurance and support in their ministry.

They urged people to repent and turn back to God.

In their messages, they taught that God demands sincere worship and not elaborate rituals. They understood God and taught about God righteous-ness, goodness, mercifulness, and loving care. They condemned evil in the society and proclaimed God’s judgment and punishment to those who failed to keep the covenant. They spoke with authority and acted with courage. They upheld God as a universal God for all nations. They talked of a remnant that shall remain after punishment or those that have continued to worship God sincerely. Their utterances were true because they were fulfilled.

They spent a lot of their time in prayers. They prayed regularly. At such times they withdrew from people in order to have a quiet time to seek God.

All the true prophets received opposition from their audiences and they were ready to suffer for telling God’s word.

The Characteristics of false prophets.

Some of the prophecy of false prophets contradicted prophesies of the true prophets. False prophets followed their own imaginations, and gave false hopes. They told people what they wanted to hear.

They had no personal knowledge of God. Hence, their prophecies were not in line with the divine revelations.

They used evil forces such as magic, and divinations to call upon the spirits of the dead. They were paid for prophesy and benefits materially from their clients. They served Baal and were mainly immoral. They committed crime.

Review questions

How can we know true and false prophets today?

IMPORTANCE OF PROPHETS IN ISRAEL

Introduction

Work of prophets in Israel

Prophets kept Israelites in communication with God. They communicated God’s will to the people of Israel. They foretold God’s judgments and punishment for sinners. They condemned the behavior of the rich towards the poor. Through their messages, people reformed their lives since they condemned all forms of social evils and ritual sins. They contributed to the writing of their messages leading to the compilation of the Bible.

Prophets guided and gave people hope. They taught people the laws of God. They warned people of dangers to come. They condemned idolatry and stressed the worship of one true God, Yahweh.

They anointed the Kings in Israel. Kings consulted the prophets before any major undertaking such as war among others.

They acted as conscience of kings. They advised them and challenged Kings when they went wrong.

God’s communication with prophets and Israelites

God communicated to Prophets through visions, voices that were audible and clear, events, prayers, dreams, signs, ordinary things, and words which came to their minds with great power.

Writing messages of the prophets

The canonical prophets as mentioned earlier had their works and prophecies recorded under their names. Canonical prophets are referred to as writing prophets. It’s possible that some prophets wrote down their own prophecies. They wrote what God spoke to them as He dictated. An example is Jeremiah who wrote what he was told …’Get a scroll and write on it everything that I have told you about Israel, Judah and all nations. (Jeremiah 36:2, Isaiah 30:8).

Two, the prophet’s message were probably written by other people. These were their assistant, secretary, scribe, and disciples or followers as the prophet prophesied.

Thirdly some of the prophetic messages could have been preserved as oral traditions and later written as books. A good example is 2 Kings.

Content of the Prophetic messages

Prophetic messages contained lessons from God to Israel. For example, the:

Prophetic sayings were and still are oracles or poetic passages spoken by God himself through prophets. The prophecies were addressed to different nations. They carried specific teachings to the people, for example predicting future occurrences
Narratives in the first person give an account of the prophet’s testimony. They spoke of their experiences with God, and responses to the call of God. They tell us about prophet’s impelling compulsion to speak God’s word. The narratives are written in the first person. They have a format ‘The Lord said to me… The year that King Uzziah died, I was the Lord…”

iii. Narratives in the third 3rd person have messages written by a third party, i.e. not the prophet but another person. For example, “Isaiah said to them, “Thus you shall say to your master, thus says the

Lord: “Do not be afraid of the words.” (Isaiah 37:6). The message recounts the prophets’ personal life, and political background.

PROPHESIES IN THE OLD TESTAMENT, NEW TESTAMENT AND AFRICAN TRADITIONAL SOCIETY

Introduction

The Israelites and the African traditional societies as well as other world communities had prophets who foretold the future. Among the Israelites, there were prophets chosen by God and false prophets who told messages which communities wanted to hear. Among the African traditional communities, there were wise men and women who prophesied about the future.

In this lesson, we shall compare these prophecies and learn what was similar and different about these them. The Old Testament prophecies are compared with those from the African traditional society and the New Testament

-Learning outcomes. After studying this lesson, you should be able to:

State relationships between Prophesies in the Old Testament New Testament and the African Traditional Society
Discuss the similarities between prophets in the African traditional society and the Old Testament
Identify differences between prophets in the African traditional society and the Old Testament

Several Old Testament (O.T.) prophecies were and are fulfilled in both the old and New Testament (N.T) in the life and ministry of Jesus Christ. The Law of Moses is used in both the Old Testament and the New Testament. However Jesus gave the law a deeper meaning.

The teachings and prophecies of the prophets provided the foundation for the message in the New Testament. The prophecies of Prophet Nathan to King David that God would raise up an offspring from the lineage of David were fulfilled in Jesus Christ, the expected messiah.

Jesus disciples in the New Testament referred a lot to messages in the Old Testament. The teachings of Jesus in the New Testament are based in the Old Testament prophecies. They are therefore similar to each other because New Testament is a continuation of the Old Testament.

The New Testament is the new covenant spoken of by Prophet Jeremiah and other Prophets like Isaiah, Micah, and Nathan. Their prophecies about Messiah are fulfilled in the New Testament.

Similarities between prophets in the African traditional society and the Old Testament. In both traditions, prophets:

Were endowed with divine powers and they dealt with religious matters.

Acted as intermediaries between God and people

Warned people of impending dangers and disasters due to disobedience

Had supernatural experiences

Encouraged morality and discouraged evil ways

In some cases, could heal

Withstood oppression and opposition by the political rulers

Encouraged people to fight injustices in society

 Foretold future disasters such as drought and wars. They explained why they were going to occur.

Were consulted when things were not well in the society.

Received revelations through dreams, visions and thoughts

 were gender sensitive male prophets and female prophetesses.

Differences (O.T.) between prophets in the African traditional society and the Old Testament.

The Old Testament prophets had a personal relationship with God. They communicated God’s messages to Israelites.

The prophets in the African traditional society communicated and received messages from the ancestor spirits

Old Testament prophets were God’s mouthpieces. They began their prophesy with ‘thus saith the lord’…. While the prophets in the African traditional society predicted what would happen to individuals, and communities.

The authority of prophets in the Old Testament came from God while the authority of prophets in the

African traditional society came from their ancestors’ spirits.

In the Old Testament prophets were called directly by God while in some African traditional communities the prophetic office was hereditary. The African traditional prophets dealt with family and local community issues while Old Testament prophets dealt with national issues, and crises. African traditional prophets were diviners while Old Testament prophets consulted God.

Relevance of Old Testament prophets to Christians today

Christian should be ready to be messengers of God. The call to be a Christian has a prophetic role. Some

Christians are called to the office of a prophet and should prophecy for the glory of God and for the common good of the people. As God’s spokes person one should always stand for the truth. Christian should proclaim God’s will even if the message is not pleasant to the people.

Once appointed as a prophet, one should pass the messages to whoever they are sent to without fear or favor. God’s messengers should always condemn the social political economic evils in the society.

As God’s messengers Christians should live exemplary lives. They should stand for what they preach and should expect persecutions because of their works as God’s messengers. They should be ready to suffer for the sake of the gospel.

Christians should pray to God to give them guidance, wisdom, and inspiration to be able to handle hardships in their lives. They should provide hope for the people in times of suffering.

Christians should realize that God calls both men and women to His service. They should be ready to obey Gods’ prophetic call and not run away e.g. Jonah. They should be concerned and take care of the welfare of the poor community members.

Revision questions

Define the terms prophet and prophecy
List five categories of true prophets
State the difference between true and false prophets
In what ways were God’s prophets called?
Outline the similarities and differences between the Old Testament prophets and the traditional African ones.
What is the relevance of prophets to Christians today?

PROPHET AMOS

Introduction

Amos is one of the prophets God sent to Israel to warn the people because of their evil life. Politically, the Nation of Israel had become rich. There grew classer, the rich and the poor. The rich started oppressing the poor.

Socially, there was still the rich – poor gap. The rich exploited the poor. Merchants sold bad food, expensive and used false measurer.

Religiously, the Israelites had turned away from God and were worshiping false gods. Syncretism was practiced. Priests were paid and God’s prophets were rejected.

It is in this situation that Amos was called.

He is called through visions.

Amos is one of the canonical or writing prophets. The book of Amos is a temptation of oracles spoken by the prophet on different occasions. Note that after the death of King Solomon, the kingdom of Israel was split into two and rules by Rehoboam and Jeroboam. The northern Kingdom; called Judah was ruled by Rehoboam and was inhabited by two tribes. The southern kingdom called Israel was ruled by

Jeroboam and was inhabited by 10 tribes. Amos came from Judah and prophesied in Israel.

Prophet Amos work in Israel Read Amos 1:1

The call of Amos (AMOS 1:1, 3:8, 7:10 – 15)

Prophet Amos was born in a village called Tekoa in Judah, the southern kingdom. Before his call, Amos was a shepherd and a dresser of sycamore trees. He was not a professional prophet. But God called him to be a prophet. He received his call in form of a vision around 758 BC. Amos responded to God’s call with obedience. He felt a deep compulsion to prophesy (Amos 3:8). God directed him to give his message to the people of Israel, the northern kingdom (Amos 7:15). He was asked to speak the will of Yahweh. He was also to fore tell punishment if Israelites did not repent their sins. His message was opposed, and challenged by Amaziah the priest of Bethel.

Religion.

Israelites worshipped Yahweh and other gods. Idolatry was also present. This form of worship is called Syncretism. There was religious hypocrisy. Like today, there was an emphasis on external observances of religious practices and less concern for internal observances. The priests were paid for religious work. Those who couldn’t pay did not have religious ceremonies. They were offered at the expense of the poor. The prophets of God were rejected.

Social – economic – political situation.

When Amos prophesied, King Jeroboam ruled Israel, the northern kingdom while King Uzziah ruled Judah. Amos was sent to prophesy to the people of Israel in the northern kingdom. He concentrated his work mainly in Bethel and Samaria – the capital city of Israel and the main centers of worship.

When Amos started his prophesy, there was peace and prosper in Israel and Judah. Both kingdoms were wealthy. However, the wealth did not reach the poor. This was because the wealth and power were in the hands of the king, his family, his officials, and wealthy merchants. As a result, Israel citizens were divided into two classes; the rich and the poor.

Unfortunately, the rich people owned big luxurious houses. They drunk wine, and used the most expensive perfumes. They acquired their wealth at the expense of the poor. They oppressed and exploited the poor. The merchants of trade for example, were dishonest in their trade businesses. They sold bad wheat to unsuspecting customers and overcharged customers by measuring with false scales.

Because of the inflated prices, the poor borrowed money from the rich at high interest rates to buy basic things like food. Hence, there was massive bribery and corruption in society and law courts.

As a result the poor lacked basic necessities or needs like food, shelter, and clothing. It was at this time when God sent Amos to give prophesy to Israel.

How did the rich oppress the poor in Israel?

VISIONS OF AMOS

Read AMOS 7: 1 – 9, 8:1 – 3. 9:1 – 4)

Vision is a picture we have in our mind. It is a future to come. Amos was shown many visions by God.

-Lesson outcomes. After reading these verses in Amos you should be able to: –

Analyze all the visions and
State the message of each vision
Summaries things that God condemned through Amos
The vision of the locusts (Amos 7:1 – 3)

Amos saw a swarm of locusts being sent by God to destroy all plants and food crops in the land. The locusts were a sign of disaster, which God was going to send to Israel as a punishment for their disobedience. Amos cried to God to forgive the people. God heard and changed his mind.

The vision of a great fire (Amos 7:4 – 6)

Amos saw a vision of a supernatural fire that burnt up the land. He asked God to forgive the people and

God listened. The punishment was stopped.

The vision of a crooked wall/ the plumb line (Amos 7:7 – 9)

Amos saw the Lord standing beside the wall checked it with a plumb line. The wall represented the Israelites. They stopped observing the laws of their covenant with God. God found Israelites disobeying the covenant. God promised to destroy holy places of Israel..

The vision of a basket of ripe fruits (Amos 8:1 – 3)

In this vision, Amos saw a basket of ripe fruits. Fruits are harvested at the end of the summer. This meant that Israel was ripe for punishment for her refusal to turn to God. Amos did not pray for forgiveness. God would no longer withhold His judgment. Time for repentance was over.

The vision of the destruction of the altar. Read Amos 9:1 – 4.

Amos saw the Lord standing by the altar. The Lord ordered the destruction of the temple. The shrines of Dan and Bethel were destroyed because they were the centres of idolatry. No one would escape punish-ment no matter where they hide.

Summary of issues that God pointed out to Israel through Prophet Amos

Lack of social justice

There was lack of social justice and responsibility by the king of Israel. Social justice means dealing with other people fairly. It implies showing concern for the needs of others.

Lack of responsibility.

This refers to the rulers and people of Israel being accountable for their actions.

In modern life, it is doing ones duty and fulfilling ones obligation to God and others.

Practice of hypocritical religion in Israel.

The Israelites were insincere in their worship. They made empty sacrifi-ces. They worshipped idols as well as God. They profaned the name of God (Yahweh). They made idols of Baal and offered sacrifices to them. They worshipped other gods. This is syncretism and God does not allow worship of any other God but himself.

God’s judgment against Israel and other nations.

God promised to destroy Israel and leave a remnant of them for restora-tion.

Oppressions of the poor by the rich

God condemned King Jeroboam rule of Israel because of the oppression of the poor, government corruption and bribery of king’s officials. These officials sold the righteous for silver and the needy for a pair of sandals (shoes) i.e. it’s like practicing slavery. The rich trampled on the poor, despised them and placed no value on the poor. The poor gave their garments as security for loan. This was contrary to God’s commandments. The garment was supposed to be returned back to the owner before sunset. The Samaritan women were ‘fat like the well fed cows of Bashan’ led luxurious lives and were very unkind to the poor. The rich took an excessive share of the harvest from the farmers. Rulers loved luxury and were arrogant. They loved material things and showed pride in material possessions. They used expensive perfumes.

Corruption and bribery.

The judges were corrupt. They accepted bribes. There was a conspiracy between the rich and the judges against the poor

Pride in materials possessions

The capital city of Israel was Samaria. It was built on a mountain called Bethel, which was also a place of worship. There was prosperity in the land. The Israelites prided themselves in their riches and materials possessions. Amos told them God would destroy their wealth.

Dishonesty.

This is telling lies, cheating or using unjust means to get certain things. The wealthy merchants waited impatiently for the end of the holy days so that they could engage in lucrative businesses. They cheated the poor by using false scales. They sold bad wheat to the poor. They mixed good and bad grains and sold them to unsuspecting people.

Sexual immorality

Sexual immorality was prevalent or common in Israel. For example a father and son would have sex with the same girl. There was temple (cultic) prostitution. There was dishonesty; sexual immorality. This sexual behavior made the temple unholy.

Drunkenness

They Israelites spent time drinking when the poor lacked the basic needs. They engaged in excessive drinking of wine. They even forced the Nazarites to drink wine. They accepted drunkenness.

Profaning the name of the God

Israelites did not respect the name of God. They committed sin. They forced Nazirites to drink wine; forcing it down their throats yet they knew that Nazirites were people set aside and chosen by God to serve God. This act showed contempt of God’s commands. Nazirites were not supposed to drink wine or cut their hair. Israelites did this to show their contempt of the Lord.

Hypocritical Religion and Idolatry in Israel

Hypocrisy is pretending to be something different from the person one is. It is also saying one thing, and doing another thing. For example, Israeli-tes did a lot of religious rites according to the laws of Moses and yet majority of them were unjust, corrupt and oppressed the poor. They observed the external religious activities while their hearts were corrupt and insincere. Amos condemned Israelites for this hypocrisy, characteri-zed by insincere worship, and mixture of religious beliefs leading to diverse practices of religion i.e. syncretism. This is a combination or mixture of Israelites’ monotheism (Yahwehism) and worship of idols and other gods especially Baal, the gods of their neighbors.

Empty sacrifices

The Israelites made elaborative offerings and sacrifices. Yet God was interested only in sincere worship and free will offerings and not mere sacrifices, and tithes. ‘Take away from me the noise of your songs’ (Amos 5:21 – 23).

GOD’S JUDGMENT AGAINST ISRAEL AND OTHER NATIONS

Read Amos chapter 1 and 2

i) Israel.

She committed several crimes, which were condemned by Prophet Amos. Read lesson two again before you go on and list down crimes that were pointed out by Amos. Okay, you have seen that

Israel committed crimes of injustice, disobedience to God, breaking their covenant with God, idolatry, hypocrisy among other sins mentioned above. Israel was punished for these crimes.

Punishments were severe. Israelites would be exiled forcibly and painfully. Earthquakes, famines, fires, oppression from foreign kings, epidemics and divine silence, would destroy their kingdom and holy places.

ii) Syria.

Its capital was Damascus. Syria committed war crimes. The soldiers were excessively cruel in times of war. They murdered their prisoners brutally. For this cruelty, their punishment was to be severe. Their palaces would be destroyed by fire and the people would be exiled in Kir.

iii) Gaza and philistines.

Their crime was capturing other people and selling them into slavery. For this sin, God’s punishment was destruction of their city by divine fire. It would burn down the wall of Gaza city and destroy it. God would have no more association with them.

iv) Tyre.

Their Crime was violation of a treaty of friendship they had made. They broke it by capturing a “whole nation into exile in the land of Edom”. The punishment was …God would send fire to destroy city of Tyre and its fortress (Amos 1:9-10).

Edom.

Her people were descendants of Esau. Yet Edom was ruthless to the Israelite to whom they were closely related. For this crime of ruthlessness, the punishment was … God would destroy them by fire

vi) Ammon committed crime of brutal killings.

The people of Ammon attacked and killed their neighbors. They “ripped open pregnant woman in Gilead” (vs. 13). God’s punishment was destruction of the fortress and wall of the city of Rabbah by fire. “Their king and his officers will go into exile: (vs. 15).

vii) Moab.

The people of Moab; their crime was mishandling the body of the king of Edom. They burned his bones to ashes. God’s punishment was destruction of the city of Kerioth by divine fire. The people, their rulers and leaders would be killed in battle.

viii) Judah.

Their crimes were:

(1) Failure to obey God’s commands and

(2) Despising god’s teaching.

ix) Samaria, Egypt and Ashdod.

Their crime was dishonesty and “filling their mansions with things taken by crime and violence” (Amos 3:10). Women of Samaria committed the crime of drunkenness, oppressing the weak and poor. The punishment for all these countries is destruction of their land, mansions and army. But a remnant will not go to captivity, and shall not be destroyed. Amos said the remnants are like … 2 legs, or a piece of an ear of a sheep rescued from the mouth of a lion (Amos 3:12)

x) Amaziah the priest of Bethel.

He strongly opposed Amos and told him to go back and prophesy in

Judah. Amos told Amaziah God sent him to Israel. His punishment for opposing God’s messenger was Amaziah’s wife would be a harlot, his children will die in the war, his land will be given to others, and

Amaziah will die in a foreign land (Amos 7: 14-17).

Lessons to learn from God’s judgment of Israel and other nations

The Assyrians attacked Israel, occupied their land and exiled others. God is (a) universal; (b) God hates sin (c) God is concerned about the welfare of his people

(d) God is merciful and spares a remnant

Israel’s election (Amos 2:9 – 11, 3:1 – 2, 9:7

Election: is an act of choosing a person or group of people for a purpose or action. Israel’s election refers to God’s choice of the Israelites out of the entire human kind to be his people. God chose them to serve him, be a Holy nation and to be the light of the world. God made a covenant with the Israelites. In the covenant they agreed to live a holy life. In return, God looked after them. He led them out of Egypt to the wilderness and finally to Canaan. God chose His prophets from the Israelites and raised Nazirites.

Despite God’s favour, the Israelites rebelled and sinned against God. And although Israelites were reminded that God cared for other nations equally and are to be punished if they disobeyed God; and that they were neither superior, nor better than other nations, they disobeyed God several times.

xii. The day of the lord

Amos taught that the day of the lord would be a day of severe judgment for sins.

. It is not a time of happiness, joy or victory. It is a day of darkness, terror, disaster, gloom, wailing, flooding, mourning, defeat, punishment, famine for food and God’s word.

xiii. The Remnant and Restoration.

Remnant means a small number of survivors. These are the Israelites who will remain after the entire nation is punished. They are also those who returned to Jerusalem after the exile.

Restoration is an act of reinstating things / persons to their former state or position. Amos informed the Israelites that God was still looking after them, and waiting for their repentance. The nation of Israel would not be destroyed completely. God would preserve the few righteous ones. He would raise the fallen dynasty of David. People would be restored back to their land to rebuild their cities. There was to be a great harvest and grapes shall overflow.

xiv. Duty of Christians.

Christians are the selected people of God. As the chosen ones, they should one, live holy lives and two, use their position to serve God and others. Three, Christians have a moral responsibility to spread God’s word, four, care for the needy and five, be the light of the world.

The Day of the lord. Read Amos 5:18-20, 6:3-5, 8:7-13.

In the Old Testament, the day of the Lord is the day that Yahweh would make Israel victorious against other nations. On this day the Israelite believed that God would establish his rule over and with Israel. The day of the Lord was also believed to be the day when Israel would be prosperous, would have favor with God, and the just would triumph over the wicked.

In the New Testament, the day of the lord is also the Day of Judgment (Parousia). It is the day of the second coming of Christ. On that day, everyone will be judged. Christians believe that it is the day that Christ will come for His bride (the church). Those who had obeyed the laws of God shall be received by Christ and given the reward of the eternal life. On that day, God’s kingdom shall be established and Christ will reign forever.

xvi. Relevance of Amos teachings to Christians today.

The messages of the prophecy of Amos are relevant to Christians today. This is because God is universal. He chose Israel but still punished her for her disobedience and sins just as He punished other nations like Syria and Gaza.

The message that God hates hypocrisy is very clear. Thus Christians should truthful and practice what they preach. They must worship God in sincerity. Other messages are: Justice. Christians should be just / fair in dealing with others.

-Self – Indulgence. Christians should not pursue luxury and self-indulgence when others lack the basic needs.

-Bribery. Christians should condemn bribery and corruption, and uphold justice.

-Punishment. Christians should bear in mind that God will punish every evil.

-Wealth. When Israel became wealthy, they departed from the covenant with God. Christians should share their wealth with the needy and acquire their wealth justly

-Hypocritical religion. Amos taught about hypocrisy in religion. This was for example offering empty sacrifices. Christians have to learn to be sincere, to be concerned about their internal well being and soul more than outward observances of religion.

-Drunkenness. Christians should not engage in activities that can divert their faith from God. If that happens, they should learn to be Repentant.

Revision exercise

List the visions that Amos saw
Explain the evils that Amos condemned in his teachings
Give reasons why prophet Amos condemned idol worship in Israel
List evils in the society today that Amos would condemn

PROPHET JEREMIAH

Introduction

Israel had not taken heed to Amos’ prophecies. This was especially on idolatry. So, God sent another prophet to continue with the same work. Jeremiah was therefore appointed as a prophet.

Jeremiah is one of the Old Testament Major Prophets. He was called to a prophet at around 627 B.C. He was called as a young man, probably 20 years old. He prophesied in the southern kingdom- Judah, for a period of 40 years. His prophetic ministry took place before and during the exile of Judah.

THE CALL JEREMIAH

The Kingdom of Judah

Social background

The people of Judah were divided into three social classes. At the top were the (i) Aristocrats. These were the ruling class, which consisted of the king, his family, royal officials, princesses, priests, and professional prophets. This class of the rich oppressed the poor.

Below them was the class (ii) of technical professional such as stonecutters, carpenters, builders, masons, blacksmiths, masons, and others craftsmen (2 Kings 12:12). Below them was class (iii) made up of poor people such as slaves, widows, orphans, and foreigners. All these poor people were mistreated.

In terms of ethics, there was moral degradation. They committed adultery, prostitution, murder, false witness, and corruption.

–Religions background.

The Kings and people of Judah worshipped idols. They practiced human sacrifice, divination and magic, and listened to false prophecies. They abandoned their covenant with God and their way of life and practiced syncretism, which is worshipping God and other false gods like Baal.

King Josiah tried to restore true worship by carrying out several reforms. Prophetess Huldah prophesied that Judah would be punished after Josiah’s death since he humbled before Yahweh.

-Political Background.

Prophet Jeremiah lived in the 7th century BC and prophesied when Judah was ruled by King Josiah, and later his sons Jehoiakim, and Zedekiah; and king Jehoiachin. Judah was conquered and ruled by Assyrians who were conquered by Egyptians who ruled Judah up to 605 BC. Egyptians; were conquered by Babylonians under King Nebuchadnezzar. This was according to the prophecies of Jeremiah.

The Call of Jeremiah. Read Jer 1: 19.

Jeremiah’s father was a priest called Hilkiah. He was born in the territory of Benjamin; at a place called Anathoth, He was well educated.

Jeremiah was called to be a prophet in 627 B.C during the reign of King Josiah. He received his call in form of a dialogue with Yahweh. God told him that he had appointed him to be his messenger; even before he was formed in his mother’s womb; God had selected him to be a prophet. Jeremiah said he was too young and did not know how to speak. Jeremiah was forewarned of the hostility he would encounter in his prophetic career. God told him that He would protect him and not to fear.

God touched Jeremiah’s mouth. This symbolized that God is the one who shall put words in his mouth.

Jeremiah responded to God’s call in faith and obedience. He was given a message that God was going to bring judgment upon the Kingdom of Judah. God promised to make him a fortified city, an iron pillar and bronze wall for protection. He was commanded by God not to marry, neither have children and not to attend social gatherings, weddings, and funerals. His mission made him isolated and lonely.

As a result, his own family and relatives rejected him and plotted to kill him. But he had few friends like Ebed- melech, Ahikam who helped him to get out of a pit.

Jeremiah was persecuted by; the kings of Judah. Priests including priest Pashhur opposed him, and false prophets like Hannaniah. He prophesied that God shall punish wicked Kings, priests, and ordinary people. He suffered spiritually and emotionally.

At the fall of Jerusalem in 587 B.C, the army officers of Nebuchadnezzar released him from prison. He went to Egypt where he died at an old age and as a faithful servant of God. His life was symbolic to the people of Judah. During his call, Jeremiah saw two visions.

Vision one was the vision of a “branch of an almond tree”.

The tree seemed dead, bare, yet life was in it. This vision was telling Judah that although God seemed to be ‘sleeping’, He was watching over them if they obey Him.

Vision two was “a pot boiling in the north, and it is about to tip over this way” (1:13). The boiling pot tilted away from the north signified that the destroyers of Judah would come from the north. The pot was ready to boil over and spill its contents. This meant that Judah was soon going to have trouble.

Babylon would pour horrifying disasters on Judah.

Lessons from the call of Jeremiah

God has a purpose for each person and He can call anybody to do His work. He calls the unborn, the young, old, rich, and poor. God prepares people for His work, through specific experiences at family level, in school, and church.

A person who is called to serve God should be ready to meet opposition. God protects His servants and promises to be with them. Jeremiah felt inadequate to speak. Christians should not let their human weakness hinder them from performing their tasks. Christians should respond to God’s call in obedience.

EVILS ADDRESSED BY JEREMIAH. Read Jeremiah 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 23, and 28.

There were many evils in Judah and Israel. We have mentioned some of them. These were: necromancy, dishonesty, deception, false prophecy, human sacrifice, and idolatry

Necromancy.

Words related to necromancy are divinations, magic, sorcery, and playing tricks on people’s minds. Necromancy is the art of seeking hidden knowledge from the mysterious world of spirits: using magic, and divination, which is invoking the dead. Divination was condemned in the Hebrew language. Diviners, magicians, sooth Sayers and fortunetellers used necromancy. Prophet Jeremiah condemned necromancy.

Reasons why Jeremiah condemned necromancy

Necromancy was a deception and therefore an evil practice. The diviners gave false information from their own imagination. This practice polluted the true worship of Yahweh and indicated Israelites lack of faith in the one true God. Two, by trusting in divination, and magic, the Israelites showed their lack of knowledge of the one true God. Three, by consulting the mediums, the Israelites disobeyed God (Jer 27:8-10).

ii) Deception and Dishonesty

Dishonesty is lack of moral integrity or moral uprightness. Deception is cheating, and telling lies intentionally. It is also giving false and misleading information.

The Israelites were dishonest because they worshiped God and at the same time committed social injustices against their brothers and sisters. Their repentance was insincere. There was treachery, and greed. They laid traps for each other. People pretended to be friendly and at the same time conspired to kill. Jeremiah challenged the Israelites people to ‘circumcise their hearts which were deceitful. Their tongues were ‘deadly arrows’ and they listened to false prophesies like that of Hannaniah.

Jeremiah condemned deception. This was because it led to syncretism, and hypocrisy in worship; and breaking down of the covenant way of life. Jeremiah warned the Israelites and asked them to repent

iii. False prophesy by Hannaniah. Jer 28

During the reign of King Zedekiah, Hannaniah broke the yoke that Jeremiah was wearing. Hannaniah spoke in the name of Yahweh. He lied to the people as he spoke from his imagination and dreams.

Jeremiah denounced Hannaniah. He predicted and prophesied the death of Hannaniah in the same year.

And it came to pass. Jeremiah had also prophesied that the captivity of Judah should be long contrary to Hannaniah who said Judah will be exiled for 2 years.

Reasons for condemning false prophets

Prophets of Baal were still in existence. False prophets like Hannaniah had filled the people of Israel with unrealistic hopes of peace yet Judah was to be destroyed. Recall the characteristics of true and false prophets. False prophets did not condemn sin. They prophesied for money and in the process misled people away from Yahweh. False prophets prophesied from their dreams, imaginations and not from God. They gave people false hopes. They intended to make themselves popular, with the King and the people.

iv) Human sacrifice.

The people offered human sacrifice to idols and oppressed each other. Human sacrifice is the act of killing human beings for a religious or spiritual purpose. The Israelites copied this activity from the Canaanites. Children were believed to be the best sacrifice since people believed they would get great favors from the deities. Some kings such as Ahaz and Manasseh sacrificed their sons to idols. Jeremiah condemned human sacrifice.

Reasons for condemning human sacrifice

Human sacrifice was an act of idolatry. It indicated infidelity of the Israelites to the one true God. It demonstrated Israel’s disrespect for the sacred gift of life. It showed their lack of knowledge of the true nature of Yahweh. Human sacrifice defiled the land for life is in the blood. Blood speaks hence the land was crying at this vengeance. God did not ask for human sacrifices. Human sacrifice was a sign of lack of love of God and love for one another. It is a demonstration of disregard for human life. Only God has the right to take away life. In our country people kill each other every day especially on the road. Why do we do this?

Idolatry

Idolatry is the worship of many gods. Idols are images made by people for worship. The Israelites practiced syncretism, which we said was the worship of Yahweh and idols. The people of Israel were worshipping Baal the Queen of heaven, sun, moon, stars, and also Yahweh (Jer 8:2).

Idols were placed even in Yahweh’s sacred places. The temple was defiled by idols. This temple is unclean. Jeremiah condemned it. He told the people of Israel that “{they have forsaken the fountain of living waters (GOD) and hewn out for themselves broken cisterns (IDOLs) that can hold no water” (Jer 2: 11-13).

Why did Jeremiah condemn idolatry? Read Jer 2: 20, 2:1- 3, 5: 7- 8.

Idolatry is like adultery and prostitution. It defiled people and was a sign of lack of faith in Yahweh. It defiled the land. Idolatry led to divine judgment and punishment.

People of Judah abandoned Yahweh the ‘Husband’ and chased “lovers” the idols and deities The Israelites (Northern kingdom) had been punished before and yet Judah did not learn from them. By worshipping idols Judah broke the covenant and their relationship with God. And unless the people of Judah repented, they would be punished; as there is only one true living God to be worshipped and obeyed. Is there idolatry among Christians today’s

Other evils condemned by Jeremiah

People of Judah trusted that the temple was secure, holy and cannot be destroyed. Jeremiah denounced this false belief about the temple. He warned them that God would destroy the temple because of the many evils committed in it. The temple of God had become a ‘den of robbers’ and human sacrifices.

People of Judah committed other evils such as hypocrisy (Jer 7; 9-10); social injustice (adultery, murder), stubbornness, and rebellion.

The temple

Temple is a place of worship. The temple of Israelites was in Jerusalem. It signified the presence of God among his people. The Israelites believed God could never destroy or allow destruction of the temple.

Jeremiah stood at the gates of the temple court during Jehuiakim’s reign, and Judah that God would destroy the temple and send them to exile. He urged them to repent and turn back to God. King Josiah heard the message of Jeremiah and he reformed religious practices in Judah.

Vii. Religions reforms carried out by King Josiah

This topic is not clearly spelt out in the syllabus. It is based on the book of Deuteronomy. The scroll was discovered in the temple during repairs.

Josiah ordered the repair of the temple of God. He led a national ceremony to review the covenant. He destroyed idols and altars associated with the worship of foreign deities throughout Judah. He eliminated all the priests associated with the worship of false deities. He celebrated Passover in

Jerusalem. The successors of King Josiah did not follow his example. They became corrupt. They persecuted the prophets of God. They listened to false prophets. They promoted idolatry and child sacrifice.

Viii. The Relevance of Jeremiah’s teachings to Christians today.

Christians should denounce hypocrisy in the society today. They should not result to witchcraft, divination and sorcery. They should be upright, and worship God in sincerity. They are to proclaim divine judgment upon those who refuse to obey God’s will, just like Jeremiah declared God’s judgment upon Judah due to the sins of the people.

Like Jeremiah, Christians should speak out against modern idols like love of money, power, and obsession with sports, sex, and drugs among other evils. Christians should condemn destruction of human life, violence; murder, abortion, parents killing their own children, genocide and exploitation of the poor.

Christians should be aware of the existence of false teachings and prophecies. They should pray for God’s guidance and wisdom to be able to distinguish truth from false teaching. Christians have a responsibility to correct one another and call on sinners to repent.

Christians are to be trustworthy, upright, and merciful to the poor and condemn dishonesty. They should practice justice in their relationship with others; preach against disobedience, stubbornness and pray to God to help them overcome these vices.

Q: Read these review questions and answer before reading answers>

Why was Jeremiah reluctant to accept the call?
Which evils / sins did Jeremiah Condemn?
Give examples of idol worship in Kenya.
Describe Jeremiahs temple sermon

Answer.

Jeremiah felt inadequate because he was too young to work for God. He argued that he did not know how to speak. He was afraid. He knew he would face stiff opposition from the people of Judah. The message of God’s judgments is difficult to deliver.
Read text again and look for evils and sins that Jeremiah condemned.
Examples of idol worship in Kenya are many. Some people including Christians practice witchcraft, sorcery, personality cults and hero worship of religions and political leaders. Other people, worship money, materialism, media, and sports obsession with power / status Sexual immorality – devil worship
Jeremiahs temple sermon. Read text again.

JEREMIAH’S TEACHINGS ON JUDGMENT AND PUNISHMENT

Read Jeremiah 5:12-18, 6;1-30, 7:30, 8:1-17, 10: 17-25, 15;1-9, 17:1-13, 25: 1-38

Jeremiah teachings

. Sin was internalized in the hearts of the people of Judah. God punished them. God punishes people because of their unfaithfulness. Punishment is a penalty, for an offence or a crime committed.

But in punishing people, God is a just judge. He does not punish people without a reason irrespective of their status.

God judges people by looking into their hearts. Divine judgment is for a group. For example, the people of Judah were punished as a group. However God searches each person’s heart and judges accordingly.

God executes His judgment by means of political and historical events. Divine punishments are in forms of natural disasters like drought, famine, and epidemics. God’s punishment is unavoidable, and inescapable. Judah took the best option by surrendering to the Babylonians.

The purpose for God’s judgment is to correct the sinner. God gave his people a chance to repent before he punished them. God’s judgment is universal. It is not limited to one nation. God punished the neighbors of Judah who at that time were Egypt, Moab, Ammon, and Babylon. God’s punishment is severe compared to that of venomous snakes that bite the people of Judah. God’s judgment is not necessarily a punishment from God for one’s sins. It is symbolic. The sufferings of Jeremiah were symbolic of the life of the people of Judah.

What can we learn about God’s punishments? Are modern disasters such as cyclones, floods, earthquakes, landslides, epidemics, bomb blasts, civil wars, forest fires, rebellions in schools a sign of God’s judgment and punishment? What do you think?

Symbolic acts related to judgment and punishment

People use several methods to convey messages to each other. We use songs, advertisements, dramas, and stories by the fireside, in novels, the Internet, and magazines to communicate messages about children, adults, society, political leaders, poverty and many others. The prophets used: (1). Oracles;

‘Thus says the Lord’; (2) Allegories (3) Parables (4) Songs (5) Symbolic Visions (6) Symbolic actions and (7) dramatized messages

Symbolic acts of Jeremiah

The linen waist cloth (Jer.13)
Jeremiah’s personal life (Jer.16)

iii. Jeremiah’s visit to a potter (Jer.18)

The broken earthen flask (Jer.19)
The symbolic vision of 2 baskets of figs (Jer.24)
The wearing of the yoke
The Linen Waist Cloth. Read Jer.13

Jeremiah was instructed by God to buy a linen waistcloth and wear it around his waist without dipping it in water. He was told to hide the cloth in a hole near river Euphrates. Afterwards he was told to take the cloth. He found it spoilt for wearing.

-Significance. The liner material was for priestly garments in Israel. It symbolized Israel’s holiness. The unwashed cloth represented Judah’s sinful pride. Israel used to cling close to God but now Israel / Judah were spoilt, rebellious, and arrogant and pursued foreign gods. God was going to destroy them if they did not repent. The spoilt linen waistcloth was a symbol for future God’s action.

Jeremiah’s personal Life. Read Jer 16.

His life was a symbolic act. He was told not to marry, have children, and not attend funerals, social gatherings, feasts and wedding parties.

-Significance. The personal life of Jeremiah was one of suffering. This signified the suffering that the people of Judah would be subjected to. Judah was punished because of their wickedness and rebellion.

Jeremiah’s loneliness signified the perishing of families through the sword, famine and disease. It would be a time of terror for the families of Judah. Their normal social life of feasting, merry making would come to an end. There would be no weddings and no one to bury the dead. Hence Jeremiah was forbidden from mourning for the dead.

iii. Jeremiah’s at the potter’s house (Jer.18)

Jeremiah was told to go to a potter’s house. He found the potter making a clay vessel. “Whenever a piece of pottery turned out imperfect, he would take the clay and make it into something else (18: 4).

The potter made a better pot, more perfect vessel than the spoilt one.

-Significance. God is the potter. People of Judah are the clay. As the potter destroyed to vessel, God intended to destroy Judah because of their wickedness and mould those who repented into better people. God was going to shape them into faithful people. God’s judgment was to be a corrective punishment.

The broken clay Jar. Read Jer.19.

God told Jeremiah to buy a clay flask

He then took some elders and priests to the valley of Valley of Hinnon. He delivered a sermon condemning the people of Judah for their idolatry and other evils. Jeremiah then broke the clay jar in their presence and announced to them that Yahweh would destroy Jerusalem and Judah as Jeremiah had destroyed the jar.

-Significance. The kings, priests and prophets of Judah would be shattered like the clay flask because of their sins. Sine, they brutally sacrificed their children; they are to suffer horrifying experiences at the hand of their enemies. They shall suffer starvation and turn into cannibals; eating their own children and neighbors (v.9).

Broken pieces of a clay pot cannot be molded. No one was to escape judgment. However there is hope after punishment.

Two Baskets of Figs (Jer.24).

Jeremiah received the visions, after the deportation and exile of leading citizens of Judah and Israel to Babylon. Two baskets of figs were placed in front of the temple. One basket had very good figs, which had ripened. The other basket had bad figs unfit for human consumption.

-Significance. The basket of good figs signified the first exile. God would renew their hearts; use them to fulfill his promises to the Israelites. He would recreate them to a new people. The basket of the bad figs represented people living in Jerusalem and Egypt. Since they were not exiled they had a self-righteous attitude. They thought that God spared them because they were truthful but it was not so. They shall also be destroyed through famine, and diseases. This vision signifies hope and restoration of the Israelites.

Jeremiah Wears an Ox Yoke. Read Jer. 27.

When Zedekiah son of Josiah became the ruler of Judah,

Jeremiah was instructed by God “to make” for himself “a yoke out of leather straps and wooden crossbars” and to wear it around his neck (27: 2). Jeremiah moved around in the yoke for quite some time in public.

He was also given a message for ambassadors of kings of Edom, Moab, Ammon, Tyre, and Sidon, who were coming to see King Zedekiah in Jerusalem. They were to give God’s message to their kings. The message was to “submit to King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylonia; his son, and his grandson. Any nation that accepted this message shall not suffer; but if any nation.Will not submit to King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylonia rule, God will punish that nation by war, starvation and disease” Read Jer 27:6-8. The message for king Zedekiah was to surrender to the Babylonian rule and live, if he resists he would perish.

The message for priests and people of Judah was not to be misled by the false prophets. The temple would be destroyed. Its treasures looted by the Babylonians.

–Significance. The yoke represented the Babylonians rule. Nebuchadnezzar was used by God to bring judgment to all nations. Yahweh is a universal God and his judgment is universal. Sinners are punished regardless of their origin or nation. Those who repent are spared.

Reflection questions

Q: Why did God inspire Jeremiah to use symbolic acts to convey his message?

Answer

Israelites were stubborn. Jeremiah acts were reminders to Judah to turn to God and stop idolatry and all the sins they were committing. They had drifted too far from God. False prophets were prophesying lies to them. The people of Judah were expected to meditate on these acts and understand God’s will for them and see the seriousness of the matter. This was also to imprint a lasting impression in their minds.

Which methods do pastors / priests use to communicate God’s message to Christians today?
The sufferings and lamentations of Jeremiah

Read Jer 11, 12, 17:14 – 18, 18:18- 23, 20: 1 – 6, 27, 37, and 38.

Jeremiah sufferings were experiences that were painful; physically and emotionally. In suffering there is loss and grief. Lamentations are strong emotional expressions of pain and grief. Jeremiah suffered in the following ways

Rejection by his own family and relatives. They plotted to kill him. This grieved Jeremiah.
Anathoth planned to kill him but God protected Jeremiah. He pronounced God’s judgment upon them

III. Jeremiah suffered when he was accused falsely. He was accused of blasphemy after the temple sermon. He foretold the destruction of the temple, just like Jesus Christ in the New Testament did.

He was accused of treachery. That he was planning to leave Jerusalem and join the Babylonians. This led to Jeremiah being arrested and put in an underground jail.
Jeremiah received death threats because of speaking for God. King Jehoiakim plotted to kill prophet

Uriah. The prophet escaped to Egypt but he was followed to Egypt, arrested and killed by king Jehoiakim. The king had planned to accuse Jeremiah of Uriah death. Ahikam and other elders defended Jeremiah. (Jeremiah 26)

Jeremiah suffered loneliness and solitude. He felt emotional anguish and complained to God of his orders not to marry; neither attend social gathering and celebrations. This made Jeremiah lonely since he did not participate in the family life, political life, community activities and religious life.

VII. Jeremiah experienced inner personal struggle due to his love for his own people He did not want to see them suffer but the people were stubborn Read Jer. 12:1 – 6, 15:10 – 21, and 27.

VIII. Jeremiah’s prophesying judgment caused him emotional pain and agony. His messages were mainly of severe judgment and punishment.

He went through a spiritual struggle in his relationship with God. He felt frustrations, doubts, self-pity and despair. He wondered why God made him suffer. Why do the wicked prosper? He also wondered why God was taking too long to fulfill his prophecies. God assured him that Judah would be punished and promised to give Jeremiah victory against his enemies.
Jeremiah suffered physical assault, imprisonment and an attempt on his life. Pashhur, the chief temple priest ordered beating and chaining of Jeremiah to the temple gate. Jeremiah prophesied that Pashshur’s name would change to ‘terror everywhere’.
King Zedekiah released Jeremiah from the cell to his court. Jeremiah continued to prophecy and was thrown in a muddy cistern. Here he was rescued by Ebed- melech an Ethiopian Eunuch. The court officials had accused him of not being patriotic. Jeremiah remained in jail until the Babylonians overthrew Jerusalem. He did not change his prophecies. Read Jer. 10:1 – 6, 27, 37, and 38.

Is there relevance of the sufferings and lamentations of Jeremiah to Christians today? From his suffering

Christians learn to be ready to face opposition and rejection from their own family members and relatives for the sake of the gospel. Christians should be prepared to suffer persecution for the Lord.

Christians should be ready to make sacrifices for the sake of God. Be ready to lead humble lives.

Jeremiah’s open confessions to God encourage Christians to be open to God. Christians should let God avenge for them just like Jeremiah prayed to God to revenge his enemies. Christians should not lose hope in times of difficulty. Christians learn that tribulations strengthen their faith. Christians should learn to deal with negative emotions such as self – pity, grief and trust God. Jeremiah was told by God to repent of his negative utterances. Christians should do the same as they are assured of divine security and protection against their persecutors.

JEREMIAH’S TEACHING ABOUT THE NEW COVENANT

A covenant is an agreement. Another word for covenant is testament. Jeremiah taught that there would be a new covenant between God and Israel. This new covenant would be different from the Old (Sinai) covenant. The new covenant would renew the broken relationship between God and his people.

The New Covenant. In the new covenant, the law would be written in the hearts of the people unlike the old covenant where the law was written on stone tablets. Every individual would know God personally and not through prophets as it was during times of Jeremiah and previous one. Each person would be responsible for his/her sins. God would forgive sins and remember them no more. The new covenant would be established after God’s punishment of Israel and establishing a’ new Israel’, a ‘new people’ of God.

The new covenant would establish a new beginning. People would forget the first Exodus. The second Exodus would be deliverance and restoration from Babylon. God would initiate the new covenant as he did with the first. It would be a new covenant of peace, unity, prosperity, Joy and gladness. In the new covenant a ‘righteous branch’ would be established. The new covenant would be everlasting. It would not be broken again.

Differences between the old covenant and the new covenant

Old Covenant New Covenant

Based on law Based on faith
Word written on stone tablets Word written in people’s hearts
God known personally by a few priests prophets and prophets. Each to person to know God personally
Covenant broken when people sinned Everlasting covenant
Sins punished collectively Sins punished individually
1st Exodus from Egypt 2nd Exodus from Babylon
Sealed by animal sacrifice Sealed by Jesus sacrifice (blood)

What are the similarities between the old and the new covenant? Jesus fulfilled the new covenant. Jesus is the ‘righteous branch’ from the lineage of David. In the last supper, before his death, Jesus said ‘this cup which is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood. Read Luke, 22:20. The death and resurrection of Jesus marks the new covenant. Jesus spoke of forgiveness of sins of humanity Jesus forgave people’s sins, for example, the sinful woman in Simon’s house (Luke7: 36 – 50). In the new covenant the law would be written in people’s hearts. Jesus summarized the Mosaic Law into ‘love God with all your heart, mind, and strength and love your neighbor as you love yourself. Jesus established the kingdom of God as a new community of God’s people based on faith (the Christians).

Jesus fulfilled the new covenant prophecies The teachings of Jeremiah new covenant of hope and restoration is fulfilled in Jesus Christ and the new testament church (Christians) Heb.8:7 – 12.

JEREMIAH’S TEACHINGS ON HOPE AND RESTORATION

Symbolic acts related to hope and restoration.

The symbolic acts were one hope and restore. Hope is to expect something that is desired; while to restore is to bring back as nearly as possible the former or original state or condition. The symbolic acts were 5 in number.

The first symbolic act was a vision of 2 baskets of figs. We have discussed it. Refer to the symbolic act related to judgment.

The second symbolic act was Jeremiah buying a field. God instructed Jeremiah to buy a field from his cousin Hanamel of Anathoth. Jeremiah bought the field for 17 cents of silver. He then handed the title deed and open copy to Baruch. Baruch was told to keep the title deed and the copy in an earthen vessel for preservation for a long time. Jeremiah prophesied the restoration of the exiles to their homeland.

The significance of this symbolic act is the assurance of restoration of Judah and Israel after suffering.

People will be restored to their homeland. After 70 years people of Judah would reconstruct their homes, cultivate their land, and own property (Jer 32; 1 -15).

-The third symbolic act was Jeremiah’ letter to the Jews in Babylonia. Jeremiah wrote to the people of Judah a letter of encouragement while in exile. They were to settle down, build houses, marry and have children, live in peace with the Babylonians. They were to pray for the welfare of their masters and to ignore false prophets who lied to them about the safety of Jerusalem and a quick return. God would restore them back to their land after 70 years of exile were over. The exiles were to trust in God and not give up (Jer.29).

The four symbolic acts was a wooden ox yoke. The yoke represented captivity and suffering of Jews in exile. It was also a sign of hope if the people of Judah were willing to submit to the Babylonian rule. God would restore them back to their land. Their yoke would be broken and they would be set free.

The fifth symbolic act was the visit to the porter’s house

The fall of Jerusalem and the exile of the Israelites (Jer.39)

Jeremiah’s prophecy came to pass. Jerusalem fell to the Babylonians in the ninth year of King Zedekiah in 587BC. The Babylonians conquered Jerusalem and seized it. King Zedekiah fled but; he was captured by the Babylonians army. He witnessed the execution of his sons. His eyes were gauged out. He was then taken in chains to captivity in Babylon. Solomon’s temple was looted and destroyed. Villages,

Jerusalem and the palace were destroyed and burnt down. The priests, court officials, army officials, people in the upper class, craftsmen were executed. City people were taken to Babylon as captives. The poor, aged and a few people were left behind and given vineyards to farm.

Nebuchadnezzar’s army was brutal to the Israelites. Many were killed. A few like Ebed – Melech were spared as prophesied by Jeremiah (he had rescued him from the well). Nebuchadnezzar ordered the release of Jeremiah. He was treated well

Judah became a province of Babylon. Gedaliah was appointed governor of Judah. He stayed at Mizpah, the headquarters of Judah. Ishmael killed Gedaliah. Later Jeremiah was forced to go to Egypt by the Israelites. Jeremiah died in Egypt, an old man, and still faithful to his call.

RELATING THE TEACHINGS OF JEREMIAH TO THE NEW TESTAMENT AND CHRISTIAN LIFE TODAY

Jeremiah was rejected by his relatives, friends and the Israelites. In the New Testament, Jesus was rejected in his hometown of Nazareth: and by the religious leaders of Israel. Jeremiah compared himself to a lamb being led to the slaughter. Jesus in the New Testament is referred to as a lamb led to the slaughter. Jeremiah’s suffering symbolizes divine judgment over Judah. However Jesus sufferings were to bring salvation to all mankind. Both Jeremiah and Jesus experienced spiritual agony. Jeremiah experience agony and felt left alone by God. Jesus too felt agony when praying in the garden of Gethsemane and when on the cross.

Jeremiah taught that God is universal and a just judge. The gospel of Jesus is universal and everybody is judged according to his or her faith in God. Jeremiah and Jesus accused the Israelites of turning the temple into a “den of robbers”. Jeremiah and Jesus were both accused of blasphemy. Both challenged false beliefs about the temple. Both Jeremiah and Jesus spoke of the coming judgment of God.

The new covenant was fulfilled in the life and ministry of Jesus Christ Jeremiah spoke of hope and restoration. Jesus gives hope of eternal life in the New Testament.

Relationship of Jeremiah’s teaching to Christian today.

Christians are to preach the gospel of Jesus Christ. They are empowered by the Holy Spirit to endure suffering and to grow spiritually. Christians like Jeremiah face false prophets who speak in Jesus name.

Christians are to be watchful and obey Yahweh

Like Jeremiah Christians should call people to repentance. The new covenant is fulfilled in Christian’s individual relationship with God. Christians are the new people, the new Israel as prophesied by Jeremiah. His teachings reveal that God is universal. Christians are from all corners of the earth.

Christians should prepare for divine judgment by practicing love, righteousness, self-denial, and faith in God.

Revision exercise

List the evils that Jeremiah condemned
What are some of the evils that church leaders condemn today?
Explain the symbolism used during the call of prophet Jeremiah
What did Jeremiah teach about the new covenant?
Why did prophet Jeremiah condemn the way the Israelites worshipped?
Explain Jeremiah’s temple sermon as recorded in jeremiah7: 1-15
What forms of punishment did Jeremiah prophesy that God would use on Judah?
Outline the content of Jeremiah’s letter to exiles in Babylon
Explain four symbolic acts related to judgment and punishment as demonstrated by prophet Jeremiah
Identify the relevance of Jeremiah’s teaching to Christians today
In what ways is the prophetic mission of Jeremiah similar to that of Jesus?

NEHEMIAH

Introduction

The book of Nehemiah is a historical writing. Nehemiah is a record of his deep dependence on God and his frequent prayer to God. Nehemiah means “Yahweh has comforted. Nehemiah was the son of Hacaliah of Judah. He was not a prophet. He was exiled to Babylon. Persians captured Babylon and improved the living condition of the Israelites. They were allowed religious freedom but had to pay tributes.

BACKGROUND TO NEHEMIAH

Political and historical background.

From 587 BC to 538 BC, Israelites were in exile. In 538 B.C., the first group of Israelites was set free and returned to Judah. Cyrus the Great, of Persia ruled his subjects through governors. They were led out of Babylon by Joshua the high priest and Zerubbabel who became the first governor of Judah.

Some Jews remained in Babylon. They were referred to as Jews in Diaspora or dispersion. Other Jews remained in other lands including Egypt, and Mediterranean lands Nehemiah. He was a cupbearer in the palace of the Persian king Artaxerxes I. He later became a governor of Judah. Even after the rebuilding of the wall of Jerusalem, Israelites remained subjects of the Persian king.

The Wall of Jerusalem was important to Israel and Judah. The Wall represented a sense of pride, ownership, privacy, independence and Security. The Greeks conquered the Persians; who were later conquered by Romans.

Social background

The Jews in foreign lands retained their Jewish way of life. The land of Israel was partly occupied by foreigners. The foreign cultures of neighboring rulers influenced Israelites who returned. They for example, intermarried with foreigners, a custom that God did not allow. Israelites were not to intermarry with other people according to the Mosaic Law. In spite of this however, Jews maintained their separated identity. Some of the foreigners despised Jews. The wealthy Jews oppressed the poor Jews. In Jerusalem there was starvation. Nehemiah condemned oppression of the poor.

Religious background

Jews returned to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem and the altar of God for sacrifices. While in exile, Jews were allowed by the Babylonian king to practice their religion. They worshipped Yahweh, practiced circumcision, obeyed dietary laws and observed the Sabbath. The exiles could not however observe all the religious practices for example offering animal sacrifices.

Nehemiah returned to Jerusalem to rebuild it’s the wall. The temple of Jerusalem was rebuilt, cleared and dedicated to God.

Prayers by Nehemiah and modern Christians

Nehemiah prayed, mourned, and fasted. He prayed often and for all actions, keeping God’s law, forgiveness, punishments, human relations, Jerusalem, good works, contributions and offerings, observance of Sabbath day, and preparing duty allocations for priests and Levites. .

When he learnt about the suffering of Jews who remained in Judah and the ruined state of Jerusalem; He prayed for forgiveness on behalf of his people (Neh.4: 1 – 11).
Making a request to King Artaxerxes to be permitted to return to Judah (Neh.2: 4 –

iii. When his enemies ridiculed the Jews and planned to discourage them from rebuilding the wall of

Jerusalem. Tobiah in particular said that the wall was poorly constructed and it could be brought down by; a fox jumping on it. Nehemiah reque-sted God to punish the enemies who were mocking temple builders (Neh.4: 4 – 5).

When he learnt that his enemies were conspiring to attack Jerusalem to stop the construction work, he prayed and organized people to provide a 24-hour guard of the wall (Neh.4: 7 – 9).
For his good work, he prayed for his works (Neh 5:19).
When his enemies plotted to destroy him, he prayed God for strength and courage to overcome his enemies (Neh 6: 19).

vii. When Shemaih attempted to frighten him to hide in the temple claiming that there was a plot to kill him, Nehemiah prayed and asked God to punish his enemies (Neh 6:14).

viii. When he organized contributions for Levites and musicians; and people to distribute them. He asked God to remember his work for the house of God (Neh 13:14).

He stopped trade on the Sabbath day, and organized rest on the Sabbath day. He warned traders against violating the Sabbath law. He asked Lord to remember him for these actions (Neh.13: 22).
Nehemiah prayed for punishment of the son of Joiada. The son of Joiada had brought disgrace to the priest hood by marrying a foreigner, the daughter of Sanballat from the town of Beth Horon, (Neh 13:29). after cleansing the Israelites of foreign influence, he forbade mixed marriages
He prepared duty regulations for priests and Levites. He allocated them duties. He then organized Jews to bring offerings for maintaining priests and Levites. He prayed God to remember his work for the temple, priests and Levites (Neh 13:31).
Importance of prayer in Christian life

Through prayers, Christians express their faith in God and praise God for his greatness, goodness, holiness, and majesty. Prayer brings Christians closer to God; it strengthens their relationship with God.

Through prayer Christians request for their needs, blessings, success, good health, and protection among other requests.

Prayers help Christians to listen to God and to seek his will. Prayer is a source of strength. It gives Christians courage to face and overcome life’s challenges. Christians seek guidance, comfort and support in times of trials. In prayer, Christians intercede for the sick, poor, hungry, prisoners, friends, family and community. The communal / public prayers unite Christians together. Through prayers, Christians ask for forgiveness and the ability to forgive others. In prayers, Christians trust that God listens and answers their prayers.

LEADERSHIP QUALITIES OF NEHEMIAH

Introduction

A leader is someone charged with the responsibility of guiding, contro-lling, directing and leading others. Nehemiah had many leadership qualities. These were: –

1) God fearing man. Nehemiah feared God, relied and depended on God.

2) Prayerfulness – he prayed constantly before and after making decisions.

3) Courageous – He displayed courage even when his life was in danger

4) Hard work and commitment. He was dedicated to the rebuilding of the wall of the temple and Jerusalem.

5) Team spirit – he was a team leader, motivating people to work.

6) He had planning and organizational skills

7) He was visionary

He had compassion for the needy especially the poor, Levites and priests

9) He was patriotic loved his country

10) Wisdom. He made wise decisions at the right time.

11) He led by example, a role model

12) He was honest and sincere in his prayers

13) He was shrewd and impartial

14) His trusted God absolutely.

15) He was decisive. He told God about decisions he had made and asked for their recognition.

16) He was humble. He asked to be allowed to return to Jerusalem and oversee the repair of its wall and temple.

16) He believed in law and punishment of wrong doers. He asked God to punish lawbreakers especially Jews who married foreigners.

Relevance of Nehemiah’s leadership to Christians today

Christians should copy all the leadership qualities of Nehemiah. They should trust in God and seek his guidance in all their activities and needs.

Christians should live a life of prayer
Christians should be courageous, be ready to defend the gospel of Jesus Christ.
Christians should be dedicated to their work. Work diligently and honestly
Christians should set realistic goals and organize their activities.
Christians should seek wisdom from God to be able to choose appropriate activities to attain their visions.
Christians should care for the needy and be compassionate to all
Christians should be patriotic and ready to defend their country against internal / external threats.
Christians should need to fight for the rights of the helpless children, widows, orphans, and aged.
Christians should seek God first, view themselves as servants of God and be good role models.

BUILDING THE WALL OF JERUSALEM

The wall of Jerusalem was destroyed when Babylonians conquered Judah. After finishing the wall, he dedicated it to the Lord. Dedication is to devote something in honor of a person held dear or to set aside something for some special purpose.

Nehemiah rebuilt the wall of Jerusalem. The rebuilt wall had several gates with different names. The gates were the entrances to Jerusalem. Their names were Dung gate, Potsherd gate, Fountain gate, Water gate, Horse gate, East gate, Sheep gate, Fish gate, Watch gate and Ephraim gate. Knowing the names of the gates may not be necessary but its good information.
Problems faced by Nehemiah.

When Nehemiah was building the wall of Jerusalem, he faced many challenges. There was lack of cooperation by the nobles of Tekoa. They did not want to do manual work at first but they later repented. Nehemiah faced opposition from enemies such as. Sanballat, and Tobiah, the Arab who tried to thwart the progress of Nehemiah’s work. As he built Jerusalem, the rich oppressed the poor. This was worsened by famine

The priests misused the temple and the offerings. For example, temple duties had been abandoned. The Levites were not getting their share of the offerings and the Sabbath was violated. There was laxity in observance of the Sabbath. This was a challenge to Nehemiah because Sabbath day should be kept holy.

There was a lot of foreign influence because of the conquests by several foreign armies, intermarriages and interactions between Jews, neighboring people and foreigners. Marriages in particular threatened the identity of the Israelites as a nation. Worse still Priests married to foreign women defiled the priesthood according to Nehemiah. Because of these assimilations of Jews through marriages, Nehemiah knew that Israel and Judah would eventually be lost as God’s nation. Because of his opposition to these interactions, Nehemiah received death threats.

Dedication of the wall of Jerusalem (NEH. 12:27 – 47)

The rebuilt wall was dedicated to God. The wall restored security and prestige of God’s people. The wall of Jerusalem was set-aside for God in a solemn ceremony. There was a dedication ceremony in which people sung with symbols, harps, lyres, trumpets and other instruments. The priests and Levites purified themselves.

The people led by Ezra, Nehemiah, the priests and other leaders of Judah walked around the wall. They divided themselves into two groups. One group walked from the right side and the other group from the left side and converged at the temple. Sacrifices were offered and people rejoiced. Some men were appointed to be in charge of the storehouses; where tithes and first fruits of harvest were kept.

Relevance of Nehemiah’s experience to Christians today

Christians should expect opposition, as did Nehemiah. They should not be afraid of being ridiculed, mocked and despised. If it happens, Christians should persevere in God’s work. They should put their trust in God like Nehemiah did.

They should also fight for the welfare of the disadvantaged groups and not exploit them. They have a moral obligation to condemn injustice and take practical steps to help solve problems that afflict individuals, groups, nations, and society. They should be in the forefront fighting HIV/ AIDS and drug abuse.

Christians should be on the lookout for external influence that may corrupt morals of the society and the church. They should learn that leadership involves suffering, persecution, and sacrifices. This is foregoing personal interests for the sake of the kingdom of God.

RENEWAL OF THE COVENANT

Stages of the renewal of the covenant.

Israelites were the chosen people of God. They had suffered many hardships. There was therefore a need for the renewal of the covenant between God and Israelites. The ceremony to renewal the covenant was held in Jerusalem and was led by Ezra, the Levites and other religious leaders. The renewal of the covenant can be discussed in 3 main stages:

-Stage 1. A great public assembly was held in the square of Jerusalem inside the water gate. God’s law was read and expounded to the people. The people of Israel praised and worshipped God. They cried and grieved. They were sad because they realized that they had failed to observe the Mosaic Law. They were instructed to go and celebrate, as it was a holy day of God and an occasion for joy not sorrows.

-State 2. The feast of booths/tabernacle was celebrated for 7 days. It was a reminder of the days in the wilderness when the Israelites dwelt in tents. The Law of Moses was read each day during the celebrations.

-Stage 3. There was a public confession of sin. People fasted, prayed and praised God. The public confession was followed by the renewal of the covenant vows and a promise to keep God’s law in future.

Ezra’s prayer closed the celebrations. In his prayer, he recalled God’s acts of creation. He then recounted the history of the Israelites. He mentioned the previous acts of God; where the Lord had demonstrated His love and mercy for the Israelites. He then confessed the sins of their ancestors and the present Israelites. These were the sins of rebellion and disobedience.

Promises and vows made by Israelites during the renewal of the covenant. Israelites promised God that they would:

 Live according to God’s law, by obeying all his commands and requirements.

 Stop intermarrying with foreigners living in their land.

Cancel debts every 7th year

Contribute annually towards the temple expenses to ensure that the house of God was not neglected.

Provide sacrifices and offerings for the temple and arrange for provision of wood for burnt sacrifices according to the law.

Offer first fruits of their harvest and dedicate the first born and flocks as required by the law.

 Pay for their tithes as required by the law.

Which lessons can we learn from the renewal of the covenant? God is good, loving, merciful, and faithful to his promises. God forgives all people and we are all sinners. We fail in our moral obligation to God and to one another.

Since we are sinners, we should repent our sins and strive to live according to God’s law. Christians are to encourage one another as well as others to repent as it brings about reconciliation with God and with one another.

Christians should be forgiving and avoid situations that lead them to sin

Check from form 1 work, this information.
Outline Nehemiah’s final reforms
What is a covenant?
What are the components of a covenant?
Discuss how the covenant was renewed
List examples of covenants in the Old Testament and modern life.
Explain what Christians can learn from the experiences of Nehemiah
Compare or relate the teachings from Nehemiah’s exemplary life to the teaching of St. Luke’s Gospel and Christian life today.

FINAL REFORMS OF NEHEMIAH

Introduction.

Changes for improvement are known as reforms, which are political, economical, social, religious or a combination of any of them. Examples of reformers are King David, Prophet Elijah, and Martin Luther King among others.

-Nehemiah. After building the wall, Nehemiah went back to King Artaxerxes II who if you remember had given permission to go to Jerusalem and build its destroyed perimeter wall. Later he returned to

Jerusalem and carried out these reforms.

Reforms by Nehemiah. We have discussed reforms, which Nehemiah carried out during his stay in Judah, where he was the governor (Neh 5:14). The major reforms were:

i Rebuilding the wall of Jerusalem as well as its gates.

Cleansing of the temple: Nehemiah threw him out Tobiah a foreigner who was living in the temple quarters.

iii. Reinstatement of the Levites and other temple workers. Levites, and musicians had left the temple duties to work in their farms to earn a livelihood. They were supposed to work in the temple and be supported by member contributions. Nehemiah organised Jews to make offerings and tithes to support temple workers. With these contributions, Nehemiah reinstated and redeployed Levites, priests, musicians and other temple workers.

Reform of the Sabbath observance. The Israelites were told by the Lord to work for 6 days and rest on the Sabbath day. The Jews started working on the Sabbath day. The merchants camped outside waiting for the reopening of the gates of the temple to do business. When Nehemiah started rebuilding Jerusalem, he ordered closure of the gates of Jerusalem from the eve of Sabbath to the end of the Sabbath.

v Separations from foreigners (Neh.13: 23 – 30). It was against God’s law to marry foreigners. Nehemiah cursed the men who had married foreign wives. He beat Jews, pulled their hair and forced them to take oaths that neither they, nor their sons nor daughters shall intermarry.

Purification of priesthood and the office of the Levites. Nehemiah cleansed the priesthood. He sent away Eliashib, a grandson of the High Priest Joshua, because he had given Tobiah a foreigner, a room in the temple.

Comparing teachings of Nehemiah and St. Luke’s Gospel
Nehemiah lived a prayerful life while St. Luke’s gospel emphasizes importance of prayer. Jesus taught the role of prayer in Christianity.
Nehemiah fasted, St. Luke’s gospel records that Jesus fasted.

iii. Nehemiah prayed for forgiveness of sinful Jews. We see Jesus in St. Luke’s gospel being a leader who prayed for the forgiveness of his enemies.

Nehemiah cared for the needy. Jesus showed compassion to the needy and taught his followers to follow His example.
Nehemiah condemned evil so did Jesus
Nehemiah is seen as a reformer of the Mosaic Law. In St Luke Gospel, Jesus was also a reformer. He insisted on inner holiness.

vii. Nehemiah cleansed the temple of traders so did Jesus.

viii. Nehemiah was very strict on the Sabbath observance. St. Luke’s gospel teaches that Jesus is lord over Sabbath. He healed and “Worked” on Sabbath.

Nehemiah was opposed to racial intermarriages; St. Luke Gospel was dedicated to Theophilus, a gentile convert
Christianity kingdom of God in St. Luke’s gospel is for all, not just the Jews.
Nehemiah had good leadership skills and wisdom. These are demonstrated in St Luke Gospel.
Relating Nehemiah’s teachings to Christian life today

i Prayers and fasting are fundamental to Christians just like they were to Nehemiah who led a prayerful life.

Nehemiah’s example teaches Christians to face all forms of opposition with courage, wisdom, and firmness

iii. The good leadership qualities of Nehemiah are relevant to Christians and they are to be emulated.

Nehemiah cared for the needy. Christians should learn to give spiritual food, physical food and clothing to the needy, orphans, widows.
As Nehemiah renewed the covenant, Christians should seek spiritual renewal publicly and privately.

They should seek for communal as well as individual forgiveness.

Nehemiah cleansing the temple and organized an inventory for temple contributions, offerings and tithes. He also appointed key people to look after temple contributions and pay Levites and priests.

Christians should learn to use the church buildings and contributions rightly

vii. Nehemiah was guided by the Law of Moses and land just like Christians are guided by the scriptures (Bible) and the law of the nation. The Bible is the source and basis of Christian principles.

Revision questions

Describe the political background of Nehemiah
Describe the social background to the vocation of Nehemiah
Describe the religious background to the vocation of Nehemiah
Describe occasions when Nehemiah prayed
State occasions when Christians pray
What is the importance of prayer in Christian life?
Identify the leadership of Nehemiah’s patriotism
Explain the relevance of Nehemiah’s leadership to a Christian today
Explain the relevance of Nehemiah’s experience to Christians today
Explain the problems that Nehemiah encountered in his vocation
Explain the steps taken by Nehemiah to renew the covenant
State the promises the Israelites made during the renewal of the covenant

Study activities. Visit a church or your church and observe the display of the gifts of the Holy Spirit by the members. Study the books of Amos, Jeremiah and Nehemiah beforehand.

Form three answers.

TOPIC ONE: THE GIFTS OF THE HOLY SPIRIT.

Qn a. Explain the meaning of the Pentecost.

Pentecost means fifty days after the harvest.

It was one of the religious festivals celebrated by Israelites annually.

In the Old Testament, the day of the Pentecost was celebrated during the wheat harvest in order to thank god for the blessing of the harvest.

Israelites came from all over the world and gathered in Jerusalem for this celebration.

In the New Testament, the meaning of the festival changed. It was celebrated to commemorate the coming of the Holy Spirit upon God’s people as they gathered in the upper room.

Qn b. Describe the manifestations of the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost. (Acts 2: 1-40) OR (narrate the events that took place on the day of Pentecost).

Disciples gathered in a room.

Sounds came from heaven like a rush of mighty wind and filled the house.

There appeared tongues of fire.

The tongues of fire were distributed on each one of them.

They were filled with the Holy Spirit.

They were speaking in foreign languages and tongues.

Those who were observing them were amazed, as they could not understand what they were saying.

They accused them of being drunk

Peter stood up and explained that they were not drunk as it was too early in the day to get drunk.

He explained how they were filled with the Holy Spirit as prophesied by Prophet Joel.

He told them that it was Jesus whom they had rejected and crucified who had sent them the Holy Spirit.

The people asked peter what they could do.

Peter told them to repent and be baptized.

On that day about 3000 people were added to the church.

Qn c. write down five teachings we learn about Jesus from Peter’s speech on the day of Pentecost.

Jesus was from Nazareth

He had a divine nature or was son of God

He had a human nature

He was attested by God to work miracles and wonders through Jesus.

Jesus’ death/ crucifixion was according to God’s plan

God raised Jesus from the dead

Jesus conquered death

The death and resurrection of Jesus fulfils the prophecy of David

Jesus was a descendant of David

The Holy Spirit was from Jesus Christ as he had promised.

God has made Jesus Christ both lord and Christ/ messiah

Jesus ascended into heaven. He is exalted at the right hand of God

The risen Christ is a source if hope or salvation to many sinners/crippled/the dead

Qn d. What were the qualities of peter that made him a successful leader for the apostolic church?

He was a man of great faith

He was a good orator

He dedicated his life to Jesus

He was filled with the Holy Spirit

He could perform miracles or wonders

He was an eye- witness of the ministry of Jesus Christ.

He was full of wisdom and knowledge i.e. Anania’s and Saphira’s case

Qn e. what lessons can Christians learn from the events of the day of Pentecost

They learn that Jesus always honors and keeps his promises e.g. he promised to send the Holy Spirit and did it

Baptism in the Holy Spirit is very important for every believer

That obedience yields immediate results i.e. the disciples obeyed Jesus by testifying in Jerusalem and they received the Holy Spirit.

It is important for believers to meet for fellowship. The disciples did this and they received the Holy

Spirit

That the Holy Spirit enables Christians to declare the gospel with boldness

It was the plan of God that Jesus was crucified

Jesus indeed rose from the dead as peter witnessed

Jesus was the son of God

Qn f. state the teachings of Jesus on the Holy Spirit

The Holy Spirit comes from the father

The Holy Spirit will comfort disciples

The Holy Spirit will abide with believers forever. He was to teach the world and reveal the truth about God

The Holy Spirit would guide them into all truth and make them understand or know more about Jesus

The percolate i.e. comforter/make strong/counselor who give advice

He was to help them attain eternal life. If it was necessary for him to die and return to the father so that Holy Spirit will be sent to them. It was to replace Jesus as a counselor and an advocate

He was to give the disciples authority to forgive or not to forgive

The spirit would remind them all that Jesus had taught them

The holy spirit will reprove the world of sin, righteousness and judgment

He would glorify Jesus amongst the believers

He will enable believers to be witnesses of Jesus in the whole world

He was to strengthen disciples as a wonderful counselor

He was to continue with the work of Jesus as a witness

Qn g. what is the role if the holy spirit according to Jesus?

He comforts believers

He teaches believers all things

He bring into remembrance all that Jesus taught his disciples

The holy spirit would convict the world of their sins and lead them to righteousness

He will guide the believers in all the truth

He will glorify Christ and teach about him

He will tell of the things to come in the future

He would not speak on his own authority but would speak only what he hears from the father

He will enable believers to be witnesses of Jesus in the world

He will counsel believers because he knows the mind of God

He will enable believers know the perfect will of God

Qn h. what is the role of the Holy Spirit in the believers (or Christians or the church)

He enables believers to preach with power

He comforts believers

He guides believers in all truth

He gives believers boldness to witness about Jesus

He enables Christians to produce the fruit of the spirit

He washes sacrifices and justifies the believer in the name of Jesus

He teaches believers all things

He enables Christians to access God the father and son in prayer

He enables Christians talk in tongues in worship

He enables Christians to perform miracles in the name of Jesus

He enables Christians to declare sins and transgressions of others

Qn i. Outline the fruits of the Holy Spirit (Galatians 5:6-26)

Love showing compassion to one another

Joy deep happiness when one has a good relationship with God

Peace being at peace with all people

Patience being to wait in difficulties

Kindness being caring and helpful towards others

Goodness seeking to do best in their lives

Faithfulness having confidence in God

Gentleness being calm and avoiding violence

Self-control have strong control over their emotions

Qn j. state the criteria for discerning of the spiritual gifts

The gift must glorify Jesus so that one who is under the influence of th Holy Spirit will be able to recognize Jesus as lord and savior

The gifts must not call Jesus accursed

The test of love. The gift must be accompanied with a good or true frit. To discover whether or not the person who has the Holy Spirit must bear the fruits of the spirit

 One who is user the influence if the Holy Spirit is known by his or her way of life, He/she will act and behave in accordance with the teachings of Jesus.

Doctrinal test for example, prophecy should always in agreement with the scripture because the Holy

Spirit cannot contradict what is written

 Loyalty or conformity to Jesus. The gift doesn’t envy other believers

The gift must be subject to the word of God

The true gift will be guided by principles of sincerity and honesty

The true gift will humbly submit to God

The gift should encourage the growth of the church and edify her

Qn k. List down the gifts of the Holy Spirit.

The gift of wisdom (a deep understanding of who God is an his purpose for human life)

The gift of knowledge that is the basic understanding of the truth about Jesus Christ

The gift of faith that refers to the confidence or truth in God’s inspiration and help in undertaking difficult tasks

The gift of healing: the power to heal all types of sicknesses

The gift to perform all types of miracles including healing

The gift of prophecy: that is the ability to expound on the scriptures and foretell its future implications

The gift of distinguishing gifts: the ability to tell the difference between gifts that come from the spirit and those that are not

The gift of speaking in tongues: the ability to understand and interpret tongues

Lastly the gift of love, which is the greatest of all the spiritual gifts.

Qn l. Explain why Paul taught that love is the greatest of all spiritual gifts.

Paul taught that love is the greatest of all spiritual gifts. He said that love is patient and kind

It’s not jealous or boastful. It is not arrogant or rude or conceited. It does not hold grudges or ill mannered or selfish

It does not insist on its own way. It is not irritable or resentful

It does not rejoice at wrong doings but rejoices in the truth

Love bears, believes, hopes and endures all things

It is ready to deep firm its faith, hope and its patience

Love does not succumb to pressure but always perseveres

He justified that love is the greatest gift of the spiritual gifts because in prayer, the gift of tongues becomes nothing but meaningful when accompanied by love (charity)

On faith, Paul says that even if one has faith that can move mountains but has no love, he is nothing

Charity or generosity including sacrificing own life is nothing without love

Qn m. Explain how the Holy Spirit is manifested in the church today

Through dynamic, power, bold and vigorous teaching of the gospel

Through speaking in tongues in many evangelical churches

Through the gift of healing many people are healed as they are prayed for

Through the gift of love, Christians show mercy to all members of the society regardless of their race, sex or age (helping the poor in the society)

Through the gift of prophecy some believers give proper guidance to the church

Through the gift of discernment of spirits believers are able to tell the type of spirit that is in operation

Through the gift of faith, believers have been able to accomplish tasks that seem rather impossible

Some Christians through the Holy Spirit are able to withstand a persecution to the point of death

The Holy Spirit convicts sinners and makes them confess their sins

Through the Holy Spirit many Christians see heavenly visions and dreams

The fear of the lord is upon many evangelical groups through the Holy Spirit

In some evangelical gatherings, there are many supernatural things during worship e.g. shaking and swaying

It is also manifested through prayer at individual or congregational levels

Through decision making in church i.e. solving problems and issues in church

Through singing and dancing or music

Through offertory and alms or sadaka

Holding fellowship meetings, bible study and reading the bible

Celebration of sacraments e.g. Eucharist and lord’s supper

Bringing new converts to the church

Pastoral cave and counseling It is manifested in Ecumenism: working together of the churches

Writing Christian literature e. g. books, pamphlets and magazines

Enabling Christians to confess their sins and reconciliation meetings

Education and giving instructions

Qn n: State ways in which the gifts of the Holy Spirit have been abused in the church today.

Cheating that one has a certain gift of the Holy Spirit

Commercialization of the gifts. People are asked to pay money before being prayed for or being healed

False interpretation of the bible, prophecy or predicting the future

Unscrupulous Christians may impart demoniac powers or innocent faithful

Some Christians who possess the gifts of the Holy Spirit develop pride or selfishness or superiority complex

Wrong use of the gifts of the Holy Spirit where faithful get into ecstasy or trance which may lead to injuries

Distinguishing oneself as a person with a special call e.g. preacher with intention of exploiting others or situations

TOPIC TWO: UNITY OF BELIEVERS

Qn a. Write down the terms used in the New Testament to refer to believers in Christ

The people of God

The body of Christ

The bride of Christ

The vine and the branches

The Assembly of God

Christians

The people of the way (followers of the way) other terms

Followers of Christ

New Israel

Church

The sheep

The royal church

Brethren

Royal race

Royal priest hood

Holy nation

The children of light

Saints

Brothers and sisters in Christ

Qn b. identify five causes of disunity in the early church

 The question on the inclusion of the gentiles in the church. Some Jewish Christians were not ready to accept gentile Christians in the church unless they underwent circumcision

There was negligence of the widows in the distribution of food

Disagreement between and among leaders e.g. Paul and Barnabas, Peter and Paul

Groupings in the church where some Christians owed loyalty to individuals. They said that they belonged to individuals like Apollo others Peter and others Paul

Question of immorality, where some Christians did not live according to the teachings of Christ

 The problem of the gifts of the Holy Spirit. Some Christians became arrogant because they were more gifted than others

Different interpretations of the doctrines e.g. resurrection, sin, salvation, Christology, Holy Spirit, dressing

Behavior during the Lord’s Supper

Christians took others to a pagan rule of law

Question of the resurrection of the body

Question of celibacy

Question of incest sexual immorality

Different approaches to common life between Christians communities in Jerusalem and Antioch

Qn c. identify factors, which cause disunity among Christians today

Selfishness or greed for money by some Christians

Rivalry or competition for leadership positions or greed for power

Misinterpretation by some Christians of the work of the Holy Spirit

Arrogance or pride by some Christians

Corruption in the church

Failure by some Christians to live according to the law of God or their failure to live exemplary

Lack of concern by some Christians about the plight of others

Misinterpretation of the bible or doctrinal differences

Misuse of church funds or power by some leaders

Lack of transparency and accountability in running church affairs

The emergence of charismatic movements in the church creates a situation where some Christians think that they are more spiritual or holier l than others

Political interference where Christians find themselves in different political camps

 Sexism where women are not involved in decision-making. Women are under represented

Discrimination against the youth or churches ignoring the youth in running the church

Tribalism where Christians are divided along tribal lines

International differences

Qn d. Discuss reasons why members of Christian families in Kenya find it difficult to harmoniously live together

Unfaithfulness or promiscuity

Misuse of family resources or lack of resources

Child abuse e.g. beating, raping, incest or favourism

Alcoholism or drug use and abuse

Separation of family members e.g. due to wage labor or education

Denial of conjugal rights

Sickness e.g. HIV/AIDs, impotence, barrenness or cancer

Child delinquency

Lack of tolerance or forgiveness or presence of cruelty

Greed for wealth or self esteemed prestige or professionalism

Religious fanaticism or denominational differences

Traditional or cultural inhabitation or western cultural influences or permissive

Generation gap

Qn e. explain how the church strengthen family relationships today

Through guidance and counseling and mediation

Hold seminars, conferences for couples, children the youth through publications on Christian living e.g. magazines, books or pamphlets

Use of mass media e.g. televisions Radios or videos

Through offering pastoral care in homes or house to house visits

Giving financial support to the needy families

Praying for families

Through preaching, teaching and condemning vices

Offering employment to the jobless

Providing vocational training skills

SELECTED OLD PROPHETS AND THEIR TEACHINGS

Q1. Define the terms prophet and prophecy

Prophet: Refers to one who speaks God’s message. He is God’s spokesman. His message includes predictions of the future.

Prophecy: Is the message spoken by a prophet. Oracles spoken by prophets

Q2. List the five categories of true prophets

i) Major Prophets.

These include Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and Daniel.
They are called Major Prophets because the books are long and contain clearly written messages.
They bear the names of the writers.

ii) Minor Prophets

These refer to 12 books that are short and contain less important than those in major books e.g. Amos,

Hosea, Joel, Obadiah through to Malachi.

iii) Canonical prophets

Both the major and minor prophets are together referred to as canonical prophets.

iv) The early prophets

They belonged to guilds or schools.
They lived together in communities under a chief prophet. Elijah and Elisha are examples.
These are those who served in places of worship e.g. at Dan, Bethuel)
They were called cultic prophets because they were associated with religious activities in shrines.
They traveled around together delivering oracles.

v) Cultic prophets

They worked side by side with priests and said prayers especially people’s petition to Yahweh.

Q3. State the difference between true and false prophets

True Prophets false prophets

They were called by God to be His spokesmen Not called by God.

Were obedient to God

Not obedient to Him

Believed in one God

Could worship other gods and led people into immorality.

They were prayerful.

Spoke and acted with authority from God.

No authority from God

They led holy lives.

Were immoral e.g. believed in false gods.

Spoke God’s word

Spoke their opinion

Suffered physically and psychologically because of speaking the truth

Run away suffering

Spoke the truth

False

Did not ask for pay.

Asked for pay

Spoke form a common tradition based on the Mosaic Law.

Did not have any reference.

Q4. In what ways were God’s prophets called?

Some were called through visions or dreams e.g. Amos and Samuel.

Others were called through other prophets e.g. Elisha.

Words or message came into their minds.

Through prophetic symbolic actions e.g. Jeremiah

Through common objects – an object becoming a significant sign of God’s power and activities Jer.1:11-13.

Through prayers

Q5. Outline the similarities and differences between the Old Testament prophets and the Traditional African Ones

a) Similarities:

Both possessed spiritual powers.

Both were mediators between people and a Supreme Being.

Both performed the role of healing people physically and spiritually (miracle).

They received calls mainly through visions/dreams, which were considered supernatural.

Were both expected to be people of integrity and obedient to religious codes.

Gave warnings and solutions to their people in case they offended the Supreme Being.

Foretold the future

b) Differences:

Old Testament Tradition African

Received their message from God Received their message from spirits and ancestors

Appointed by God

Inherited

Rejected by people

Respected and feared in society

Prophecy went to other nations

Confined in tribal community

Prophecies preserved in writing

Passed on orally

Believe and worship of one God

Believe in god spirits

Performed miracles

Q6. What is the relevant of prophets to Christians today?

Through reading their prophecies, Christians get to know the will of God.

Jesus who is the cornerstone of Christianity is stressed throughout prophecy – since Abraham.

Prophecy has helped many to be preachers (i.e. prophecy = preaching).

Christians learn to be faithful to Yahweh just like the Old Testament prophets.

They too learn to be holy and prayerful like them e.g. Jeremiah.

Prophets encouraged justice e.g. Elijah, Christians should do the same.

As prophets, Christians should provide hope to the people in times of suffering.

They learn that they can face suffering just like the prophets did e.g. Jeremiah e.g. persecution, rejection etc.

They should condemn sin like the prophets.

The writings of the prophets strengthen their faith when they need them.

PROPHET AMOS

Q1. List the visions that Amos saw

He saw a swarm of locusts. Amos 7:1-3

He saw a great fire. Amos 7:4-6

The plumb line/crooked wall. Amos 7:7-8

Basket of ripe fruits Amos 8:1-3

The destruction of the temple Amos 9:1-4

Q2. Explain the evils that Amos condemned in his teachings

Sexual immorality (Amos 2:17)

Amos condemned temple prostitution – 23:17.
Father and son were going to the same woman.
They copied these from the Canaanite pagans, which was wrong and unfaithful to Yahweh.

Slavery: (Amos 2:6)

The righteous, the rich made the poor slaves. This is because they borrowed from the rich and could not repay so they made them work like slaves and treated them harshly. Some sold them for a pair of sandals. This was breaking God’s laws, which guided them on how to treat their poor fellow Israelites.

Idolatry: Amos 5:26

Amos accused them for breaking God’s covenant by worshipping other gods.

Cheating in Business: He condemned the following:

Merchants used false measures
They overcharged the poor
Sold goods of low quality
They sold poor people for not paying debts
They too charged high interest rates

Bribery and Corruption Ex. 23:8

He condemned elders who were unjust and corrupt.
They took bribes and grew rich from heavy levies from innocent people in law courts.

Greed and excessive luxury

He condemned women of Samaria who drink and lived in luxury when there were poor needy people.

Breaking God’s law on garments secured for pledges

God gave Israelites items that were to be given out to the creditors as guarantees for the goods borrowed e.g. Millstones for grinding, were to be taken and returned in the evening because they were used daily.

Robbery and Violence

Poor were being oppressed and violated.

Self – Indulgence and false sense of security

Leaders thought God could not punish them because they were a chosen race.
But Amos told them they would be attacked.

Q3. Give reasons why Prophet Amos condemned idol worship in Israel

It broke the covenant way of life.

It was against the 10 commandments, which directed the Israelites to worship one God.

It was a sign of disobedience to God.

It promoted immorality e.g. temple prostitution.

The worship of God belittled and degraded God.

It promoted falsehood in the society.

Religion became commercialized.

Led to false prophecy

People got concerned with external behavior and not internal.

Q4. List evils in society today that Amos would condemn

Tribalism

Bribery and corruption

Robbery with violence

Dishonesty in business

Grabbing of public land and property

Stealing

Oppression of the poor e.g. underpayment

Immorality e.g. prostitution

PROPHET JEREMIAH

Q1. List evils that Jeremiah condemned

Human sacrifice
Hypocrisy in worship
Dishonesty in business
Defilement of the temple – temple prostitution
Social injustice
Idolatry
False prophecy
Necromancy
Exploitation of the poor

Q2. What are some of the evils that the church leaders condemn today?

Hypocrisy/pretence in worship
Murder/suicide/abortion/genocide
Exploitation of the poor/robbery
Dishonesty
False prophets
Human sacrifices among devil worshippers
Sexual immorality e.g. adultery

Q3. Explain the symbolisms used during the call of Prophet Jeremiah

God touched Jeremiah’s mouth. This was to symbolize that God was the source of the message.

Jeremiah was to deliver.

A branch of an almond tree that was base – God was watching to see the fulfillment of the message he gave to Jeremiah.

A pot of boiling facing away from the north and about to tilt toward Judah. God would use a nation from the North to bring judgment on the people of Judah because of their wickedness.

A fortified city. A bronze wall and an iron pillar. God was going to protect him even though he was going to meet opposition.

To uproot and pull down, to destroy and overthrow. God would pass judgment on the nation of Judah and other nations.

To build and to plant. There was still hope of the restoration of people of Judah after exile.

Q4. What did Jeremiah teach about t the New Covenant?

The new covenant was to be written in people’s hearts.

The covenant was to be made between God and the remnant community after exile.

The people were to have a personal knowledge of God in the new covenant.

God was to forgive their sin and remember them no more.

Each individual was responsible for his own sins.

The new covenant was to be initiated by God.

The new covenant was to last forever.

It was as a result in the emergence of a new people of God or new Israel.

Q5. Why did Prophet Jeremiah condemn the way the Israelites worshipped?

They broke God’s commands e.g. the 1st and do not worship other gods – they worshipped idols.

They practiced hypocrisy i.e. they were concerned with external religious observance while their hearts were far from God.

They forgot the saving history of God and worshipped other gods e.g. Asherah.

They practiced syncretism i.e. they worshipped both Yahweh and foreign Gods.

They listened to false prophets and rejected God’s prophets e.g. Jeremiah. They even killed some.

They dishonored the sanctity of human life by offering human sacrifice.

They neglected the disadvantaged (widows & orphans).

They were dishonest in business and deceitful to one another.

They narrowed themselves in necromancy, divination and magic.

They rebelled against God by breaking the covenant relationship.

Q6. Explain Jeremiah’s temple sermon as recorded in Jeremiah 7:1-15

God commanded prophet Jeremiah to speak in the temple.

It was a response to the people of Israel to stop understanding religion through the practice of syncretism and immorality.

At the gate to the temple, Jeremiah proclaimed that the people of Judah had to change their way of life and stick to the covenant they made with God.

They had to stop defiling the temple of placing idols in it.

They had to stop committing social injustices and as murderer/exploitation of the weak, orphans widows and foreigners.

The practice of human sacrifice was murder and displeasing to God.

Hypocrisy was bad.

The Israelites believed that the temple was secured from destruction because of its holiness was not true.

God would destroy Israelites/Jerusalem through invasion of a foreign nation.

If the people stopped their evil ways, God would not bring judgment upon them.

God would destroy the temple of Jerusalem and send the people to exile.

Q7. What forms of punishment did Jeremiah prophesy that God would use on Judah?

The punishment would be in form of a foreign body that God use to conquer Judah.

They would be attacked and their city destroyed.

People would suffer and die due to their sins.

The punishment would in form of drought. This would affect people and animals.

God’s punishment would come through death, diseases and sword.

Their punishment would be a defeat inflicted to them by Babylonian.

The punishment would be the loss of their land to a foreign nation and their enslavement.

God would allow the enemy to destroy Jerusalem and take survivors to captivity.

Q8. Outline the content of Jeremiah’s letter to exiles in Babylon (Jer. 29)

He encouraged the Israelites in Babylon to build houses and live in them.

Plant gardens and eat their produce.

Marry and increase

Pray for their ruler

Not to worship false gods

Not to be cheated by false prophets

To obey their masters.

Worship one God

Q9. Explain four symbolic acts related to judgment and punishment as demonstrated by Prophet

Jeremiah

Linen waist cloth – the rotten/useless linen cloth that had been hidden in the caves and lift to rot stood for Israel’s state of being useless before the eyes of God. A sign that they had soiled their priesthood.

Jeremiah was asked not to marry the solitary life symbolized solitude in exile.

Two baskets of fig fruits – the bad fruits signified that the bad people would be punished.

Wooden yoke – he was asked to carry a wooden yoke and work around with it signifying suffering in Babylon – exile.

Breaking an earthly flask – destruction of the temple

 Visit to a potter whereby the potter destroyed a pot due to poor shape and remolded it, God would remold Israel to a shape befitting them.

Not to comfort anybody – these would be sorrow and suffering, no help while in exile.

Q10. Identify the relevance of Jeremiah’s teaching to Christian’s life today

Christians are called to preach God’s gospel as Jeremiah did.

Christians should accept suffering like Jeremiah did.

They should learn to distinguish between false and true prophets.

Like Jeremiah, they should condemn evil in society.

They have a duty to call people to repentance as Jeremiah did.

Christians should be good examples to the people by living, holy and upright lives as Jeremiah did.

People should be able to know the nature of God through the lives of Christians.

They should believe they are the new community as prophesied by Jeremiah in the new covenant.

Q11. In what ways is the prophetic mission of Jeremiah similar to that of Jesus?

Both were rejected by their own relatives and communities.

Both experienced opposition from political and religious authorities.

Both prophesied the destruction of the temple.

Both lamented over the stubbornness of the people of Jerusalem.

Both predicted divine judgment and punishment in Israel.

Jeremiah predicted the new covenant that is fulfilled by Jesus.

Prophet Nehemiah

Qn 1 Describe the political background of Nehemiah

He worked during the Babylonian exile which lasted between 589- 538 BC

During his vacation, Israelites were oppressed politically

The Israelites hoped that God would soon liberate them from this bondage

In 538 BC the Babylonians were conquered by Cyrus the great king of Persia

In 538 BC king Cyrus allowed Israelites to return to Judah

King Cyrus gave the Israelites a decree to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem

In 538BC the first exile under Zebu Babel

Joshua the priest departed from Babylon and started to rebuild alters of God

Under the guidance of prophets Haggai and Zachariah the temple was rebuilt and dedicated

The second exile arrived under prophet Ezra; after king Artaxerxes authorized Ezra to re establish Israelites religious and moral expectations of the Mosaic Law.

Nehemiah was a servant the king Artaxerxes palace. The king authorized him to go and rebuild the walls of Jerusalem

Amidst all opposition from Samaritan, Nehemiah accomplished the reconstruction of the walls of Jerusalem in 52 days. He then dedicated the walls to God.

This restored the sense of political pride in Israel. However the Israelites remained subjected to the

Persians and continued to pay tribute. The Persians were later overthrown by Romans who ruled the entire region until the time of the birth of Jesus

Qn 2 Describe the social background to the vacation of Nehemiah

Israelites men married foreign women

Children spoke different languages from their mothers

Hebrew language almost became extinct

Nehemiah condemned mixed marriages and even banned them

Exiles who returned home were humiliated by foreigners who partially occupied their land

The Samaritans threatened Nehemiah’s life as the rebuilt walls of Jerusalem

Rich Jews oppressed the poor e.g. they would confiscate their property for failure to repay debts

Qn 3 Describe the religious background to the vocation of Nehemiah

While in exile the Babylonians allowed the Jews to continue with their religious lives

The exiles became the period of purification

They returned with a new zeal to worship God; they rebuilt the altar under Zerubbabel for offering burnt offerings to God

The returnees built the temple of Jerusalem under Haggai and Zachariah and dedicated to god by Ezra

Nehemiah embarked on rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem amidst opposition in 52 days the wall was complete. Consequently, Jerusalem once more became the centre of worship for Israel. Idolatry was not allowed again in Israel after the exile.

The temple of Jerusalem was dedicated to Yahweh. The Israelites renewed their covenant with God under prophet and priest Ezra. Nehemiah carried out various religious reforms

Qn 4 Describe occasions when Nehemiah prayed

When he heard about the suffering of his fellow Jews back in Judah

When he learned about the state of ruin of Jerusalem and king Atarterxes to request him to allow him go back to Judah

When his enemies e.g. Tobiah and Samballat ridiculed him as he reconstructed the walls of Jerusalem

When he learned of his enemies’ conspiracy to attack Jerusalem

When his enemies conspired to destroy his life/ kill him

When Shemiah attempted to frighten him to hide in the temple as hi life was in danger

When he cleansed and arranged the temple as a house of God

When he warned the people of Judah against violating the Sabbath law

After chasing away the son in law of Samballat from the temple

After cleansing the Israelites of foreign influence

Qn 5 State occasions when Christians pray

When they are faced with diverse persecutions. They ask God to protect them

When they don’t understand certain scriptures. They ask God to give them revelation

When they are faced with certain difficulties of life. They ask God to help them

When the nation is facing political crisis. They pray for peace

When they feel inadequate and sinful. They ask God to perform certain miracles for them e.g. healing

Qn 6 what is the importance of prayer in Christian life?

Prayer helps Christians to praise God, give thanks to him and to repent

It helps Christians to pour out their hearts to God

It helps Christians to rely to God for emotional and mental stability. It helps put our problems to God

It strengthens Christians. It gives them determination and character to remain steadfast in their responsibilities despite the challenges

Through prayer a Christian can request to stand against personal attacks and temptations

Prayer is the source of courage and strength in times of tribulations

It brings one closer to God, we use it to praise God, use it to ask for God’s supply of their needs, used to ask for forgiveness and promotes important virtues e.g. persistence and patience and promotes unity among different communities

Qn 6 Identify the leadership of Nehemiah’s patriotism

He was a tune patriot i.e. after talking to the Jews and getting the news of distribution of Jerusalem, he was forced to go back home.

Reliance to God- He totally relied on God and to his call i.e. in most cases he prayed before carrying out an activity

Devoted/ talented- As a cupbearer to the emperor he was an educated, talented and trustworthy young man

Visionary- He had a vision and he shared it with enthusiasm to inspire Jerusalem leaders to rebuild the wall

Initiative

He took the initiative to persuade the emperor to put things right

Excelled organizer-He carefully organized the rebuilding process. He organized how the wall of

Jerusalem was to be built in steps

Careful planner-He carefully examined and inspected the wall before starting the work

People’s representative- He was a proper representative of his people in Israel. He had a sense of responsibility to his community

Shrewd-He avoided the meetings organized by his opposer and overlooked the abuses placed on him

Impartial- He appointed men of integrity and God fearing to keep guard over Jerusalem

Selfless and kind-He had the skill of solving problems. He hence cancelled all debts that people had

Homogenous- He employed different strategies to counteract his opposer

Qn7. explain the relevance of Nehemiah’s leadership to a Christian today

A Christian should use his/her present position to serve God

Christians should acknowledge God as their source of power and giver of gifts

A leader should appoint people who are trustworthy and honest to help him/ her in ruling the country

God answers our prayers as a result of asking others for help

A Christian leader should keep his /her plans a secret until it matures to make an announcement

Christians should share their visions with others the way Nehemiah did

Leaders should take care of the needy in the society

As a Christian one could be lured to temptations; the way Nehemiah was opposed we should be ready to resist temptations

Christians should be ready to help in solving problems in the society Christians should act as role models by carrying out spiritual activities with the truth and helping in work after starting projects.

Qn 8.Explain the relevance of Nehemiah’s experience to Christians

They should not exploit the needy and disadvantaged

They should defend the rights of the weak and use their work place, family and friends

They should ask God to protect them from the mischief of their enemies

That they should pray to God to give them guidance in their endeavors

That they should persevere in all difficulties as Nehemiah did

They should condemn the injustices in the society

They should know that leadership involves challenges and difficulties

They should be practically involved in problem solving e.g. HIV/AIDs scourge

Qn 9 Explain the problems that Nehemiah encountered in his vocation

Oppression of the poor Jews by the rich Jews e.g. demanded high interests on borrowed money

Great opposition from the enemies they tried to frustrate his/her efforts to build the walls of

Jerusalem

Threat to his own life- His adversaries wanted to kill him

Lack of co-operation and support from the Jews- They refused to work with him on the wall project

Excessive foreign influence in Israel- Intermarriage brought about foreign influence which threatened

to extinct the Jew culture and language

Violation of the Sabbath laws- Israelites went on to do their daily chores on the Sabbath day

Abuse of the temple- Eliaship housed Tobias the heathen and God’s enemies

Misuse of offerings- The levies were denied their share of sacrificial offerings as required by the law

Qn 10-Describe the steps taken by Nehemiah to renew the covenant

Ezra the priest read the book of the covenant and explained the meaning of the Law of Moses. The

Israelites listened carefully and their lives changed. They responded Amen, amen

Celebration of the feast of shelters- After reading the scriptures, they realized that they had not been celebrating the feast of shelters. This was to remember their deliverance from Egypt. They were also to think about God’s protection and guidance

The Israelites confessed of their sins as they learnt that they had not been following God’s commandments. Nehemiah was devoted to confession of national sin and prayers to God’s grace

Recital of God’s dealings with Israel- They recital of God’s mighty acts is done in this. They remembered their history and this renewed God’s grace and power in them

A renewed covenant sealed. The covenant was renewed in writing and the leaders put seals

The binding agreement that people and God was done by the Israelites joining hands

Qn 11 State the promises that Israelites made during the renewal of the covenant

That every seventh year, they would cancel debts according to the Mosaic Laws

That they should observe God’s commandments and live according to his laws

That they would offer the first of their harvests as required by Torah

That they would dedicate their first-born sons to God

That they will not intermarry with foreigners at all

That they will not buy corn or anything else on the Sabbath day

That they will remit their arrival temple expenses to ensure that God’s house was okay

That they will provide sacrifices and offerings at the temple

That they will pay their tithes according to the law

Group study activities

Read and study the book of Luke by
Dividing up the chapters in the book of Luke among the members of the class and let every group present a summary of the chapters allocated to them.
Check out movies about the life, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ but note that your study according to the syllabus is based on St. Luke’s gospel.

FORM FOUR NOTES

CONTEMPORARY CHRISTIAN LIVING

Form four work deals with social issues in society. We shall compare the issues in the following communities – The Traditional African Society Christian community and the contemporary one. By the end of it the student should be able to understand the meaning of life and live to its fullest.

INTRODUCTION TO CHRISTIAN ETHICS

Instructions

Form four work covers contemporary issues in a Christian’s life. You are advised to read newspapers, listen to radio news, watch television news and current affairs and any other relevant news source. Work in twos. Give yourself topics to study and then give a presentation to your partner or co learner.

Ethics are moral principles, which influence a person’s behavior. Ethics are defined as the systematic study of human actions and behavior. We use ethics to judge, determine and assess the right and wrong of human behavior. Morals refer to human character, which is the inclination to behave in one-way or another. Ethics is the study of morals and they determine and influence personal and societal behavior. Christian ethics is the study of human conduct or behavior from a Christian point of view.

Basis of Christian ethics. Sources of Christian’s ethics: –
The bible, teachings of Jesus Christ
Human reason and experience
Natural law
The Christian community – the church
Situation ethics
Authoritative Christian literature – based on the bible
Gods revelation – through prophets
Human reason. These are internal thoughts that guide us when we are making decisions and taking actions. We use our minds and thoughts when confronted by situations. They also rely on internal thoughts in their life experiences.

Internal guiding thoughts have many parts. One is our Conscience. This is our inner self that tells us and lets us know what is right and wrong. There are four types of consciences; doubtful conscience, sensitive conscience, certain conscience and perplexed conscience.

For a Christian, rights and wrongs are in the Bible. God gave the Law of Moses to Israelites. Jesus came and explained the Old Testament and taught new scriptures in the New Testament. These teachings, which we have covered from Form one to three, explain very clearly what is right and wrong. When doubtful of the morality of an action, Christian consults the Bible to know if a decision is right or wrong.

Human Experiences: – these are internal and external guides

When confronted by situations, Christians use their minds i.e. human reason and their life experiences in making decisions.

They rely on internal guides, (Human reason) and experience (external guides)

Internal guides

(i) Conscience: – Mind, aspect of knowing right or wrong. When right, there’s’ approval when wrong it registers guilt. When doubtful of the morality of an action we should not do it if conscience is perplexed then make us decision. A decision should be based on a certain conscience.

Types of conscience

– Doubtful conscience

– Sensitive conscience

– Certain conscience

– Perplexed conscience

One can also make decisions based on knowledge and free will

To make a decision one should have

– Facts about the act, its aims, circumstances.

– One should be free to perform

A decision ought to be thoughtful

Intuition: inner feeling, insight

It’s an internal moral sense to do good or avoid evil. Intuition is important in situations that require quick and immediate that requires quick and immediate action.

Feelings

Feelings are subjective e.g. it feels good to do so this, hence will do…” it can be dangerous to make decisions purely based on feelings especially in marriage friendship etc.

Eternal guides

Experience

Guides here include authoritative persons such as parents, teachers, police, civil leaders’ philosophers, and religious leaders.

Rules from secular, religions, and African traditional culture are part of external guides.

The bible

The bible, quoted in the text but now out of text guides Christian behavior. God communicates to his people through the Bible. The Bible offers answers to questions in relation to the life of a Christian.

Today, there are ethical issues not found in the bible e.g. HIV / AIDS, sexual and reproductive health rights, contraceptives, abortion, globalization, cloning, environmental degradation, genetically modified foods, terrorism, international trade etc. this gives reason and other sources / factors are basis of Christian ethics in addition to the bible.

Moral principles in the bible

– They are mostly found in the teachings of Jesus and the Ten Commandments, sermon on the mountain

– Christians are also encouraged to have

Faith

– The virtues encouraged include generosity, love, kindness, faithfulness, patience, humility, peace, mercy, loyalty etc.

Christian community – church

Church leadership can make decisions, which touch on their followers. They guide people on ethical issues e.g. politics, land, justice, abortion, contraception etc.

Church organizations give rules on those conducts of their members.

Natural law

– The awareness that one has to choose good and avoid evil

– If one studies human nature and reflects upon it he/she will discover natural laws of human behavior

– Natural law, natural rights such as right to education, life own property many etc. are incorporated into the constitution of any nation.

– The constitution then guides the behavior of list citizens; Christians being citizens of a country are guided in their behavior by the constitution.

Situation ethics

One should reason out the rightness or wrongness of an act. The rightness or wrongness of an act depends on its uniqueness, the circumstances

– Christians are warned against making decisions based on circumstances or the situation e.g. a pregnant student seeking abortion as the option so as to continue with education. God’s revelation

God reveals himself to people through prophets, natural events, the law, dreams and visions. Through such ways God guides Christian on how they should approach certain issues. God’s revelation does not contradict with the bible.

Revision questions

What is the meaning of Christian ethics?
What is the basis or source or foundation of Christian ethics?
List the basic life skills that one needs to be able to lead a better life

CHRISTIAN APPROACHES TO HUMAN SEXUALITY, MARRIA-GE AND FAMILY

INTRODUCTION

Christian approaches refer to how Christians view and handle issues of human sexuality, marriage and the family in accordance with Christians ethics. Through marriage, the family is formed.

HUMAN SEXUALITY

Human sexuality.

This is a sacred gift from God. It was given to Adam and Eve. Human sexuality is that which makes us male or female. It is our biological or physiological differences associated with the state of being male or female. It is part of our biological make up. Males and female have different body structures, features, appearances and biological characteristics. In terms of physical strength more men are stronger than females. Besides the biological make up, we have an emotional side, which includes our attitudes, and feelings. Females are said to be more emotional and talkative than males. Human sexuality is also in our brain and mind and it is what makes us human beings. If you look at animals they also have different physiological features based on sexual differen-ces.

Christian teaching on human sexuality.

Males and females are God’s creation. Men and women were created for many reasons. These are (1) to be fruitful and to multiply; and (2) for companionship. In Genesis we learn that men and women share the image of God because God intended man and woman to play complementary roles and both are equal before God.

Sex in marriage is a sign of love and it is sacred. In marriage man / and woman become one flesh. Both of them have the ability to control their sexual desires. Christian teaching forbids: sex before marriage, adultery or unfaithfulness, and other unnatural sexual behaviors like lesbianism, homosexuality or being gay, and incest. God created human body and it is to be kept holy. Chastity is encouraged while unfaithfulness in marriage is discouraged. Husbands / wives are to respect one another and give to each other in mutual love.

Traditional African understanding of human sexuality.

Human sexuality is highly valued in traditional African communities. It is understood in terms of marriage and parenthood. Procreation was the sole purpose of sex. Sex was to be practiced in marriage and it was regarded as another sacred duty.

Adultery was discouraged and offenders punished.

Irresponsible sexual relationships were forbidden. Virginity before marriage was highly valued. If a girl lost her virginity before marriage, she was treated with scorn and punishment. If a boy impregnating a girl, he was fined.

In traditional African society it was a taboo to discuss openly sex matters. Grandparents taught sex education to their grandchildren. Sex education was taught during initiation stages. Free mixing of girls and boys was not allowed except under supervision. Girls were married off immediately after initiation to avoid temptation of engaging in pre-marital sex. To reinforce self – discipline in relationships between the opposite sexes the African traditional society instilled the fear of supernatural curses through myths, marital status. Husbands and wives were expected to relate to each other, their parents, and in laws according to the community customs. Conflicts between a husband and a wife were resolved through intervention of relatives.

Gender roles.

There are specific chores and duties for either male or female in African traditional societies. Roles were therefore according to gender. Boys went hunting, herding, while girls fetched firewood, and helped in cooking. At an early age, girls and boys would mix freely as they played together. Mature boys and girls however, were restricted from mixing freely witho-ut supervision by elders. But there was gender identification. The boys identified with their fathers and other male adults, while girls identified themselves with their mother and other female adults. Education. Children belonged to the community and not just to their biological parents. At the adolescent stage; 13 – 18 years education was given to the adolescents and intensified at initiation stage. Boys and girls were taught traditional rules and secrets of the society during initiation. Learning was informal. Knowledge was communicated through songs, stories and riddles among other forms of presentations. All adults acted as parents to the young ones.

Socialization:

Men were socialized to be superior, while women were socialized to accept their subordinate position and role. Everyone knew and accepted what he/she was culturally supposed to do.

Division of labor was based on sex. In the African communities, despite their differences, there were many common customary roles, rules, regulations, taboos and beliefs that governed the practices related to male – female relationships from early childhood to old age. These traditional African practices relating to male – female relationships existed at various levels. In all of them, man held superior positions when compared to those of women.

Age:

Old women and men were accorded respect. They were consulted for advice and counsel. Kinship system was emphasized.

Christian teaching on male- female relationships.

We learn that the husband is the head of the house and should love his wife like Christ loved the church. Once a wife is loved, she should submit to her husband. We also learn that both male and female are equal and co – creators with God. Adam and Eve were created to complement each other. Likewise men and women should love each other. Jesus taught that each man should have one wife and vice versa. Once married, the husbands’ body belongs to the wife and hers belong to him. If that is the case, wife and husband should avoid immorality.

Males and females are to relate freely. But the youth are to avoid the passions of youth. These are sexual sins. There are no specific chores or duties for either male or female. Relationship between sexes should be governed by love, chastity, respect, self-control, and self-discipline. Parents are to love their children, while children are to obey and honor their parents. Parents are asked to bring up their children in a Godly way.

CHRISTIAN TEACHING ABOUT HUMAN SEXUALITY

Christian teaching on responsible human sexuality.

Christianity teaches us about responsible sexual behavior. Being respon-sible means that one is exercising self control or self-discipline in matters of sexual behavior. Self-discipline is necessary when we have a relationship with the opposite sex (Read, 1 Cor.7: 9 1 Peter 5:8). It is called responsible sexual behavior, which is obedience to God’s commands.

Christians promote healthy social relationship between boys and girls, men and women, and husbands and wives. Responsible sex is between male and female. Sexual intercourse is allowed only between married couples (1 Cor.7: 3 – 5). Married couples are obliged to be sexually faithful to one another

(Heb.13: 4) adultery is condemned (exodus 25:14). Relationship between a husband / wife should be one of respect faithfulness, love, care, mercy, submission, tolerance, and forgiveness

Christian teaching on irresponsible sexual behavior.

There is much irresponsible sexual behaviour.

They include among others all acts and forms of: perversion, misuse, and abuse of sex, incest, rape, fornication, adultery, homosexuality, lesbianism or gay, prostitution, concubine, masturbation, bestiality and child marriages among others. These irresponsible sexual behaviors are against God’s will for humanity. Christians are to shun irresponsible sexual behavior. This is because their bodies are the temples of the Holy Spirit. Thus whatever Christians do with their bodies, it should be for the glory of God.

Let us now discuss in brief some of the irresponsible sexual behavior; beginning with

(I) Incest

-Which is a sexual relationship between people who are closely related by blood. For example, sex between a brother/sister, father / daughter. Incest is condemned in the Bible. It was punishable by death in the Old Testament. Read Leviticus 18:6 – 8.

ii) Rape

. Rape cannot be justified and it is condemned in The Bible. Rape is an act of forcing another person to have sexual intercourse without his or her consent. It is sexual violence and a crime against humanity. It is also a denial, and a violation of human rights of the victims who are sexually assaulted.

Victims of rape include boys, men, girls, women, and babies especially girls.

Rape is an expression of hatred toward the opposite sex. In traditional African society rape was abhorred and culprits were punished by death. In Kenya rape is punishable by 20 years imprisonment.

Indecent assaults or sexual abuses such as touching a person of the opposite sex without their permission or use of vulgar language are both punishable by up to 5 years imprisonment.

iii. Fornication.

This is consensual sexual intercourse between unmarried people. It is condemned by both African and Christian teachings and punishment in African traditional society was by either payment of fines, stoning, and ritual cleansing. In the Old Testament, men were forced to marry the girl.

Jesus said that fornication was due to people’s evil thoughts. Abstinence for the youth is encouraged and preached.

Why do the youth engage in pre – marital sex? There are several reasons. Some of them are: sexual curiosity, proving manhood, human weakness, lack of self control, testing fertility, fear of being jilted / rejected; commercial sex for money; copying acts in the print and electronic media. Others reasons are frustrations, drug abuse, bribe to get a job, and permissiveness in the society.

Adultery

– Is committed by adults who have extra marital affairs; between “married partner and another party”. Adultery is having sex outside marriage with a person with whom one is not married to.

Adultery is caused by lack of self – control, sexual dissatisfaction, and long periods of wife and husband separation, sexual dysfunction and vengeance by an initially faithful spouse who wants to be even with the unfaithful spouse.

Prostitution.

This is the practice of giving sexual pleasure for money or other material benefits. A prostitute can either be male or female. Prostitutes are referred to as commercial – sex workers.

Why is there prostitution? There are factors leading to prostitution. These are economic reasons such as unemployment, poverty, rejection of a girl at home, drug abuse, stress, anger, anxiety, frustrations in the family and pornography. The church condemns prostitution because it defiles the body, which is a temple of the Holy Spirit. It’s sexual immorality. Read Gal 5: 19 – 21.

Homosexuality/ Gay/ Lesbianism.

This is sex between people of the same sex for example; man and man (homosexuality), woman and woman (lesbianism). Homosexuality is a common practice in modern world. It is also a church problem. The Anglican Church in USA, and Canada have accepted homosexuality. The Anglican Church has gay bishops. African Anglican churches are opposing this practice.

What makes people prefer sex with the same sex? The Christian view is that homosexuality is a sign of a lack of Christian moral values. It may also be due to confinement in a prison and permissiveness in society. If it is allowed to continue, it shall disintegrate traditional African values. Because of its threat to God’s people, the Church condemns homosexuality. Other reasons for condemning it is because (1) God created a male and a female. Read, Genesis 1:28. Two, sex is sacred. Homosexuality is an unnatural relationship, which lowers human dignity. It does not provide sexual fulfillment (as traditionally).

Homosexuality is illegal in Kenya.

Vii. sexually transmitted Diseases (STDs)

There are many diseases passed from one person to the other through sex. These are gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes genitalis is, hepatitis B, Chlamydia, trichonomiasis, HIV/AIDS. Let’s discuss them one by one. HIV / AIDS, This is human immune deficiency virus (HIV) that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) condition. Syndrome refers to many symptoms. HIV is transmitted largely through sex with an infected partner; through blood transfusion; sharing sharp objects with infected persons; and from an infected mother to the unborn child. The HIV virus destroys the white blood cells, and weakens the body‘s immune system. When the body is weak, it is not able to fight, and defend itself against infections. Persons with the virus are vulnerable and susceptible to opportunistic infections.

The signs / symptoms of AIDS are manifestations of symptoms of the opportunistic infections. Some symptoms include persistent coughs, loss of weight, oral thrush, loss of appetite, and diarrhea.

Churches encourage Christians to be compassionate to HIV/AIDS affected people, and to support the infected and the affected individuals like the orphans, widows, and widowers. It also teaches against sexual immorality and against all forms of discrimination.

Gonorrhea -is caused by a bacterium called “Neisseria gonorrhea”. Its symptoms appear a4 days after infection. Its symptoms are burning sensation when passing urine; pain or discomfort in the genitals; sticky discharge or pus in the vagina or through the urethra. The good news is that Gonorrhea is curable if treated early.

Syphilis.

Primary syphilis may show up in the form of a sore or a wound in the genitals a few days after infection. The wound heals by itself without treatment after some time. Syphilis infection may take several years about 7 years before its symptoms re appear. The symptoms of syphilis are a painless sore or pimple on the man’s penis or woman’s vulva; and swelling of the glands in the groin. Other symptoms, which may appear later, are skin rashes and sores either in the face armpits, under breasts, mouth or throat.

Herpes genital -is a sexual disease caused by a virus. It creates wounds in the genitals. A pregnant woman can transmit the infection to her newborn baby during delivery. This disease can be controlled although there is not an effective treatment.

Hepatitis B virus causes Hepatitis B. It is transmitted through sex, injections by unsterilized needles and contact with contaminated blood. The infection does not show on the genitals. The signs and symptoms of Hepatitis B include yellowness of the eyes (jaundice) due to liver damage and pain around the upper abdomen.

The effects of irresponsible sexual behavior.

There are many effects of irresponsible sexual behavior. They include among others HIV / AIDS, sexually transmitted infections (STI), abortion; family separations and divorces, deaths, unplanned pregnancies; children living in the streets; school drop outs and psychological problems.

Effects of incest.

These are many. One, incest undermines the healthy relationships between members of a family as it brings shame and guilt among the parties involved. Two, incest destroys relationships within the family and can lead to breaking up of a marriage. Three, incest destroys self-esteem, self – respect, and dignity of the victim. We find that abused boys and girls end up having problems when trying to establish healthy relationship with members of the opposite sex. Four, incest can lead to pregnancy, and abortion. And as you have read in the newspapers, it can lead to infections with sexually transmitted diseases (S.T.I.’s) and HIV / AIDS. As I write, a father was jailed for life for raping his daughter and infecting her with HIV/AIDS virus.

ii. Effects of Rape.

This crime has very serious consequences and harmful effects on the victim. Rape may result in pregnancy and can lead to physical, psychological, social, and spiritual side effects. The victim may suffer (1) serious physical injuries and (2) may contract the STI’s, and HIV / AIDs. The victim is traumatized, and ashamed of self. The victim suffers from guilt, loneliness, humiliation, posttraumatic stress disorders, and depression among others psychological manifestations. Young rape victims in particular may lose trust in the opposite sex. All these sufferings can lead to suicide and death.

iii. Effects of Fornication.

Some of these are having children out of wedlock; feelings of distrust, guilt, and hurt; contracting STI’s and HIV/AIDS; loss of self-respect; early and forced marriage and abortion.

Effects of Adultery. Christians teach against adultery because it is against God’s commandments and can lead to divorce, abortion, STI, HIV/AIDS, domestic violence, murder (death) and psychological problems.
Effects of Prostitution.

. It can lead to break up of marriage, and family. It lowers a person’s dignity and can lead to unplanned pregnancies, school dropouts; infections such as STI’s and HIV /AIDS and improper use of family resources.

Effects of homosexuality.

It is a threat to procreation. It promotes loose short-term informal relationships and therefore promotes HIV / AIDS. Homosexual couples are prone to HIV/AIDS infections because of having many partners; although this is changing in USA where homosexual couples are being married in churches.

vii. Effects of Sexually transmitted diseases

HIV / AIDS effects are numerous. They include recurrent illness due to opportunistic infections. There is also stigmatization. Some individuals have feelings of guilt, anger, denial and depression. The sick persons have to look for extra finances to care for their health. They have the burden for medications, and special diet. HIV/AIDs has no cure and leads to death like many other diseases. Parents die and leave their children as orphans.

Gonorrhea effects are many. The disease damages a woman’s fallopian tubes leading to infertility; and a man’s epidydymis leading to sterility. An infected expectant mother can infect her newborn baby with gonorrhea. The disease may affect the eyes of the unborn child causing blindness. Gonorrhea can also cause inflammation of joints, the heart and liver.

Effects of Syphilis are damage to the heart, brain and the nervous system. This disease can lead to madness and death of the victim. If a child is infected while in the womb, or during birth, the brain maybe damaged. The child may have either physical deformities or the infected mother may give stillbirths.

Effects Herpes genitals. Infection can cause severe brain damage; cancer of the neck of the womb. If a woman is pregnant, the disease can cause death of the baby. The wounds and sores expose the sick person to HIV /AIDS infections.

Effects of Hepatitis B. This disease damages the liver and may lead to death of the infected person. It has a vaccine, but not treatment.

viii. Other consequences of irresponsible sexual behaviors these are death, unplanned pregnancies, children living in the streets, school dropouts and psychological problems related to irresponsible sexual behavior. These include among others: stress, depression, self – pity, withdrawal, aggressiveness, and violence.

Stress is the response of the body and mind to any situation that exerts pressure or makes demands on a person. The intensity or pressure experienced determines the level of stress. Some of the signs of stress are: anxiety, worry, and drop in performance, chest pains, mood swings, rebellion, ulcers, heart palpitations, and fatigue and guilt feelings.

Solutions

To avoid stress, it is suggested that individuals should accept that one is stressed; identify sources of stress, rest, exercise, listening to therapeutic music and talk to a counselor.

Depression

This is an acute mental disorder. It is also a state of hopelessness and low spirits. Depression can be mild or severe. It has physical, emotional and behavioral signs and symptoms. Let me caution you that it is only a medical doctor who can know if one has a depression or not. We are told by doctors that signs of a depression are: persistent headaches and chest pains; loss of appetite; too much appetite; loss of memory; insomnia i.e. lack of sleep; weight loss or gain; nervousness and mood swings; low self-confidence; suicidal tendencies and self-pity. Other signs and symptoms are loss of libido (sexual desire); poor performance in school and in work places; hopelessness; loss of interest in ones activities; hypertension and high blood pressure

Irresponsible social and human behavior.

There are social and human behaviors that are contrary to Christian life. These unacceptable behaviors are abortion, and divorce.

Abortion is termination of pregnancy before the foetus is capable of independent life. There are two types of abortions. One is spontaneous abortion or miscarriage. The other is induced abortion, which is deliberate and illegal in Kenya. Induced abortion has been debated in Kenya. The main question is should abortion be legalized or not. This is because abortion is legal in some European countries.

Why do mothers seeking abortion? There are many reasons, which are known only to mothers. These are one, pregnancy due to rape and incest. Two, if the mother believes that the unborn child will be a burden. This may be because the baby is conceived outside wedlock and the mother lacks economic resources to take care of the baby. Another reason maybe that the mother is in school and she cannot look after the baby and conti-nue with her education. Three, medical personnel may abort a deformed foetus or in order to save the life of the mother if it is in danger.

Christian’s view of abortion as murder (Exodus20: 13). This is because abortion interferes with the mother’s body, and destroys the baby. Christian view is that the body is the temple of the Holy Spirit.

God is the giver of life and He alone has the right to take it away. Abortion carries with it stigma and the effects mentioned above make Christians condemn abortion.

Effects of irresponsible social and human behavior.

Effects of abortion are infertility, ectopic pregnancy, destruction of a woman’s body parts; fetal malformation; risk of the mother bleeding to death and destruction of uterus. Other effects are that the mother may experience in future still births, miscarriages, risk of barrenness; failed abortions leading to deformed babies and psychological problems that we have discussed. These are stress and depression.

Revision questions

Explain the T.A. understanding of human sexuality
Explain Christian attitudes towards human sexuality
In what ways is sex abused in Kenya?
Why do you think minors are defiled or sexually abused in Kenya?
Explain the Christian teaching on male/female relationships
What is the Christian teaching on responsible sexual behavior?
List the different types of irresponsible sexual behavior
Explain the Christian teaching on irresponsible sexual behavior
State the effects of irresponsible sexual behavior

MARRIAGE

Definition of marriage.

Marriage is a binding legal union between a man and a woman who agree to have a lasting relationship as husband / wife. Marriage partners choose each other. In some cases, senior member of the family and church influence the choice of a marriage partner. When marrying partners agree to marry, they are joined in church and they become husband and wife. Marriage is thus a covenant in which the partners give themselves to one another.

Marriage involves other members of the community hence it is a social and community affair. Marriage is a permanent union. Marriage is a community requirement in which everyone in the community participates. Each person is expected to undergo marriage because it is a rite of passage. Marriage gives a person, a high social status and prestige in the community.

Marriage is also a covenant between a man and a woman that should not be broken. Two people are joined in marriage in order to procreate and perpetuate the community. Once married, a couple is allowed to have sexual relationship, and companionship. Marriage is an expression of and fulfillment of mutual love and comfort. It enhance unity; social prestige, and respect in society. Purpose of marriage is sexual fulfillment; cultural and social requirement; obligation to build a family; and procreation although children are a gift from God.

Forms of marriages

There are many forms of marriages. There is a marriage ceremony organized as a symbol or mark of the union between a man and a woman. These marriages ceremonies are either civil, or religious. The main religious ceremonies are Christian, Islamic, Hindu, and Sikh among others. We also have African customary ceremonies many of which are polygamous. Christianity does not allow polygamous marriage.

Secular approaches to marriage.

In the modern world, some people choose not to marry for personal reasons. Some people have children without getting married while others opt to have a marriage without children. Husband and wife are equal. Monogamy is practiced for economic reasons. In some families’ women are the heads of the family. Choosing a partner is an individual act and not communal. In marriage traditional qualities of a good wife such as industrious, honesty, and hospitality are not considered. The modern society values external beauty, financial status and social status. As a result, there is a high rate of marriage, separation, and divorce. At times young people fail to be married in church. There is no formalization of marriages. These marriages are called “Come-we-stay” arrangements.

Gender issues in marriage. The wife is subordinate to the husband but had rights. Marriage did not end with death of the husband. The wife was inherited by one of her husband’s brother. This is widow inheritance / Levirate marriage. She could also refuse to be inherited but remained married to that man even in death. The wife could not marry outside the family because of dowry. There was dowry payment to parents. If a wife died, the man would marry the sister of his dead wife. This is surrogate marriage.

Those who did not marry were considered “lesser humans”. Young people were prepared for marriage during initiation, which was witnessed in a public ceremony. During marriage, couple makes vows to each other. The ancestors are invoked to bless the marriage.

Factors that lead to a stable, healthy and successful marriage

People are different and they understand their roles differently. Here am giving you a few suggestions.

Discuss with your study companions and come up with other suggestions. One important factor is mutual responsibility by the couple. This occurs if there is mutual consultation with each other in decision-making. Two is forgiveness of each other. Three is good treatment of each other especially with equal respect. Four is sharing scriptures together. Five is giving love and respecting each other. Six is having a faithful sexual relationship and lastly being open and honest.

Seven is African traditional qualities of a good wife who is described as: hardworking, fertile, morally upright, generous, kind, obedient, humble, clean, beautiful, polite, warm hearted and hospitable. Eight are the qualities of a good husband, which are described as: being able to provide good leadership in the family. Other qualities are being aggressive, wise, brave, courageous, responsible and good property manager.

Christian Teaching about Marriage.

Christians teach that marriage is sacred and that it is a divine institution, which is ordained God. God started it when he created Adam and Eve. Marriage should therefore be monogamous and permanent as God protects marriages. The woman should submit to the husband who is told to love the wife as Christ loved the church. Church teaches respect of each other.

Marriage is complete even without children as it is between a male and a female. Marriage is not obligatory and it ends when one partner dies.

Christian’s preparation and approach to marriage

Christians organize youth seminars, and rallies to teach the youth how to choose marriage partners and how to treat wife / husbands; care for the children; behave towards in laws; acquire wealth (men); and head a family. Youth are taught to avoid sexual intimacy before marriage. Those intending to marry are encouraged to go for pre marital counseling. During counseling, they are informed that love is the most important bond of unity in marriage. Church encourages partners to go for HIV /AIDs test before. Marriage ceremony is conducted in church

Choice of a marriage partner

There are many ways of identifying a marriage partner. One is arrangement by parents. If not one can make an individual decision and choose a wife or husband. Two is through an intermediary or third party. In African traditional polygamous marriages, the first wife identified a wife for her husband.

Girls would be given out to a chief as a gift

Courtship in African Traditional society (A.T.S). Courtship varied from community to community.

Courtship is the period between engagement and wedding ceremony. During courtship premarital sex is forbidden. Girls and boys dressed with bracelets and rings. Courtship was important in A.T.S. This was because the man and woman who were girls and boys got to know each other better before marriage. It was a period when girls/boys were instructed in family life education. It was also a period for linking the two marrying families. The couple had time to learn about one another’s character, and know their families. It is a symbol (sign) of the girl’s presence in her home (maternal home). She continues to live with her own people.

The families and clan had an opportunity to check if the marrying couple was related and if their clans were acceptable to the parents. Courtship gives time to the two families to negotiate and pay the bride wealth or dowry.

Bridal Wealth, dowry, bride price are all expressions of partnership. The family of the man pays dowry to the family of the woman. Some churches disregard bride wealth, while others encourage it. Dowry is paid in different forms. The girl’s family decides what it wants. Will it be livestock (poultry, pigs, camels, cows, goats, and sheep), beer, grain, jewellery and clothes among others?

Importance of dowry

It acts as a compensation for the girl’s labor and seals the marriage covenant. It is a public expression of appreciation for the coming of a new wife/mother into the man’s family. It promotes friendship and cements relationship between families. It shows commitment and seriousness of the future husband. After dowry payment, the woman belongs to her husband.

A ceremony is carried out depending on the community. Bride price payment is accompanied by marriage ceremonies. Lastly dowry helps in maintaining peace

Traditional African approaches to marriage preparation. Polygamy is one husband, married to many wives. Polygamy is allowed by the African traditional religion because it occurs if the first wife is barren; ensures that all women have husbands; prevents infertility; provides extra labor in farms. A polygamous man has a higher status because many wives symbolize wealth.

Children are important in a marriage because they promote social status of their parents. They cement a bond of unity between husband / wife. They are a source of labor, and wealth. They are heirs to the family wealth

They provide security to the family.

Divorce is legal dissolution of marriage. Christians allow divorce because of specific grounds. Divorce was rare in African traditional societies. Divorce is granted under circumstances of: adultery, witchcraft, laziness, cruelty and disrespect of wife.

In the contemporary society, divorce is sought after or allowed because of: unfaithfulness in marriage or adultery; domestic violence; misuse of family resources; childlessness; in-law interference and alcohol abuse.

Legal reasons for divorce

According to the laws of Kenya, divorce is allowed under the following reasons; adultery; if a man deserts his wife for more than 3 years; if a partner becomes insane; and domestic violence for example, physical, and psychological torture.

Christian teaching about divorce

Christians discourage divorce because marriage is a permanent status.

There is no room for divorce. Church discourages divorce because of its adverse effects. Some denominations allow divorce if there is adultery. God hates divorce. Married couples should remain faithful to each other

Effects of divorce are strained relationships, children suffering psychologically, and experiences of rejection. A divorcee faces social stigma, rejection, and isolation. If parents separate, they create single parent families. These families suffer from economic hardships and feelings of failure and inadequacy.

Celibacy as an alternative to marriage.

Celibacy is a Latin word “Coelebes” meaning bachelor. Why do some people fail to marry? There are many reasons. Some of these are to pursue education leading to delayed marriage; and career demands (workaholic). Other people are discouraged by examples of failed marriages. Other reasons maybe economic independence, poor health, HIV /AIDS, mental illness, parental interference and disappointment from past failed relationships. This happens if parents do not approve a partner.

Revision questions

Explain the traditional African understanding of marriage

2, what is the importance of children in traditional African society?

What is the Christian teaching about marriage?
What is the importance of courtship period in T.As?
Why are many people opting for celibacy?

THE FAMILY

Introduction

As society grows and changes, the family grows and changes. As a result, there are several types and practices of the family. In this lesson, we shall discuss the traditional family as it is practiced in the Bible, the traditional African societies and some Christian families.

The family

What is a family? Family is the basic social unit of human society. This basic unit is extended to include relatives bound together by blood, marriage, friendship, and adoption. They are all members of the family. In Kenya, there are many types of families.

Types of families
Nuclear family is parents and their children. .It is father, mother, and children. There is an increase of monogamous families or nuclear because of urbanization as rural youth come to towns in search of white-collar jobs. Migration to cities by people of different tribes has led to pluralism. Education, high cost of living has led to the death of the African culture, which required men and women to marry many partners to produce many children to defend their tribe.

Advantages of nuclear families are many. One, the man is able to give undivided attention to one wife and children. Two, there is sharing of mutual love, and peace in the home. Three it is economical to manage one family. Four there is little competition for attention, less strife, quarrels and stress. Five, it is easier to monitor the behavior of a few children.

Polygamous family – Father, mothers, children. These types of family have disadvantages in modern Kenya. Modern society is a cash economy. Thus if a man has many wives and children, they may lack basic necessities like food, shelter, education and clothes.

iii. Single parent family – one parent, and children. Single – parent families are created by several circumstances. One is by parents separating. Separation of parents is due to several reasons. These are for example, one partner going to another country and failing to return to his or her country and family.

Two, a single family is created by divorce. Divorced parents may decide not to marry again. Three is when one parent refuses to marry. This happens when a girl gets pregnant and the boy does not marry her. Four is because of death of a spouse. The remaining parent may decide not to remarry. Five is when some mothers decide to have children without marriage. This may not be correct as there is no research to suggest it. Six is imprisonment of one partner for a long time. One parent is left looking after children because one is in jail.

Extended family – father, mother, children, uncles, aunts, and cousins. This is the common family type in traditional African communities.
v. Children led family. This happens when parents die and the 1st born takes care of brothers and sisters including cousins.
Grandparent headed family. The HIV/AIDs epidemic has introduced this type of family where grandparents take care of their grandchildren due to the death of both parents especially the mother due to HIV / AIDS disease. This scourge has made many children orphans. In other cases parents go for further studies abroad and leave their children with their parents.
Traditional African family values and practices.

In African societies creation of a family is through marriage, and subsequent procreation. Family is viewed as a sacred institution in African society. The African traditional family includes the dead (ancestors), the unborn children and the living.

An African traditional family has obligations and duties. These were (1) offering sacrifices to ancestors,

(2) Pouring libations; and

(3) Giving the dead decent burials

(4) Providing basic needs to their children

(5) Bringing up children to be morally upright individuals. Further to this, the African traditional family is responsible for the upbringing, caring, and protection of its children. This is demonstrated by the nuclear family, which provides necessities required to meet and satisfy the economic needs of its members.

The African traditional family is expected to participate in communal activities. Work in the family was divided according to age, gender and social status. Each family member worked for its basic needs as well as the welfare of the community.

The African family had well-stated and practiced values There were (1) respect for family members

(2) Providing responsible parenthood, which is the process of bringing up children to become all round or self reliant persons

(3) Educating children in all aspects of life. Parents and the extended family members helped their children to develop intellectually and cognitively.

The family taught children physical skills. It also gave children confidence to appreciate their physical strength. Children were taken through a rigorous physical curriculum of games such as wrestling, swimming and running to develop their physical strength. Children’s bodies were nourished thoroughly.

They were served good and nutritious food, which improved their muscle strength.

Children were taught social skills. They learnt how to behave towards adults, peers and grandparents.

They developed social skills since parents allowed them to socialize and interact with other children, grandparents and the community. This made them grow socially, emotionally and psychologically.

They had a curriculum for teaching and training in traditional African religious values, family matters, moral and social values. This teaching of children started from an early age. The teaching method used was observation and practice. Parents taught by being good role models. They were expected to model desired values and family practices. Children were taught how to relate with one another as brothers and sisters. Parents were to show tolerance to children. These values show that African parents understood their parental roles and responsibilities.

These values were sometimes; exploited by the irresponsible family members or specific individuals.

This exploitation encouraged dependency, leading to conflicts, competition, hatred, and jealousy.

Christian parents are expected to train their children to know God; be self -disciplined, and follow the Christian way of living. Another duty is to provide basic needs to their children.

Christian understanding of the family

Among Christians, family is sacred and instituted by God. Read again about the Christian teachings about marriage.

Role of children in the Christian family A Christian child is expected to obey parents, honor them, and respect parents. This is one of the Ten Commandments given to Moses by God.

Parenting styles

a) Dictatorship /authoritative / autocratic – the parents is the final authority, imposes decisions
b) Permissive or liberal style – also referred to as “Laissez faire” the children do as they want
c) Democratic style – parents discuss with their children on family issues. This is the best style.

Problems related to family life today

Families are faced with numerous problems such as

a) Children abuse – sex assault, beating
b) Domestic violence – abusive language, frequent fights, emotional abuse
c) Diseases e.g. HIV / AIDS epilepsy, autism.
d) Children with special needs, blindness, deafness or those with mental challenges, motor co – ordination (Autism)
e) Separation, divorce
f) Childlessness
g) Single parent families – economic hardships
h) Misuse of family resources, economic crisis
i) Affluence – a lot of wealth
j) Unemployment, underemployment
k) Retrenchment – lying off of some employees in order to reduce the workforce
l) Mismanagement of family finances
m) Alcohol and drug abuse
n) The generation gap
o) Poor relations with in-laws
p) Cultural and religious differences

Traditional African approaches to problems related to family life today

1) Individuals were prepared for challenges of family life right from childhood

2) Adolescents, initiates were given family life education

3) People entered marriage knowing that it’s a lifelong union

4) Rules were clear to govern marriage relations

5) Polygamy helped reduce unfaithfulness

6) There were no single parent families. Members lived together reducing loneliness

7) Widows / widowers were encouraged to marry again

Traditional brew was taken in moderation

Christian’s approaches to problems related to family life today

1) Christian families are obliged to live according to Christian principles and values such as mutual respect, self discipline, understanding, honesty, faithfulness, love and forgiveness

2) Premarital counseling is carried out

3) Church holds regular seminars and conferences on family life matters. Love and respect for each other. Christian wife to submit to husband who is head of the family. They are taught to take each other as complementary and equal partners.

4) Women are encouraged to form participate in church organizations e.g. mothers union, women’s guild where they learn roles of being a wife, mother, and a woman.

5) Some churches offer advice to families on management of their families. They are encouraged to have investments.

6) Breadwinner is encouraged to write a written will

7) To improve the parent – child relationship churches offer guidance and counseling to the youth

Christian parents are advised to set positive role models to their children

9) Parents are encouraged to be open and promote effective communication with their children

10) Churches in case of serious family conflicts such as child abuse, domestic violence, advise legal action.

11) Churches organize youth seminars where they talk about drug abuse, premarital sex, negative peer pressure and media influence etc.

12) Relevant information is passed through books, pamphlets, magazines, media FM, TV etc.

13) Some churches welcome unwed mothers

14) Churches provide health services, guidance on HIV / AIDS

15) Some churches care for widows, orphans widowers and the needy

Revision questions

State the different types of families

CHRISTIAN APPROACHES TO WORK

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Work

-Use of energy, physical or mental, for the purpose of improving human life. It is any activity that requires expenditure of energy or application of skills e.g. studying, teaching, cooking, farming etc.

Vocation

Work can be described as a vocation, profession, trade, craft, career or a job.

Vocation is from a Latin word “Vocare” which means call. Christians believe that every individual has been called of God to various duties.

Vocation is work that requires special skills, special training or a unique call or a special mission in society.

Profession

-Work that is characterized by a code of ethics, lengthy specialized training, advance knowledge and self – disciple. Professionals have their own set standards. The professionals determine entry requirements for new members and usually have machinery for dealing with errant members. E.g. Law, medicine, architecture etc

A trade

-Refers to an occupation, a way of making a living. Some trades require specialized training examples hairdressing

A craft

An occupation which requires manipulative skills or use of the hands e.g. woodcarving, pottery, weaving. A craft may be a trade depending on the nature of occupation.

A career

-An occupation that one chooses to pursue in his/her life. It’s the general way of earning a living.

Job

Refers to tasks performed, services rendered in return for payment of wages. Most jobs are temporary others casual and others permanent and pension able.

What determines one’s career, vocation?

Available opportunities for future development in a particular job
The need to serve others especially the church and the needy
Interests, strengths, talents, abilities
Inclination or attraction to a certain kind of work
Pressure from parents, peers etc

General reasons why people work

a) It’s an essential element of life
b) God ordained work. Humans work for their food
c) Work contributes to the development of the community
d) Work is personal. It defines a person
e) People work to earn a living
f) People work for enjoyment, leisure
g) To assist and give to the needy
h) To get luxuries
i) People work to raise their standards of living
j) For self satisfaction and fulfillment
k) For personal development
l) To keep a person occupied and not idle
m) To acquire wealth and status in the society
n) To socialize with other members of the society
o) To attain independence and not depend on someone else TRADITIONAL AFRICAN ATTITUDE TO WORK
Explain importance of work
Work is essential to the well being of the individual and survival of the community
Work ensured basic needs such as food, shelters etc were provided.
In traditional African society work was divided according to the age, gender, and status e.g. chief, elder of the individual.
Everyone was a worker. Boys assisted in herding, fishing, girls assisted in cooking fetching firewood.

Women cooked, took care of babies constructed houses (maasai) etc.

Works among the traditional African societies included pastoralist, farmers, livestock keeping, fishing, bee keeping etc
Work was a communal affair; people would work together and assist each other
Work was not for a wage (Money). The rewards of work-included food, communal unity, acquisition of moral values etc
Hard work was emphasized, laziness was condemned
There were some specific works for specialization e.g. herbal medicine men, divination, prophecy, rain making, pottery etc.
Work involved giving prayers, offerings, and sacrifices to God
Through work, the basic needs of the individual, community were fulfilled
Through work potentials; talents and skills were explored, acquired and utilized.
Work had a religious dimension as well as a social dimension. It brought people together improving their relations
SAE
Find out how different communities in Kenya lived in the past and how they live today
How did the lifestyle of the communities influence daily activities?

CHRISTIAN TEACHING ON WORK

Describe the christens teachings about work

The Christian teaching on work is based mainly on the interpretation of the bible, the teachings of Jesus and the teachings of the apostles. Some of the teachings are: –

God himself instituted work. He created the heavens and the earth and all in it. Since God worked man should work. (Gen. 2:1)
God’s work of creation is good (Gen. 1:31) Christians should endeavor to produce good works
Work is a duty, an obligation, a command Christians are responsible for God’s creation (Gen.2: 15).

They are to protect it – animals, birds, plants, marine life are all under the care of man.

Human beings should work to acquire their basic needs (Genesis. 1:29 – 30, 3:19) God blesses the work of our hands
Human beings are co – creators with God (Gen.1: 28) God continue to create through human beings.

Human beings glorify God through their work.

God reveals himself through his work of creation. God had a purpose for his creation. He is orderly, source of life, Almighty etc.
Work is a co – operative undertaking. Eve was created to be Adam’s helper (Gen. 2:20) Christians should co – operate in their undertakings
Hard work is praised and laziness is looked down upon. (Proverbs 31:27). Christians should work for their daily needs and not become a burden to others.
Work should be accompanied with rest (Gen.2: 2) God rested on the 7th day from all his work. God commanded the Israelites to rest on the 7th day.
People should enjoy what they have worked for (Ecc.3: 22)
Work should be done for the glory of God and for the good of the society.
People should work honestly not steal but work to earn an honest living (Eph.4: 28)
Those who do not work should not eat

They should always work since God is always at a work (John 15:17)

ROLES OF PROFESSIONAL ETHOS, ETHICS AND CODES IN THE SOCIETY

Definitions

Professional ethics –: principles of behavior / conduct that guide members of a particular profession.

What workers are allowed to do and not to do.

Professional ethos

The group identity of members of a profession, their unique custom or character e.g. what identifies doctors, lawyers etc.

Profession codes or code of ethics Collection of laws arranged systematically according to major concerns and core functions of the profession.

Roles

– To regulate the behavior of professional (workers)

– Enables professionals to understand their role

– Ensures professionals provide quality of services to their clients

– To encourage respect among professionals

– Give guidance on how professionals should relate to one another

– They safe guard professionals against being compromised / misused

– They determine expected level of performance

– They serve as a measure of competence

– Act as a measure of quality service

– They protect the professionals

– They provide a reference point for disciplining (used to discipline the errant professional)

– They inspire respect and high esteem for professionals

– Through professional codes, ethics, ethos, professional earn public trust

VIRTUES RELATED TO WORK

Definition

A virtue is a good human habit. It’s a moral principle, moral quality or goodness of character and behavior.

Examples of virtues elated to work

(i) Diligence – hardworking

(ii) Honesty, integrity – ability to be relied upon (Integrity) Honest is being truthful.

(iii) Faithfulness – being trustworthy and loyal

(iv) Responsibility – ability to make decisions and take action independently. Being mindful of other people’s welfare

(v) Tolerance – ability to bear with others or with difficult situations

MORAL DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES

Employers: government, non – governmental organization, private sector – individuals, company, self-employment.

Employers have several duties and responsibilities towards their employees. They are:

– To organize and conduct business efficiently for the benefit of the institution, employer, community

– To respect the employee, treat them with dignity

– Pay a fair wage to the employee

– Ensure good healthy and safe working conditions

– Provide social welfare for the employees e.g. time off, leave days, time for recreation

– Grant leave as required by law or the terms of contract

– Take care of the welfare of the employees give medical cover, pension scheme etc

– To motivate their employees

– To reward employees

– Compensate employees made redundant

Rights of the employer

Employers have a right to / are entitled to

(a) Get profits from their businesses

(b) Carry out their businesses without unfair taxation

(d) Obtain and conduct business

(e) Hire, dismiss employees in accordance with the requirements of their firms and contract

(f) Demand a fair day’s work

(g) Conduct business without subjection to unfair conditions and competitions

Moral duties of the employees

Carry out their duties to the best of their ability without supervision
Respect and protect the property of the employer
Encourage peaceful solutions to any problems encountered in their work place
To work diligently for self – fulfillment and development
To respect their employer and fellow employees
Observe terms of contract with employer
Be loyal, honest, respect to the employer

Rights of the employees

To receive fair wages

To have a reasonable work load

Have reasonable hours of work

Have safety and protection at work

Right to join a labor union

Right to further individual training and development education

Rights to retirement, terminal benefits

Rights to a fair opportunity for provision

A right to time for rest

Right to Favorable working conditions

CHRISTIANS APPROACHES TO ISSUES RELATED TO EMPLOYMENT

Wages and industrial action (Strikes)

A wage is payments for work done. Payment is in modern times done according to hours, weeks or days that one works.

Christian teachings on wages

– Human beings have the right to work for a decent living (Matt.20:1 – 16) they should be paid for their work.

– Workers should be paid wages to the amount and value of their work (1 Timothy 5:18)

– Wages should be paid as agreed upon (Mathew 20:13)

– Employers should not take advantage of the poverty of the employee (Deuteronomy 24: 14 – 15)

– Human beings should not be enslaved to work (Ex.5:22 – 23)

– Employers who degrade their workers in wages are condemned (Deut.24:14 – 15, Jer.22:13)

– Oppression is condemned (Amos 5:18, 8; 4)

– Workers wages should never be withheld (James 5:4)

Industrial action

Also commonly called ‘Strike’ this is an effort by workers to stop work in protest by boycott go-slow sit – ins or refuse to work. There has been increase of industrial action in the recent past in most countries of the world.

Reasons for industrial actions

1 Due to increased awareness of workers’ rights

2 Exposure to global trends through the media

3 Formation of trade unions that fight for the rights of workers

4 Due to poor working conditions

5 Underpaying workers

6 Threatening workers with unjustified dismissals

7 Suspending the workers / interdiction – unjustly

8 A hostile working environment

Results of workers strikes (industrial / action

a) Pay cuts
b) Demotions
c) Loss of jobs
d) Employers suffer losses
e) Inflation
f) Injuries even death when confronted by police
g) Victimization of some individuals
h) Bitterness among the workers and employers

Christian approaches towards strikes

a) Christians recommend a peaceful co – existence between workers and employers
b) There should be fairness, justice, love among workers, employees
c) There should be an open communication channel across the ranks from top to bottom
d) Employees should not destroy property
e) Working conditions should be better and improved
f) Employees to be human when dealing with employees

CHILD LABOUR

A child is a person below 18 years. A child does not have an identity card, does not vote (in Kenya).

According to International Labor Organization the minimum employment age is 14 years.

Child labor

It is engaging a person below the age of 14 years in wage / paid employ-ment.

Reasons why children are employed

– To provide cheap labor

– They cannot fight for proper terms

– They are easily hired and fired

Disadvantages of child labor

Children are not yet mentally and physically prepared to do adult jobs. This leads to

a) Exploitation of children
b) Children paid less, taken advantage of
c) It inhibits the growth of a child and denies them a chance to enjoy their childhood
d) It deprives them of their right to basic education
e) It exposes children to hazards (dangers) from machines, chemicals
f) Heavy workload deprives children of social educational, moral, psychological, physical rights

Places where children are employed

– Plantations – coffee, tea

– Domestic services – homes

– Tourism sector

– Industries

– Children are trafficked and employed as commercial sex workers

Causes of child labor – reasons why children work

1 Lack of money / poverty

2 Death of parents

3 Dropping out of school due to pregnancy, indiscipline, (truancy), poor academic performance or lack of school fees.

4 Those who never went or taken to school

5 Lack of good role models e.g. coast province Mombasa; Malindi has several of the financially stable people being school dropouts, engaged in drug trafficking, commercial sex etc.

6 Influence of cultural values e.g. circumcision of boys in some communities is done later in life and one is declared an adult e.g. the kikuyu circumcising at 13 years, or 12 years

7 Children being lured by employers

8 Greed for material benefits

9 Being homeless ending up as a street child

Position of church in dealing with child labor

– The church condemns it

– It has put up homes for poor children (orphanages)

– It provides guidance, counseling to both parents and children

– Children are blessing from God hence should be loved and cared for

– Parents have the responsibilities to protect their children from harm.

UNEMPLOYMENT AND SELF –EMPLOYMENT

Unemployment

When people are capable and willing to work but are unable to find a viable income or occupation it is referred to as unemployment.

Causes of unemployment

1 Preference for prestigious white collar jobs (Office jobs, non – manual jobs)

2 Corruption, tribalism, nepotism, bribery denying jobs to the qualified in preference for the unqualified.

3 Unequal distribution of wealth – some regions are more resourceful than others. Industries, good infrastructure concentrated in some areas.

4 Inadequate resources for self – employment (lack of capital, skills)

5 Limited job opportunities – probably due to high population growth

6 Few international investors in Kenya, probably due to high crime rate, insecurity

Identify ways of creating job opportunities

Response of Christians to issues of unemployment

a) They encourage self – employment in cases of unemployment
b) They have set up vocational training, polytechnics to train people towards jobs that are for self – employment
c) Christians condemn idleness

Self-employment

Self-employment is an economic activity initiated, controlled by an individual. It is an occupation in which a person initiates a personal enterprise and manages it with the help of others.

Examples

Small businesses enterprises, Jua kali sector, music industry, entertainment (e.g. comedians), community work, agriculture etc

Problems / challenges

– Some lack sufficient capital to start a business and keep it running

– Lack of necessary skills to run the business

– High taxation leading to some business closing down

– Small scale traders face undue competition from larger firms

Revision questions

What is work?
List any six reasons why people work
Explain T.As attitude towards work
List some of the factors that have changed the attitude towards work in the modern society
What are the rights of employers?
State the duties of employees
Why has child labor become common in Kenya?
What are the causes of unemployment in Kenya?
What can the government do to reduce unemployment in Kenya?

CHRISTIANS APPROACHES TO LEISURE

MEANING OF LEISURE

Work is an obligation – however people cannot work 24 hours. They need to rest. God rested on the 7th day after work. Work and rest are complementary elements of human life.

Definition of leisure

This is the time when one is free from work or other duties. Time at one’s own disposal, which can be utilized in a productive manner depending on one’s interests and abilities. Leisure provides mental, physical relaxation, spiritual, emotional relaxation and enrichment

Forms of leisure

Passive
Active leisure

Passive involves use of mental energy

Active leisure – there is use of physical energy

Examples of activities of passive leisure are

– Watching television

– Reading story books

– Playing video games

– Chatting with friends

Examples of activities of active leisure are

– Jogging

– Mountain climbing

– Gardening

– Dancing

– Tree planting

– Playing football

Leisure is used for

– Enjoyment

– Entertainment – song, dance, watching movies etc

– Relaxation – exercises

– Socialization – sharing, education

– Religious engagement – wedding ceremonies, visiting the sick, worship

In passive leisure others entertain while in active leisure the person is active, whole body is involved.

Active leisure enables a person to

Develop his/her body
Build stamina
Strengthen relationships etc

Some leisure activities are dangerous e.g. boxing, motor racing; while others are expensive e.g. golf.

Other leisure activities are addictive while others are unproductive.

– Leisure activities should be planned for

– Leisure activities can also be economic, income generating activities.

In traditional African society leisure permeates all aspects of life. Leisure activities accompany work.

Leisure and work were entertainment. Work was accompanied by singing, reciting stories sharing past events. Examples of leisure activities in traditional African society include

– Wrestling

– Running

– Playing ajua

– Mock fighting

– Swimming

– Spear throwing

– Poetry

– Music and dance etc

Leisure activities that were communal include

Bull fighting
Tongue – twisters
Poetry recitation
Telling of myths legends
Dancing
Brain teasers
Riddles etc

-Work in African society included fishing, tilling the land, herding, hunting, harvesting o most leisure activities in traditional African society were active form of leisure, communal, not individualistic and not for monetary gains

-All forms of leisure had an educational value. Folk stories had a moral value. People were taught not to be selfish, greedy jealousy etc Myths and legends tell of the origin of the community and its history of important people as well as history of the community.

– In African traditional society, leisure led to acquisition of values or virtues such as co – operation, sharing, solidarity, love, bravery, empathy, endurance, tolerance etc.

– Most activities were linked to the worship of God and, veneration of the ancestors

– Leisure activates were organized along gender and age group season (E.g. harvest – dancing, singing); wet rainy seasons – boat swimming

– Rites of passage e.g. initiation, marriage, birth and naming provided leisure activities

-Leisure activities were planned for

CHRISTIAN TEACHING ON LEISURE

Christian teach that:

a) Work and leisure are of divine origin. God rested on the 7th day after working
b) Leisure is a gift from God leisure should be put to good use. Its not be wasted
c) Leisure provides us with the opportunity to worship God. Leisure should be used to serve God.
d) Christians associate leisure with personal growth and fellowship
e) Jesus recognized the need for rest by withdrawing his disciples from their active ministry. It’s good to have time alone for reflection, rest, visit friend etc.
f) Leisure should be used to seek God and help others e.g. Jesus prayed, helped the needy restored people’s health.

Ways Christian use their leisure time – activities

Worshipping God

Visiting the sick

Caring for the needy

Resting

Watching television

Chatting with family members

Retreat – time spend away with a group of people to be alone with God

Visiting friends, relatives

Reading the bible

Praying etc

IMPORTANT USE AND MISUSE OF LEISURE

Importance of leisure

Leisure is necessary. It’s important in various ways

1) It is a good time to assess the work we have done (Reflection time)

2) It brings people together leading to self – growth and fulfillment (Social function of leisure)

3) Leisure helps individuals to discover their hidden talents

4) Leisure relaxes the mind – a change of activity, relieves the mind

5) Leisure refreshes the body – restores lost energy

6) Leisure enables Christians to offer charity to those in need

7) Leisure provides time for worship and spiritual renewal

8) Leisure gives one time to rest

9) It’s time for recreation

10) Give one time to attend social occasions

11) Allows people to travel and visit friends and relatives

12) Leisure can be used to enhance and acquire new skills and knowledge

13) It’s a time to develop and discover ones talents

Uses of leisure – proper use of leisure

Leisure can be used for

Religious experience
A time for rest
Leisure is used to provide us with time to help others
Leisure can be used to spread the word of God
Development of talents
It’s an opportunity for individual growth
Leisure strengthens social relationships
Leisure can be used for reflection on one’s decision; actions etc leisure activities reveal who we are.
Leisure can be used for educative and economic purposes

Proper use of leisure is when leisure time is spent doing activities that add value to us.

Misuse of leisure today

Leisure time can be misused through various activities e.g.

1) Spending too much time in passive activities e.g. pornography watching, watching films that are violent

2) Spending leisure time in idle talk – gossip-leading to conflicts

3) Spending time in gambling, casinos making bets on horses playing Ajua games etc

4) Alcohol and drug taking – when a person over drinks alcohol, spends time drinking at the expense of family, abusing drugs is misuse of leisure time.

5) Leisure can also be misused by engaging in dangerous activities.

Night dancing, disco dancing has become a common form of leisure worldwide. What are the advantages and disadvantages?

DRUG ABUSE AND ITS EFFECTS- ALCOHOL, SOFT AND HARD DRUGS

A drug is any substance which when taken may alter or cause changes in the normal functioning of the body.

Drug abuse

-Improper use of drugs. Using a drug for another purpose than what it is intended for

Drug use

Proper use of drugs

Drugs are taken in various forms namely

1 Liquid

2 Lotions

3 Ointments

4 Powders

5 Cake form,

Drugs are classified as legal and illegal

Ways of administering drugs

Drugs are taken /administered in various ways

– Infecting

– Inhaling / smoking

– Chewing

– Swallowing

– Drinking

– Sniffing / snuffing

Categories of drugs

a) Medicinal
b) Soft drugs
c) Hard / narcotic drugs

Types of drugs

1) Preventive drugs e.g. drugs to prevent polio, cholera, yellow fever

2) Curative drugs – drugs that cure diseases

3) Sedatives, palliatives – drugs that alleviate pain, put patients to sleep e.g. drugs for diabetes, heart diseases, asthma, painkillers

4) Tranquillizers – drugs that relieve tension induce sleep e.g. piriton, valium

5) Stimulants – drugs used to increase physiological activity of a particular organ. They arouse the activity of the central nervous system / senses.

6) Volatile drugs – these drugs intoxicate the user, they are derived from petroleum products paint thinners dry cleaning fluids glue etc. stimulants and volatile drugs classified as soft drugs.

7) Hard drugs or narcotic drugs

These are highly addictive drugs. The body forms dependence on these drugs. These drugs affect the mind causing drowsiness; sleep, stupor and they are the most commonly abused drugs. Examples are

Cocaine

– From coca leaves

– Its highly addictive

– Causes mental problems

– Can lead to death on overdose

– A very expensive drug

Other side effects are confusion, Convulsions, circulatory collapse and rapid heart beat

Bhang / Marijuana

– A plant of Indian hemp

– Also called marijuana, Hashish, Cannabis, and Sativa depending on which part of the plant is taken i.e. leaves, stem, or roots.

– Users become aggressive excited or high

– Bhang changes perception of space, time and reality

– It causes drowsiness and irresponsible behavior

– Its side effects causes people to be engaged in criminal activities e.g. robbery with violence as it gives changes in perception

Morphine

It’s used to suppress pain clinically

– Its addictive

– Its derived from cocaine

– Used as local aesthetic

Heroine

– Its pain relieving

– Highly addictive

– Powder heated in foil paper, vapor forms hence smoked referred to as” chasing the dragon”

– Also called brown sugar

– Its injected and inhaled

– An overdose can lead to death

– Its expensive

– It causes respiratory problems

– Its depressive

– Withdrawal symptoms when heroine is not available are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and severe anxiety

Soft drugs

– Cigarette

– Alcohol

– Miraa / khat

Cigarette

– Made from tobacco

– Cigarettes contain

a) Nicotine – a highly addictive substance.
b) Carbon monoxide, which damages arteries heart and lungs
c) Tar – black substance which promotes cancer of the throat, heart and lungs

Cigarettes are legal drugs in Kenya.

Pregnant women may miscarry or terminate the pregnancy if they smoke.

Leads to chest respiratory diseases poor blood circulation

Leads to destructive fires due to carelessness

Miraa / khat

1 Plants / legally in Kenyan, and other parts of the world

2 They are chewed

3 Causes temporary excitement

4 Makes one loose appetite for food and sex

5 The juice in miraa causes temporary excitement in the user when ingested

6 Miraa makes the user to be irritable

Alcohol

– Alcohol is a drug made through fermentation

– It’s a drink used in social ceremonial occasions

– It’s in form of beer wines, traditional brew (e.g. busaa, muratina, mnazi ) and spirits e.g. whisks, brandy, gin, chang’aa

– Alcohol is prepared by fermentation or distillation – heating to a certain degree.

– In African traditional society, alcohol was fermented and used for

Medicinal value
Entertainment
Marriage celebrations
Beer parties given to visitors

– Excessive drinking was discouraged

– Drunk people were scorned or scolded

– Young people were not allowed to drink alcohol

– When alcohol is taken excessively it is abused

Alcohol abuse

– Alcohol can lead to body dependence or addiction

– Consequences of abusing alcohol are such as

(i) Squandering family resources

(ii) Health deterioration

(iii) Lack of concentration leading to poor quality of work

(iv) Family break-ups due to frustrations

A man experiences a desire for sex but lacks the ability to perform leading to break ups

(v) Deformed foetus if a mother abuses alcohol when pregnant

(vi) Alcohol destroys brain cells

(vii) It leads to unruly behavior such as fights, violence

(viii) One is vulnerable to risky behavior – a drunken person is unable to make proper decisions hence vulnerable to sexual infections such as HIV / AIDS

(ix) Can make a person cause accidents if driving under the influence of alcohol or staggering on the road.

CAUSES OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE (REASONS WHY PEOPLE ABUSE ALCOHOL AND

DRUGS)

(i) Frustration due to unemployment, inability to perform well and meet set standards or other personal frustrations.

(ii) Idleness – when idle some turn to alcohol and drug use

(iii) Addiction

(iv) Boredom

(v) Bad examples from adults

(vi) Availability of drugs in the Kenyan market

(vii) Negative peer pressure

(viii) Experimentation then addiction

(ix) Media influence

(x) Societal permissiveness

(xi) Urbanization

(xii) Pressure of work

(xiii) Financial stress

(xiv) Globalization – foreign world influences

Effects of drug abuse

Drug abuse poses danger to the health of a person, affects family, society in general. Effects of drug abuse are

Psychological problems – drugs are addictive. The body becomes dependant on them. It cannot perform without the drugs. It leads to depression, irritability, aggressiveness, paranoia, one becoming afraid to face reality etc.
Crime – robbery, theft, people abusing drugs will rob, steal so as to get money to buy the drugs. Drugs have led to students setting schools on fire, killing their fellow students
Illusion – users do not face reality
Health problems – one is prone to diseases because of frequent use of drugs. Drugs weaken the body’s system e.g. alcohol leads to liver Cirrhosis, stomach ulcers. One is susceptible / prone to HIV /

AIDS infection STI’s lung cancer, still birth etc

Economic problems

Drugs are expensive. Abuse leads to depletion of family resources leading to poverty

Loss of job and income
Social problems

Abuse of drugs leads to family conflicts, leading to separation, divorce, family quarrels fights and even murder (domestic violence)

Accidents
Frustrations
Poor performance in school work
Death

People die out of drug abuse. An over dose of heroin, cocaine kills. Alcohol can lead to a blackout, this affects the brain

REMEDIES TO DRUG ABUSE

Drug abuse has become a global problem. Remedies or solutions include:

a) Law enforcement

-Through bodies such as UNDCP United Nations International Drug Control Programme Anti Narcotics Police Units, NACADA National Agency for the Campaign against Drug Abuse so as to control abuse of Narcotics and other drugs.

b) Education

-People to be educated on the effects of drugs. The curriculum from pri-mary to secondary to include topics on drug abuse.

Guidance and counseling

Religious teachings – all religious condemn the abuse of drugs

Family values to be promoted. Parents should set good examples to their children

-Every individual to cultivate individual values. Respect their body and take care of their bodies

-Rehabilitation of drug users / abusers

CHRISTIAN CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING THE USE OF LEISURE

Criteria – criterion – a principle or standard for judging something.

How does a Christian determine whether a certain leisure activity is lawful, acceptable before God – criteria for evaluating the use of leisure?

1) Christians, should engage in leisure activities which promote their respect and dignity they should socialize with people who are morally upright (bad company corrupts good morals)

2) God ordains leisure hence it should serve God’s purpose.

3) Leisure should come after work

4) Leisure should be used for the good of others. The activities that are harmful to others should be avoided

5) Activities chosen should enrich their knowledge of God

6) Activities should provide service to others

7) Leisure doesn’t mean laziness

A Christian should not engage in a harmful activity to self but those that promote respect and dignity

9) Christians to avoid activities that lead to sin or to addiction

10) They should perform an activity which develop their physical emotional social and spiritual well being

11) Leisure should be enjoyed with moderation

12) Activities for leisure should be moral, within the laws of God and pleasing to good.

Revision questions

Identify five (5) reasons why the taking of alcohol as a way of spending leisure is condemned
Write down five ways in which modern Christians use their leisure time
Give five ways in which drug use and abuse could affect a Christian
Identify ways in which Christians can overcome temptations to drug use and abuse

5(a). Why is leisure important in the life of a Christian?

5(b). What factors have contributed to the misuse of leisure in Kenya?

State the factors that have led to the misuse of drugs in Kenya

CHRISTIANS APPROACHES TO WEALTH, MONEY AND POVERTY

DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPTS WEALTH, MONEY AND POVERTY

a) Wealth: – accumulation…

-Accumulation of materials owned by an individual, family or a group of people. Wealth is property that has economic value e.g. land, animals, money, valuable possessions such as jewellery, commercial and residential buildings etc.

Ways of acquiring wealth

Inheritance

Business

Commercial farming

Salaried Jobs

Investment of money in financial institution

Provision of commercial services

b) Money

It’s the medium of exchange that functions as a legal tender. It is something that is generally accepted as a medium of exchange, a means of payment. It is usually in form of coins or notes. Good monetary media (money) has certain qualities.

Qualities of money

It should be acceptable
It should be fairly stable
Easy to divide into small units
Easy to carry
Should be relatively scarce
It should be durable
Its value should be maintained through proper control of its circulations

Money is a measure of wealth. What it can purchase is the value. Money is used to buy services, goods, pay debts etc.

Examples of currencies in the world are

Ksh. (Kenya), Rand (South Africa) US & Dollar, Pound (Britain) Euro (Europe), Yen (Japan) Etc

c) Poverty

State of being without adequate basic necessities of life e.g. food, shelter, clothing

It’s a state of helplessness. It is characterized by poor health, hunger, and lack of education facilities, uncared for environment.

Causes of poverty

Adverse climatic conditions (Geographical factors)
Poor family background (historical and social factors)
Political stability leading to civil wars
Poor governance
Regional imbalance of natural resources
Low level of technology
Laziness
Over dependence on foreign aid

THE TRADITIONAL AFRICAN UNDERSTANDING OF WEALTH AND POVERTY

In African traditional societies wealth was measured in terms of the amount of land, livestock, grains, and wives, children possessed by an individual or the community.

Wealth was acquired in various ways.

(i) As a gift from God

Most Africans believe that wealth is a blessing from God.

(ii) Inheritance

In cases where the head of the family is dead, the eldest son becomes the custodian of the estate. The clan and community elders give direction on how the wealth is to be shared out.

(iii) Bride wealth

(iv) Farming

(v) Exploitation of natural resources – honey, wood for carving, building materials etc

(vi) Trade

African communities were involved in barter trade where they exchanged good and services

(vii) Raids – wealth was also acquired by raiding other communities – goats, sheep, Cattle.

– People were encouraged to work hard to acquire wealthy honesty

– Wealthy people were highly regarded and were considered for leadership position

– Wealth was incomplete without a family

Poverty

Poverty was viewed as punishment or curse for wrongdoing.

Other causes of poverty according to African Traditional Society were: –

Laziness
Lack of inheritance
Raids by other communities
Famine
Natural calamities
Sickness – rendering the individual weak to acquire wealth

– In acquiring wealth, principles such as value for human life, mutual responsibility, and sharing, communal ownership were emphasized.

– Places that were communal include grazing land, rivers, and watering places

– Laziness was ridiculed through songs, riddles and proverbs.

IMPACTS OF THE INTRODUCTION OF MONEY ECONOMY IN TRADITIONAL AFRICAN SOCIETY

Introduction

– Money was introduced to Africa by the Europeans

– Before colonial period, Africans practiced barter trade – actual goods exchanged with other goods e.g. animals would be exchanged with food grains, millet, sorghum, cowpeas, children exchanged for food during famine.

– Trade merchants from Asia had introduced into Africa forms of currency such as the cowry shells, gold and the Indian rupees. Europeans introduced currency still used today

Economy: – careful management of resources, finances, income and expenditure of a family, a business enterprise, community or a country. The economy of a country is to be well managed if it has the ability to meet the social economic needs of her members.

Development

It’s measured by the health of its economy in the provision of health, education, housing, sanitation, employment, and longevity of life, decrease of material and child mortality.

Money economy: – Use of money as a means of exchange in economic activities e.g. banking, investment, insurance, payment of goods and services.

Reasons for money introduction

1) Colonization brought a lot of changes such as unoccupied land declared ‘Crown land’ for colonialists.

2) Tax introduction

Africans were supposed to pay taxes to the government. Taxes were paid in form of money.

3) Introduction of formal education School fees was introduced. Fees were paid in form of money.

4) Introduction of modern medical services

People paid medical services using money.

5) Emergence of new lifestyles

Converts to Christianity were emphasized on to have materials, hence had to work to improve their living standards. They built houses, took their children to schools practiced modern family techniques hence had to use money.

Impact of the introduction of money economy in traditional African society

1) Introduction of wage – labor

2) Break up of family ties as people migrated from rural to urban areas in search of employment

3) African land taken by the colonialists, reducing people to squatters hence need to work

4) There was creation of a gap between people – the rich and the poor

5) Emergence of vices e.g. corruption, bribery, prostitution, robbery

6) Deterioration of cherished African values e.g. bride wealth has become commercialized, customs lost etc.

7) Loss of African human dignity. Africans had to pay taxes to the colonial government. They were forced to work in European farms so as to get money. They worked under dehumanizing conditions

Production of traditional food crops declined replaced by cash crops.

9) Individual ownership of land was emphasized. Land could be sold at will

10) There was increase of rural – urban migration leaving the rural people less educated.

11) Exploitation of the poor by the rich – poor wages, overcharging prices on foods.

12) Destruction of the natural environment to create room for building projects, urban centers

13) The cost of living increased. Almost everything is acquired by money.

THE CHRISTIAN TEACHING ON WEALTH, MONEY, POVER-TY

Teaching on wealth

1) Wealth is a blessing from God

2) Those who obey God’s laws, teachings of the prophets are promised blessings by God Deut28: 1 – 4

3) Wealth has duties associated with it e.g. 10% tithe, alms to the poor, and an aspect of stewardship.

4) Wealth should be used wisely. People are not owners of their property but are stewards. Should share with the poor and needy.

5) Wealth is not permanent e.g. parable of the rich fool. When people die, they take nothing with them. Naked into the world, naked out of the world. Job. 1:21

6) Wealth can create a false sense of independence feeling of self reliance no need for God

7) Wealth should be obtained justly – no happiness for a person who gets riches in the wrong way.

Wrong attitude to wealth can lead to idolatry and other dangers. Matt.19: 23 – 24 danger of materialism – making riches their God, the love of money is the root of all evil (1 timothy 6:10)

9) It is wrong to discriminate against others on the basis of material possessions. Jesus associated with the rich, the poor, the sick etc.

10) Seek spiritual wealth, which is permanent and more fulfilling than material wealth, which is transitory – temporal. Matt 6:19 – 20)

11) Acknowledge God as the source of one’s riches

12) Use wealth to help the needy

13) Wealth is an instrument to enable us live decently.

14) Obsession with money and wealth leads to sin

15) Church leaders should avoid greed for wealth (1 Timothy 3:3)

16) God will judge rich exploiters.

Christian teaching on poverty

1) Christian teachings discourage irresponsible behavior and habits e.g. laziness, idleness and negligence. Some people became poor because of such.

2) Some people become poor because of misfortunes

3) Others are poor because of judgment due to disobedience to God

4) God cares for the poor

5) Those with more should share with the poor

6) People should work to alleviate poverty in the society

7) Jesus helped the poor so should we.

The poor in spirit will be blessed

CHRISTIAN APPROACHES / RESPONSE TO ISSUES RELATED TO WEALTH AND MONEY.

Christians can respond by:

Insistence on fair distribution of wealth
Fighting against bribery and corruption
Using life skills
Practicing Christian values

Introduction

– Affluence – having a lot of material possessions and a luxurious standard of living. Poverty is a state of lack of the basic necessities.

– Illegal means of acquiring wealth include fraud, grabbing public land, selling narcotic drugs etc

Factors that have contributed to poverty

Political instability
Lack of formal education
Laziness
Negative attitude towards work – choosing jobs
Historical factors – colonization lack of land
Exporting unprocessed agricultural products cheaply then sold back expensively.
Fair distribution of wealth / resources
a) Christians to promote the value of justice, fairness, social responsibility. How? By having anti – corruption crusades, be role models, teach or import skills, advocate for cancellation of foreign debts, taxation to all etc.
b) Fair salaries
c) Promotion of affordable and decent housing
d) Favorable terms of loans
e) Encourage Jua Kali artisans
f) Christians to demand transformation of society through implementation of just economic policies that can ensure fair distribution of wealth.
g) Encourage foreign investors through good infrastructure, incentives e.g. shorter process to register business, security.
h) Christian to encourage investments by churches and inculcate in people the values of hard work, proper time management free education free health care for the poor or needy.

Fair distribution of wealth / resources refers to jobs, infrastructure, hospitals, water, agricultural products etc.

BRIBERY AND CORRUPTION

Fighting against bribery and corruption

Bribery and corruption are related terms.

Corruption: – practice of giving a bribe in the form of money, goods or privileges in return for a service.

Bribery: – act of giving money, material goods or services to someone to influence the recipient to give underserved favor. It is aimed at influen-cing a decision to favor.

Bribery is a form of corruption.

– Corruption is some kind of moral degeneration. A practice whereby someone uses his/her influence in an activity that is not morally acceptable.

– Example of corruption include promotion by a senior for a favor, colluding to miss work, use of government vehicles to attend to personal matters.

In Kenya, Kenya Anticorruption commission KACC is a national body formed to fight corruption.

Factors leading to bribery and corruption

Un-employment – one will bribe to secure employment
Greed for money – caused by peer pressure, poor moral values, wrong ethical foundation about money etc.
Fear – fear of being imprisoned
Ignorance – giving bribes in form of gifts
Disintegration of traditional African values
Lack of moral integrity – no Christian values, one having no spiritual basis
Frustration in the place of work
A perverted conscience

Consequences of corruption and bribery

Leads to injustice
Leads to incompetent supplies of goods or services being awarded hefty contracts – leads to poor services e.g. road construction
Poor infrastructure, poor public service delivery
Leads to undermining moral fabric of society – leading to social hopelessness and despair
Has led to lack of trust in public servants, and the government
Discontentment among people.
Degrades the personality of an individual
Can lead to imprisonment and lose of job

CHRISTIAN ATTITUDE TOWARDS BRIBERY AND CORRUPTION

It is condemned as an evil practice (a social evil) Ex. 23:8
Bribes cause injustice proverbs 17:23
Seen as morally wrong as they negatively affect one’s family
Jesus drove out merchants from the temple. They had started exploitation of the poor.
Condemned because it degrades the personality of an individual
Amos condemned taking and giving of bribes
Bribes blinds the eyes

In the parable of John the Baptist condemned soldiers from taking bribes

Corrupt judge and the widow, corruption is condemned

Christians are to live righteously and not give bribes or receive. They are the light of the world.
Money gained from corruption is not acceptable before God.

C Using life skills

Life skills are abilities, which enable a person to face the challenges of life in an effective way they are

Decision making

Critical thinking

Creative thinking

Self esteem

Assertiveness

Decision making

Process of identifying the best alternative to overcome a challenge encountered. Often decisions we make do not only affect us but those around us.

Steps to decision – making

Identify the challenge (problem) what’s the problem? What is bothering you?
Understand the challenge / problem: – What is really bothering you?
Find out possible solutions
Find out the possible options and alternatives
Consider the possible consequences for each option
Select the best option
Implement
Evaluate the outcome of the action
Critical thinking
Ability to examine and assess a given situation impartially or objectively. It involves reasoning carefully. Getting detailed information, consider the option before making a decision. Critical thinking makes a person responsible for their actions.
Creative thinking

This is the act or practice of using ideas imaginatively to solve a problem

Self-esteem

– This is the regard one has about himself or herself. Self-esteem can be low or high, positive or negative.

A positive or high self-esteem person has confidence, is outgoing, social, appreciates self, realistic and independent.

– A person with low, negative self-esteem is naïve, withdrawn, shy, feels inadequate, and no self-confidence.

Assertiveness

-Ability to express ones feelings and wishes without hurting others. Assertive people are confident; direct in dealing with others assertive people have a high self-esteem.

CHRISTIAN VALUES RELATED TO WEALTH, MONEY, AND POVERTY.

Values – Beliefs, which guide people on what is right and wrong. There are

– Social values

– Cultural values

– Moral values

Values related to wealth are: –

– Love

– Honesty

– Reliability

– Fairness

– Justice

– Respect

– Faithfulness

– Humility

– Persistence

– Chastity

Love – intense emotion of attachment, affection, warmth, fondness, regard for a person or something

How should love guide a Christian in relation to wealth creation?

Honesty – quality of being truthful, fair trustworthy, sincere, genuine. The opposite of honesty is dishonesty.

Reliability – being dependable, faithful, predictable, unfailing. The ability of being relied upon and keeping promises

Fairness – condition of being unbiased, free from discrimination.

Justice – fair dealings with the people, as they deserve according to the law. Being fair, giving people what’s due to them. Opposite of justice is injustice.

Respect

-Quality of having high regard for somebody or something. Politeness. It’s important to respect other people’s property.

Humility – quality of not thinking that you are better than others. Being humble. Opposite of humility is pride, being proud. Those who humble themselves shall be exalted.

Faithfulness – quality of remaining loyal or true to someone. Christians should be faithful at their places of work and in allocating their wealth to God’s work.

Those who are entrusted with public resources to manage on behalf of the people should show a high degree of faithfulness.

Persistence – quality to persevere. Quality to continue steadfastly, unrelentingly despite opposition e.g. the unjust judge and widow, job =, Jeremiah are people who persisted.

Chastity – a state of being pure, holy, innocent modest. It is abstinence from actions that may make one impure before God.

-Christians should strive hard not to defile their bodies in search of wealth

-Christians should strive to live holy lives, avoid prostitution, drug abuse; corruption

-people use sexual favor to get jobs or promotion. Christians should thus avoid such.

Revision questions

Explain the biblical teaching on wealth
Discuss the biblical teaching on acquisition and use of wealth
Explain ways in which people misuse wealth in Kenya today
Show how misuse of wealth leads to family instability
Give ways in which the Kenyan government is alleviating the high levels of poverty
State the factors that have contributed to high levels of poverty in Kenya today

APPROACHES TO LAW, ORDER AND JUSTICE

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Introduction

– Law, order, justice are essential for the survival of any society

– Following laws leads to order and justice lack of following leads to disorder and injustice laws of Kenya are laid down in the constitution.

Law

Established rules by an authority to regulate human behavior in the community Schools laws, religious laws, factory laws, hospital laws etc. laws differ from society to society. Laws are dynamic. Laws cover all

Aspects of life.

Order

Condition brought about by obedience to set rules or laws. Order leads to peaceful co – existence in the society. Where there is order, things are done systematically. The opposite of order is disorder.

Types of laws

Non – legal laws – no court action e.g. school rules
Customary traditional laws – based on culture, social traditions. They have to agree with state laws.

They are respected by state.

Statutory laws / legal laws – laws made by local council or national government and citizens are expected to obey them.

Types of statutory laws

a) Civil laws – made by parliament on issues such as taxes, labor, divorce etc
b) Criminal law – on crime / punishment
c) Constitutional law – matters of state and governance
d) Company law
e) Religious laws e.g. Islamic law ‘sharia’
Justice

Treating others the way they deserve in relation to the law. It’s administration of rightful dealings in a fair manner according to their actions. A just society follows rules and administers legal action to those who offend others or disobey rules. Justice means treating people the same way without discrimination.

IMPORTANCE OF LAW, ORDER AND JUSTICE

Importance of law, order and justice
a) They are essential to preserve harmony and protect people
b) Laws guide people and ensure people’s rights are protected.
c) They protect people’s property and enable people to live in harmony
d) They protect the consumer from exploitation
e) They safeguard religious freedom
f) Laws control power of those in authority and promote political stability
g) Provides stability, encouraging economic growth
h) Helps to control discontentment among people
i) Helps implementation of taxes effectively
j) Provides / help in maintenance of security
k) Ensures human rights are upheld
l) Enables the government to protect its citizens from internal or external threats.
m) International law regulates relations between countries.

RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF CITIZENS

Citizen – person who is a member of a state, kingdom, empire. A person who has full rights as a member of a country by birth, decent, registration, naturalization.

Rights – legal claims that one is entitled to from the government

Duty – ones responsibility to the government.

Rights

1) Right to life – to live securely

2) Right to education

3) Right to liberty / freedom e.g. one should not be imprisoned, detained, without trial. One is innocent until proven guilty

4) Right to protection of property

5) Right to own a family – right to marry and raise a family

6) Right to health

7) Freedom of movement

Right to freedom of association

9) Right to freedom of assembly

10) Freedom of religion

11) Right to own property

12) Right to equality – non discrimination

13) Protection of freedom of expression and speech (own opinions, ideas)

Children have rights e.g. Right to life, education, parental care, health, protection from exploitation, right to identity etc.

Duties of citizens (responsibilities)

1) Pay taxes to the government

2) Respect the flag and national anthem

3) Respect those in authority

4) Respect the laws of the land

5) Register as a voter and voter in national elections

6) Be responsible at work

7) Participate in national development

Promote peace and harmony in the society

9) Report errant members of the society to law enforcement agents

10) protect the environmental – clean, plant trees, avoid poaching etc

TRADITIONAL AFRICAN PRACTICES THAT PROMOTE LAW, ORDER, JUSTICE

Some of the practices that promote law, order and justice are:

a) Punishment of offenders

People who committed offences such as stealing, murder, witchcraft were punished through death, curses, paying heavy fines etc. this promoted law, order, justice

b) Installation of rules, kings, chiefs, elders

They were installed to maintain law, order and to execute justice in their areas of jurisdiction

c) Administration of oaths

– Administered by specialists and are used as a method of establishing and maintaining law and order

d) Making of covenants

– Covenants were made if there was a conflict between two communities. They would promise to live in peace and harmony.

e) Observing of taboos and customary law

Taboos were prohibitions. Those who went against taboos were severely punished

f) The kinship system – defined how people related one to another
g) Rites of passage – ensured customs, laws were adhered to
h) Religious practices- such as praying, singing, sacrificing and giving of offerings had the effect of maintaining order.

BIBLICAL TEACHING ON LAW, ORDER AND JUSTICE

God initiated Law, order, and justice.

God’s creation is orderly. God desires order
Man was created with a conscience to know right from wrong sin has consequences or punishment.

God does punish disobedience i.e. justice

God instituted the laws as part of his plan for salvation e.g. law of circumcision, Torah (10 commandments), circumcision of the heart, laws on what to eat etc.
God’s law governed kingship in Israel. National prosperity depended on a king’s ruler ship. Kings were to ensure law and order
In the New Testament John the Baptist urged people to observe the law (social justice).
Jesus taught that the kingdom of God is based on law, order and justice. There should be fair treatment for all people
Jesus said that the Law of Moses was given to guide people
Christians should obey the law of the land and respect those in authority
The apostolic teachings stress the need for law, order, justice (1 Cro.14: 33)
Christians should be orderly.
The birth of Jesus was orderly. His ministry was also orderly hence should Christians.

CAUSES OF SOCIAL DISORDER AND THEIR REMEDIES

Social disorder is a state of confusion or lack of order in the society

Causes

1) Discrimination

2) Inequitable distribution of wealth, resources

3) Crime

4) Racism

5) Tribalism

6) Sexism

Discrimination

Discrimination is unfair treatment. Discrimination is on basis of

– Race

– Tribe

– Sex / gender

People or a particular person is singled out and treated with disfavor or distaste. It is showing bias or prejudice.

Causes of discrimination

Culture
Prejudice – bias original from opinions that have no known basis or supporting facts – stereotypes
Ignorance e.g. on HIV /AIDS
Social status – ones position in a society

Inequitable distribution of wealth and resources

– This is when riches of family, community, and nation are not fairly shared out due to Selfishness or poor planning. Some areas are marginalized.

Racism – unfair treatment of people because of their race

Tribalism – discrimination on basis of ethnic group

Crime – an offence against state, normally settled in court. It’s antisocial behavior causing disorder.

Causes of crime (Why people commit crime)

Poverty
Public mistrust for law enforces
Lack of parental guidance
Wide gap between the rich and the poor
Greed for power, money
Materialism
Drug and substance abuse

Sexism

– Discrimination against people because of gender

– Women are discriminated in areas such as jobs, no promotion for women, oppression of women at home, cultural values demeaning the status of women, wife beating / men beating, female genital mutilation (FGM) early children marriages etc.

Remedies to social disorder

1) Rehabilitation for drugs users / abusers

2) Punishment for offenders of crime

Forms of punishment

– Imprisonment

– Payment of fines

– Corporal punishment

– Probation

– Being assigned community work

– Being placed under house arrest

– Learning in approved schools, Juvenile homes

3) Equitable distribution of national resources

– Develop marginalized areas

– Create jobs

4) Campaign against drug abuse

5) The public to use hot lines to report crime to police

6) Preach against racism, tribalism, and preach equality, freedom and interaction with all people

7) People to be sensitized to appreciate and respect different ethnics groups

Promote national unity through education /cultural programmes

9) Creation of more national schools so as to have students from all backgrounds

10) Encourage domestic tourism

11) Enlighten women on their rights

12) Employment on merit

13) Rich countries to share wealth with the poor

ROLE OF CHRISTIANS IN TRANSFORMING THE SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, POLITICAL LIFE OF THE SOCIETY

Transformation is to completely change the attitude, character, and well being of the society

a) Christian participation in the social life

– Christians are involved in the preaching of the gospel in many places in the country. They use print and electronic media to spread the gospel.

– Christians have shown concern for the destitute and victims of violence in the society by building homes for them and providing them with food and clothing.

– Christians run schools, vocational institutions, and universities providing educational services

– Christians offer medical services to the society

– They speak openly against sexual immorality, murder, bribery, corruption, abortion etc.

– They show compassion to those in need the poor, HIV / AIDS orphans, widows, widowers, aged etc.

– They offer guidance and counseling to dysfunctional families (the pastors, those trained to do counseling – almost all pastors get a training in guidance and counseling)

b) Christians participation in the political life

– Christians participate in the political life by advocating for fair distribution of wealth

– They offer prayers for government, political leaders

– They exercise their right by voting

– They also participating in the political life by standing up for elections (Vying for elections)

c) Christian participation in economic life

– Christians participate in economic life by paying taxes to the government

– By contributing in collection of funds for construction of churches, schools, hospitals

– They invest in business that promotes their own development as well as the development of the country.

– They provide financial resources in order to assist others to start economic activities or self employment

– They discourage business practices such as using faulty scales, hiking of prices cheating in business etc and encourage proper acquisition of wealth

d) THE CHURCH – STATE RELATIONSHIP

The government and the church interact at various levels and in different areas

a) Religious leaders give advice to the state
b) The church speaks against corruption, robbery, rape, abortion, vices which the government is fighting
c) The church is the conscience of the state
d) Both educate the citizens on the constitution and their rights
e) The church preaches peace, love, unity, order
f) The state needs support of the church in mobilizing citizens to adopt government policies
g) Both are involved in rehabilitation of prisoners
h) The church builds schools and other institutions that supplement government institutions.
i) The church is involved in formulation of educational curriculum.

However the church differs with government on various issues such as

a) Use of condoms (Some churches opposed to this)
b) Use of live bullets by the law enforces when curbing riots
c) Fight on corruption a thorn to the church since state leaders are involved
d) Issue of death penalty – church been fighting against death penalty to convicts
The government lifted the death penalty as a form of punishment in the year 2009.

Revision questions

State ways in which Christians can promote peace/unity in the society
Why should Christians take part in voting?

CHRISTIAN APPROACHES TO SELECTED ISSUES RELATED TO MODERN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

DEFINITIONS

Science – subject field that deals with a systematic study of our surroundings and behavior of materials in the universe

It is based on observation, experimentation and measurement.

Technology – application of science to achieve desired objectives.

Environment – our surroundings – both natural and human made i.e. mountains, lakes, land, forests, animals, buildings, flowers etc

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Ways science and technology has improved human lives:

1) Improvement of crop production – a quality seeds, fertilizers leading to improved yields

2) Better nutrition, health care, medical services

3) Improvement of livestock production through artificial insemination, quality medicine leading to more milk production.

4) It has led to development of efficient means of transport – land, air, seas

5) Work has been made easier and enjoyable. There is use of machines, automation, and use of computers.

6) People’s lives have been spared, saved e.g. through life saving machines (ICU), incubators

7) Business transactions are being done through the internet

Communication has been made easy – fax, email, short text messages on mobile phones etc

9) Research is ongoing for incurable diseases i.e. HIV / AIDS, cancer

10) There is better management of environment

11) Technology has made the world a global village

12) Through family planning methods, it’s easier to control population growth

13) There’s a better security system through use of scanners, alarms, electrified fences etc.

14) Improvement of learning through e–learning

15) There’s easier movement from one country to another

Negative effects of science and technology

People use medicine to commit suicide
Increase of crime, fraud and death through modern means of communication
Destruction of family relationships
Breakdown of community names, values morals, breakdown of family-es
Terrorism
Greed for money / materialism
Unemployment – replacement of personnel by machines
Health hazards such as accidents in factories
Pollution, air poisoning

CHRISTIAN VIEW ON ISSUES RELATED TO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.

Euthanasia
Blood transfusion
Organ transplant
Genetic engineering
Plastic surgery

Euthanasia

It’s a Greek word, which means an easy and painless death. It is ‘mercy killing’ ending a person’s life so as to alleviate them from experiencing pain.

Its practiced with the sick person’s knowledge

It is involuntary when it’s practiced against or without the sick person’s consent

It’s done by

a) Injecting an overdose of sleeping pills to the sick person
b) Switching off life support machine
c) Exposing the person with chronic pneumonia to very cold air.

Christians view on Euthanasia

Christians are opposed to euthanasia for several reasons such as

a) Life is sacred; a gift from God and only God can take away human life
b) Suffering is part of human life
c) Euthanasia is against medical ethos, which demands that doctors and nurses work for the sustenance of human life and alleviation of suffering but not to terminate it.
d) Jesus has power over sickness and through his name all sickness are healed
e) Accepting euthanasia discourages medical research on vaccines that may cure various diseases.
f) Euthanasia discourages patients and makes them to lose hope in life. They may feel unwanted and rejected.

Blood transfusion

– It’s the process of injecting a person’s blood into another person through his/her veins. The giver is a donor the receiver is a recipient.

Reasons for blood transfusion

When a person is suffering from acute anemia (little blood in the body) low blood level.
To restore blood lost during fatal accidents, wars, or childbirth
To maintain blood levels for patients undergoing major operations
To correct the low hemoglobin level of some patients

5 Blood has to be screened for any diseases, and then kept in blood bank after determining the blood group. The transfusion should be in a hygienic way. The equipment used should be sterilized

Donors should not be below 16 years or above 65 years

Alternatives to blood transfusion

a) Volume expanders – increase fluid levels in the body
b) Growth factors – intra operative / post operative
c) Blood salvage – same blood when on surgery is saved then transfused back to the patient

Christian view on blood transfusion

a) Some Christian’s believe it is wrong to take blood from a healthy person and transfuse it to another person.
b) Blood is life and life cannot be taken from one person to another
c) Blood transfusion is essential as it saves life
d) Blood transfusion can transmit dangerous diseases like HIV / AIDS and Hepatitis B
e) God has given Christians the intelligence and capability to make the right decision and choice

Organ transplant

– This is the removal of a defective organ and replacing it with a healthy one. Body organs transplanted are kidneys, heart and eyes small intestines, pan crease.

– The purpose is to replace the damaged organ of a recipient

– Common transplants are the heart, kidney, eyes from living and the dead (heart) within a span of hours. Eyes can be transplanted from animals.

Christian view on organ transplant

a) It saves life hence acceptable to some
b) Its transferring human life from one person to another
c) It’s wrong to transplant from animals – view by some Christians
d) Some support organ transplant by referring to the story of creation of Eve from parts of Adam
e) It is part of human beings continuing with the creation work of God.
f) It is an expression of love and concern for those suffering as taught by Jesus Christ.

Genetic engineering

– It’s a scientific technique used by scientists to change the biological characteristics of living organisms by deliberately altering the structure of individual genes.

– There are genetically modified foods, genetically engineered seeds, test tube babies, human clones, and genes of human insulin.

Human cloning

This is a form of genetic engineering. It’s a creation of genetically identical copy of a human being, human cell.

Twins are a form of natural cloning

There’s therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning (human cloning)

Therapeutic cloning is when cells from an adult are used in creating medicine or for research

Reproduction cloning is the making of human beings

More than 90% of cloning has failed.

Animals cloned have died young, had cancers or arthritis.

Human cloning is illegal worldwide

Genetic cells are used to treat Alzheimer, heart attack, cancer

Test tube babies are different from human cloning. Test tube babies are where the egg and sperm is fused together outside the body.

In cloning, a needle like device is used to draw out the cells from an embryo, then preserved using chemicals, then put in a womb/uterus to grow. Some do not need a sperm cell; they use other body cells for fertilization.

Reasons for advocating human cloning

Can clone people whose genetic composition is of a genius, people with special abilities or talents

Can be able to bring, revive back great extinct characteristics.

Those who support it believes it can reduce immorality

Reasons against human cloning

God is the sole creator. Cloning takes the place of God.
It de –humanizes human beings purpose of human reproduction
It destroys uniqueness of each individual (Cloning is an exact copy)
It can be abused and used to create antisocial people (rapists, thieves)
May create deformed people
Its un-ethical, immoral experiment. Its destruction of the embryo hence abortion
95% of clones have failed (animal) most animals died
It’s illegal
Closed animals died of cancer, had arthritis, deformities and an early death
Cloning may bring a destructive copy of humans

Advantages of genetic engineering

Implanting genes that are diseases free in people, plant and animals could prevent diseases.
Genetic crops yield more
Helps to determine the biological parent in case of dispute on babies (DNA)
Helps to increase disease resistance in crops and altering animal traits in plants and animals
Assists in classifying blood during screening before it’s transfused to another person.

Christian view of genetic engineering

Christians support genetic engineering that is beneficial to human beings e.g. Cure of genetic diseases, production of drugs, plant and animals
Human beings are made in God’s image and are loved by God with or without defects.
The dignity of the human being is eroded or disregarded and should be upheld.
Christians oppose cloning and test tube babies
it’s against God’s will or teaching

Plastic surgery

– It’s to change or mould the shape of something, to enhance or restore an area of the body

– It’s repairing or improving of damaged, diseased or unsatisfactory shaped parts of the body with pieces of skin or bone taken from other parts of the body.

– Skin grafting is the most common type of plastic surgery

– Plastic surgery is done on cleft lips i.e. cosmetic surgery, breast surgery – reduction or enlargement, surgery done to look younger.

Reasons for plastic surgery

– It can help restore ones confidence or self – esteem

– It enhances beauty, attractiveness or youthfulness

– It enhances a person’s life and can be a life changing procedure

– It may help a person to get a new job

Disadvantages

– Its expensive

– Can lead to transmission of diseases

Christian views on plastic surgery

– Some support it, as it has some benefits

– Some Christian oppose plastic surgery in order to look younger

– Some argue that some people do it because of a lack of self – acceptance, low self esteem hence should work on such issues first.

THE CHRISTIAN VIEW ON THE EFFECTS OF MODERN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ON THE ENVIRONMENT (POLLUTION, DESERTIFICATION)

In Genesis 1, man was given the responsibility of taking care of the environment

Ways of taking care of the environment

Cleaning up the environment, clean up rivers
Educating people on the importance of conservation
Dispose industrial wastes properly
Enforce use of environment – friendly fuel (unleaded fuel)
Factory owners to supply protective wear to factory workers
Planting of trees and flowers
Establishing airports, industries, and disco clubs away from residential areas.
Advocate for laws to be passed to minimize noise from vehicles, aircrafts, and entertainment centers.
Waste to be managed through

Reuse e.g. bottles

Recycle plastic bottles to be recycled to plastic bins, old newspapers to be recycled to tissue papers.

Recover – burning waste products to produce electricity

Waste can be managed to reduce use of ‘Throw away’ goods e.g. batteries to use of electricity.

POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECTS

Its introduction into the environment of substances or energy that is liable to cause hazards to human health, harm to living resources and ecological systems

In simple terms pollution is the contamination of the environment.

Substances that cause pollution are called pollutants. Some of the pollutants include;

Industrial affluent

Pesticides

Insecticides

Fertilizers

Ultra – violet rays from nuclear plants

Dust

Smoke

Noise

Waste heat

Exhaust gases from automobiles

Types of pollution

a) Water pollution
p) Air pollution
q) Land pollution
r) Radiation pollution
s) Sound pollution (noise)

Water pollution

This is the increase of substances in water in excess of its rightful chemical components thus making it unsuitable for human, animal or plant use.

– Disposing domestic and industrial waste into rivers, lakes, seas etc pollutes water.

– Disposing agricultural chemicals pesticides into water bodies.

– Oil spilling into waters

– Poor sanitation bathing or washing clothes in rivers or dams

Effects of water pollution

Causes diseases, which are communicable such as cholera, typhoid, and dysentery.
Leads to death of marine life – birds (Flamingo) fish by oil spills
Mercury (metal) leads, silver are poisonous. They kill organisms.
Water becomes unfit for human consumption

Air pollution

– Presence of contaminants in the atmosphere caused by

Smoke
Fumes
Dust – from mines, quarries

– When there is an increased level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that’s pollution

– Other major atmospheric pollutants include gases such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), and sulphur dioxide (SO2)

– Nitrogen Oxide (NO) i.e. fumes from vehicles, aircrafts, and industries

Effects

(i) Leads to diseases such as bronchitis, asthma

(ii) Leads to depletion of the Ozone layer leading to ultra – violet rays of the sun penetrating to the earth causing skin cancer, cataracts (eye problems), and low plant yields.

(iii) Causes rusting of roofs

(iv) Causes acid rains

(v) Carbon dioxide (02) in the atmosphere has led to global warming.

(vi) Formation of smog (thick fog), which can lead to accidents.

(vii) Colored rain due to large amounts of dust in the atmosphere

(viii) Eyesight loss due to gas leakages from industrial plants.

Land pollution

Land pollution is any physical or chemical alteration to land, which causes change in its use and renders it incapable of beneficial use without treatment.

– Improper or excessive use of insecticides, pesticides makes land acidic

– Land is also polluted by improper disposal of waste / garbage, broken glasses.

Effects

(i) Waste is an eye sore spoiling the beauty of the environment

(ii) Broken glass can lead to injuries

(iii) Open mining leaves pits, which are a danger to people and animals.

Noise pollution

– Experienced especially in urban centers, near roads, running water, mining areas, airports, music from bars, nightclubs etc.

– An instrument called sound meter measures noise. The lowest unit is O Decitel, which is okay. More than 80 decibels is harmful to the ear.

Noise over 80 decibels can cause (effects)

– Deafness, hearing problems

– Psychological disorders – frustrations, irritation

– Insomnia

– Shock due to sudden noise

– Cracking of walls

Noise can be minimized by

Construction of sound proof buildings

Location of residential areas away from industries, airports, bars, main roads

Banning of unnecessary hooting, playing of loud music in public vehicles

Installing silencers in generators

Education people on the effects of noise pollution

Pollution caused by radiation

Mainly in developed countries

-Atomic explosions e.g. Hiroshima / Nagasaki in Japan in 1945. The side effects of mutations of born children. Some children born with deformi-ties. The radiation caused chromosome mutations. Some mutations on the cells of the parent / grandparents.

Nuclear power stations also a danger

Medical equipment e.g. X ray machines when one is over exposed to these radiations (x – rays) it can lead to development of cancer.

DESERTIFICATION

This is slow encroachment of desert – like a condition to land that was previously productive making it desolate, uncultivatable and uninhabitable. Human activity accelerates creation of deserts.

Causes of deserts

Natural
a) Persistent rains in a semi – arid area
b) Exposure of an area to very high, very cold temperatures
c) Inadequate rainfall for a long period of time
Human

Human activities that lead to desertification are

(i) Cutting down of trees (deforestation) for land use such as building, industries, and not replacing them.

(ii) Use of water from wells to irrigate land. Its harmful especially salty water – salt on soil salination is toxic to soils.

(iii) Incorrect use of pesticides and fertilizers destroy soil nutrients.

(iv) Industrialization – industries emit carbon dioxide (CO2) leading to formation of acid rain, which leads to unproductive land hence desertification

(v) Overgrazing especially among the pastoralist communities

(vi) Poor farming methods like cultivation on riverbanks and slopes, which causes soil erosion, leading to desertification.

SOLUTIONS TO DESERTIFICATION

Land can be restored through the following ways;

(i) Removal of people, livestock from certain areas e.g. forests

(ii) Installation of good drainage systems

(iii) Reduction of water logging / salination

(iv) Use of alternative sources of fuel such as wind, solar, biogas instead of cutting down trees to use as fuel (charcoal)

(v) Advocate for penalties to those who pollute the environment – factories

(vi) Replace trees that are cut down

(vii) Build water storage facilities to store rain water then use it for irrigation

(viii) Educate people on the importance of the environment

(ix) Use of manure instead of harmful fertilizers

Emulate Prof. Wangari Maathai implanting trees – 8th October 2004 she was awarded the Nobel peace prize, an international award, for her efforts in preserving the environment.

Revision questions

How can modern Christians evaluate scientific and technological discoveries?
Why is the church in Kenya opposed to plastic surgery?
How has science and technology improved human life?
What are the consequences of science and technology in our society?

C.R.E. – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

TOPIC ONE

CHRISTIAN ETHICS

Q1. What is the meaning of Christian Ethics?

This is the study of human conduct or behavior.

It is about how Christians make choices in their daily lives guided by Christian principles and value.

Q2. What is the basis or sources or foundation of Christian Ethics?

The Bible/Biblical scripture (holy)

The natural law

Human experience and reason

The Christian community – preachers

Situation Ethics

Secular/Civil Law

Q3. List the basic life skills that one needs to be able to lead a better life

(a) Critical thinking

(b) Creative thinking

(d) Self-esteem

(e) Assertiveness

TOPIC TWO

MALE/FEMALE RELATIONSHIPS

Q1. Explain seven Christian teachings on male/female relationships

Male/female were created as equal human beings: created in the image and likeness of God.

Male/female created for companionship, help/ partners/ complements each other.

Both are co-creator with God – done through procreation.

Union between both is consummated in marriage.

Relationship is based on love and respect/chastity.

Man/husband is the head of the family.

Each man to have his own wife and wife own husband.

Husband and wife should not deny each other conjugal rights.

Youth should abstain from sex until marriage.

Male/female body is temple of the Lord.

Short periods of abstinence are allowed among married people but with consent from each other.

Christians appreciate different roles of men and women in the church e.g. leadership in choir for women and men.

TOPIC THREE: HUMAN SEXUALITY

Q1. Explain the Traditional African understanding of human sexuality

Human sexuality is regarded as sacred and secret in many African communities.

The sacredness of sex is related to the power to transmit life – procreation.

It is taboo to discuss sex matters freely especially in the presence of children.

Grandparents who are free from any tying job teach sex education.

Young people are prepared for adult life in the context of age group e.g. games of sexual nature take place within an age group. The age group has control of each other and there is no sex whatsoever.

During initiation ceremonies, vigorous sex education is provided to the initiates.

They are taught about sex, its secrets and the mystery of manhood and womanhood.

Girls are expected to remain virgins

Rape offenders are severely punished.

Boys and girls are not allowed to mix.

Division of labor is on the basis of sex.

Roles of boys and girls are taught from childhood e.g. by copying their parents.

Q2. Explain Christian attitude towards human sexuality

Sex is sacred.

Man and woman are equal before God.

It is for procreation.

Man and woman are complimentary.

Both were created in the image of God.

They became one in marriage.

Sex is only allowed in marriage.

Virginity is valued.

Human beings have the ability to control sexual desires.

Chastity is a virtue.

All forms of irresponsible sexual behavior are condemned.

Q3. In what ways is sex abused in Kenya?

 By practicing fornication/sex before marriage.

Adultery – sex outside marriage

Through prostitution

By practicing bestiality

Through homosexuality/lesbianism/gayism

Incest

Rape/defilement of minors

Masturbation

Pornographic literature – using of technological devices in sex

Q4. Why do you think minors are defiled or sexually abused in Kenya daily?

Lack of self-control among some men

Drugs and drug abuse

Permissiveness in society

Influence from the mass media

Mental illness – mad people

Erosion of the African culture/moral values

Devil worship/strange cults/false religion

Breakdown of religion values

Irresponsible parenthood

Indecent dressing

Leniency of the Law/no punishment for criminal

Idleness

Poverty

Responsible Sexual Behavior

Q 5 what is the Christian teaching on responsible sexual behavior?

Responsible sex is between male and female.

Sexual intercourse is allowed between married people.

Faithfulness is a virtue in this: Both partners must avoid adultery.

Responsible sexual behavior means exercising self-control.

It entails obedience to God’s commands hence a Christian has to shun forbidden sexual behavior e.g. fornication.

Body temple of the Lord, Our sexual relationships should uphold human dignity and respect for our bodies.

The Bible teaches that whatever we do with our bodies should be for the glory of God (1 Cor. 7:19-20).

Q6. List the difference types of irresponsible sexual behavior

Homosexuality (lesbianism, sodomy)
Bestiality
Masturbation
Rape
Incest
Prostitution
Fornication
Abortion

Q7. Explain the Christian teaching on responsible sexual behavior

It defiles the body, which is the temple of God.

It is wickedness.

It is unholy and dirty before God.

It is spiritually unclean.

Those involved break the commandment of God.

It involves coveting – a sin.

Polygamy is condemned and considered irresponsible.

Q8. State the effects of irresponsible sexual behavior

It can lead to sexually transmitted diseases (AIDS).

Can lead to pregnancy and then abortion.

If married people are involved (adultery) divorce may occur.

Separation

Children suffer lack of parental care due to divorce as a result of adultery.

It may lead to street children.

It discourages young people from marrying.

It can lead to fights, quarrels, misunderstanding and friction.

Young people can chop out of school due to pregnancy/AIDS.

Can lead to single parenthood.

Withdrawing from family and society

Self-pity and loneliness

Psychological problems e.g. depression

Stress

Suicide and death

Unwanted/unexpected pregnancies

Aggressiveness and violence

LESSON THREE: THE FAMILY

Q5. State the different types of families

Nuclear family

Single parent family

Polygamous

Extended

LESSON TWO: MARRIAGE

Q1. Explain the Traditional African understanding of marriage

Marriage is viewed as the focus of existence, i.e. the point where the three members of the community meet (i.e. living, departed and the unborn).

A rhythm of life through which everybody must participate

Marriage is a duty/a must/compulsory

Failure to marry means the person has rejected society and the society rejects him in turn.

Those who do not marry are considered as sub-human or lawbreakers.

Marriage is God ordained.

Young boys and girls are prepared for this sacred institution during initiation.

They are taught everything pertaining to marriage e.g. sex.

Children cement the marriage.

Q2. What is the importance of children in Traditional African Society?

They help their parents at old age.

Cement a marriage: One without children is considered incomplete.

Children (boys) provide security at home and the community.

They help in the perpetuation of the family and community name.

The departed are reborn through naming of children.

Provide labor

It is through children that (new) members meet and get to know each other. Young children are introduced to their relatives e.g. during initiation, marriage etc.

Children uphold the statue of parents.

Q3. What is the Christian teaching about marriage?

The church defines marriage as a covenant.

The Bible teaches that marriage is a divine institution.

Marriage is for procreation.

Marriage is for companionship.

It is for fulfillment of mutual love.

Marriage is a remedy against sin – fornication.

It should be monogamous.

Marriage should be permanent – no divorce.

Without or with children marriage is complete.

Sex outside marriage is forbidden.

Q4. What is the importance of courtship period in Traditional African Societies?

It helped in identifying a suitable marriage partner.

The two families involved established a firm relationship.

The boy and the girl had a chance to learn each other’s character.

It gives an opportunity to know whether the boy and girl are related.

Allows time for exchange of gifts between the two families, thus a firm relationship is established.

Time to negotiate the bride-wealth

Boy and girl are instructed about their duties and responsibilities.

Q5. Why are many people opting for celibacy instead of marriage today?

Celibacy is used to refer to the unmarried.

Many remain single today because of Christianity – to serve God.

Some are born Eunuchs – cannot father children.

Education – one may want to pursue education

Career demands – too demanding to allow one get time for a family.

Lack of guidance and counseling on marriage and family

Discouragement from failing marriages

Economic reasons – one may not have money for a big house, wedding and bringing up a family.

Poor health e.g. epilepsy

Economic independence – whereby young people feel satisfied when they have enough money

Parental interference – or whom their son should marry.

Disappointing relationships

CHAPTER SIX

CHRISTIAN APPROACHES TO WORK

Q1. What is work?

Answer

Work means any human activity, be it manual, intellectual or both.

Q2. List any six reasons why people work

People work for self-satisfaction and fulfillment

For personal development

In order to acquire basic needs of life

To give life meaning, direction and dignity.

To provide service for the community.

To acquire wealth and status in the community.

In order to socialize and grow as a member of a community

To attain independence and stop depending on others.

In order to help others e.g. beggars.

Q3. Explain the Traditional African attitude towards work

Work was understood as a fundamental dimension of human existence here on earth.

It is through work that human beings were able to change, reorganize and restructure their society.

It was regarded as a recreational activity as through it, people built their houses, places of worship, produced art like sculpture and carving.

Work was highly valued and the dignity of work was taught early in life.

Each member had his own role to play e.g. men went out to hunt, herd etc accompanied with boys while mother did house work with the help of daughters.

Grandparents taught the youth how to behave and baby seated.

They believed work was God’s will and so they invoked God’s name through prayer, sacrifice to bless their work.

They had freedom over their work. No supervision. They decided when to work, when to rest but rest came after work.

Work was related to leisure, for people sang, danced and told stories as they worked.

Through work, many people exploited talents or learned e.g. building houses, song etc.

All were workers – work was compulsory.

Work brought people together – solidarity. This is because they shared work (communal work).

Q3. List some of the factors that have changed the attitude towards work in the modern society

Level of education – determine the type of work.

Availability of job opportunities

Stiff competition

Work is personal unlike in Traditional African Communities where it was social.

Negative attitude to work, this is where some people hate manual work.

People work for personal gain and gratification

Work is a commodity to be sold to the highest bidder.

Q4. What are the rights of employers?

They have a right to a fair taxation in their business.

Get profits from their business.

Have association with other employers

Expect loyalty form their employees.

Receive from their employees work input as agreed upon on the employment contract.

Operate without being black mailed by trade unions.

Open business ventures without Government restrictions.

Q5. State the duties of employees

To carry out their duties to the best of their ability without supervision e.g. is punctual, present etc.

To respect and protect the property of the employer.

To resort to peaceful means of solving problems, and not destructive ways e.g. strike.

To work diligently for self – fulfillment and development

To respect the employer and fellow employees.

Q6. Why has child labor become common in Kenya?

Definition: – This is the employment of children on a full time basis.

Reasons:

Their labor is cheap.

They are not union sable and can therefore not fight for proper terms and conditions of service.

They can easily be lured and fired.

They do not have qualifications in any skill so as to negotiate for their terms.

They are looked at as a source of income by their parents or guardians.

Q7. What are the causes of unemployment in Kenya?

High population – There are too few job opportunities as compared to the many young people.

Hatred for manual work – many youth are looking for white-collar jobs despising the available “blue jobs.”

Bribery and corruption – In the job market whereby the rich are able to give while the poor though with good qualifications cannot secure a job.

Lack of skills and capital to start self-employment

Bad governance and poor economic policies from the government

SAPS – Structural Adjustment of Programmes i.e. Policy – not giving funds has led to poverty.

International policies of globalization that have affected the agric sector that has been the greatest employer in Kenya

Retrenchment of workers in the Civil Service and Private Sectors

Increase in crime that has aggravated insecurity in the country. This has discouraged local and international investors.

Q8. What can the Government do to reduce unemployment in Kenya?

By creating more job opportunities

By starting more industries

Increase of workers by 10% after every 10 years

Encouraging self-employment whereby loans and space are given

Starting of a school curriculum (8.4.4.) – starting that gears students into blue-collar jobs.

Starting the District Funds for Rural Development = C.D.F.

Stopping rural –urban migration

By Africanisation of jobs – sending away foreign workers

CHAPTER SEVEN

CHRISTIAN APPROACHES TO LEISURE: AND THE USE AND ABUSE OF DRUGS

Q1. Identify five (5) reasons why the taking of alcohol as a way of spending leisure is condemned

It leads to conflicts/quarrels within the family.

Misuse of family resources

May lead to addiction.

Leads to irresponsible sexual behaviors e.g. prostitution, adultery, and fornication

Could lead to loss of income.

May lead to irresponsibility, which leads to accidents such as motor accidents.

Q2. Write down 5 ways in which modern Christian use their leisure time

Organize/attend religious seminars.

Participate in church choir/concerts

Offers services to the aged

Read religious literature e.g. Bible

Keep the church and its environment clean.

Have fellowship with other Christians

Initiate self-help projects to assist the needy.

Provide guidance and counseling to the community.

Preach the word of God

Visit relatives and friends

Be with family members

Listen to Christian preaching/songs on radio

Q3. Give 5 ways in which drug abuse could affect a Christian family

Drains family resources

Fights in families may occur.

Leads to diseases

Leads to family break-ups/separation/divorce

It reduces one’s capacity to be productive in the family.

Results in making wrong decisions/judgment

Leads to denial of conjugal rights

Leads to loss of religious values

Leads to poor role models for children

Leads to crime/imprisonment

Q4. Identify ways in which Christians can overcome temptations to drug abuse

Practicing self-control

Praying against being tempted.

Seeking guidance and counseling

Avoiding the company of those who misuse drugs

Reading literature on the correct use of drugs

Participating in activities that promote proper use of drugs/healthy activities

Q5. Why is leisure important in the life of Christians?

Gives one time to visit the sick/needy

For dedicating oneself to God/worshiping God

Provide an opportunity to fellowship with others

It allows one to develop the different talents given by God.

It gives one an opportunity to meet new friends/family.

One is able to read the word of God.

Provides an opportunity for one to preach/evangelize

Provides an opportunity to take care of the environment

Provides an opportunity to guide and counsel others and be guided

Provides time to rest to gain lost energy.

Q6. What factors have contributed to the misuse or leisure in Kenya today?

Too much money/wealth/availability of drugs/contraceptives

Inadequate facilities

Lack of proper guidance/education on how to use leisure

Poverty

Inability to make right decisions

Bad company/peer pressure

Watching/reading phonographic materials/negative media

Misunderstanding in families/frustrations

Inability to balance between different activities

Permissiveness

Lack of role models

Idleness/boredom/unemployment

Q7. State the factors that have led to the misuse of drugs in Kenya today

Poor role models

Stress/depression/rebellion

Peer pressure/curiosity

Irresponsible parenthood

Influence of mass media

Availability of drugs/wealth

Lack of guidance and counseling

Corruption/greed

Poverty

Moral decay/permissiveness in the society

Lack of knowledge/ignorance on use of drugs

Idleness

Urbanization/west culture

CHAPTER EIGHT

CHRISTIAN RESPONSE TO ISSUES RELATED TO WEALTH, MONEY AND POVERTY

Q1. Explain the biblical teaching on wealth

It is a blessing from God.

When wealth comes with responsibility.

Wealth can create a sense of false independence.

It should be acquired in just and honest way.

Wrong attitude to wealth leads to idolatry.

One should seek spiritual wealth, which is permanent and more fulfilling.

It is wrong to discriminate others on basis of material possessions.

Christians should share whatever wealth they have.

Wealth is not supreme good.

Wealth gives people independence so that they do not beg.

Wealth may bring suffering and insecurity.

God is the owner of wealth and people should realize that they are only stewards.

Q2. Discuss the biblical teaching on acquisition and use of wealth

Riches acquired through just and fair means are not condemned.

Even if wealth is acquired through just means it should not be idolized.

Failing to use wealth to glorify God

God is the source of all riches.

Wealth is acquired through obedience to God’s laws.

People ought to take care of their wealth not misuse.

Wealth should be equally distributed and not concentrated in the hands of a few.

Wealth should be used to develop the nation’s infrastructure.

Q3. Explain ways in which people misuse wealth in Kenya today

Indulge in alcohol and drugs

Engaging in immoral practices e.g. prostitution

Gambling which might lead to loss of wealth

Being luxurious/extravagant

Unfair class competition among the wealthy

Using wealth to undermine others e.g. assassination

Using wealth to promote crime

Engaging in risky/dangerous sports or projects e.g. motor racing, wrestling.

Using wealth selfishly/lack of social concern

Using wealth to engage young people into immoral practices e.g. sex tourism.

Q4. Show how misuse of wealth leads to family instability

One may indulge in alcohol/drug abuse at the expense of family needs.

Engage in immorality/extra-marital sexual relations/prostitution

Leads to misunderstanding on how to use wealth/invest

One uses wealth to engage in gambling.

Spoils children/encourages laziness.

Arrogance/pride/showing off

One becomes obsessed with wealth and fails to care for the family love – has no time for the family.

Inheritance squabbles in case of death.

One fails to meet the basic needs for the family.

Q5. Give ways in which Kenyan Government is alleviating levels of poverty

Offering free education

Provision of C.D.F

Allocation of bursary to the needy

Creating and enabling environmental employment in formal and informal sectors (easy access to loans)

Providing market for agricultural products e.g. K.C.C, Cereal Board

Provision of low cost health services

Improving infrastructure e.g. roads, electricity

Providing youth fund through the Ministry of Youth Affairs.

Q6. State the factors that have contributed to high levels of poverty in Kenya today

Geographical factors e.g. adverse climate conditions.

Historical/colonialism and social factors e.g. poor family background

Political instability, which may lead to civil wars

Poor governance

Regional imbalance of natural resources

Low level of technology

Unemployment

Laziness

Over dependence on foreign aid

Abuse of alcohol and other drugs

Lack of formal education hence no employment

CHAPTER NINE

CHRISTIAN APPROACHES TO LAW, ORDER AND JUSTICE

Q1. State ways in which Christians can promote unity/peach in the society

By reporting criminals to the police

By being good example to others as peacekeepers

Praying for criminals

Building and counseling criminals

Teaching the society the importance of keeping peace

Condemning evil and evildoers

Q2. Why should Christians take part in voting?

They belong to the society and leadership affects them.

It is a God-given duty.

In order to choose righteous leaders who will encourage values/virtues

In order to help reduce bribery and corruption and other vices in the society

CHAPTER 10

CHRISTIAN APPROACHES TO SELECTED ISSUES RELATED TO MODERN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Q1. How can modern Christians evaluate scientific and technological discoveries?

They should keep in mind that God gave them high-level power of thinking.

Discoveries must be used intelligently to solve man’s problems.

They should not be used as an insult to God who created all things e.g. in things like plastic surgery, test tube babies etc.

Discoveries must be used intelligently to solve man’s problems.

Discoveries should not erode Christian values by increasing man’s trust in scientific and technological production.

Acknowledge God as the source of all truth including science

Should help man make moral decision and judgments e.g. effect of alcohol, smoking, etc.

Man should not be a slave to scientific discoveries instead he should control it.

Q2. Why is the church in Kenya opposed to plastic surgery?

It is against God’s plan of old age and death.

It is a sign of lack of appreciation to God’s work of creation.

It can lead to death if the operation fails.

It interferes with God’s image given at birth.

May be very expensive.

Emphasis on beauty and pleasing which are seen as idolatry

Certain diseases can be transmitted especially where tissues may be detached from a donor with an infectious disease.

Can bring about other operations like diseases.

Scientists use it to compete with God’s creation.

Leads to vices such as pride

It may lead to criminal activities by the victim due to different appearances.

It is a sign of lack of faith in God’s power of creation/healing.

It is against human dignity.

Q3. How have science and technology improved human life?

Modern methods of transport and communication have improved social interaction and faster movements.

It has improved efficiency at work where machines are used.

Has improved agricultural development hence increasing food production.

Irrigation and wealth forecasting have too increased in food production.

It has brought better health care through modern medical technology.

Human beings are now better placed in terms of security matters by use of radar, alarms and electrical fencing.

It has led to the creation of job opportunities through industrial development.

Formal education and training has equipped human beings with new skills for survival.

Trade has been promoted through the use of computers and the Internet.

Q4. What are the consequences of science and technology in our society today?

Unemployment is acute in our society today because computers have taken over.

There is exploitation of workers by the employers because they want maximum profits.

It has caused pollution and air poisoning.

It has caused health hazards and accidents in factories, roads etc.

Machines have replaced human labor.

Families are separated due to employment whereby a mother lives in the rural with children while the father goes to town to work.

It has destroyed family relationships and replaced it with individualism

Teachers' Resources

BIOLOGY PAST KCSE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS PER TOPIC- GENETICS IN PDF

October 5, 2025 Maverick John Leave a comment

GENETICS

PAST KCSE QUESTIONS ON TOPICS

The figure below is a structural diagram of a portion from a nucleic acid strand.

— S — P — S — P — S — P — S

C G U C

(a) Giving a reason, name the nucleic acid to which the portion belongs. ( 2 marks)

Name _________________________

Reason _________________________

(b) Write down the sequence of bases of a complimentary strand to that shown above ( 1 mark)

State two structural differences between ribonucleic acid ( RNA) and

deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) ( 2 marks)

Name a disorder of human blood that is caused by mutation ( 1 mark)
State the function of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule ( 1 mark)
Give a reason why it is only mutation in genes of gametes that influence evolution ( 2 marks)
In an experiment, red flower were crossed with plants with white flower. All the plants in the F1 generation had pink flowers.

(a) Give a reason for the appearance of pink flower in the F1

generation ( 1 mark)

(b) If the plants from F1 generation were selfed, state the phenotype ratio of the F2 generation ( 2 marks)

State two characteristics that researchers select in breading programmes.

( 2 marks)

Give an example of sex- linked trait in humans on; ( 2 marks)

Y chromosome __________________

X chromosome __________________

In an experiment, a variety of garden peas having a smooth seed oat was crossed with a variety with a wrinkled seed coat. All the seeds obtained in the F1 had a smooth seed coat. The F1 generation was selfed. The total number of F2 generation was 7324.

(a) Using appropriate letter symbols, work out the genotype of the F1 generation. ( 4 marks)

(b) From the information above, work out the following for the F2 generation

(i) Genotype ratio ( 2 marks)

(ii) Phenotype ratio ( 1 mark)

(iii) Wrinkled number ( 1 mark)

In a certain plant species, some individual plant may have white, red or pink flower. In an experiment a plant with white parent plant were pure lines. All the plants from F1 generation were pink. Using letter R to represent the gene for red colour and letter W for white colour;

(a) Work out the genotype of F1 generation ( 3 marks)

(b) If the plants from F1 generation were selfed, what would be the phenotypic ratio of the F2 generation? ( 3 marks)

In a breeding experiment, plants with red flower were crossed. They produced 123 plants with red flowers and 41 with white flowers.

Identify the recessive character. Give a reason
What were the genotypes of the parent plants that give rise to the plants with red and white flowers?
If the white flowers were selfed, what would be the genotypes of their offspring?

(a) Name two disorders in humans caused by gene mutation

( 2 marks)

(b) Describe the following chromosomal mutations

(i) Inversion ( 2 marks)

(ii) Translocation

(c) In mice the allele for black fur is dominant to the allele for brown fur. What percentage offspring would have brown fur from a cross between heterozygous black mice and brown mice? Show your working. Use letter B to represent the allele for black colour. ( 4 marks)

(a) What is meant by the term allele? ( 1 mark)

(b) Explain how the following occur during gene mutation

(i) Deletion ( 1 mark)

(ii) Inversion ( 1 mark)

In maize the gene for purple colour is dominant to the gene for white colour. A pure breeding maize plant with purple grains was crossed with a heterozygous plant.

(i) Using letter G to represent the gene for purple colour, work out

the genotypic ratio of the offspring ( 5 marks)

(ii) State the phenotype of the offspring ( 1 mark)

(b) What is genetic engineering? ( 1 mark)

Define the following terms as used in genetics.

(i) Alleles

(ii) Genotype

(iii) Phenotype

A farmer mated his dark red cow with a white bull. The cow gave birth to a light red calf

State why the calf is light red and not dark red or white
If a light red bull is mated with a dark red cow, work out using appropriate letter symbols the probability of getting a light offspring

(a) What is meant by linked genes?

(b) (i) In fruit flies (Drosophila) the gene for red eyes ® is dominant over

the one for white – eye (r). If a true breeding white – eyed male, all the offspring will be red eyed. However, if a true – breeding white- eyed female is mated with a true- breeding red- eyed male, all the female offspring will be red – eyed. Explain this apparent contradiction.

(ii) Work out the ratio of the expected phenotypes if a red- eyed female offspring from the cross- described in (i) above is mated with red- eyed males.

(a) Explain the term variation with reference to the study of genetics.

(b) Using relevant examples distinguish between discontinuous variation and continuous variation

(d) Describe one example where genetic variations has helped a species to survive

The diagram below shows the base sequence of part of a nucleic acid stand. Observe it and answer the questions that follow

G T T A G C T G A

(a) What do the letters G, T , C and A represent?

(b) Giving your reasons state whether it is part of DNA or an RNA strand.

Show the complementary DNA strand
Show the complimentary RNA strand

In human couples the sex of a baby is determined by the man. Explain this statement.

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PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT PHYSICS NOTES

October 5, 2025 Maverick John Leave a comment

CHAPTER NINE

PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

Photoelectric effect was discovered by Heinrich Hertz in 1887. Photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from the surface of a substance when certain electromagnetic radiation falls on it.

Metal surfaces require ultra-violet radiation while caesium oxide needs a visible light i.e. optical spectrum (sunlight).

DEMONSTRATING PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

Using Neutral Plates

Procedure

Set up the apparatus as shown in figure 9
Direct UV-radiation towards plate A. Observe what happens to the galvanometer.
Place the glass barrier in between the source and plate A and again observe what happens.

Observation

When ultraviolet radiation is allowed to fall on metal plate A, the galvanometer shows deflection.

When the barrier is introduced so that the radiation is cut off, the galvanometer shows no deflection .

Explanation

When ultraviolet radiation energy falls on a metal surface, some electrons absorb this energy and are dislodged from the surface.

The deflection of the galvanometer indicates that electrons are emitted at plate A and attracted by the plate B, causing a current to flow.

The glass plate, however, cuts off the ultraviolet radiation.

(b) Using Charged Electroscope

Procedure

Direct ultraviolet radiation from a mercury vapour lamp onto the zinc plate and observe the divergence of the leaf when the electroscope is positively charged, see figure

Observation

For the positively charged electroscope, the leaf divergence remains the same. However, for the negatively charged electroscope, the leaf divergence decreases.

Explanation

When the zinc plate is irradiated with ultraviolet radiation, electrons are emitted from its surface.
The photoelectrons emitted from the positively charged zinc plate do not escape due to attraction by the positive charge on the plate and the leaf divergence therefore remains the same.

The photoelectrons emitted from the negatively charged zinc plate are repelled and the electroscope becomes discharged as a result of which the leaf divergence decreases.

If a sheet of ordinary glass (which absorbs ultraviolet radiation) is introduced between the negatively charged zinc plate and the ultraviolet source, the leaf divergence remains same.

Light Energy and Quantum Theory

Max Planck in 1901 came up with the idea that light energy is propagated as small packets of energy.

Each packet is called a quantum of energy (plural: quanta).

In light, these discrete amounts of energy are called photons.

According to Planck, the energy E possessed by one photon is given by; E = hf, where, h is Planck’s constant equal to 6.63 x 10^-34 J s and f the frequency of the radiation.

c=fλ

Hence

Thus where c is the velocity of the radiation in vacuum and λ is the wavelength.

Since c and h are constant, a radiation of longer wavelength has lower energy

Terms used in photoelectric effect

Work function W₀

A minimum amount of work is needed to remove an electron from its energy level so as to overcome the forces binding it to the surface.

This work is known as the work function with units of electron volts (eV). One electron volt is the work done when one electron is transferred between points with a potential difference of one volt; that is,

1 eV = 1 electron × 1 volt

1 eV = 1.6 × 10^-19 × 1 volt

eV = 1.6× 10^-19 Joules (J)

Threshold frequency f₀

This is the minimum frequency of the radiation that will cause a photoelectric effect on a certain surface. The higher the work function, the higher the threshold frequency.

Threshold Wavelength λ₀

This is the maximum the maximum wavelength beyond which no photoelectric emission will occur.

Work function W₀=hf₀

For any radiation of frequency f less than f₀, hf will be lower than W0 and emission will not occur.

When the frequency of the radiation is f_o‘ hf₀ = W₀ (the work function), and emission occurs.

When the frequency of the radiation f > f₀, hf > W₀ and the excess energy in this case appears as the kinetic energy of the emitted electron.

Factors affecting the photoelectric effect

Intensity of the incident radiation– the rate of emission of photoelectrons is directly proportional to the intensity of incident radiation.
Type of the metal/Work function of the surface– photoelectrons are emitted at different velocities with the maximum being processed by the ones at the surface.

Energy of the incident radiation– the cut-off potential for each surface is directly proportional to the frequency of the incident radiation.

The graph of the frequency of the stopping potential against frequency of the radiation is a straight line as shown below

The graph is a straight line. From Einstein’s photoelectric equation;
Work done by stopping potential is given by ev.

By work energy theorem,
Substituting in Einstein’s photoelectric equation;
hf= hfo + eV_s

Therefore, e V_s = hf – hf₀

But hf₀ is equal to work function W₀. Hence, the graph of Vs against f is straight line cutting the f-axis at f_₀.

The slope of the graph is and the V_s. intercept is

Both Planck’s constant h and the work function W₀ can therefore be calculated from the graph.

Einstein’s photoelectric equation

When a photon strikes an electron, all its energy is absorbed by the electron.

Some of the absorbed energy is used to dislodge the electron from the metal surface while the rest appears as the kinetic energy of the emitted electron.

The energy transformation during photoelectric emission is thus summed as follows;

Examples

The cut-off wavelength for a certain material is 3.310 × 10^-7 What is the cut-off frequency for the material?

Solution

Speed of light ‘c’ = 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s. Since f = c / λ, then f = 3.0 × 10⁸ / 3.310 × 10^-7 = 9.06 × 10¹⁴ Hz.

The work function of tungsten is 4.52 e V. Find the cut-off potential for photoelectrons when a tungsten surface is illuminated with radiation of wavelength 50 × 10^-7 m. (Planck’s constant, h = 6.62 × 10^-34 Js).

Solution

Frequency ‘f’ = c / λ = 3.0 × 10⁸ / 2.50 × 10^-7.

Energy of photon = h f = 6.62 × 10^-34× (3.0 × 10⁸ / 2.50 × 10^-7) × (1 / 1.6 × 10^-19) = 4.97 eV.

Hence h f_co = 4.52 e V. e V _co = 4.97 e V – 4.52 e V = 0.45 e V = 7.2 × 10^-20 J V _co = 7.2 × 10^-20 / 1.6 × 10^-19 = 0.45 e V.

The threshold frequency for lithium is 5.5 × 10¹⁴ Calculate the work function for lithium. (Take ‘h’ = 6.626 × 10^-34 Js)

Solution

Threshold frequency, f _o = 5.5 × 10¹⁴Hz, ‘h’ = 6.626 × 10^-34 Js

Φ = h f = 5.5 × 10¹⁴× 6.626 × 10^-34 = 36.4 × 10^-204. Sodium has a work function of 2.0 e V. Calculate

The maximum energy and velocity of the emitted electrons when sodium is Illuminated by a radiation of wavelength 150 nm.

Determine the least frequency of radiation by which electrons are emitted. (Take ‘h’ = 6.626 × 10^-34 Js, e = 1.6 × 10^-19, c = 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s and mass of electron = 9.1 × 10^-31 kg).

Solution

a) The energy of incident photon is given by h f = c / λ

= (6.626 × 10^-34 × 3.0 × 10⁸) / 1.50 × 10^-9 = 1.325 × 10^-18 J

K.E _max = h f – Φ = (1.325 × 10^-18) – (2 × 1.6 × 10^-19) = 1.0 × 10 ^-18 J (max. K.E of the emitted electrons)

But K.E _max = ½ m v²_max. Therefore;

1.0 × 10 ^-18 = ½ × 9.1 × 10^-31× V²_max

V²_max = (1.0 × 10 ^-18 / 9.1 × 10^-31)^1/2= 1.5 × 10⁶ m/s (max. velocity of emitted electrons).

b) Φ = h f _co and f _o = Φ / λ, Φ = 2 × 1.6 × 10^-19 f_o = (2 × 1.6 × 10^-19) / (6.626 × 10^-34) = 4.8 × 10¹⁴ Hz ( threshold frequency of

the emitted electrons)

Applications of photoelectric effect

Photo-emissive cells– they are made up of two electrodes enclosed in a glass bulb (evacuated or containing inert gas at low temperature). The cathode is a curved metal plate while the anode is normally a single metal rod)

They are used mostly in controlling lifts (doors) and reproducing the sound track in a film. Photoconductive cells – some semi-conductors such as cadmium sulphide (cds) reduces their resistance when light is shone at them (photo resistors). Other devices such as photo-diodes and photo-transistors block current when the intensity of light increases.

Photo-conductive cells

Photo-conductive cells are also known as light dependent resistors (LDR) and are used in alarm circuits i.e. fire alarms, and also in cameras as exposure meters.

Photo-voltaic cell– this cell generates an e.m.f using light and consists of a copper disc oxidized on one surface and a very thin film of gold is deposited over the exposed surfaces (this thin film allows light). The current increases with light intensity.

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Grade 4 Latest Rationalized Notes

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Computer Studies Notes Form 1-4 {Best}

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Computer Studies Notes Form 1-4 {Best}

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Form 4 revision papers with answers

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Download free complete Form 4 Exams With Marking Schemes here at no cost.

FREE FORM FOUR EXAMS PLUS MARKING SCHEMES.

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SMARTPASS EXAMINATION FORM 4 ENGLISH PP1

October 5, 2025 Maverick John Leave a comment

Name………………………………………………………………Index No…………………….

Candidate’s signature………………………………………………Date………………………….

101/1

ENGLISH

Paper 1

(Functional writing, cloze test and oral skills.)

2 Hours

SMARTPASS EXAMINATION

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE)

MODEL ONE

ENGLISH

Paper 1

INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS

Write your name admission number and class in the spaces provided above.
Answer all the questions in this question paper.
All your answers must be written in the spaces provided in this question paper.
This paper consists of 7 printed pages.
Candidates should check the paper to ascertain that all the pages are printed as indicated and that no questions are missing.

For Examiner’s use only

Ques.	Max. Score	Student’s Score
1	20
2	10
3	30
TOTAL SCORE

FUNCTIONAL WRITING 20 MARKS

You are the organizing secretary of the Youth Club in your school. You have planned to invite a school from a far place to discuss some emerging issues that affect the youth.

Fax the invitation, including some emerging issues to be discussed and instructions on how to get to your school.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

CLOZE TEST (10 MARKS)

Read the passage below and fill each blank space with an appropriate word.

As a teenager, I ______1______ very rebellious. I ______2______ lived my life on my own terms no matter what the advice I got, until an experience transformed all that.

Curiosity and adventure got the _______3_______ of me soon after completing high school and I found ________4________ taking opium. Soon I got hooked and started craving the stronger stuff ________5________ cocaine and heroin. The obedient pre-teenager youngster was all gone. In his place was a beast that could steal anything to _______6_______ an ill habit. Before long, my world came caving in when my best friend killed herself ________7________ overdosing intravenously. At her funeral, it was disclosed that she was HIV positive as well. This sobered me _______8_______. I immediately did what I had to do and got tested. The ______9______ were as expected. With my reckless lifestyle, there wasn’t going to be any other result. I had no one to blame but myself for contracting this dreaded disease at only 20 years of age. It is this very incident that confirmed _______10_______ everyone had been warning me about.

ORAL SKILLS (30 MARKS)
Read the story below and answer the questions that follow.

THE CRUEL STEP-MOTHER

Once upon a time, there was a man and wife who had a baby girl, unfortunately, the wife died, and so, the man married again. He got another girl with the second wife. The two girls became extremely close, so that whenever the mother sent one on an errand, the other was sure to accompany her. The mother, however, did not like the child of the deceased. She would always show her dislike by denying her certain favors. Her feelings became so bad that she decided to get rid of the girl. To do this, she dug a hole in her bedroom on a day when the husband was absent and covered the hole with a cow’s hide. She then called her daughter and sent her to the house of a friend some kilometers away. As usual, the two girls wanted to go together but the woman refused giving the excuse that she wanted to send the other one elsewhere.

After the departure of her daughter, she tailed the other girl and sent her for her snuffbox in the bedroom. Unaware of what lay ahead, the girl eagerly rushed into the room only to fall into a hole! The mother very quickly filled the hole with soil, completely disregarding the girl’s screams for help.

When the daughter came back, she merely assumed that the absence of her dear companion was justified. After hours of waiting, she, however, became impatient and questioned the mother.

‘Where is my sister?’ she asked.

‘But she followed you. As soon as she did what I wanted, she ran after you. Now stop bothering me,’ the mother retorted.

Time passed and now the anxious girl went around calling out the name of the other one, but all in vain. Alas…. She cried the whole night and the next day and refused to touch any food. The father helped in the search but to no avail.’

After three days, the girl still cried and called the other one. She then heard a very weak voice responding in song:

Maalya Maalya

Na mwenvu niwe mwai iiee malya

Ekwinza muthiko iiee malya

Wakwisa kunthika iiee malya

Maalya Maalya

And your mother is the wise one iiee Malya

She dug a grave iiee Malya

For interring me in iiee Malya

The girl dashed towards the direction of the voice, repeated her cries and again got the same response. She came to the conclusion that whoever was responding was definitely underground somewhere in the house. Immediately the father came that day (before the arrival of the mother), she told them what had happened. After hearing the song, the father dug up the place and pulled out an extremely weak and disfigured daughter. All three, wailed and wailed. Eventually, the father gave her a mixture of blood from a goat and milk to drink after which she vomited all the soil she had eaten. He gave her some more of the mixture after which he hid her.

When the wife eventually came back, the man did not let her get into the house but sent her for a cow in a far-off place. He explained away his action by telling her that he had decided to host a feast for relatives (including his in-laws). In the meantime, he sent for all of them. When the woman came back with the cow, she found everyone waiting for her. Uneasy now, she sat down in the place she was shown by her husband. He then called upon the wife to explain the circumstances leading to the sad episode. She hauntingly repeated the now commonly known story. When she sat down, the husband told this woman’s daughter to repeat her earlier wails after which all heard:

Maalya Maalya

Na mwenvu niwe mwai iiee malya

Ekwinza muthiko iiee malya

Wakwisa kunthika iiee malya

All were surprised to hear the words of the other girl’s song and at that moment, the ‘dead’ girl joined them. The woman was as though paralyzed by shock. The husband then explained the truth of the matter and told the in-laws to take their daughter with them. They said that if that was what she had done to the girl, they couldn’t have such a monster in the house. The woman was disowned by all and chased away.

Questions:

If you were performing this story what oral skills would you use? (4 marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

As a story teller, how would you deliver the two songs to portray the different contexts. (2 marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

If you were one of the relatives invited by the girl’s father, how would you portray your reaction towards the revelation of the step-mother’s behaviour? (1 mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

In each of the following groups of words, three words begin with the same consonant sound while one does not. Underline the words that begin with a different consonant.

(3 marks)

Wrist, Write, Rattle, Wasp

………………………………………………………………………………………

Fish, Psychology, Phantom, Physics

………………………………………………………………………………………

Chase, Cheat, Chord, Charm

………………………………………………………………………………………

Underline the stressed syllables in the following words (3 marks)

Palatial
Rejuvenation

Police

You are attending a debate club competition in your neighbouring school. When a student from your school takes the podium. You notice that she/he is afraid.

Write down three indicators that would tell you the student is afraid and suggest how to overcome them. (6 marks)

Identify the odd one out for each of the following according to the pronunciation of the underlined part. (3 marks)

Garage, Passage, Damage, Rummage

………………………………………………………………………………………

Expect, Explosive, Extract, Exploration

………………………………………………………………………………………

Jealous, Heavy, Thread, Meal

………………………………………………………………………………………

Read the following conversation between a teacher and a student and answer the questions that follow: (8 marks)

Student: Excuse me sir, I would like you to give me permission to go out.

Teacher: Why do you need to go out just when I have entered the class?

Student: I am sorry about that sir, but I suffer incontinence.

Teacher: Stop using big words! Do you think that you can impress me with that?

Student: I did not mean to offend you sir. All I am trying to say is that I am unable to control my bladder.

Teacher: So now you take me for a simpleton!

Student: No sir!

Teacher: Now get out of my sight before I lose my temper.

Now rewrite the teacher’s responses in this conversation to show proper etiquette and empathetic listening. (8 marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………

101/1 SMARTPASS ENGLISH PAPER 1 MARKING SCHEME MODEL ONE

Functional Writing

The question tests the candidate’s ability to write a fax, invitation and how to give directions.

Points of Interpretation

Format of a fax 5mks

Name of inviting institution (at the top) ½

Fax no. (of invited institution) ½

No. of pages ½

Attention of ½

From ½

Date ½

Salutation e.g. Dear ½

Closing (yours +Name) ½

NB if name is missing deny the mark

Body

Candidate should state that it is an invitation at the introductory level e.g. welcome you to, I invite you to etc
The reason for the invitation- at least 3 emerging issues e.g. ICT, Drugs, HIV and AIDS etc

The date, time and venue 4mks

The direction 5mks

Candidates should give brief, clear and precise instructions to guide the invited school to arrive without getting lost.

What to Mark:

Direction – compass directions e.g. left, right, East 1mk
Distance – idea of distance expressed in miles and kilometers 1mk
Landmarks – rivers, mountains, at least 2 2mks
Time- e.g. 2 hrs 1mk

Language: 5mks

Award as follows:

A 4 – 5 No errors

B 3 A few errors

C 2 Multiple errors

D 1 Broken

CLOZE TEST (10 MARKS)

Was
Only
Better
Myself
Like
Satisfy
After
Up
Results
What

ORAL SKILLS (30 MARKS)

Tonal variation to distinguish the different characters i.e. the narrator, the girl and the mother.

Singing the song

Use of gestures e.g. digging, covering the hole with a cow’s hide etc.

Use of facial expressions e.g. surprise after the girl is discovered, portray weak and disfigured girl, etc.

Dramatise – mother quickly filling the hole with soil.

Any two- 1 mk for identification 1mk for illustration

No mark for illustration without identification

4 mks

1^st song – low intonation (weak/pleading tone to show despondency/helplessness/despair/stress 1mk

2^nd song – Higher intonation (confident tone /forceful/tone of malice/condemnation 1mk

Gesture of surprise

Shaking of head in disbelief

Clicking in disgust

A sign of relief (Any 1mk)

Wasp
Psychology

Chord

Palatial
Rejuvenation

Police

Trembling hands
Beads of sweat on the forehead

Stammering and trembling lips

Avoiding eye contact with audience
Shaky paper or the reading material he/she is holding

(Any 3 × 1) = 3mks

How to overcome

Taking a deep breath before presentation
Mastering the content

Organising the presentation/points in a logical manner

Looking over the audience instead of looking at them directly
Rehearsing well before the presentation with a friend or in front of the mirror.

(Any 3 × 1) = 3mks

Garage
Exploration

Meal

May I know why you need to go out just when I have entered the classroom?
I am sorry, but I do not get what you mean by incontinence

I am sorry to hear about that. By the way, thank you for teaching me a new word.

You may go out.

2 marks for each correct answer: total = 8 marks

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COMPUTER STUDIES NOTES FORM 1-4

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

COMPUTER NOTES IN PDF FREE DOWNLOADS

WK

L/

TOPIC/

OBJECTIVES

1

1

OLD TESTAMENT PROPHECIES ABOUT THE MESSIAH

2

Isaiah’s prophecy.

3

Jeremiah’s prophecy.

2

1,

2

The Psalmist prophecy

Explain the Psalmist prophecy & the teachings about the suffering servant.

3

THE CONCEPT OF THE MESSIAH IN THE NEW TESTAMENT

3

1

Fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies in the New Testament.

2

Fulfillment of Isaiah’s prophecy.

3

The role of John the Baptist.

4

1

John’s message of repentance.

2

THE INFANCY AND EARLY LIFE OF JESUS.

3

The annunciation of Birth of Jesus.

5

1

Mary’s visit to Elizabeth:

The Magnificat.

2

The birth of John the Baptist:

The Benedictus.

3

The birth of Jesus.

6

1

The dedication of Jesus.

2

Boy Jesus at the temple.

3

7

1

JOHN THE BAPTIST AND JESUS.

Teachings of John the Baptist.

2

Relevance of teachings of John the Baptist today.

3

The baptism of Jesus.

8

1

Relevance of Jesus’ baptism.

2

The temptations of Jesus.

3

Relevance of Jesus’ temptations.

9

1

JESUS IN GALILEE.

2

Jesus in Capernaum.

3

Relevance of Jesus’ working of miracles.

Outline lessons learnt by Christians from Jesus’ working of miracles.

10

1

Jesus’ first disciples.

2

Jesus’ opposition by the Pharisees.

3

Jesus’ opposition by the Scribes and Sadducees.